520:(produced in the hypoblast) and Cerberus-Short (which inhibits only Nodal), through its effect on Nodal signaling, inhibits streak formation. Eventually, the hypoblast gets displaced anteriorly by the moving endoblast, allowing streak formation at the posterior end. At the anterior end, the presence of the hypoblast and the antagonists it secretes, such as Cerberus, inhibit the expression of Nodal and hence restrict streak formation to the posterior end only. Similarly to the hypoblast in chick, the AVE in the mouse secretes two antagonists of Nodal signaling, Cerberus-like, Cerl, and
516:(TGFB family), has been implicated in streak formation. Mouse embryos mutant for Nodal fail to gastrulate and lack most mesoderm, but more than playing a role in mesoderm induction, Nodal regulates the induction and/or maintenance of the primitive streak. In the presence of hypoblast, Nodal is unable to induce ectopic streaks in the chick embryo, while its removal, induces expression of Nodal, Chordin and Brachyury, suggesting that the hypoblast must have a certain inhibitory effect on Nodal signaling. Indeed, the multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, Wnt and BMP signaling,
426:
524:. In mouse, Cer-/-; Lefty1-/- double mutants develop multiple streaks as indicated by ectopic expression of Brachyury and can be partially rescued by the removal of one copy of the Nodal gene. In the mouse, the AVE restricts streak formation through the redundant functions of Cer1 and Lefty1, which negatively regulate Nodal signaling. The role of the mouse's AVE in ensuring the formation of a single primitive streak is evolutionarily conserved in the hypoblast of the chick.
589:
205:
601:
565:, where some experts have argued that experimentation with human embryos is permissible, but only before the primitive streak develops, generally around the fourteenth day of existence. The development of the primitive streak is taken, by such bioethicists, to signify the creation of a unique, human being. In some countries, it is illegal to develop a human embryo for more than 14 days outside a woman's body.
324:
369:, its formation involves the coordinated movement and re-arrangement of cells in the epiblast. Two counter-rotating flows of cells meet at the posterior end, where the streak forms. There is little movement in the center of these flows, while the greatest movement is observed at the periphery of the vortices. The vortex movements likened to
491:
chick, but together their misexpression resulted in ectopic streak formation, confirming that the streak-inducing ability of the posterior marginal zone could be attributed to Wnt signaling and that Vg1 and Wnt must cooperate to induce this process. Misexpression of Vg1 along with Wnt antagonists, Crescent or
161:
becomes oval shaped, and then pear-shaped with the broad end towards the anterior, and the narrower region projected to the posterior. The primitive streak forms a longitudinal midline structure in the narrower posterior (caudal) region of the developing embryo on its dorsal side. At first formation,
490:
and B-catenin, further supports streak-inducing role in the marginal zone. Furthermore, it is expressed as a gradient decreasing from posterior to anterior, corresponding to the streak-inducing ability of the marginal zone. Misexpression of Vg1 or Wnt1 alone failed to induce an ectopic streak in the
552:
signaling is also important for regulating the process of streak formation in the chick embryo. The site of streak formation is characterized by low BMP signals, while the rest of the epiblast displays high levels of BMP activation. In addition, misexpression of either BMP4 or BMP7 prevents streak
477:
member (TGF-β)) misexpression and grafts of the posterior marginal zone in chicks can also induce ectopic streaks, but only within the marginal zone of the embryo, indicating a specific characteristic of this region in its ability to induce streak formation. Several lines of evidence point to Wnt
377:
in the posterior end of the chick embryo move towards the midline, meet and change direction towards the center of the epiblast. Cells from the lateral posterior marginal zone replace those cells that left Koller's Sickle by meeting at the center of this region, changing direction and extending
397:
that will contribute to the streak. This region has a defined anterior-to-posterior gradient in its ability to induce the primitive streak, with the posterior end having the highest potential. All cells in the epiblast can respond to signals from the marginal zone, but once a given region is
409:, where the extraembryonic tissue originates. In the chick, the absence of the hypoblast results in multiple streaks, suggesting that its presence is important for regulating the formation of a single primitive streak. In mice and other mammals, this structure is known as the
378:
anteriorly. As these cells move and concentrate at the posterior end of the embryo, the streak undergoes a single- to multi-layered epithelial sheet transition that makes it a macroscopically visible structure. Several mechanisms, including active proliferation, oriented
536:, which is thought to work together with Nodal to regulate this process. Inhibition of FGF signaling through expression of a dominant negative receptor, using a FGF receptor inhibitor (SU5402) or depletion of FGF ligands, inhibit
1901:
Streit A, Lee KJ, Woo I, Roberts C, Jessell TM, Stern CD (1998). "Chordin regulates primitive streak development and the stability of induced neural cells, but is not sufficient for neural induction in the chick embryo".
413:(AVE). The AVE migrates from the visceral endoderm (hypoblast). The hypoblast also plays an important role in the regulation of streak formation. Removal of the hypoblast in the chick results in correctly patterned
1707:
Pöpperl H, Schmidt C, Wilson V, Hume CR, Dodd J, Krumlauf R, Beddington RS (1997). "Misexpression of Cwnt8C in the mouse induces an ectopic embryonic axis and causes a truncation of the anterior neuroectoderm".
303:
Following its appearance and formation of the node, pit, and groove, the streak starts to regress caudally. Around day 20 in the human embryo, the remaining parts of the streak enlarge to produce a midline
495:, prevents the formation of ectopic streaks, demonstrating the importance of Wnt activity in the formation of Vg1-induced ectopic streaks and hence its implication in normal primitive streak formation.
192:
progenitors and their migration to their ultimate position, where they will differentiate into the mesoderm germ layer that, together with endoderm and ectoderm germ layers, will give rise to all the
185:
are arranged along the prospective midline, establishing the second embryonic axis, and the site where cells will ingress and migrate during the process of gastrulation and germ layer formation.
1746:
Conlon FL, Lyons KM, Takaesu N, Barth KS, Kispert A, Herrmann B, Robertson EJ (1994). "A primary requirement for nodal in the formation and maintenance of the primitive streak in the mouse".
402:
by these signals and undergoes streak formation, the remaining cells in the epiblast are no longer responsive to these inductive signals and prevent the formation of another streak.
320:
develops cranially from the primitive node. By day 22, the primitive streak has regressed to between 10 and 20% of the embryo's length, and by day 26, has seemingly disappeared.
36:
1813:"Determination of embryonic polarity in a regulative system: evidence for endogenous inhibitors acting sequentially during primitive streak formation in the chick embryo"
1463:
Shah SB, Skromne I, Hume CR, Kessler DS, Lee KJ, Stern CD, Dodd J (1997). "Misexpression of chick Vg1 in the marginal zone induces primitive streak formation".
553:
formation, while the BMP inhibitor
Chordin induces ectopic streak formation in the chick, suggesting that streak formation is likely to require BMP inhibition.
478:
expression as the determinant of this ability. Deletion of Wnt3 in mouse embryos results in the absence of a streak formation, similarly to the phenotype of
1498:
Bachvarova RF, Skromne I, Stern CD (1998). "Induction of primitive streak and Hensen's node by the posterior marginal zone in the early chick embryo".
188:
The primitive streak extends through this midline and creates the left–right and cranial–caudal body axes. Gastrulation involves the ingression of
1341:
Perea-Gomez A, Vella FD, Shawlot W, Oulad-Abdelghani M, Chazaud C, Meno C, Pfister V, Chen L, Robertson E, Hamada H, Behringer RR, Ang SL (2002).
1295:
Khaner O, Eyal-Giladi H (1989). "The chick's marginal zone and primitive streak formation. I. Coordinative effect of induction and inhibition".
1033:
765:
723:
681:
588:
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on its dorsal side. At first formation, the primitive streak extends for half the length of the embryo. In the human embryo, this appears by
1544:
Skromne I, Stern CD (2001). "Interactions between Wnt and Vg1 signalling pathways initiate primitive streak formation in the chick embryo".
1781:
C Perea-Gomez A, Rhinn M, Ang SL (2001). "Role of the anterior visceral endoderm in restricting posterior signals in the mouse embryo".
486:, and misexpression of the chick cWnt8C produces multiple streaks in mouse embryos. Localization of Wnt and components of its pathway,
513:
474:
2296:
1623:
Liu P, Wakamiya M, Shea MJ, Albrecht U, Behringer RR, Bradley A (1999). "Requirement for Wnt3 in vertebrate axis formation".
977:
1979:
540:
and this in turn, inhibits streak formation. Furthermore, ectopic streak formation induced by Vg1 required FGF signaling.
390:
cell movement, have been proposed to explain the nature of the cellular movements required to form the primitive streak.
1668:"The mouse Fused locus encodes Axin, an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway that regulates embryonic axis formation"
487:
1391:
1089:
1060:
1017:
749:
707:
665:
1666:
Zeng L, Fagotto F, Zhang T, Hsu W, Vasicek TJ, Perry WL 3rd, Lee JJ, Tilghman SM, Gumbiner BM, Costantini F (1997).
600:
246:. The primitive streak forms a longitudinal midline structure in the narrower caudal (posterior) region of the
284:. The primitive pit extends towards the caudal end in a narrow depression in the primitive streak called the
1937:
383:
1584:"A hierarchy of gene expression accompanying induction of the primitive streak by Vg1 in the chick embryo"
2264:
2209:
1988:
1343:"Nodal antagonists in the anterior visceral endoderm prevent the formation of multiple primitive streaks"
163:
72:
1957:
956:
Chuai M, Weijer CJ (2008). "The mechanisms underlying primitive streak formation in the chick embryo".
840:"The enigmatic primitive streak: prevailing notions and challenges concerning the body axis of mammals"
788:"Induction and patterning of the primitive streak, an organizing center of gastrulation in the amniote"
549:
537:
410:
257:
Towards the cranial (anterior) end of the disc, the primitive streak expands into an area known as the
1938:"The President's Council on Bioethics, Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry. Chapter 6"
1243:"Induction and patterning of the primitive streak an organizing centre of gastrulation in the amniote"
274:
251:
216:
167:
1047:
Moore, Keith L.; Persaud, T. V. N.; Torchia, Mark G. (2018). "4 - Third Week of Human
Development".
2269:
2181:
2066:
1972:
533:
399:
231:
208:
104:
20:
1424:"The hypoblast of the chick embryo positions the primitive streak by antagonizing nodal signaling"
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504:
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The formation of the primitive streak in the chick, is highly regulated by a complex network of
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116:
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2249:
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483:
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mutant embryos. In addition, mutating the intracellular negative regulator of Wnt signaling,
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182:
154:
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streaks, suggesting that the hypoblast serves to inhibit formation of the primitive streak.
1162:
454:
332:
1950:
1241:
Mikawa, Takashi; Poh, Alisa M.; Kelly, Kristine A.; Ishii, Yasuo; Reese, David E. (2004).
429:
An intricate network of signaling pathways regulate the formation of the primitive streak.
8:
2003:
1965:
349:
1166:
1110:"Analysis of tissue flow patterns during primitive streak formation in the chick embryo"
365:
has provided much information about the formation of the primitive streak. In the chick
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1595:
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1507:
1472:
1435:
1354:
1304:
1254:
1215:
1206:
Hatada Y, Stern CD (1994). "A fate map of the epiblast of the early chick embryo".
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67:
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1386:(8th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates Publishers. p. 358.
394:
362:
345:
289:
258:
158:
51:
1149:
Saadaoui, M; Rocancourt, D; Roussel, J; Corson, F; Gros, J (24 January 2020).
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2176:
2120:
1151:"A tensile ring drives tissue flows to shape the gastrulating amniote embryo"
594:
Human embryo—length, 2 mm. Dorsal view, with the amnion laid open. X 30.
532:
Another important pathway in modulating formation of the primitive streak is
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465:) adjacent to the site of streak formation is required for this process.
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the primitive streak extends for half the length of the embryo. In the
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122:
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1862:"Endogenous patterns of BMP signaling during early chick development"
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458:
406:
370:
328:
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239:
146:
1951:
Government of
Australia Department of Health and Ageing, 22 Dec 2008
892:
Chuai M, Zeng W, Yang X, Boychenko V, Glazier JA, Weijer CJ (2006).
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2201:
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is key for the formation of the primitive streak. Cells overlaying
366:
297:
238:, and some of its cells will give rise to the primitive streak. In
223:
189:
1636:
1076:
Standring, Susan (2020). "10 - Cell populations at gastrulation".
450:
355:
235:
142:
265:. In birds, including the chick, this organizing node is called
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2028:
2013:
1148:
742:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
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138:
45:
41:
1810:
280:
In the middle of the node is a circular depression termed the
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92:
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arising from the development of the primitive streak during
1860:
Faure S, de Santa
Barbara P, Roberts DJ, Whitman M (2002).
492:
446:
35:
323:
1706:
1745:
1622:
894:"Cell movement during chick primitive streak formation"
660:(Fifth ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom. p. 113.
1811:
Bertocchini F, Skromne I, Wolpert L, Stern CD (2004).
1497:
1462:
1108:
Cui C, Yang X, Chuai M, Glazier JA, Weijer CJ (2005).
891:
786:
Mikawa T, Poh AM, Kelly KA, Ishii Y, Reese DE (2004).
1780:
177:, determines the site of gastrulation, and initiates
1012:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. pp. 78–80.
273:, where it was first identified, it is known as the
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785:
1294:
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1806:
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702:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. p. 57.
561:The primitive streak is an important concept in
327:Primitive streak in relation to later developed
437:. Activation of various secreted factors (Vg1,
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393:The marginal zone of a chick embryo contains
234:, is the source of all embryonic material in
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56:pr. Primitive streak. gc. germinal crescent.
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1400:
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960:. Current Topics in Developmental Biology.
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1980:
1966:
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1032:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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764:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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722:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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680:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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296:). The groove is created by infolding of
181:formation. To form the primitive streak,
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16:Structure in early amniote embryogenesis
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744:(Forty-first ed.). . p. 181.
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137:is a structure that forms in the early
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606:Lateral section through the mammalian
514:transforming growth factor beta family
475:transforming growth factor beta family
1961:
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420:
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512:, a known mesodermal inducer of the
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19:For the album by The Subdudes, see
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1234:
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242:, the equivalent structure is the
149:, the equivalent structure is the
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173:The primitive streak establishes
1422:Bertocchini F, Stern CD (2002).
599:
587:
543:
527:
34:
1944:
1930:
405:Underlying the epiblast is the
1:
1685:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80324-4
1601:10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00034-5
1441:10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00318-0
1360:10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00321-0
970:10.1016/S0070-2153(07)81004-0
615:
2297:Animal developmental biology
1582:Skromne I, Stern CD (2002).
1309:10.1016/0012-1606(89)90090-0
1008:Schoenwolf, Gary C. (2015).
698:Schoenwolf, Gary C. (2015).
339:
199:
7:
2265:Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
2210:Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
1989:Human embryonic development
1127:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.021
910:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.451
568:
261:which is the organizer for
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2313:
1382:Gilbert, Scott F. (2006).
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411:anterior visceral endoderm
343:
18:
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2200:
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2102:
2089:
2062:
1996:
1010:Larsen's human embryology
740:Standring, Susan (2016).
700:Larsen's human embryology
658:Principles of development
316:. Also at that time, the
275:Spemann-Mangold organizer
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103:
91:
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2270:Somatopleuric mesenchyme
2182:Somatopleuric mesenchyme
1991:in the first three weeks
232:bilaminar embryonic disc
209:Cellular differentiation
21:Primitive Streak (album)
1722:10.1242/dev.124.15.2997
1558:10.1242/dev.128.15.2915
1512:10.1242/dev.125.17.3521
1477:10.1242/dev.124.24.5127
1220:10.1242/dev.120.10.2879
1176:10.1126/science.aaw1965
656:Wolpert, Lewis (2015).
633:www.merriam-webster.com
629:"Definition of AMNIOTE"
505:Nodal signaling pathway
196:of the adult organism.
2154:Regional specification
1879:10.1006/dbio.2002.0579
1760:10.1242/dev.120.7.1919
1247:Developmental Dynamics
856:10.1002/bies.200900038
430:
336:
293:
219:
183:mesenchymal stem cells
117:Anatomical terminology
2260:Intraembryonic coelom
1916:10.1242/dev.125.3.507
1384:Developmental biology
503:Further information:
469:Vg1 and Wnt signaling
455:transcription factors
428:
344:Further information:
326:
207:
155:embryonic development
1084:. pp. 188–195.
1049:The Developing Human
557:Ethical implications
333:black crested gibbon
1167:2020Sci...367..453S
350:Signal transduction
1260:10.1002/dvdy.10458
1055:. pp. 47–63.
805:10.1002/dvdy.10458
538:mesoderm formation
473:Similarly, Vg1 (a
435:signaling pathways
431:
421:Signaling pathways
371:polonaise movement
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254:, about 17 days.
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175:bilateral symmetry
166:, this appears by
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2283:
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2009:Oocyte activation
1830:10.1242/dev.01178
1716:(15): 2997–3005.
1161:(6476): 453–458.
1080:(42nd ed.).
1051:(11th ed.).
979:978-0-12-374253-7
958:Curr Top Dev Biol
838:Downs KM (2009).
581:Additional images
294:sulcus primitivus
248:developing embryo
170:, about 17 days.
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2116:Primitive streak
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306:caudal cell mass
298:epiblastic cells
286:primitive groove
252:Carnegie stage 6
228:epithelial layer
135:primitive streak
123:edit on Wikidata
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40:Surface view of
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980:
954:
935:
890:
881:
836:
829:
784:
773:
757:
756:
752:
738:
731:
715:
714:
710:
696:
689:
673:
672:
668:
654:
647:
637:
635:
627:
626:
622:
618:
611:
604:
595:
592:
583:
571:
559:
546:
530:
507:
501:
499:Nodal signaling
471:
423:
375:Koller's sickle
352:
342:
314:caudal eminence
202:
153:. During early
127:
98:linea primitiva
57:
55:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2310:
2300:
2299:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2230:
2228:Axial mesoderm
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2126:Primitive node
2123:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1929:
1893:
1852:
1800:
1783:Int J Dev Biol
1773:
1754:(7): 1919–28.
1735:
1699:
1658:
1615:
1594:(1–2): 115–8.
1571:
1525:
1490:
1455:
1399:
1392:
1374:
1322:
1282:
1253:(3): 422–432.
1233:
1198:
1141:
1097:
1090:
1078:Gray's Anatomy
1068:
1061:
1039:
1018:
993:
978:
933:
879:
850:(8): 892–902.
827:
771:
750:
729:
708:
687:
666:
645:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
605:
598:
596:
593:
586:
582:
579:
578:
577:
570:
567:
558:
555:
545:
542:
529:
526:
500:
497:
470:
467:
422:
419:
363:model organism
346:Cell signaling
341:
338:
259:primitive node
201:
198:
159:embryonic disc
129:
128:
119:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
95:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
70:
68:Carnegie stage
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:Embryonic disk
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2309:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:Lateral plate
2253:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Neuroectoderm
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Primitive pit
2119:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Fertilization
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:(3): 507–19.
1909:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1789:(1): 311–20.
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1678:(1): 181–92.
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:10.1038/11932
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1434:(5): 735–44.
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1395:
1393:9780878932504
1389:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1353:(5): 745–56.
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:(1): 206–14.
1302:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1091:9780702077050
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1062:9780323611541
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1019:9781455706846
1015:
1011:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
989:
985:
981:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
929:
925:
920:
915:
911:
907:
904:(1): 137–49.
903:
899:
895:
888:
886:
884:
875:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
834:
832:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
801:
798:(3): 422–32.
797:
793:
789:
782:
780:
778:
776:
767:
761:
753:
751:9780702052309
747:
743:
736:
734:
725:
719:
711:
709:9781455706846
705:
701:
694:
692:
683:
677:
669:
667:9780199678143
663:
659:
652:
650:
634:
630:
624:
620:
609:
602:
597:
590:
585:
584:
576:
573:
572:
566:
564:
554:
551:
544:BMP signaling
541:
539:
535:
528:FGF signaling
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
496:
494:
489:
485:
481:
476:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
427:
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
396:
391:
389:
385:
384:intercalation
381:
380:cell division
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
351:
347:
334:
330:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:primitive pit
278:
276:
272:
268:
267:Hensen's node
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
218:
214:
210:
206:
197:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
124:
118:
114:
111:
108:
106:
102:
99:
96:
94:
90:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
60:
53:
47:
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2250:Intermediate
2192:Neural crest
2147:Gastrulation
2115:
1946:
1940:. July 2002.
1932:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1872:(1): 44–65.
1869:
1865:
1855:
1820:
1816:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1751:
1747:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1631:(4): 361–5.
1628:
1624:
1618:
1591:
1587:
1549:
1545:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1431:
1427:
1383:
1377:
1350:
1346:
1300:
1296:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1120:(1): 37–47.
1117:
1113:
1077:
1071:
1048:
1042:
1009:
961:
957:
901:
897:
847:
843:
795:
791:
741:
699:
657:
636:. Retrieved
632:
623:
560:
547:
531:
508:
472:
432:
404:
392:
382:, cell-cell
353:
313:
309:
302:
285:
281:
279:
263:gastrulation
256:
221:
217:implantation
213:gastrulation
187:
172:
164:human embryo
134:
132:
97:
2187:Neurulation
2112:Archenteron
2104:Germ layers
2054:Trophoblast
1904:Development
1817:Development
1748:Development
1710:Development
1546:Development
1500:Development
1465:Development
1208:Development
388:chemotactic
308:termed the
226:, a single
87:Identifiers
2243:Somitomere
2130:Blastopore
2094:Trilaminar
2044:Blastocyst
2039:Blastocoel
2034:Cavitation
2024:Blastomere
1625:Nat. Genet
964:: 135–56.
616:References
608:blastodisc
575:Gastruloid
271:amphibians
244:blastopore
240:amphibians
215:following
179:germ layer
151:blastopore
147:amphibians
2076:Hypoblast
2067:Bilaminar
1866:Dev. Biol
1588:Mech. Dev
1297:Dev. Biol
1114:Dev. Biol
1028:cite book
898:Dev. Biol
844:BioEssays
760:cite book
718:cite book
676:cite book
563:bioethics
548:Finally,
480:B-catenin
463:Goosecoid
459:Brachyury
407:hypoblast
340:Formation
331:shown on
329:notochord
318:notochord
200:Structure
2291:Category
2233:Paraxial
2220:Mesoderm
2202:Endoderm
2164:Ectoderm
2142:Gastrula
2081:Epiblast
2019:Cleavage
1888:11900458
1839:15226255
1795:11291861
1653:22195563
1645:10431240
1610:12175495
1566:11532915
1450:12431379
1428:Dev Cell
1369:12431380
1347:Dev Cell
1269:14991697
1193:92787648
1185:31974255
1136:15950214
1082:Elsevier
1053:Saunders
988:18023726
928:16725136
874:19609969
814:14991697
569:See also
518:Cerberus
367:blastula
310:tail bud
236:amniotes
224:epiblast
190:mesoderm
143:amniotes
2090:Week 3
2063:Week 2
1924:9425145
1768:7924997
1730:9247341
1694:9230313
1520:9693154
1485:9362470
1317:2731648
1228:7607078
1163:Bibcode
1155:Science
919:2556955
865:2949267
792:Dev Dyn
451:Chordin
415:ectopic
400:induced
230:of the
194:tissues
168:stage 6
110:D054240
62:Details
2238:Somite
2029:Morula
2014:Zygote
1997:Week 1
1922:
1886:
1847:942758
1845:
1837:
1793:
1766:
1728:
1692:
1651:
1643:
1608:
1564:
1518:
1483:
1448:
1390:
1367:
1315:
1277:758473
1275:
1267:
1226:
1191:
1183:
1134:
1088:
1059:
1016:
986:
976:
926:
916:
872:
862:
822:758473
820:
812:
748:
706:
664:
638:11 May
522:Lefty1
453:) and
359:embryo
335:embryo
157:, the
139:embryo
46:rabbit
42:embryo
1843:S2CID
1649:S2CID
1273:S2CID
1189:S2CID
818:S2CID
510:Nodal
493:Dkk-1
443:Wnt8C
439:Nodal
395:cells
361:as a
356:chick
290:Latin
269:. In
145:. In
121:[
93:Latin
50:arg.
44:of a
1920:PMID
1884:PMID
1835:PMID
1791:PMID
1764:PMID
1726:PMID
1690:PMID
1672:Cell
1641:PMID
1606:PMID
1562:PMID
1516:PMID
1481:PMID
1446:PMID
1388:ISBN
1365:PMID
1313:PMID
1265:PMID
1224:PMID
1181:PMID
1132:PMID
1086:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1034:link
1014:ISBN
984:PMID
974:ISBN
924:PMID
870:PMID
810:PMID
766:link
746:ISBN
724:link
704:ISBN
682:link
662:ISBN
640:2022
488:Lef1
484:Axin
461:and
449:and
447:FGF8
386:and
354:The
348:and
222:The
133:The
105:MeSH
79:Days
1912:doi
1908:125
1874:doi
1870:244
1825:doi
1821:131
1756:doi
1752:120
1718:doi
1714:124
1680:doi
1633:doi
1596:doi
1592:114
1554:doi
1550:128
1508:doi
1504:125
1473:doi
1469:124
1436:doi
1355:doi
1305:doi
1301:134
1255:doi
1251:229
1216:doi
1212:120
1171:doi
1159:367
1122:doi
1118:284
966:doi
914:PMC
906:doi
902:296
860:PMC
852:doi
800:doi
796:229
550:BMP
534:FGF
312:or
141:in
2293::
1918:.
1906:.
1882:.
1868:.
1864:.
1841:.
1833:.
1819:.
1815:.
1803:^
1787:45
1785:.
1762:.
1750:.
1738:^
1724:.
1712:.
1688:.
1676:90
1674:.
1670:.
1647:.
1639:.
1629:22
1627:.
1604:.
1590:.
1586:.
1574:^
1560:.
1548:.
1528:^
1514:.
1502:.
1479:.
1467:.
1444:.
1430:.
1426:.
1402:^
1363:.
1349:.
1345:.
1325:^
1311:.
1299:.
1285:^
1271:.
1263:.
1249:.
1245:.
1222:.
1210:.
1187:.
1179:.
1169:.
1157:.
1153:.
1130:.
1116:.
1112:.
1100:^
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1026:{{
996:^
982:.
972:.
962:81
936:^
922:.
912:.
900:.
896:.
882:^
868:.
858:.
848:31
846:.
842:.
830:^
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808:.
794:.
790:.
774:^
762:}}
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732:^
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716:{{
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648:^
631:.
445:,
441:,
300:.
292::
277:.
82:15
73:6b
54:.
48:.
2128:/
2114:/
2096:)
2092:(
2069:)
2065:(
1981:e
1974:t
1967:v
1926:.
1914::
1890:.
1876::
1849:.
1827::
1797:.
1770:.
1758::
1732:.
1720::
1696:.
1682::
1655:.
1635::
1612:.
1598::
1568:.
1556::
1522:.
1510::
1487:.
1475::
1452:.
1438::
1432:3
1396:.
1371:.
1357::
1351:3
1319:.
1307::
1279:.
1257::
1230:.
1218::
1195:.
1173::
1165::
1138:.
1124::
1094:.
1065:.
1036:)
1022:.
990:.
968::
930:.
908::
876:.
854::
824:.
802::
768:)
754:.
726:)
712:.
684:)
670:.
642:.
610:.
457:(
288:(
125:]
23:.
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