1036:, and John. In 1592, all the brothers agreed to entrust the government of the whole realm (with limitation) to Ernest, initially for eight years, and in 1600 for a further ten. Then in 1610, they agreed that the Principality of Lüneburg and all its dependencies should be his and his descendants as an indivisible whole. However, after Ernest's death in 1611, and given the difficulty of ever new divisions, the remaining brothers made another agreement in 1612. Under this new arrangement, each of the brothers would exercise power in succession, but only one of them would marry a woman of appropriate rank (so only their children could inherit). This would continue the ducal lineage and maintain the unity of the Principality. They drew lots: the lot fell to the second youngest brother, George, who married
2187:
57:
2598:
336:
2252:
1313:), which were held by certain hereditary noble families. For example, the von Grote family provided the seneschal and the von Medings the marshal. The butler and the chamberlain were initially supplied by the vom Berge family and, when they died out, the von dem Knesebecks became the chamberlains and the von Behrs were the butlers. These offices are mentioned up to the 14th century, but had largely lost their political influence, by the turn of that century. At that time a princely council evolved, formed mainly of members of the Lüneburg
361:
551:. The instruction issued by their father in 1318 whereby the principality would be divided after his death between Otto III and his brother, William II, was ignored by the brothers and in 1330 they assumed joint control of an undivided state. The focus of their rule in the early years was a further territorial consolidation of the principality. For example, they were able to considerably increase their estate in the region of
791:
1538:) in Gartow and Wathlingen. Here the local families, the von Bernstorffs and the von Lüneburgs, were not only responsible for lower and higher courts, but also ran the administration of the principality on behalf of the duke. The towns of Celle, Harburg, Lüchow, Dannenberg, Hitzacker and Soltau were independent administrations and not part of the
1577:
and the sentence pronounced by the chancery court in Celle, once the case had been referred. Where towns had lesser or higher jurisdictions, the townsfolk would be dealt with in the civic courts. Cases for subjects that came under the jurisdiction of the 'closed aristocratic courts' in
Wathlingen and
425:
When the
Principality of Lüneburg emerged as a result of the division of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1269, the domain of the Lüneburg princes consisted of a large number of territorial rights in the region of Lüneburg. However, it could not be described as a unified state, because many rights were owned by
995:
Following Henry's resignation ten years later, William officially reigned alone until his death in 1592, but due to serious mental problems, he only played a very limited part in political life and spent his last years in mental derangement. His rule, like his father's, was dominated by an enforced
914:
1530:
exercised the duke's territorial rights and were involved in the raising of sovereign taxes. Importantly, they were also the first level of jurisdiction for all civil disputes and lesser criminal cases. In addition, they were the administrative centre for the ducal estate, i.e. they levied the
1159:
of
Harburg continued to participate in the Lüneburg estates assembly and enfeoffed by the duke in Celle. When Otto died in 1549, the Amt of Harburg should have reverted to the dukes of Celle, but Otto's son, Otto the Second, succeeded in 1560 in having a new regulation added to the severance
1049:
1677:
were increasingly engaged; they were committed to serve for a particular conflict and then discharged from the service. To begin with they only supplemented the armies raised by the knights; later they largely replaced them in the 17th century because of their military superiority.
426:
other vassals of the imperial crown. Not until the acquisition of numerous counties and rights in the 13th and 14th centuries did the rulers of Lüneburg succeed in building a unified state. Following the division of the principalities of
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Lüneburg between
1462:) emerged in the Principality of Lüneburg as providers of local administration, sometimes in parallel with the existing magistracies and sometimes based on them. Little information is available about exactly how these advocacies were established. From the 16th century the term
1692:
that, for the first time, provided a permanent standing army in the service of the dukes. After the disbandment of the common army for the overall House of
Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1644, elements of its regiments joined the Principality of Lüneburg and formed the Lüneburg Army.
516:, before Otto assumed power himself in 1282. Otto asserted his rule through the prosecution of numerous feuds against the lesser nobility, which enabled him to achieve consolidate his ducal authority within the state. He also continued the "systematic acquisition policy" (
669:
refused, however, to accept the agreement and continued to prosecute the war. It was not until after the Battle of Winsen in 1388, when
Wenceslas lost his life, that the Wittenbergs gave up their claims and the principality was finally secured by the Welfs.
1206:
and
Isenhagen. Even though Francis tried to force through his full sovereignty over his domain, important sovereign rights were retained by the ducal house in Celle. For example, Celle was still responsible for foreign policy issues and the Gifhorn
836:, which was later to become the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, having acquired the Principality of Calenberg; and their uncle, Bernard, received the Principality of Lüneburg, thus becoming the progenitor of the Middle House of Lüneburg.
1091:), led the princely court during its final flourish. During his reign the baroque theatre was built that is still open today, the French Garden was laid out and palace façade designed in its current baroque form. After his death in 1705,
503:
all the princes of the various lines carried the title of Duke of
Brunswick-Lüneburg. In addition, the two capitals, Lüneburg and Brunswick, remained in the common ownership of the House of Welf until 1512 and 1671 respectively.
563:
and
Wettmarshagen. Another top priority was their political support for the towns, which were striving to develop themselves economically. For instance, the merchants of Lüneburg benefited considerably from work to make the
1648:) of the Principality of Lüneburg. In addition to participating in legislation and approving taxes, it had a right to represent various administrative bodies and was thus involved in the administration of the Principality.
1219:
When Duke Henry went against a gentleman's agreement with his brother
William and married Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg in 1569, he had forsake sharing the government of the principality and was compensated instead with the
769:
to the dukes of Lüneburg. In the course of the clashes that now arose between the dukes and the town of Lüneburg, numerous battles were fought across the entire country. Through the support of the Hanseatic towns of
943:). The necessary tax increases led to serious clashes with the estates. However, Ernest succeeded in asserting himself, and in enforced reduction of the state debt. His second major work was the introduction of the
855:, in order to enter the Franciscan abbey at Celle. After both brothers had died in 1464 and 1471 respectively, Frederick the Pious left the abbey again in order to hold the reins of power for his 3-year old nephew,
866:
When Frederick died in 1478, Anna of Nassau ruled the principality for her son until he was old enough to take power in Celle in 1486; she then retired to her dower at Lüchow Castle. Because of his role in the
1589:
that was permanently in session. There was no clear division of responsibility; the choice of court was left to the plaintiff. As a final resort there was the option of appealing to the imperial chamber court
778:, Lüneburg achieved military superiority, so that the Celle dukes sued for peace with their opponents. In October 1397 there was a contractual agreement between the warring parties, but the restitution of the
1000:
in 1562 and the associated acquisition of part of the principality's debt and imperial taxes by the town played a major role in easing the parlous financial situation. Further important reforms included the
2543:
809:, from 1388 to 1409 was followed by another division of the principality in which Bernard was given Brunswick and Henry received Lüneburg. After Duke Henry's death in 1416, he was followed by his two sons,
647:
militarily and to secure the old ducal rights, failed. In the military conflict that followed, neither the Brunswicks nor the Wittenbergs were able to enforce their claims, and only the peace of
2153:
1712:. Although the Principality of Lüneburg was not directly involved in these conflicts, the dukes in Celle made their troops available to foreign forces in return for payment for their services.
1731:
The rulers of Lüneburg, like those of other principalities within the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, were entitled to use the title "Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg" as well as "Prince of Lüneburg".
1607:), whose responsibilities were confined to the jurisdiction of specific groups of people and areas. For example, there were so-called "internal, stake, fence, village, road and field courts" (
1700:), but were expanded significantly again in 1651 and 1665 during the rule of Duke George William. The troops were deployed during this period in several European wars, including those in
734:, in which the estates were granted numerous privileges and the dukes had to submit to the authority of a council of the landowners of the estates, in return for a loan of 50,000 marks.
1238:. The barony of Danneberg remained part of the Principality of Lüneburg, however, and important sovereign rights, such as foreign policy or tax policy, remained with the government in
1394:
was responsible for key policy decisions, particularly in financial matters and the area of foreign policy, while the duties of the chancery were restricted merely to administration.
2536:
2512:
499:. Together, the two principalities continued to form the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg which remained undivided according to imperial law, something that is clear from the fact that
1681:
Until the 17th century there were very few standing armies. Only the Duke's bodyguard and the soldiers guarding the residence in Celle were in the permanent employ of the dukes.
1258:
and Warpke, but Henry's demands for a transfer of sovereignty were not met. After the Principality of Grubenhagen had returned to Celle in 1617, the Dannenberg line received the
2529:
1383:), the chancellor and the vice-chancellor also belonged to the government. This institution remained as the highest state authority even after Ernest's sons took power.
1323:
as the ducal seat in the middle of the 15th century did it take a clear shape, although individual advisors were members of the duke's inner circle for a long time.
2649:
2183:
1068:
inherited Lüneburg in 1648 and became the founder of the new line of Lüneburg. In 1665, Christian Louis died, and was temporarily succeeded by George's third son
1573:
were responsible for the initial handling of civil law matters for the majority of subjects in the principality. More serious crimes would be investigated by the
1390:
was created, following the adoption of a new "Chancery and Government Ordinance", to which only the governor, the Celle advocate and the chancellor reported. The
817:. Their rule was characterized primarily by the financial constraints under which the country continued to suffer in the wake of the Lüneburg War of Succession.
2654:
2639:
737:
The years that followed were characterised by renewed tensions between the rulers and the landowners and attempts by the dukes to weaken the standing of the
1546:) in Celle was only responsible for dealing with major offences. Lüneburg achieved even greater independence and had both greater and lesser jurisdictions.
972:
When Duke Ernest died, his sons were still minors, and their two uncles, Otto and Francis, refused the regency. As a result, the Emperor decreed that the
2629:
1764:, it was not part of it. The rule as condominium provided both cities a considerable autonomy, playing off the different ducal lines against each other.
401:(also called Lunenburg in English), which was ruled jointly by all Brunswick-Lüneburg lines until 1637. From 1378, the seat of the principality was in
665:, to the two daughters of Wenceslas and by the marriage of Magnus's widow to Albert of Saxe-Wittenberg. The younger brother of Frederick and Bernard,
2251:
1096:
2619:
434:
in 1409, the territorial development of the state was largely complete. At that time, the Principality of Lüneburg included the larger part of the
1688:, the fighting troops were still made up of mercenaries until, in 1631, under the Calenberg duke, George, troops were organised for the entire
651:
in 1373, ended the war, at least for a time. According to the agreement reached there, the Welfs and the Wittenbergs were to rule alternately.
607:
724:
had emerged victorious from the conflict to be sure, but faced huge financial problems as a result. So when they appeared before the town of
1140:
876:
198:
2175:
948:
820:
In 1428 there was a further division of the Welf estate between the 2 brothers and their uncle, Bernard, Prince of Brunswick. The brothers
1353:
who was also a scholar. From that time the chancery acted, not simply as an office, but was also the advisory chamber of the councillors (
1243:
1005:, adopted in 1564, which practically completed the Reformation in Lüneburg, as well as the aulic court and administrative ordinances (the
989:
625:
supported the Wittenbergs and took the opportunity to escape from the immediate influence of the duke, destroying the ducal castle on the
1375:
After the death of Ernest the Confessor in 1546 a regency was formed for his minor sons. The government was led by a so-called governor (
1319:. The composition of these nobles at that time was not consistent, but depended on the residence of the duke. Only with the emergence of
657:
had already died in 1373, so the treaty between the two contending houses was further reinforced by the marriage of his two eldest sons,
1061:
1029:
844:
598:
died in 1369 without a son, the first house of Lüneburg became extinct. According to Welf house rules and the desire of William, Duke
1289:, a number of medieval court offices, who had emerged in the 12th century, can still be found in the 13th. These are the offices of
848:
580:. The two brothers reigned jointly until the death of Otto III in 1352, leaving William in sole charge until his own death in 1369.
2241:
696:
resulted in a large plenitude of power going to the estates within the principality . To secure the support of towns and the lower
1104:
1065:
168:
491:. Following the death of Otto, his two sons split the duchy in 1267 or 1269, into subordinate principalities; Brunswick going to
2624:
1562:) were usually freely elected by the community under their jurisdiction, but some were appointed by the duke or a lesser noble.
1441:) handled the local administration of the principality. In addition to the exercising juridical authority they were responsible
1179:
1073:
1069:
926:
880:
520:) in the Lüneburg principality that had operated since the time of Otto the Child, "rounding off the Lüneburg allodial estate" (
492:
183:
56:
2644:
1025:
393:, immediately subordinate to the emperor. It existed from 1269 until 1705 and its territory lay within the modern-day state of
1629:) in Celle, which was responsible for all marital matters, cases between churches and cases between the laity and the clergy.
1211:
remained part of the Lüneburg estates. When Duke Francis died childless in 1549, the territory of Gifhorn went back to Celle.
840:
156:
1021:
1017:
410:
1670:
resulted from their feudal obligations to the dukes of Celle; that of the militia from their obligation to their landlords.
1033:
981:
860:
852:
2477:
1622:. Since the 16th century these courts lost their influence and disputes about forested land were decided by other courts.
2038:
Martin Krieg: Die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Amtsbezirke im ehemaligen Fürstentum Lüneburg, p.108ff. Göttingen, 1922
2026:
Martin Krieg: Die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Amtsbezirke im ehemaligen Fürstentum Lüneburg, p.103ff. Göttingen, 1922
2010:
Martin Krieg: Die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Amtsbezirke im ehemaligen Fürstentum Lüneburg, p. 91ff. Göttingen, 1922
1582:). The chancery court handled all civil and criminal cases involving the nobility and the majority of senior officials.
1108:
595:
496:
406:
802:
754:
717:
662:
654:
599:
427:
2147:
1954:
1736:
1164:. When the Harburg line became extinct in 1642, the territory reverted to the lordship of the ducal house in Celle.
961:
recess, even those nobles who had been hostile declared their support for the new faith. In 1530, Ernest signed the
918:
2168:
1542:
system. In addition to their own administration, they also ran their own lesser jurisdictions; the chancery court (
1037:
1183:
1160:
agreement of 1527. Harburg was defined as an hereditary possession and its territory increased by the district of
894:
513:
969:, who was largely responsible for the implementation of the Reformation in Lüneburg over the succeeding decades.
2634:
1761:
955:'s teachers there. Soon after succeeding, he began to reform the church of Lüneburg to Lutheranism. At the 1527
2659:
2221:
2211:
611:
603:
2273:
1689:
1151:
as his own territorial lordship. Harburg remained an integral part of the principality; the ducal chancery in
456:
2347:
2342:
2236:
985:
872:
2226:
693:
615:
589:
728:
with a fresh request for funds in September 1392, they had to agree to a significant treaty, the so-called
2587:
1451:
Aufgebot der folgepflichtigen Hintersassen, Verteidigungsorganisation bis hin zur Sorge für die Landwehren
2582:
2293:
2161:
1081:
929:"the Confessor" was to pay off the principality's massive debts. When he came to power, all the offices (
1194:. In return for renunciating his participation in the government of the principality, Francis received
2354:
2231:
1406:
1350:
1346:
512:
When John died in 1277, the regency was held by his brother, Albert, on behalf of John's underage son,
94:
1095:, who was both the benefactor of Georges William's 1658 renunciation in favour of his younger brother
2577:
2283:
1464:
1092:
1077:
931:
885:
289:
2567:
2521:
2303:
1614:
For all civil and criminal legal disputes that involved the use of woodland, the "woodland courts" (
2502:
2320:
2216:
1829:
1143:
relinquished his participation in the government of the principality, and was compensated with the
868:
709:
658:
556:
1080:. George William soon displaced John in Lüneburg, but had to cede Calenberg to John, and also the
1002:
577:
544:
1618:) were responsible, that met once or twice a year and whose boundaries were independent of the
1447:"the muster of tied villeins, the organization of defence and for taking charge of the militia"
944:
821:
810:
2397:
2337:
2315:
2107:
627:
548:
2407:
2298:
2278:
2099:
1786:
1716:
973:
721:
431:
354:
2556:
560:
386:
341:
251:
2473:
2392:
2359:
2332:
1302:
750:
666:
533:
2597:
2150:(Originalausgabe: Verlag der Dietrich'schen Buchhandlung, Göttingen 1853-1857) (in German)
1255:
335:
8:
2382:
1592:
1585:
The chancery court also acted as a court of appeal as did, from 1536, the royal court in
1100:
977:
962:
640:
439:
298:
216:
2074:
Sichart, Louis v., Geschichte der königlich-hannoverschen Armee, Hannover 1866, p. 1 ff.
2498:
2374:
2325:
2191:
1480:) was basically completed in the 16th century with the emergence of the ecclesiastical
1266:
as compensation. In 1671 the barony of Dannenberg went back to the Welf line in Celle.
1263:
825:
814:
606:, however, considered it an imperial fiefdom, however, and granted the principality to
1341:
In the 16th century, in addition to noble councillors, who by this time were known as
897:, who had also shared the reins of power since 1536, also abdicated and was given the
537:
2494:
2481:
2310:
2195:
2186:
2143:
1950:
1599:
In the Principality of Lüneburg, in addition to the chancery court and the courts at
1379:), who oversaw the administration of the court and royal office. The Celle advocate (
1225:
1155:
continued to be responsible for border and territorial issues, the noble knights the
1148:
390:
2115:
435:
1685:
1251:
1191:
1173:
856:
705:
529:
730:
687:
2490:
2465:
1720:
1485:
1136:
984:
assumed power in 1555, but abdicated as early as 1559 in favour of his brothers,
966:
890:
766:
483:. The name of the dukedom was drawn from the two largest towns in the territory,
468:
233:
98:
1666:) who were drawn from elements of the rural population. The conscription of the
2469:
2364:
1195:
806:
480:
476:
229:
108:
1534:
Special cases were brought before the so-called "closed aristocratic courts" (
1330:, the highest authority mentioned in the documents was the chief secretary or
2613:
2268:
2203:
1806:
Handbuch der niedersächsischen Landtags- und Ständegeschichte, Vol. 1, p: 135
1315:
1120:
952:
939:. Consequently his efforts were aimed primarily at the redeeming them again (
701:
565:
464:
460:
2402:
761:
as his residence, which forced the town to announce its withdrawal from the
2552:
1757:
795:
488:
394:
1709:
1674:
1558:) were responsible for the administration of justice. Their magistrates (
1235:
833:
746:
212:
997:
725:
644:
622:
569:
524:) through the purchase of numerous lands and rights, including those of
484:
398:
80:
1876:
1230:
883:. Otto relinquished his princedom in 1527 and was compensated with the
741:. In 1396 it was finally rejected. After he had secured the assistance
442:, and measured about 11,000 square kilometres (4,200 sq mi).
1660:, knights required to do military service, and the militia (under the
1364:
After 1536 financial matters were the responsibility of the treasury (
2551:
1405:. These chambers were each responsible only for a specific area: the
1290:
270:
1696:
In 1650 troop strengths were reduced at the request of the estates (
1334:. Beneath him were the scribes, most of whom came from the Lüneburg
775:
1662:
1511:
1281:
1208:
1161:
1132:
913:
697:
632:
525:
112:
2260:
843:
became the ruling prince. In 1446 he was followed by his brother,
782:
that had been sought by the town of Lüneburg was not forthcoming.
2086:
Sichart, Geschichte der königlich-hannoverschen Armee, p. 119 ff.
1497:
1203:
1187:
957:
902:
829:
790:
771:
648:
552:
1625:
From 1562 the highest, ecclesiastical court was the consistory (
1048:
455:
The Principality of Lüneburg was created by the division of the
397:
in Germany. The principality was named after its first capital,
2387:
1701:
1429:) who was primarily responsible for matters of foreign policy.
1335:
1286:
1279:
As well as the ducal counsellors, who at that time were noble (
758:
742:
713:
576:
and from trade agreements between the Lüneburg princes and the
573:
2001:
Ernst Schubert in Geschichte Niedersachsens, Vol. 2, p. 593ff.
1965:
Ernst Schubert in Geschichte Niedersachsens, Vol. 2, p. 656ff.
1603:
level there existed numerous aristocratic patrimonial courts (
1123:
secondary lines emerged which received their own territories:
405:. It lost its independence in 1705 when it was annexed by the
2060:
Franz, Verwaltungsgeschichte des Regierungsbezirkes Lüneburg.
1705:
1632:
1586:
1320:
1239:
1152:
1107:, inherited the state of Lüneburg, which was merged into the
875:, Henry was forced to abdicate in 1520 in favour of his sons
636:
402:
84:
1656:
Up to the 16th century military forces were provided by the
1084:, which had been acquired by the House of Lüneburg in 1617.
1834:
at www.lueneburger-geschichte.de. Retrieved on 13 Jun 2010.
1458:
996:
policy of debt relief. But reconciliation with the town of
908:
472:
1554:
In the 13th and 14th centuries the regional magistracies (
847:, who abdicated, however, in 1457 in favour of his sons,
1609:
Binnen-, Pfahl-, Zaun-, Dorf-, Straßen- und Feldgerichte
1578:
Gartow were heard by the respective lords of the manor (
2123:
1949:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991, p. 183.
1437:
In the 13th and 14th centuries, regional magistracies (
1760:, though mostly surrounded by the Brunswick-Lünenburg
1401:) were set up in accordance with a new ordinance, the
921:
on a copperplate by P. Troscheli from the 17th century
673:
2049:
Verwaltungsgeschichte des Regierungsbezirkes Lüneburg
1985:
Verwaltungsgeschichte des Regierungsbezirkes Lüneburg
1565:
Their powers of jurisdiction were transferred to the
1644:
emerged as an institution representing the estates (
1515:, but from the 17th century was usually leased. The
2142:3 Bände. Nachdruck. Hirschheydt, Hannover 1974/75,
1501:), who was appointed by the duke. Belonging to the
871:and the associated political opposition to Emperor
749:by concluding a treaty of friendship and security,
631:on 1 February 1371 and forcing him to relocate his
2034:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1715:When the Principality of Lüneburg merged with the
1345:, there were often learned, foreign advisors. The
1072:, who usurped the throne over George's second son
965:, and brought back with him the Augsburg reformer
1673:With the advent of firearms in the 15th century,
1569:as the latter became established. Thereafter the
839:After Duke Bernard died in 1434, his eldest son,
2611:
1016:William left 15 children, including seven sons:
980:were to govern on their behalf. The eldest son,
459:, a state that had been formed in 1235 from the
2650:1705 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
2140:Geschichte der Lande Braunschweig und Lüneburg.
2029:
2013:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1792:at www.heraldica.org. Retrieved on 13 Jun 2010.
1087:George William, often called the "heath duke" (
2004:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1845:Lüneburg - Geschichte einer 1000jährigen Stadt
1269:
905:, leaving Ernest the Confessor to rule alone.
2655:Former states and territories of Lower Saxony
2640:1260s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
2537:
2169:
2082:
2080:
583:
385:) was a territorial division of the Duchy of
1921:
1855:
1853:
1800:
1798:
1476:. The process for establishing the offices (
1186:in 1539 led to the emergence of a domain at
1178:Personal disagreements between the brothers
712:, and enfeoff them with numerous rights and
522:Arrondierung des Lüneburger Allodialbesitzes
2070:
2068:
2066:
1990:
1959:
1947:Princes and territories in medieval Germany
1895:
1831:Lüneburg-Chronik - 3. Entwicklung der Stadt
1468:was used, and districts subordinate to the
1456:Beginning in the 13th century, advocacies (
785:
602:would have been the rightful heir. Emperor
2630:States and territories established in 1267
2544:
2530:
2176:
2162:
2077:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1882:
935:) were pledged, with the exception of the
1908:
1850:
1795:
1421:for financial management. The old office
1274:
2063:
1719:, the Lüneburg Army was united with the
1047:
1043:
912:
909:Ernest the Confessor and the Reformation
789:
507:
2620:Principalities of the Holy Roman Empire
2041:
1968:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1432:
1413:) for questions on church matters, the
1326:At the head of the ducal chancery, the
555:through the purchase of the village of
2612:
1726:
1531:manorial obligations due to the Duke.
1357:) and the seat of the chancery court (
1246:, the territory was enlarged with the
753:, soon to be followed by his brother,
2525:
2157:
2054:
1056:George William in a 1655 oil painting
708:were forced to give the estates wide
2100:Succession laws in the House of Welf
1789:Succession laws in the House of Welf
1767:
1519:reported to the ducal treasury, the
1425:was replaced by a privy councillor (
1099:and the husband of George William's
1060:After the death of George's brother
543:Duke Otto was followed by his sons,
1651:
1111:and finally lost its independence.
893:. In 1539, their youngest brother,
13:
2132:
1756:The same was true for the city of
1509:, which was originally run by the
1397:In 1618 several council chambers (
1114:
14:
2671:
2093:
1863:, Hildesheim, 1987, p. 15ff.
1640:In the 17th century the Lüneburg
639:. An attempt on 21 October 1371,
16:Division of the Holy Roman Empire
2596:
2250:
2185:
1804:Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen in
1690:Welf House of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1109:Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1038:Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt
947:. Ernest had himself studied at
600:Magnus II Torquatus of Brunswick
407:Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg
359:
334:
55:
1939:
1636:of the Principality of Lüneburg
1536:geschlossenen adeligen Gerichte
1198:as compensation along with the
409:, but retained its vote in the
1866:
1837:
1823:
1810:
1750:
1737:List of the rulers of Lüneburg
1495:was a bailiff-cum-magistrate (
1242:. In 1592, after the death of
828:received the land between the
1:
2645:1269 establishments in Europe
1905:, Hildesheim, 1987, p. 182ff.
1743:
1417:for military affairs and the
1214:
951:and had been in contact with
801:The joint reign of brothers,
26:(also: Celle, Brunswick-Celle
1892:, Hildesheim, 1987, p.144ff.
1762:principality of Wolfenbüttel
1549:
1368:), headed by the treasurer (
1119:In the 16th century several
450:
420:
7:
2625:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
2557:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1684:In the early stages of the
1270:Politics and administration
1082:Principality of Grubenhagen
457:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
381:(later also referred to as
10:
2676:
1901:Reinbold, Michael (1987).
1888:Reinbold, Michael (1987).
1875:, pronounced "zarter", is
1859:Reinbold, Michael (1987).
1171:
1167:
1139:Metta von Campen in 1527,
1126:
694:Lüneburg War of Succession
685:
616:Lüneburg War of Succession
590:Lüneburg War of Succession
587:
584:Lüneburg War of Succession
518:planmässige Erwerbspolitik
445:
28:or Brunswick and Luneburg)
2594:
2563:
2478:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
2416:
2373:
2259:
2248:
2202:
2116:German States to 1918 F-M
1945:Arnold, Benjamin (1991).
1934:Geschichte Niedersachsens
1916:Geschichte Niedersachsens
1818:Geschichte Niedersachsens
1386:In 1593, a new office of
1078:Principality of Calenberg
614:, thus precipitating the
608:Albert of Saxe-Wittenberg
471:and given as an imperial
313:
309:
282:
244:
226:
222:
208:
204:
192:
177:
162:
150:
146:
126:
118:
104:
90:
76:
68:
52:
47:
39:Braunschweig und Lüneburg
21:
1787:Velde, François (2008).
869:Hildesheim Diocesan Feud
796:ducal residence in Celle
786:Middle House of Lüneburg
379:Principality of Lüneburg
295:
287:
266:
261:
255:
249:
246:• Partition of the
137:
130:
23:Principality of Lüneburg
2513:Unencircled territories
2274:Brunswick and Lunenburg
1914:Gert van den Heuvel in
578:dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg
2568:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
2304:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
2051:, p. 35ff. Bremen 1955
1987:, p. 13ff. Bremen 1955
1932:Manfred Boetticher in
1275:Central administration
1064:, George's eldest son
1057:
945:Protestant Reformation
925:One priority for Duke
922:
798:
596:William II of Lüneburg
232:defeated; break-up of
2660:Former principalities
1717:Electorate of Hanover
1062:Frederick of Lüneburg
1051:
1044:New House of Lüneburg
1003:Lutheran Church Order
974:Archbishop of Cologne
916:
793:
508:Old House of Lüneburg
355:Electorate of Hanover
91:Common languages
1433:Local administration
1076:, who then held the
919:Ernest the Confessor
881:Ernest the Confessor
863:and Anna of Nassau.
561:County of Papenteich
545:Otto III of Lüneburg
534:County of Dannenberg
2635:History of Lüneburg
2489:Circles est. 1512:
2464:Circles est. 1500:
2194:(1500–1806) of the
1918:, Vol. 3, p. 156ff.
1903:Die Lüneburger Sate
1890:Die Lüneburger Sate
1861:Die Lüneburger Sate
1820:, Vol. 2, p. 728ff.
1727:Princes of Lüneburg
1605:Patrimonialgerichte
1593:Reichskammergericht
1472:were then known as
978:Count of Schaumburg
963:Augsburg Confession
845:Frederick the Pious
757:, took the town of
716:. The Celle dukes,
549:William of Lüneburg
299:Prince of Calenberg
284:• Inherited by
252:Duchy of Brunswick
217:Early modern period
33:Fürstentum Lüneburg
2510:
2506:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2192:Lower Saxon Circle
2138:Wilhelm Havemann:
1936:, Vol. 3, p. 72ff.
1816:Ernst Schubert in
1505:was the so-called
1349:was headed by the
1058:
1007:Hofgerichtsordnung
923:
799:
568:navigable between
387:Brunswick-Lüneburg
342:Brunswick-Lüneburg
134:Prince of Lüneburg
127:Duke of Brunswick
2605:
2604:
2519:
2518:
2503:Electoral Rhenish
2196:Holy Roman Empire
1491:In charge of the
1202:of Fallersleben,
1093:George of Hanover
391:Holy Roman Empire
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
347:
346:
274:
194:• 1665–1705
179:• 1520–1546
164:• 1369–1373
152:• 1269–1277
111:until 1527, then
42:
29:
2667:
2600:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2511:
2507:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2254:
2190:
2189:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2087:
2084:
2075:
2072:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2027:
2024:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1988:
1981:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1847:. p. 153 et seq.
1841:
1835:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1765:
1754:
1686:Thirty Years War
1652:Military service
1616:Holzungsgerichte
1403:Regimentsordnung
1332:Kanzleivorsteher
1192:Duchy of Gifhorn
1190:, the so-called
1174:Duchy of Gifhorn
861:Otto of Lüneburg
857:Henry the Middle
655:Magnus Torquatus
641:St. Ursula's Day
495:and Lüneburg to
363:
362:
351:
350:
338:
331:
330:
315:
314:
301:
296:
288:
268:
267:
262:
256:
250:
138:
131:
59:
36:
25:
19:
18:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2592:
2559:
2550:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2369:
2255:
2246:
2198:
2184:
2182:
2135:
2133:Further reading
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2047:Günther Franz:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1991:
1983:Günther Franz:
1982:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1796:
1785:
1768:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1729:
1721:Hanoverian Army
1654:
1638:
1552:
1486:the Reformation
1435:
1309:) and marshal (
1277:
1272:
1217:
1176:
1170:
1137:lady-in-waiting
1129:
1117:
1115:Welf side lines
1105:Sophie Dorothea
1097:Ernest Augustus
1066:Christian Louis
1046:
967:Urbanus Rhegius
941:Wiedereinlösung
911:
788:
690:
684:
643:, to overthrow
592:
586:
538:County of Wölpe
514:Otto the Strict
510:
453:
448:
423:
415:Brunswick-Celle
360:
302:
297:
294:
293:
286:
285:
275:
265:
264:
263:among the heirs
260:
259:
254:
253:
248:
247:
239:
236:
234:Duchy of Saxony
215:
195:
180:
165:
153:
136:
135:
133:
129:
128:
64:
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60:
43:
35:
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2561:
2560:
2553:Principalities
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2368:
2367:
2365:Saxe-Lauenburg
2362:
2357:
2352:
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2350:
2345:
2340:
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2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
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2244:
2239:
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2229:
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2214:
2208:
2206:
2204:Ecclesiastical
2200:
2199:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2095:
2094:External links
2092:
2089:
2088:
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2053:
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2028:
2012:
2003:
1989:
1967:
1958:
1938:
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1766:
1748:
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1745:
1742:
1728:
1725:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1631:
1596:) in Wetzlar.
1551:
1548:
1544:Kanzleigericht
1434:
1431:
1359:Kanzleigericht
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1216:
1213:
1196:Gifhorn Castle
1172:Main article:
1169:
1166:
1131:Following his
1128:
1125:
1116:
1113:
1074:George William
1045:
1042:
1011:Polizeiordnung
910:
907:
787:
784:
686:Main article:
683:
672:
667:Henry the Mild
610:and his uncle
588:Main article:
585:
582:
509:
506:
481:Henry the Lion
479:, a nephew of
477:Otto the Child
461:allodial lands
452:
449:
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436:Lüneburg Heath
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2148:3-7777-0843-7
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1316:ministeriales
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478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
358:
356:
353:
352:
349:
343:
340:
337:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
291:
281:
277:
272:
258:
243:
238:
235:
231:
225:
221:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
200:
197:
191:
188:
187:
186:the Confessor
182:
176:
173:
172:
167:
161:
158:
155:
149:
145:
141:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
58:
51:
46:
40:
34:
20:
2607:
2572:
2485:
2463:
2462:until 1734.
2288:
2139:
2119:(in English)
2111:(in English)
2108:Celle Castle
2103:(in English)
2056:
2048:
2043:
2006:
1984:
1961:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1844:
1839:
1830:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1788:
1752:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1714:
1697:
1695:
1683:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1627:Konsistorium
1626:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1523:, in Celle.
1520:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1482:Klosterämter
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1426:
1422:
1419:Haushaltsrat
1418:
1414:
1411:Konsistorium
1410:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1366:Rentenkammer
1365:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1280:
1278:
1259:
1247:
1244:Duke William
1229:
1221:
1218:
1199:
1177:
1156:
1144:
1130:
1118:
1088:
1086:
1059:
1053:
1015:
1010:
1006:
994:
982:Francis Otto
971:
956:
940:
936:
930:
924:
898:
884:
865:
838:
819:
800:
779:
762:
738:
736:
729:
691:
679:
675:
653:
626:
621:The town of
620:
593:
557:Fallersleben
542:
521:
517:
511:
500:
454:
424:
414:
395:Lower Saxony
382:
378:
376:
324:Succeeded by
323:
318:
290:George Louis
257:and Lüneburg
185:
170:
122:Principality
72:Principality
62:Coat of arms
38:
32:
2583:Grubenhagen
2499:Upper Saxon
2454:until 1695.
2450:until 1640.
2446:until 1773.
2438:until 1596.
2434:until 1705.
2430:until 1731.
2422:until 1701.
2418:until 1648.
2333:Mecklenburg
2294:Grubenhagen
2279:Blankenburg
2217:Halberstadt
2127:(in German)
1879:for treaty.
1710:Netherlands
1698:Landsstände
1675:mercenaries
1427:Geheime Rat
1377:Statthalter
1370:Rentmeister
1303:chamberlain
1297:), butler (
1236:Scharnebeck
1089:Heideherzog
765:and to pay
747:Mecklenburg
700:, both the
389:within the
319:Preceded by
213:Middle Ages
2614:Categories
2495:Burgundian
2482:Franconian
2458:from 1701.
2442:from 1708.
2426:from 1648.
2408:Nordhausen
2403:Mühlhausen
2360:Regenstein
2316:Glückstadt
2222:Hildesheim
1877:Low German
1744:References
1668:Lehnsmiliz
1658:Lehnsmiliz
1646:Landstände
1642:Landschaft
1634:Landschaft
1580:Gutsherren
1556:Gogerichte
1521:Rentkammer
1443:inter alia
1439:Gogerichte
1407:consistory
1399:Ratsstuben
1351:chancellor
1231:Klosteramt
1226:Dannenberg
1215:Dannenberg
1101:morganatic
1054:heath duke
1032:, Magnus,
949:Wittenberg
751:Duke Henry
710:privileges
604:Charles IV
501:inter alia
169:Magnus II
119:Government
2588:Göttingen
2578:Calenberg
2326:Pinneberg
2284:Calenberg
2237:Ratzeburg
2232:Magdeburg
2124:The Welfs
1758:Brunswick
1560:Gorichter
1550:Judiciary
1423:Kammerrat
1415:Kriegsrat
1392:Kammerrat
1388:Kammerrat
1291:seneschal
1252:Hitzacker
1141:Duke Otto
1103:daughter
1040:in 1617.
1030:Frederick
1022:Christian
873:Charles V
706:Ascanians
674:Lüneburg
663:Bernard I
659:Frederick
633:residence
612:Wenceslas
530:Hitzacker
489:Brunswick
451:Emergence
421:Territory
411:Reichstag
271:Salic law
240:1180/1181
184:Ernest I
171:Torquatus
105:Religion
95:Low Saxon
48:1269–1705
2573:Lüneburg
2491:Austrian
2466:Bavarian
2348:Strelitz
2343:Schwerin
2311:Holstein
2242:Schwerin
1708:and the
1663:Heerbann
1512:Amtsmann
1474:Vogteien
1459:Vogteien
1347:chancery
1343:Landräte
1311:Marshall
1307:Kämmerer
1295:Truchseß
1282:edelfrei
1228:and the
1209:nobility
1162:Moisburg
1133:marriage
1026:Augustus
998:Lüneburg
976:and the
832:and the
726:Lüneburg
704:and the
698:nobility
645:Lüneburg
628:Kalkberg
623:Lüneburg
570:Lüneburg
536:and the
526:Bleckede
485:Lüneburg
440:Wendland
438:and the
399:Lüneburg
139:(-Celle)
113:Lutheran
81:Lüneburg
2555:in the
2470:Swabian
2393:Hamburg
2355:Rantzau
2338:Güstrow
2321:Gottorp
2299:Hanover
2261:Secular
1507:Amtshof
1498:Amtmann
1328:Kanzlei
1287:vassals
1264:Wustrow
1204:Gifhorn
1188:Gifhorn
1184:Francis
1168:Gifhorn
1149:Harburg
1127:Harburg
990:William
958:Landtag
917:Herzog
903:Gifhorn
895:Francis
891:Harburg
849:Bernard
830:Deister
822:William
811:William
803:Bernard
772:Hamburg
755:Bernard
718:Bernard
714:castles
649:Hanover
553:Gifhorn
463:of the
446:History
428:Bernard
228:•
83:, then
77:Capital
2398:Lübeck
2388:Goslar
2383:Bremen
2375:Cities
2269:Bremen
2227:Lübeck
2212:Bremen
2146:
1953:
1702:Venice
1620:Ämtern
1484:after
1445:, for
1336:clergy
1299:Schenk
1256:Lüchow
1180:Ernest
1034:George
1018:Ernest
953:Luther
927:Ernest
776:Lübeck
767:homage
759:Uelzen
743:Sweden
574:Uelzen
559:, the
532:, the
493:Albert
469:Saxony
157:John I
142:
99:German
69:Status
2289:Celle
1706:Spain
1587:Celle
1575:Ämter
1571:Ämter
1567:Ämter
1540:Ämter
1528:Ämter
1517:Ämter
1478:Ämter
1470:Ämter
1321:Celle
1248:Ämter
1240:Celle
1200:Ämter
1153:Celle
986:Henry
932:Ämter
834:Leine
826:Henry
815:Henry
807:Henry
722:Henry
702:Welfs
637:Celle
594:When
465:Welfs
432:Henry
403:Celle
383:Celle
85:Celle
2144:ISBN
1951:ISBN
1873:Sate
1735:See
1526:The
1381:Vogt
1355:Räte
1301:),
1250:of
1182:and
1121:Welf
1070:John
1052:The
1009:and
988:and
879:and
877:Otto
853:Otto
851:and
841:Otto
824:and
813:and
805:and
794:The
774:and
763:Sate
745:and
720:and
692:The
680:Sate
676:Sate
661:and
572:and
547:and
528:and
497:John
487:and
473:fief
430:and
377:The
278:1269
1611:.)
1601:Amt
1503:Amt
1493:Amt
1465:Amt
1453:).
1372:).
1361:).
1262:of
1260:Amt
1234:of
1224:of
1222:Amt
1157:Amt
1147:of
1145:Amt
1135:to
1013:).
901:of
899:Amt
889:of
886:Amt
682:War
635:to
475:to
467:in
413:as
2616::
2508:·
2501:,
2497:,
2493:,
2484:,
2480:,
2476:,
2472:,
2468:,
2079:^
2065:^
2031:^
2015:^
1992:^
1970:^
1923:^
1852:^
1797:^
1769:^
1723:.
1704:,
1488:.
1338:.
1285:)
1254:,
1028:,
1024:,
1020:,
992:.
618:.
540:.
417:.
97:,
2545:e
2538:t
2531:v
2177:e
2170:t
2163:v
1739:.
1590:(
1449:(
1409:(
1305:(
1293:(
292:,
273:)
269:(
41:)
37:(
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