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pathways, spans the entire space, and is head-centered and involved in orientation and locomotion in topographical space. Action-extrapersonal space provides the "presence" of our world. Ambient-extrapersonal space initially courses through the peripheral parieto-occipital visual pathways before joining up with vestibular and other body senses to control posture and orientation in earth-fixed/gravitational space. Numerous studies involving peripersonal and extrapersonal neglect have shown that peripersonal space is located dorsally in the parietal lobe whereas extrapersonal space is housed ventrally in the temporal lobe.
130:, according to Hall, are unintentional reactions to sensory fluctuations or shifts, such as subtle changes in the sound and pitch of a person's voice. Social distance between people is reliably correlated with physical distance, as are intimate and personal distance, according to the delineations below. Hall did not mean for these measurements to be strict guidelines that translate precisely to human behavior, but rather a system for gauging the effect of distance on communication and how the effect varies between cultures and other environmental factors.
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space are indicators of perception of those people's relationship. An intimate zone is reserved for close friends, lovers, children and close family members. Another zone is used for conversations with friends, to chat with associates, and in group discussions. A further zone is reserved for strangers, newly formed groups, and new acquaintances. A fourth zone is used for speeches, lectures, and theater; essentially, public distance is that range reserved for larger audiences.
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is able to envision that person's appearance and workspace, therefore fostering a sense of personal connection. Increased communication has also been seen to foster common ground, or the feeling of identification with another, which leads to positive attributions about that person. Some studies emphasize the importance of shared physical territory in achieving common ground, while others find that common ground can be achieved virtually, by communicating often.
530:. Greeting rituals tend to be the same in Europe and in the United States, consisting of minimal body contact—often confined to a simple handshake. The main cultural difference in proxemics is that residents of the United States like to keep more open space between themselves and their conversation partners (roughly 4 feet (1.2 m) compared to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) in Europe). European cultural history has seen a change in personal space since
421:, lack a sense of personal space boundary. As the researchers have noted: "Our findings suggest that the amygdala may mediate the repulsive force that helps to maintain a minimum distance between people. Further, our findings are consistent with those in monkeys with bilateral amygdala lesions, who stay within closer proximity to other monkeys or people, an effect we suggest arises from the absence of strong emotional responses to personal space violation."
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646:, has shown that physical proximity enhances peoples' ability to work together. Face-to-face interaction is often used as a tool to maintain the culture, authority, and norms of an organization or workplace. An extensive body of research has been written about how proximity is affected by the use of new communication technologies. The importance of physical proximity in co-workers is often emphasized.
392:: The space just outside our bodies but which might be near to touching it. Visual-tactile perceptive fields overlap in processing this space. For example, an individual might see a feather as not touching their skin but still experience the sensation of being tickled when it hovers just above their hand. Other examples include the blowing of wind, gusts of air, and the passage of heat.
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affected by a person's position in society, with more affluent individuals expecting a larger personal space. Personal space also varies by gender and age. Males typically use more personal space than females, and personal space has a positive relation to age (people use more as they get older). Most people have a fully developed (adult) sense of personal space by age twelve.
74:. According to Hall, the study of proxemics is valuable in evaluating not only the way people interact with others in daily life, but also "the organization of space in houses and buildings, and ultimately the layout of towns". Proxemics remains a hidden component of interpersonal communication that is uncovered through observation and strongly influenced by culture.
904:", which are likely to be especially repressive of aggression involving females. Online bullying has a lot in common with bullying in school: Both behaviors include harassment, humiliation, teasing, and aggression. Cyberbullying presents unique challenges in the sense that the perpetrator can attempt to be anonymous, and attacks can happen at any time of day or night.
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result of the experiment also indicated that women are more affected by the gaze behaviors of the agent and adjust their personal space more accordingly than do men. However, men do subjectively assign gaze behavior to the agent, and their proxemic behavior reflects this perception. Furthermore, both men and women demonstrate less variance in their
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that occur between a person and an embodied agent. Participants in the study clearly did not treat the agent as a mere animation. On the contrary, the results suggest that, in virtual environments, people were influenced by the 3D model and respected personal space of the humanoid representation. The
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The distances mentioned above are horizontal distance. There is also vertical distance that communicates something between people. In this case, however, vertical distance is often understood to convey the degree of dominance or sub-ordinance in a relationship. Looking up at or down on another person
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originally referred to the tendency of a person to positively favor those who they have been physically exposed to most often. However, recent research has extended this effect to virtual communication. This work suggests that the more someone communicates virtually with another person, the more he
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is suspected of processing people's strong reactions to personal space violations since these are absent in those in which it is damaged and it is activated when people are physically close. Research links the amygdala with emotional reactions to proximity to other people. First, it is activated by
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space. Focal-extrapersonal space is located in the lateral temporo-frontal pathways at the center of our vision, is retinotopically centered and tied to the position of our eyes, and is involved in object search and recognition. Action-extrapersonal-space is located in the medial temporo-frontal
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or street. Many people find such physical proximity to be psychologically disturbing and uncomfortable, though it is accepted as a fact of modern life. In an impersonal, crowded situation, eye contact tends to be avoided. Even in a crowded place, preserving personal space is important, and intimate
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Teachers, and especially those who work with small children, should realize that students will interact more comfortably with a teacher when they are in same vertical plane. Used in this way, an understanding of vertical distance can become a tool for improved teacher-student communication. On the
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Film analyst Louis
Giannetti has maintained that, in general, the greater the distance between the camera and the subject (in other words, the public proxemic), the more emotionally neutral the audience remains, whereas the closer the camera is to a character, the greater the audience's emotional
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People make exceptions to and modify their space requirements. A number of relationships may allow for personal space to be modified, including familial ties, romantic partners, friendships and close acquaintances, where there is a greater degree of trust and personal knowledge. Personal space is
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and personal preferences. On average, preferences vary significantly between countries. A 2017 study found that personal space preferences with respect to strangers ranged between more than 120 cm in
Romania, Hungary and Saudi Arabia, and less than 90 cm in Argentina, Peru, Ukraine and
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Personal space is the region surrounding a person which they regard as psychologically theirs. Most people value their personal space and feel discomfort, anger, or anxiety when their personal space is encroached. Permitting a person to enter personal space and entering somebody else's personal
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The theory of proxemics is often considered in relation to the impact of technology on human relationships. While physical proximity cannot be achieved when people are connected virtually, perceived proximity can be attempted, and several studies have shown that it is a crucial indicator in the
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Other researchers have established that proxemics can be a valuable tool for measuring the behavioral realism of an agent or an avatar. People tend to perceive nonverbal gestures on an implicit level, and degree of personal space appears to be an accurate way to measure people's perception of
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minorities within a population. For example, those who do not have experience dealing with disabled persons tend to create more distance during encounters because they are uncomfortable. Others may judge that the disabled person needs to have an increase of touch, volume, or proximity.
933:, the requirement to maintain a minimum distance between people at all times. These distances were typically larger than in normal interactions, and proxemics may help to explain the social effects of the change, including long-term changes in levels of interpersonal trust.
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Bailenson, Blascovich, Beall, and Loomis conducted an experiment in 2001, testing Argyle and Dean's (1965) equilibrium theory's speculation of an inverse relationship between mutual gaze, a nonverbal cue signaling intimacy, and interpersonal distance. Participants were
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is another method: a person attempting to talk to someone can often cause situations where one person steps forward to enter what they perceive as a conversational distance, and the person they are talking to can step back to restore their personal space.
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Entering somebody's personal space is normally an indication of familiarity and sometimes intimacy. However, in modern society, especially in crowded urban communities, it can be difficult to maintain personal space, for example when in a crowded
621:. In particular, Hall emphasized the need for individuals to be allocated enough personal space for comfort, and the differences in these needs between cultures, especially the multiple, different, immigrant cultures found in large cities.
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While personal space describes the immediate space surrounding a person, territory refers to the area which a person may "lay claim to" and defend against others. There are four forms of human territory in proxemic theory. They are:
66:, the cultural anthropologist who coined the term in 1963, defined proxemics as "the interrelated observations and theories of humans' use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture". In his foundational work on proxemics,
291:: This category deals with how closely the participants are to touching, from being completely outside of body-contact distance to being in physical contact, which parts of the body are in contact, and body part positioning.
942:, author Jane Adams discussed "boundary style" as the way people behave when they come in contact with others. "Some changes in how we interact with others may be temporary while others could be long-lasting," she says.
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Hall used biometric concepts to categorize, explain, and explore the ways people connect in space. These variations in positioning are impacted by a variety of nonverbal communicative factors, listed below.
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Hall's original work on proxemics was conducted with the aim of informing architectural and urban planning practice, to design living and working spaces to better fit human needs and feelings, and to avoid
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of the two agents, and their abilities to cause or avoid contact with one another. Such models also suggest that the zone sizes and shapes should change according to the sizes and speeds of the agents.
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Whereas Hall's work uses human interactions to demonstrate spatial variation in proxemics, the field of neuropsychology describes personal space in terms of the kinds of "nearness" to an individual body.
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effectiveness of virtual communication technologies. These studies suggest that various individual and situational factors influence how close we feel to another person, regardless of distance. The
658:, the placement of characters, props and scenery within a frame, creating visual weight and movement. There are two aspects to the consideration of proxemics in this context, the first being
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axis", or the "angle formed by the axis of the conversants' shoulders". Hall has also studied combinations of postures between dyads (two people) including lying prone, sitting, or standing.
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is the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behavior, communication, and social interaction. Proxemics is one among several subcategories in the study of
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Under circumstances where normal space requirements cannot be met, such as in public transit or elevators, personal space requirements are modified accordingly. According to the psychologist
466:: a place where one may freely enter. This type of territory is rarely in the constant control of just one person. However, people might come to temporarily own areas of public territory.
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The main factor that encourages cyberbullying is the fact that a cyberbully can hide behind the shield of online anonymity. In other words, social media magnifies the face-to-face
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It has been suggested that the pandemic has made people adverse to hugs or handshakes, less trusting, and more transactional, as a long-term cultural change. In an article in
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These different levels of territory, in addition to factors involving personal space, suggest ways for us to communicate and produce expectations of appropriate behavior.
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and realism in virtual environments. Nick Yee in his PhD thesis at
Stanford discovered that real world proxemic distances also were applied in the virtual world of
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1950:
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O'Leary, Michael Boyer; Wilson, Jeanne M; Metiu, Anca; Jett, Quintus R (2008). "Perceived
Proximity in Virtual Work: Explaining the Paradox of Far-but-Close".
808:, using technological tricks such as angling the frame and adjusting the zoom). Studies have shown that proxemic behavior is also affected when dealing with
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Pakpoom
Patompak, Sungmoon Jeong, Itthisek Nilkhamhang & Nak Young Chong (2020). "Learning Proxemics for Personalized Human–Robot Social Interaction".
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Hall notes that different culture types maintain different standards of personal space. Realizing and recognizing these cultural differences improves
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Monge, Peter R; Rothman, Lynda White; Eisenberg, Eric M; Miller, Katherine I; Kirste, Kenneth K (1985). "The
Dynamics of Organizational Proximity".
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Yee, Nick; et al. (2007). "Unbearable
Likeness of Being Digital: The Persistence of Nonverbal Social Norms in Online Virtual Environments".
853:. Other studies demonstrate that implicit behavioral measures such as body posture can be a reliable measure of the user's sense of presence in
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857:. Similarly, personal space may be a more reliable measure of social presence than a typical ratings survey in immersive virtual environments.
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has been shown to improve success in monitored behavioral situations like psychotherapy by increasing patient trust for the therapist (see
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Aiello, John R., Aiello, Tyra De Carlo (July 1974). "The
Development of Personal Space: Proxemic Behavior of Children 6 through 16".
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386:: The space within reach of any limb of an individual. Thus, to be "within arm's length" is to be within one's peripersonal space.
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other hand, a disciplinarian might put this information to use in order to gain psychological advantage over an unruly student.
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A person's personal space is carried with them everywhere they go. It is the most inviolate form of territory. Body spacing and
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546:. On the other hand, those living in densely populated places likely have lower expectations of personal space. Residents of
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Rios-Martinez, J., Spalanzani, A. & Laugier, C. (2015). "From
Proxemics Theory to Socially-Aware Navigation: A Survey".
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as an alternative to the more directly combative face-to-face interactions because it takes advantage of evading imposed
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is a communication phenomenon in which a bully utilizes electronic media in order to harass peers. Adolescents favor
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The distance surrounding a person forms a space. The space within intimate distance and personal distance is called
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800:). Instructional situations have likewise seen increased success in student performance by lessening the actual or
598:. He argues that on the subway, crowded people often imagine those intruding on their personal space as inanimate.
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2413:"The Future Of Adolescent Female Cyber-Bullying: Electronic Media's Effect On Aggressive Female Communication".
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used in speech. Seven sub-categories are defined: silent, very soft, soft, normal, normal+, loud, and very loud.
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between participants. Four sub-categories are defined, ranging from eye-to-eye contact to no eye contact at all.
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described the interpersonal distances of humans (the relative distances between people) in four distinct zones:
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In addition to spatial territories, the interpersonal territories between conversants can be determined by "
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Perceived
Proxemic Distance and Instructional Videoconferencing: Impact on Student Performance and Attitude
1323:"Space invaders: Pedestrian proxemic utility functions and trust zones for autonomous vehicle interactions"
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spaces. Different expectations of personal space can lead to difficulties in intercultural communication.
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D. V. Lu, D. Hershberger and W. D. Smart (2014). ""Layered costmaps for context-sensitive navigation,"".
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such proximity, and second, in those with complete bilateral damage to their amygdala, such as
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Mehta, Vikas (2020). "The new proxemics: COVID-19, social distancing, and sociable space".
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where a cyberbully can say anything about the victims without the pressure of facing them.
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show considerable similarities to those in northern and central European regions, such as
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Analysis of camera proxemics typically relates Hall's system of proxemic patterns to the
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Gaze, turn-taking and proxemics in multiparty versus dyadic conversation across cultures
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Monge, Peter R; Kirste, Kenneth K (1980). "Measuring Proximity in Human Organization".
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Lyman, S.M.; Scott, M.B. (1967). "Territoriality: A Neglected Sociological Dimension".
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between the student and the educator (perceived distance is manipulated in the case of
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300:: This behavioral category concerns how participants are touching one another, such as
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can be taken literally in many cases, with the higher person asserting greater status.
2194:"Equilibrium theory revisited: Mutual gaze and personal space in virtual environments"
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Some quantitative theories propose that the zone sizes are generated by the potential
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T. Matthew Ciolek (September 1983). "The Proxemics Lexicon: a first approximation".
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put it: "Life is a tragedy when seen in close-up, but a comedy in long shot."
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that each participant perceives from another. Four sub-categories are defined:
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is often controlled using costmaps which these models link to proxemic zones.
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Proxemic zones have been proposed as tools to control interactions between
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when the agent displays mutual gaze behavior than when the agent does not.
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Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Sorokowski, Piotr; Hilpert, Peter (22 March 2017).
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in a 3D virtual room in which a virtual human representation (that is, an
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Roud, Richard (28 December 1977). "The Baggy-Trousered Philanthropist".
70:, Hall emphasized the impact of proxemic behavior (the use of space) on
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Bailenson, J. N.; Blascovich, J.; Beall, A. C.; Loomis, J. M. (2001).
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Charisma: Seven Keys to Developing the Magnetism that Leads to Success
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Reaction of two people whose regions of personal space are in conflict
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Proxemic Behavior of the Nonhandicapped Toward the Visually Impaired
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IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
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2636:(Ph.D.). The University of Texas at El Paso, United States—Texas.
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2017:"Cinematography Part II: MISE-EN-SCENE: Orchestrating the Frame"
1378:"A kinematic model generates non-circular human proxemics zones"
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2664:. Columbia Books on Architecture and the City (Columbia UP)
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Zajonc, R.B. (1968). "Attitudinal Effect of Mere Exposure".
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1960:. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Archived from
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Olson, Gary M; Olson, Judith S (2000). "Distance Matters".
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378:: The space that occurs outside the reach of an individual.
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detected, heat probably detected, and no detection of heat.
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Digital Proxemics: How technology shapes the ways we move.
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Working in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies
450:
442:
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Lawson, Bryan (2001). "Sociofugal and sociopetal space".
2093:"Communicational Significance of Therapist Proxemic Cues"
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Levitt, B; J.G. March (1988). "Organizational Learning".
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Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
2019:. California State University San Marcos. Archived from
1495:"Preferred Interpersonal Distances: A Global Comparison"
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Previc, F.H. (1998). "The neuropsychology of 3D space".
1203:
592:, one method of dealing with violated personal space is
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tend to have a smaller personal space than those in the
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Neuropsychology: Clinical and Experimental Foundations
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How far away is the camera from the characters/action?
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Kennedy DP, Gläscher J, Tyszka JM, Adolphs R (2009).
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attachment to that character. Or, as actor/director
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Proxemics and the Architecture of Social Interaction
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Two people not affecting each other's personal space
1902:
1544:"Edward Hall, the hidden dimension online abstract"
396:Previc further subdivides extrapersonal space into
2417:. Texas State University. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
2201:Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments
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2050:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. pp.
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642:, and sociology, especially under the category of
2549:"A System for the Notation of Proxemic Behaviour"
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1271:"Personal space regulation by the human amygdala"
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654:Proxemics is an essential component of cinematic
90:, and the space within public distance is called
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1139:. My Communication Kit Series. pp. 140–141.
1074:"A System for the Notation of Proxemic Behavior"
1034:Nonverbal Communication:Studies and Applications
973: – An individual's asserted personal values
684:Do distances depend on the film's other content?
668:What is suggested by characters who are close to
341:: This category deals in the kind and degree of
173: – less than one inch (0.01 to 0.02 m)
1635:
1458:Sommer, Robert (May 1967). "Sociofugal Space".
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664:How much space is there between the characters?
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638:Much research in the fields of communication,
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2098:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1615:. New York: Business Plus. pp. 165–192.
1152:Nonverbal Behavior in Interpersonal Relations
200: – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (0.46 to 0.76 m)
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830:) stood. The focus of this study is on the
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2489:"Pandemic Proxemics: Is Six Feet Enough?"
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1911:An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change
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1089:
1020:
698:used to create a specific shot, with the
242: – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m)
133:
3083:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
2338:International Journal of Social Robotics
2289:International Journal of Social Robotics
1327:International Journal of Social Robotics
1154:. Boston: Pearson/A and B. p. 130.
1149:
538:(2001), under the general editorship of
449:
441:
228: – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)
143:
3150:
2427:Landau, Elizabeth (February 27, 2013).
1257:
1180:"3.6: Types of Nonverbal Communication"
961: – Type of nonverbal communication
816:
222: – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m)
14:
3484:
2605:
2426:
1908:
1829:
1823:
1457:
1105:
1103:
1101:
484:: the space immediately surrounding us
320:: This category denotes the amount of
310:: This category denotes the amount of
167:for embracing, touching or whispering
3149:
3071:
2945:High-context and low-context cultures
2716:
2678:
2154:
2130:
2089:
1867:Hinds, Pamela; Kiesler, Sara (2002).
1606:
1604:
1208:. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc.
1031:
690:, which answers the single question:
662:, which addresses such questions as:
248: – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more.
216:for interactions among acquaintances
3294:Computer processing of body language
3072:
2074:
1502:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
1173:
1171:
1109:
1071:
1065:
1046:
1036:. New York: Oxford University Press.
920:
438:Organization of space in territories
123:, is unacceptable physical contact.
3309:List of facial expression databases
3299:Emotion recognition in conversation
2233:
2159:. University of Nebraska at Omaha.
1993:. College of DuPage. Archived from
1991:The Fifteen Points of Mise-en-scene
1204:Elias, L.J.; Saucier, M.S. (2005).
1098:
762:A medium shot—the personal proxemic
501:
24:
2508:
1601:
1177:
929:pandemic, many countries enforced
860:
624:
359:
77:
25:
3523:
3193:Childhood disintegrative disorder
2579:The American Journal of Sociology
2046:Understanding Movies, 5th edition
1168:
977:Proxemic communication strategies
2614:. Architectural Press. pp.
2577:(May 1967). "Sociofugal Space".
2131:Ellis, Michael E. (1992-04-30),
1072:Hall, Edward T. (October 1963).
880:
774:A close-up—the intimate proxemic
767:
755:
743:
731:
2481:
2446:
2420:
2407:
2392:
2378:
2329:
2280:
2227:
2185:
2148:
2124:
2083:
2068:
2035:
2009:
1979:
1943:
1917:
1913:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
1629:
1611:Alessandra, Tony (2000-02-01).
1561:
1486:
1451:
1416:
1369:
1222:
894:computer-mediated communication
806:instructional videoconferencing
750:A full shot—the social proxemic
738:A long shot—the public proxemic
611:
606:
267:
2717:
2429:"When bullying goes high-tech"
2386:"ROS Social Navigation Layers"
2236:CyberPsychology & Behavior
1376:Camara, F and Fox, C. (2023).
1321:Camara, F and Fox, C. (2021).
1197:
1143:
1128:
995:
700:long shot or extreme long shot
514:The cultural practices of the
13:
1:
2566:10.1525/aa.1963.65.5.02a00020
2517:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
2467:10.1080/13574809.2020.1785283
1929:Film and Media Studies in ESF
1460:American Journal of Sociology
1395:10.1080/01691864.2023.2263062
1091:10.1525/aa.1963.65.5.02a00020
989:
672:or, conversely, far away from
579:
424:
351:: This category deals in the
272:
1925:"Cinematography – Proxemics"
1896:10.1146/annurev.soc.14.1.319
869:and humans, such as between
787:
720:close up or extreme close up
574:cross-cultural understanding
187:for interactions among good
7:
3502:Interpersonal communication
3210:Nonverbal learning disorder
2788:Speech-independent gestures
2761:Facial Action Coding System
1987:"Shot and Camera Proxemics"
1871:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1735:Social Psychology Quarterly
1243:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.123
1150:Richmond, Virginia (2008).
967: – Psychological state
945:
686:The other consideration is
254:
72:interpersonal communication
10:
3528:
2950:Interpersonal relationship
2751:Body-to-body communication
2350:10.1007/s12369-019-00560-9
2213:10.1162/105474601753272844
2090:Kelly, Francis D. (1972).
1884:Annual Review of Sociology
1809:10.1207/s15327051hci1523_4
1797:Human–Computer Interaction
1586:. Published in English as
1578:; le Grand livre du mois.
1340:10.1007/s12369-020-00717-x
1184:Sociological Communication
1135:Engleberg, Isa N. (2006).
832:subtle nonverbal exchanges
363:
276:
29:
3441:
3415:
3355:
3348:
3322:
3286:
3250:
3223:
3160:
3156:
3145:
3078:
3067:
3023:
3000:
2963:
2915:
2850:
2729:
2725:
2712:
2660:Busbea, Larry D. (2020).
2301:10.1007/s12369-014-0251-1
2042:Giannetti, Louis (1990).
1588:A History of Private Life
1568:Histoire de la vie privée
1178:Ry, Veronica Van (2023).
792:Implementing appropriate
649:
536:A History of Private Life
236:used for public speaking
3507:Environmental psychology
3365:Behavioral communication
2155:Olsen, Carol J. (1989).
1712:10.1177/0170840607083105
1514:10.1177/0022022117698039
1186:. Boise State University
1110:Hall, Edward T. (1966).
1047:Hall, Edward T. (1966).
3512:Nonverbal communication
2805:Interpersonal synchrony
2706:Nonverbal communication
2646:McArthur, J.A. (2016).
2632:Herrera, D. A. (2010).
2553:American Anthropologist
2455:Journal of Urban Design
1078:American Anthropologist
644:organizational behavior
470:Interactional territory
42:nonverbal communication
3402:Monastic sign lexicons
3093:Emotional intelligence
1909:Nelson, R. R. (1982).
1782:10.1287/mnsc.31.9.1129
1590:by the Belknap Press.
455:
447:
157:
134:Interpersonal distance
3392:Impression management
2610:The Language of Space
2258:10.1089/cpb.2006.9984
1931:. South Island School
453:
445:
406:ambient-extrapersonal
147:
60:(structure of time).
3407:Verbal communication
3360:Animal communication
3278:Targeted advertising
2795:Haptic communication
1700:Organization Studies
1112:The Hidden Dimension
1049:The Hidden Dimension
1032:Moore, Nina (2010).
855:virtual environments
817:Virtual environments
632:mere-exposure effect
561:, both in regard to
508:cultural differences
402:action-extrapersonal
68:The Hidden Dimension
56:(paralanguage), and
3416:Non-verbal language
3304:Gesture recognition
3151:Further information
3041:Emotion recognition
2992:Silent service code
971:Personal boundaries
660:character proxemics
398:focal-extrapersonal
390:Pericutaneous space
376:Extrapersonal space
289:Kinesthetic factors
3442:Art and literature
3397:Meta-communication
3385:Passive-aggressive
3314:Sentiment analysis
3015:Non-verbal leakage
2529:10.1007/BF00986330
1770:Management Science
1650:10.1007/bf01531420
873:and pedestrians.
802:perceived distance
456:
448:
383:Peripersonal space
158:
156:in feet and meters
148:A chart depicting
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3173:Asperger syndrome
3141:
3140:
3123:Social competence
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
2865:Emotional prosody
2771:Subtle expression
2756:Facial expression
2625:978-0-7506-5246-9
2061:978-0-13-945585-8
1838:(2, Pt.2): 2–17.
1388:(24): 1566–1575.
1382:Advanced Robotics
1281:(10): 1226–1227.
1215:978-0-205-34361-4
1121:978-0-385-08476-5
1058:978-0-385-08476-5
931:social distancing
921:Social distancing
871:self-driving cars
867:autonomous robots
837:proxemic behavior
724:intimate proxemic
716:personal proxemic
185:Personal distance
52:(body movement),
16:(Redirected from
3519:
3353:
3352:
3330:Ray Birdwhistell
3158:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3073:Broader concepts
3069:
3068:
3046:First impression
2727:
2726:
2714:
2713:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2629:
2613:
2602:
2570:
2568:
2559:(5): 1003–1026.
2540:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2493:Psychology Today
2485:
2479:
2478:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2361:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2251:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2110:10.1037/h0033423
2095:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2049:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2023:on 13 April 2013
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1997:on 28 April 2012
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1869:Distributed Work
1864:
1858:
1857:
1854:10.1037/h0025848
1847:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1803:(2–3): 139–178.
1792:
1786:
1785:
1776:(9): 1129–1141.
1765:
1759:
1758:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1695:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1608:
1599:
1570:(2001), editors
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1546:. Archived from
1540:
1534:
1533:
1499:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1352:
1342:
1333:(8): 1929–1949.
1318:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1266:
1255:
1254:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1114:. Anchor Books.
1107:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1084:(5): 1003–1026.
1069:
1063:
1062:
1051:. Anchor Books.
1044:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
999:
939:Psychology Today
875:Robot navigation
798:active listening
771:
759:
747:
735:
688:camera proxemics
502:Cultural factors
464:Public territory
21:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3463:
3454:Mimoplastic art
3437:
3428:Tactile signing
3411:
3344:
3318:
3282:
3246:
3219:
3152:
3137:
3113:Social behavior
3074:
3055:
3019:
3010:Microexpression
2996:
2980:One-bit message
2959:
2911:
2846:
2766:Microexpression
2721:
2708:
2703:
2626:
2511:
2509:Further reading
2506:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2363:
2362:
2334:
2330:
2314:
2313:
2285:
2281:
2249:10.1.1.119.9840
2232:
2228:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2170:
2169:
2153:
2149:
2129:
2125:
2088:
2084:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1951:"Mise en scene"
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1907:
1903:
1880:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1845:10.1.1.453.9341
1828:
1824:
1793:
1789:
1766:
1762:
1747:10.2307/3033753
1731:
1727:
1706:(7): 979–1002.
1696:
1687:
1671:
1670:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1609:
1602:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1456:
1452:
1425:Social Problems
1421:
1417:
1401:
1400:
1374:
1370:
1354:
1353:
1319:
1312:
1287:10.1038/nn.2381
1267:
1258:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1187:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1148:
1144:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1108:
1099:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1001:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
953:Behavioral sink
948:
923:
883:
863:
861:Social robotics
846:social presence
819:
790:
782:Charlie Chaplin
775:
772:
763:
760:
751:
748:
739:
736:
708:social proxemic
704:public proxemic
652:
627:
625:Work psychology
619:behavioral sink
614:
609:
582:
504:
440:
427:
368:
366:Neuropsychology
362:
360:Neuropsychology
281:
275:
270:
257:
234:Public distance
213:Social distance
136:
80:
78:Human distances
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3335:Charles Darwin
3332:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:Affect display
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2917:Social context
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2825:Pupil dilation
2822:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2748:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2658:
2644:
2630:
2624:
2603:
2591:10.1086/224402
2585:(6): 654–660.
2571:
2545:Edward T. Hall
2541:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2480:
2461:(6): 669–674.
2445:
2419:
2406:
2391:
2377:
2328:
2295:(2): 137–153.
2279:
2242:(1): 115–121.
2226:
2207:(6): 583–598.
2184:
2147:
2123:
2082:
2067:
2060:
2034:
2008:
1978:
1967:on 16 May 2017
1942:
1916:
1901:
1874:
1859:
1822:
1787:
1760:
1741:(1): 110–115.
1725:
1685:
1644:(3): 177–189.
1628:
1621:
1600:
1596:978-0674399747
1584:978-2020364171
1572:Philippe Ariès
1560:
1535:
1508:(4): 577–592.
1485:
1472:10.1086/224402
1466:(6): 654–660.
1450:
1437:10.2307/799516
1431:(2): 236–249.
1415:
1368:
1310:
1256:
1237:(2): 123–164.
1221:
1214:
1196:
1167:
1160:
1142:
1127:
1120:
1097:
1064:
1057:
1039:
1019:
1007:Dictionary.com
993:
991:
988:
986:
985:
979:
974:
968:
962:
956:
949:
947:
944:
922:
919:
882:
879:
862:
859:
828:embodied agent
818:
815:
789:
786:
777:
776:
773:
766:
764:
761:
754:
752:
749:
742:
740:
737:
730:
651:
648:
626:
623:
613:
610:
608:
605:
595:dehumanization
581:
578:
540:Philippe Ariès
528:United Kingdom
503:
500:
486:
485:
482:Body territory
479:
476:Home territory
473:
467:
439:
436:
426:
423:
394:
393:
387:
379:
364:Main article:
361:
358:
357:
356:
349:Voice loudness
346:
333:
326:conducted heat
315:
305:
292:
277:Main article:
274:
271:
269:
266:
256:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
243:
231:
230:
229:
223:
209:
208:
207:
201:
182:
181:
180:
174:
150:Edward T. Hall
135:
132:
113:sexual contact
84:personal space
79:
76:
64:Edward T. Hall
32:private sphere
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3524:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Sign language
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Freudian slip
3266:
3264:
3263:Lie detection
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3242:Mirror neuron
3240:
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898:social norms
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2955:Social norm
2930:Conventions
2820:Eye contact
2344:: 267–280.
1890:: 319–340.
1003:"Proxemics"
925:During the
851:Second Life
810:stigmatized
712:medium shot
676:each other?
532:Roman times
524:Scandinavia
496:socio-fugal
493:socio-petal
404:space, and
312:eye contact
308:Visual code
240:Close phase
220:Close phase
198:Close phase
171:Close phase
117:frotteurism
3486:Categories
3370:Aggressive
3340:Paul Ekman
3323:Key people
3287:Technology
3273:Poker tell
3118:Social cue
2925:Chronemics
2875:Intonation
2719:Modalities
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1935:28 October
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990:References
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640:psychology
580:Adaptation
567:individual
526:, and the
511:Bulgaria.
431:kinematics
425:Kinematics
328:detected,
279:Biometrics
273:Biometrics
115:, such as
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3492:Semiotics
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3036:Deception
2842:Proxemics
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2800:Imitation
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556:Mongolian
337:Olfactory
322:body heat
302:caressing
246:Far phase
226:Far phase
204:Far phase
177:Far phase
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38:Proxemics
3497:Ethology
3205:Dyssemia
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2971:Emoticon
2880:Loudness
2810:Laughter
2746:Kinesics
2737:Blushing
2730:Physical
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2221:15484007
2161:ProQuest
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1817:18990624
1530:53054744
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927:COVID-19
824:immersed
600:Behavior
414:amygdala
255:Vertical
165:distance
163:Intimate
108:elevator
54:vocalics
50:kinesics
3459:Subtext
3380:Passive
3349:Related
2940:Habitus
2885:Prosody
2837:Posture
2778:Gesture
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2118:5075888
1755:3033753
1720:7715386
1658:4602298
1296:2753689
1251:9747184
982:Shyness
911:into a
890:texting
520:Germany
400:space,
189:friends
128:posture
121:groping
46:haptics
3433:Tadoma
3178:Autism
3133:Unsaid
3098:Nunchi
2975:Smiley
2895:Stress
2890:Rhythm
2860:Affect
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650:Cinema
559:steppe
296:Haptic
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154:radius
2964:Other
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2533:S2CID
2471:S2CID
2354:S2CID
2305:S2CID
2270:S2CID
2217:S2CID
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