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boundaries and maintain order among lesser males. Females, on the other hand, were described as "dedicated mothers to small infants and sexually available to males in order of the males' dominance rank". Female-female competition was ignored. Schiebinger proposed that the failure to acknowledge female-female competitions could "skew notions of sexual selection" to "ignore interactions between males and females that go beyond the strict interpretation of sex as for reproduction only". In the 1960s primatologists started looking at what females did, slowly changing the stereotype of the passive female. We now know that females are active participants, and even leaders, within their groups. For instance, Rowell found that female baboons determine the route for daily foraging. Similarly, Shirley Strum found that male investment in special relationships with females had greater productive payoff in comparison to a male's rank in a dominance hierarchy. This emerging "female point of view" resulted in a reanalysis of how aggression, reproductive access, and dominance affect primate societies.
970:. However, when researchers studied this formally in the past few years they found something surprising: Only the baboons who were lost would ever give call barks. Even if an infant was wailing in agony just a few hundred meters away, its mother who would clearly recognise its voice and would be frantic about his safety (or alternatively run towards her infant depending on her own perceived safety), would often simply stare in his direction visibly agitated. If the anguishing baboon mother made any type of call at all, the infant would instantly recognise her and run to her position. This type of logic appears to be lost on the baboon, suggesting a serious gap in theory of mind of this otherwise seemingly very intelligent primate species. However, it is also possible that baboons do not return call barks for ecological reasons, for example because returning the call bark might call attention to the lost baboon, putting it at greater risk from predators.
786:. If a population exceeds the size outlined by its cognitive limitations, the group undergoes a schism. Set into an evolutionary context, the Dunbar number shows a drive for the development of a method of bonding that is less labor-intensive than grooming: language. As the monkeysphere grows, the amount of time that would need to be spent grooming troopmates soon becomes unmanageable. Furthermore, it is only possible to bond with one troopmate at a time while grooming. The evolution of vocal communication solves both the time constraint and the one-on-one problem, but at a price.
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898:, or DA. DA can be selected for just as a gene can, eventually improving cognition. The contrary theory, of generalist mind, suggests that the brain is just a big computer that runs one program, the mind. If the mind is a general computer, for instance, the ability to use reasoning should be identical regardless of the context. This is not what is observed. When faced with abstract numbers and letters with no "real world" significance, respondents of the
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clearly give their grooming partner much-wanted food would not take away from how much food they themselves got. For some reason, the chimps were unwilling to depress the lever that would give their long-time chums food. It is plausible but unlikely that the chimps figured there was finite food and it would eventually decrease their own food reward. The experiments are open to such interpretations making it hard to establish anything for certain.
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954:. His studies have shown that chimpanzees can recognize whether a researcher desires a dropped object, and act accordingly by picking it up. Even more compelling is the observation that chimps will only act if the object is dropped in an accidental-looking manner: if the researcher drops the object in a way that appears intentional, the chimp will ignore the object.
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are amalgams of objective and subjective sciences. Current scientific practice, especially in the hard sciences, requires a total dissociation of personal experience from the finished scientific product (Bauchspies 8). This is a strategy that is incompatible with observational field studies, and weakens them in the eyes of
120:. These two divergent disciplines stem from the unique cultural backgrounds and philosophies that went into their founding. Although, fundamentally, both Western and Japanese primatology share many of the same principles, the areas of their focus in primate research and their methods of obtaining data differ widely.
879:'s modular mind hypothesis expands on this concept, suggesting the existence of preprogrammed modules for dealing with many, or all aspects of cognition. Although these modules do not need to be physically distinct, they must be functionally distinct. There was an experiment to teach language to orangutans at the
696:." ("I am a primate; nothing about primates is outside of my bailiwick".) The meeting point of these two disciplines has become a nexus of discussion on key issues concerning the evolution of sociality, the development and purpose of language and deceit, and the development and propagation of culture.
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acts differently on females and males. Early research emphasized male-male competition for females. It was widely believed that males tend to woo females, and that females are passive. For years this was the dominant interpretation, emphasizing competition among dominant males who control territorial
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For
Japanese researchers in primatology, the findings of the team are emphasised over the individual. The study of primates is a group effort, and the group will get the credit for it. A team of researchers may observe a group of primates for several years in order to gather very detailed demographic
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One phenomenon which would indicate a possible fragility of theory of mind in primates occurs when a baboon gets lost. Under such circumstances, the lost baboon generally makes "call barks" to announce that it is lost. Previous to the 1990s it was thought that these call barks would then be returned
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However primates do not always fare so well in situations requiring theory of mind. In one experiment pairs of chimpanzees who had been close grooming partners were offered two levers. Pressing one lever would bring them food and another would bring their grooming partner food. Pressing the lever to
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Language allows for bonding with multiple people at the same time at a distance, but the bonding produced by language is less intense. This view of language evolution covers the general biological trends needed for language development, but it takes another hypothesis to uncover the evolution of the
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While some influential women challenged fundamental paradigms, Schiebinger suggests that science is constituted by numerous factors, varying from gender roles and domestic issues that surround race and class to economic relations between researchers from developed world countries and the developing
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Scientific studies concerning primate and human behavior have been subject to the same set of political and social complications, or biases, as every other scientific discipline. The borderline and multidisciplinary nature of primatology and sociobiology make them ripe fields of study because they
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Further evidence supporting the modular mind has steadily emerged with some startling revelations concerning primates. A very recent study indicated that human babies and grown monkeys approach and process numbers in a similar fashion, suggesting an evolved set of DA for mathematics (Jordan). The
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has argued that the mind is not a computer nor is it massively modular. He states that no evidence of massive modularity or the brain as a digital computer has been gained through actual neuroscience, as opposed to psychological studies. He criticises psychologists who use the massive modularity
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is observed in many animal species, the grooming activities undertaken by primates are not strictly for the elimination of parasites. In primates, grooming is a social activity that strengthens relationships. The amount of grooming taking place between members of a troop is a strong indicator of
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Additionally, this interface is of particular interest to the science watchers in science and technology studies, who examine the social conditions which incite, mould, and eventually react to scientific discoveries and knowledge. The STS approach to primatology and sociobiology stretches beyond
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The study of primatology looks at the biological and psychological aspects of non-human primates. The focus is on studying the common links between humans and primates. Practitioners believe that by understanding our closest animal relatives, we might better understand the nature shared with our
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Schiebinger has also accused sociobiologists of producing the "corporate primate", described as "female baboons with briefcases, strategically competitive and aggressive". This contrasts with the notion that only men are competitive and aggressive. Observations have repeatedly demonstrated that
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Social critics of science, some operating from within the field, are critical of primatology and sociobiology. Claims are made that researchers bring pre-existing opinions on issues concerning human sociality to their studies, and then seek evidence that agrees with their worldview or otherwise
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In a related experiment, groups of chimps were given rope-pulling problems they could not solve individually. Warneken's subjects rapidly figured out which individual in the group was the best rope puller and assigned it the bulk of the task. This research is highly indicative of the ability of
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generally do very poorly. However, when exposed to a test with an identical rule set but socially relevant content, respondents score markedly higher. The difference is especially pronounced when the content is about reward and payment. This test strongly suggests that human logic is based on a
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Japanese primatologists are renowned for their ability to recognise animals by sight, and indeed most primates in a research group are usually named and numbered. Comprehensive data on every single subject in a group is a uniquely
Japanese trait of primate research. Each member of the primate
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In 1970 Jeanne
Altmann drew attention to representative sampling methods in which all individuals, not just the dominant and the powerful, were observed for equal periods of time. Prior to 1970, primatologists used "opportunistic sampling", which only recorded what caught their attention.
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Primatology is a science. The general belief is that the scientific observation of nature must be either extremely limited, or completely controlled. Either way, the observers must be neutral to their subjects. This allows for data to be unbiased and for the subjects to be uninfluenced by
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Several research papers on primate cognition were retracted in 2010. Their lead author, primatologist Marc Hauser, was dismissed from
Harvard University after an internal investigation found evidence of scientific misconduct in his laboratory. Data supporting the authors' conclusion that
1015:, writing in 2001, estimated that women made up 80 percent of graduate students pursuing PhDs in primatology, up from 50 percent in the 1970s. Because of the high number of women, Schiebinger has even asserted that "Primatology is widely celebrated as a feminist science".
96:, as well as in animal sanctuaries, biomedical research facilities, museums and zoos. Primatologists study both living and extinct primates in their natural habitats and in laboratories by conducting field studies and experiments in order to understand aspects of their
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There are three methodological approaches in primatology: field study, the more realistic approach; laboratory study, the more controlled approach; and semi-free ranging, where primate habitat and wild social structure is replicated in a captive setting.
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Western primatology stems primarily from research by North
American and European scientists. Early primate study focused primarily on medical research, but some scientists also conducted "civilizing" experiments on chimpanzees in order to gauge both
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module originally developed in a social environment to root out cheaters, and that either the module is at a huge disadvantage where abstract thinking is involved, or that other less effective modules are used when faced with abstract logic.
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female apes and monkeys also form stable dominance hierarchies and alliances with their male counterparts. Females display aggression, exercise sexual choice, and compete for resources, mates and territory, like their male counterparts.
686:. The interface between primatology and sociobiology examines in detail the evolution of primate behavioral processes, and what studying our closest living primate relatives can tell about our own minds. As the American anthropologist
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Sarah Hrdy, a self-identified feminist, was among the first to apply what became known as sociobiological theory to primates. In her studies, she focuses on the need for females to win from males parental care for their offspring.
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Schiebinger suggests that only two out of the six features are characteristic of feminism. One of them is the discussion of the politics of participation and the attention placed on females as subjects of research.
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All types of primate study in the
Western methodology are meant to be neutral. Although there are certain Western primatologists who do more subjective research, the emphasis in this discipline is on the objective.
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and shared life with the animal subjects. Though Kawai is the only
Japanese primatologist associated with the use of this term, the underlying principle is part of the foundation of Japanese primate research.
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with your subject. Neutrality is eschewed in favour of a more casual atmosphere, where researcher and subject can mingle more freely. Domestication of nature is not only desirable, but necessary for study.
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As a science, primatology has many different sub-disciplines which vary in terms of theoretical and methodological approaches to the subject used in researching extant primates and their extinct ancestors.
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conceptualization of both human infants and primate adults is cross-sensory, meaning that they can add 15 red dots to 20 beeps and approximate the answer to be 35 grey squares. As more evidence of basic
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In semi-free ranging studies, scientists are able to watch how primates might act in the wild but have easier access to them, and the ability to control their environments. Such facilities include the
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attempts to understand the actions of all animal species within the context of advantageous and disadvantageous behaviors, primatology takes an exclusive look at the order
Primates, which includes
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and anthropology are of primary interest to them. The
Japanese theory believes that studying primates will give us insight into the duality of human nature: individual self vs. social self.
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furthers a sociopolitical agenda. In particular, the use of primatological studies to assert gender roles, and to both promote and subvert feminism has been a point of contention.
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HerculanoâHouzel, Suzana; Kaas, Jon H.; OliveiraâSouza, Ricardo de (2016). "Corticalization of motor control in humans is a consequence of brain scaling in primate evolution".
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are examples of this. In 1960, Jane
Goodall traveled to the forest at Gombe Stream in Tanzania where her determination and skill allowed for her to observe behaviors of the
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chimps to detect the folk psychological state of "desire", as well as the ability to recognize that other individuals are better at certain tasks than they are.
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Linda Fedigan views herself as a reporter or translator, working at the intersection between gender studies of science and the mainstream study of primatology.
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244:, Indonesia. Galdikas utilized statistics and modern data collection to conclude her 1978 doctoral thesis regarding orangutan behavior and interactions.
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Despret, Vinciane (2009). "Culture and gender do not dissolve into how scientists "read" nature: Thelma Rowell's heterodoxy". In Harman, Oren (ed.).
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The massive modularity theory thesis posits that there is a huge number of tremendously interlinked but specialized modules running programs called
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in a primate's brain correlates directly to the number of individuals it can keep track of socially, be it a troop of chimps or a tribe of humans.
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931:, powerplays, deception, cuckoldry, and apology. In order to understand the staggeringly complex nature of primate interactions, we look to
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monkeys displayed pattern-learning behavior similar to human infants reportedly could not be located after a three-year investigation.
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748:. Modern molecular biology reinforced humanity's place within the Primate order. Humans and simians share the vast majority of their
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that no researcher had seen prior. Chimpanzees used tools made from twigs to extract termites from their nests. Additionally,
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to their peers. If some primates can tell what others know and want and act accordingly, they can gain advantage and status.
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are uncovered, they will undoubtedly form a more solid foundation upon which the more complex behaviors can be understood.
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724:, organized natural objects into kinds, that we now know reflect their evolutionary relatedness. He sorted these kinds by
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Field study is done in natural environments, in which scientific observers watch primates in their natural habitat.
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are often transferred between groups and gorillas eat their own dung to recycle nutrients. The third "trimate",
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Laboratory study is done in controlled lab settings. In lab settings, scientists are able to perform controlled
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http://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year3/psy364criticisms-evolutionary-psychology/panksepp_seven_sins.pdf
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Bezerra de Melo Daly, G. (2015). "Why Japanese primatology? A perspective from sociocultural anthropology".
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A community run blog, with contributions from primatology academics and enthusiasts from around the world.
1713:[Norin Chai: The value of Francine NĂ©ago's discoveries is undeniable] (in French). Scienes Avenir.
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community has a part to play, and the Japanese researchers are interested in this complex interaction.
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The Japanese discipline of primatology tends to be more interested in the social aspects of primates.
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that the only way to attain reliable scientific knowledge was to attain a mutual relation, personal
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suggests a link between primate grooming and the development of human language. The size of the
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proved the possibility of habituation among the mountain gorillas. Fossey learned that female
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1711:"Norin Chai : "La valeur des découvertes de Francine Néago est incontestable""
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amongst individuals in the group, and whether or not they can attribute
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together with other similar-looking organisms into the taxonomic order
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on the learning capabilities and behavioral patterns of the animals.
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30:"Primate research" redirects here. For testing done on primates, see
1662:"Neocortex evolution in primates: the 'social brain' is for females"
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in 1950. Junichiro was a renowned anthropologist and a professor at
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thesis for not integrating neuroscience into their understanding.
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National Zoo using a computer system developed by primatologist
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2594:
2582:
2181:
2098:
Bauchspies, Wenda K.; Restivo, Sal Croissant, Jennifer (2005).
1507:
1384:"Amelogenesis imperfecta in the dentition of a wild chimpanzee"
598:
593:
241:
225:
3390:
3378:
3363:
3358:
2648:
2175:
1760:, The Boston Globe, 10 August 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
157:
1777:
Schiebinger, Londa (2001). "Has Feminism Changed Science?".
1636:
Cooperation in Primates and Humans: Mechanisms and Evolution
991:
tends to embrace the closeness inherent in studying nature.
704:, into the realm of observing the people studying the apes.
1820:
Schiebinger, Londa (2001). "Has Feminism Changed Science".
2838:
2142:
Primate encounters: models of science, gender, and society
1197:
Promote humanitarian values rather than national interests
1191:
Respect for nature and an ethic of cooperation with nature
68:, and researchers can be found in academic departments of
2100:
Science, Technology, and Society: A Sociological Approach
946:
Recently, chimpanzee theory of mind has been advanced by
888:
749:
701:
618:
science. It is believed that the best data comes through
1035:
world countries in which most nonhuman primates reside.
1569:
Matsuzawa, Tetsuro; McGrew, William C. (22 July 2008).
1457:
1455:
1633:
Peter Kappeler; Carel P. van Schaik (20 March 2006).
1571:"Kinji Imanishi and 60 years of Japanese primatology"
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1461:
1452:
1011:Women receive the majority of PhDs in primatology.
2118:
1626:
634:
2409:Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1999:
1947:
1909:"Darwin's monkey: why baboons can't become human"
1763:
793:
247:
236:, spent over 12 years becoming habituated to the
5410:
2379:William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement
2140:Fedigan, Linda Marie; Strum, Shirley C. (2000).
1813:
966:by the other baboons, similar to the case is in
614:Japanese primatology is a carefully disciplined
1568:
1018:
1653:
671:
4055:
3556:
2854:
2656:
2553:
2385:Community of Christ International Peace Award
2197:
1828:(4). First Harvard University Press: 1171â5.
1785:(4). First Harvard University Press: 1171â5.
1731:. Smithsonian Zoological Park. Archived from
1200:Diverse community, accessible and egalitarian
922:
2116:
2075:
1611:
790:cognitive processes necessary for language.
755:
740:resemble humans closely, so Linnaeus placed
691:
4069:
2567:
1856:
1819:
1776:
1708:
832:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
728:, the shape of the object. Animals such as
112:There are two main centers of primatology,
4062:
4048:
3563:
3549:
2861:
2847:
2560:
2546:
2204:
2190:
1866:Rebels, Mavericks, and Heretics in Biology
1659:
987:tries to minimize subjectivity, while the
693:Primas sum: primatum nil a me alienum puto
4029:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
1924:
1913:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1900:
1881:
1685:
1639:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1586:
1121:Learn how and when to remove this message
988:
914:In contradiction to this, neuroscientist
852:Learn how and when to remove this message
527:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:
5226:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2265:Jane Goodall Environmental Middle School
2144:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1617:
1093:Relevant discussion may be found on the
984:
771:alliance formation or troop solidarity.
113:
38:
3570:
2053:
1862:
1758:"Author on Leave After Harvard Inquiry"
1038:
1006:
587:One particular Japanese primatologist,
476:
183:Yerkes National Primate Research Center
14:
5411:
2427:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
1980:"International Journal of Primatology"
1105:to additional sources at this section.
123:
4718:Psychological effects of Internet use
4043:
4024:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3544:
2842:
2541:
2185:
1906:
1622:. Yale University Press. p. 192.
1208:
52:is the scientific study of non-human
2024:
1977:
1257:International Journal of Primatology
1230:International Primatological Society
1132:
1070:
830:adding citations to reliable sources
797:
509:adding citations to reliable sources
480:
138:and the limits of their brainpower.
32:Animal testing on non-human primates
4698:Digital media use and mental health
2121:Kinship And Gender: An Introduction
2018:
1993:
1971:
1941:
1225:European Federation for Primatology
24:
4329:Automatic and controlled processes
2415:Global Environmental Citizen Award
2239:Jane Goodall Institute (Hong Kong)
1220:American Society of Primatologists
1086:relies largely or entirely upon a
782:This number is referred to as the
707:
103:
25:
5430:
4738:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2403:United Nations Messenger of Peace
2166:World Directory of Primatologists
2159:
2125:. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press.
1953:"American Journal of Primatology"
720:, the father of modern taxonomy,
5389:
5376:
5364:
5363:
4763:Mobile phones and driving safety
3525:
3524:
3244:Mammalian anatomy and morphology
2260:USC Jane Goodall Research Center
2211:
2102:. Blackwell Publishing Limited.
2005:"Journal of Medical Primatology"
1410:Journal of Comparative Neurology
1137:
1075:
802:
485:
4666:Computer-mediated communication
1750:
1739:
1717:
1702:
1562:
1243:American Journal of Primatology
635:Notable Japanese primatologists
570:Centre for African Area Studies
496:needs additional citations for
4943:Empathisingâsystemising theory
4246:female intrasexual competition
4183:Evolutionarily stable strategy
2486:National University of CĂłrdoba
2346:Jane Goodall: Reasons for Hope
1532:
1518:
1500:
1482:
1401:
1376:
1351:
1326:
1263:Journal of Medical Primatology
1152:format but may read better as
989:Japanese school of primatology
794:Modularity of the primate mind
248:Notable Western primatologists
13:
1:
5303:Standard social science model
4356:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
2504:National Tsing Hua University
2291:Kasakela chimpanzee community
1725:"Orang utan language project"
1319:
985:Western school of primatology
973:
5151:Missing heritability problem
4743:Social aspects of television
4366:Evolution of nervous systems
4334:Computational theory of mind
2498:American University of Paris
2083:. Harvard University Press.
2081:The Woman That Never Evolved
2030:"Journal of Human Evolution"
1729:Think Tank Research Projects
1709:Kergoat, M. (8 April 2016).
1213:
1019:The evolution of primatology
609:
591:, introduced the concept of
564:. He is a co-founder of the
539:
27:Scientific study of primates
7:
5397:Evolutionary biology portal
2868:
2492:Pablo de Olavide University
1660:Lindenfors, Patrik (2005).
1620:Great Apes: A Short History
1476:10.14907/primate.31.0_106_1
1464:Primate Research Supplement
1304:Human evolutionary genetics
1282:
1235:
1194:Move away from reductionism
871:addresses the existence of
672:Primatology in sociobiology
575:
548:. It is mainly credited to
425:Robert Seyfarth (scientist)
10:
5435:
5358:Evolutionary psychologists
5231:TriversâWillard hypothesis
5146:Humanâanimal communication
4858:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
4708:Imprinted brain hypothesis
4676:Humanâcomputer interaction
2286:Gombe Stream National Park
2047:
1907:Strum, Shirley C. (2012).
1359:"What is a Primatologist?"
1269:Journal of Human Evolution
1188:"The female point of view"
983:. As mentioned above, the
923:The primate theory of mind
759:
566:Primate Research Institute
290:Dorothy Cheney (scientist)
150:
128:
29:
5352:
5278:Environmental determinism
5249:Cultural selection theory
5241:
5136:Evolutionary epistemology
5123:
5050:evolutionary neuroscience
5012:
5005:
4903:
4778:
4723:Rank theory of depression
4646:
4570:
4472:
4278:
4271:
4225:Parentâoffspring conflict
4134:
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2355:
2309:
2273:
2252:
2219:
2171:Primatologist Biographies
1588:10.1016/j.cub.2008.05.040
941:folk psychological states
756:From grooming to speaking
385:Emil Wolfgang Menzel, Jr.
141:
5171:Cultural group selection
5055:Biocultural anthropology
4748:Societal impacts of cars
4681:Media naturalness theory
4371:Fight-or-flight response
1309:Primate research centers
60:at the boundary between
5371:Evolutionary psychology
5335:Sociocultural evolution
5176:Dual inheritance theory
4633:Personality development
4094:Theoretical foundations
4071:Evolutionary psychology
2957:Biological anthropology
2510:Simon Fraser University
2474:University of Liverpool
1161:converting this article
370:Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts
185:in Georgia, US and the
5293:Social constructionism
5288:Psychological nativism
5263:Biological determinism
5211:Recent human evolution
5206:Punctuated equilibrium
5029:Behavioral epigenetics
5024:evolutionary economics
4993:Variability hypothesis
4938:Emotional intelligence
4671:Engineering psychology
4361:Evolution of the brain
3638:Biological engineering
2227:Jane Goodall Institute
1678:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0362
1334:"What is Primatology?"
692:
631:and social histories.
558:Primate Research Group
220:work conducted at the
46:
5320:Multilineal evolution
5283:Nature versus nurture
5242:Theoretical positions
5090:Functional psychology
5085:Evolutionary medicine
5060:Biological psychiatry
4768:Texting while driving
4758:Leadâcrime hypothesis
4618:Cognitive development
4603:Caregiver deprivation
4114:Gene selection theory
3723:Developmental biology
3698:Computational biology
3678:Cellular microbiology
3486:Alfred Russel Wallace
3396:Water vascular system
2480:University of Toronto
2397:Huxley Memorial Medal
2244:Tchimpounga Sanctuary
2117:Stone, Linda (2005).
2001:John Wiley & Sons
1949:John Wiley & Sons
1874:Yale University Press
1618:Herzfeld, C. (2017).
1289:Physical anthropology
937:information asymmetry
688:Earnest Albert Hooton
42:
5273:Cultural determinism
5080:Evolutionary biology
5065:Cognitive psychology
5013:Academic disciplines
4661:Cognitive ergonomics
4628:Language acquisition
4608:Childhood attachment
4421:Wason selection task
4315:Behavioral modernity
4104:Cognitive revolution
4087:Evolutionary thought
3943:Reproductive biology
3828:Mathematical biology
3753:Evolutionary biology
3703:Conservation biology
3347:Cellular respiration
1876:. pp. 338â355.
1490:"Altmann Laboratory"
1099:improve this article
1039:Changing stereotypes
1007:Women in primatology
952:Max Planck Institute
896:Darwinian algorithms
887:in conjunction with
826:improve this section
505:improve this article
477:Japanese primatology
340:Richard Lynch Garner
136:primate intelligence
118:Japanese primatology
5340:Unilineal evolution
5105:Population genetics
4890:Sexy son hypothesis
4828:Hormonal motivation
4808:Concealed ovulation
4349:Dual process theory
4220:Parental investment
3728:Ecological genetics
3572:Branches of biology
3512:Timeline of zoology
3441:Karl Ernst von Baer
3342:Respiratory pigment
3217:Mineralized tissues
2456:Syracuse University
2077:Blaffer Hrdy, Sarah
1735:on 5 February 2007.
1550:on 18 December 2018
1314:Primate archaeology
1250:Folia Primatologica
390:Russell Mittermeier
191:Lion Country Safari
179:Living Links Center
124:Western primatology
114:Western primatology
90:veterinary sciences
5298:Social determinism
5181:Fisher's principle
5141:Great ape language
5131:Cultural evolution
5100:Philosophy of mind
4933:Division of labour
4895:Westermarck effect
4843:Mating preferences
4753:Distracted driving
4487:Literary criticism
4344:Domain specificity
4324:modularity of mind
4019:History of biology
3953:Structural biology
3938:Relational biology
3763:Generative biology
3758:Freshwater biology
3327:Respiratory system
3315:General physiology
3212:Connective tissues
2522:Hasselt University
2468:Uppsala University
2462:Rutgers University
2332:Chimps: So Like Us
1926:10.1002/ajpa.22158
1756:Johnson, Carolyn.
1209:Academic resources
1163:, if appropriate.
1054:Darwin noted that
762:Origin of language
360:Philip Hershkovitz
260:Sarah Blaffer Hrdy
56:. It is a diverse
47:
5406:
5405:
5384:Psychology portal
5348:
5347:
5191:Hologenome theory
5161:Unit of selection
5156:Primate cognition
5070:Cognitive science
5001:
5000:
4872:Sexual attraction
4848:Mating strategies
4613:Cinderella effect
4543:Moral foundations
4447:Visual perception
4339:Domain generality
4308:Facial expression
4256:Sexual dimorphism
4215:Natural selection
4161:Hamiltonian spite
4037:
4036:
3958:Synthetic biology
3838:Molecular biology
3693:Cognitive biology
3538:
3537:
3481:Jakob von UexkĂŒll
3427:
3426:
3414:Insect physiology
3307:Animal physiology
3301:
3300:
3293:Insect morphology
3224:Molecular anatomy
3197:Epithelial tissue
3175:Animal morphology
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2516:McGill University
2450:Haverford College
2391:GandhiâKing Award
2301:Great Ape Project
2253:Education centers
2151:978-0-226-77755-9
2132:978-0-8133-4302-0
2109:978-0-674-01004-8
2090:978-0-674-95539-4
2068:978-0-415-90294-6
2055:Haraway, Donna J.
1959:on 5 January 2013
1646:978-3-540-28277-8
1581:(14): R587âR591.
1494:www.princeton.edu
1422:10.1002/cne.23792
1182:
1181:
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1130:
1123:
1013:Londa Schiebinger
1001:cottontop tamarin
909:cognitive modules
873:universal grammar
862:
861:
854:
718:molecular biology
661:Toshisada Nishida
656:Tetsuro Matsuzawa
537:
536:
529:
460:Sherwood Washburn
455:Michael Tomasello
450:Robert W. Sussman
310:Alejandro Estrada
265:Christophe Boesch
222:Karisoke Research
16:(Redirected from
5426:
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5380:
5367:
5366:
5010:
5009:
5006:Related subjects
4793:Adult attachment
4320:Cognitive module
4276:
4275:
4263:Social selection
4237:Costly signaling
4232:Sexual selection
4119:Modern synthesis
4064:
4057:
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3683:Chemical biology
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2421:LĂ©gion d'honneur
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1338:Primate Info Net
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1159:You can help by
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582:Social evolution
562:Kyoto University
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470:Richard Wrangham
420:Carel van Schaik
410:Jordi Sabater Pi
380:Robert D. Martin
193:in Florida, US.
21:
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5330:Neoevolutionism
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5221:Species complex
5186:Group selection
5124:Research topics
5119:
5095:Neuropsychology
4997:
4983:Substance abuse
4905:Sex differences
4899:
4813:Coolidge effect
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4686:Neuroergonomics
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4402:Folk psychology
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3968:Systems biology
3933:Quantum biology
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3419:Fish physiology
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3354:Vascular system
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3202:Muscular tissue
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3126:Xenacoelomorpha
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708:Taxonomic basis
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597:. This was the
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554:Junichiro Itani
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445:Karen B. Strier
415:Robert Sapolsky
400:Carlos A. Peres
330:BirutÄ Galdikas
325:Agustin Fuentes
280:C. R. Carpenter
270:Geoffrey Bourne
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234:Birute Galdikas
210:Birute Galdikas
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4713:Mind-blindness
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4406:theory of mind
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4173:Baldwin effect
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3823:Marine biology
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3633:Bioinformatics
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3451:Charles Darwin
3448:
3446:Georges Cuvier
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3288:Spider anatomy
3285:
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3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3240:
3238:
3236:and morphology
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3207:Nervous tissue
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3171:Animal anatomy
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3087:Zooarchaeology
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2945:Orthopterology
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2902:Arthropodology
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2756:Callitrichidae
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2679:Cheirogaleidae
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2666:Daubentoniidae
2662:
2660:
2658:Chiromyiformes
2651:
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2209:
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2201:
2194:
2186:
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2173:
2168:
2161:
2160:External links
2158:
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2137:
2131:
2114:
2108:
2095:
2089:
2073:
2067:
2049:
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2017:
1992:
1970:
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1855:
1834:10.1086/495540
1812:
1791:10.1086/495540
1762:
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1716:
1701:
1672:(4): 407â410.
1652:
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1540:"Carlos Peres"
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1416:(3): 448â455.
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1299:Human genetics
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1294:Primatologists
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1128:
1097:. Please help
1083:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1040:
1037:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1005:
975:
972:
968:vervet monkeys
948:Felix Warneken
933:theory of mind
924:
921:
885:Francine Neago
867:'s concept of
860:
859:
810:
808:
801:
795:
792:
757:
754:
709:
706:
690:used to say, "
673:
670:
669:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
641:Kinji Imanishi
636:
633:
620:identification
611:
608:
577:
574:
550:Kinji Imanishi
541:
538:
535:
534:
493:
491:
484:
478:
475:
473:
472:
467:
465:David P. Watts
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
440:Craig Stanford
437:
432:
430:Meredith Small
427:
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407:
405:Anne E. Russon
402:
397:
395:John R. Napier
392:
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295:Charles Darwin
292:
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262:
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255:Jeanne Altmann
251:
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160:interference.
152:
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127:
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102:
100:and behavior.
26:
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5331:
5328:
5326:
5325:Neo-Darwinism
5323:
5321:
5318:
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5313:
5311:
5310:Functionalism
5308:
5304:
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5299:
5296:
5294:
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5284:
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5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:Connectionism
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5258:indeterminism
5255:
5252:
5250:
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5244:
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5232:
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5015:
5011:
5008:
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4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:Schizophrenia
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:Mental health
4961:
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4886:
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4878:
4875:
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4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:Mate guarding
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4798:Age disparity
4796:
4794:
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4789:
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4785:
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4777:
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4751:
4750:
4749:
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4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Schizophrenia
4726:
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4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
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4669:
4667:
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4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4653:Mental health
4649:
4648:Human factors
4645:
4639:
4638:Socialization
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:paternal bond
4595:
4591:
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4583:
4581:
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4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4462:NaĂŻve physics
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4428:Motor control
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4386:Ophidiophobia
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:Arachnophobia
4374:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
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4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Display rules
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
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4274:
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4230:
4226:
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4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Kin selection
4203:
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4127:
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4105:
4102:
4100:
4099:Adaptationism
4097:
4096:
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4088:
4085:
4084:
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4079:
4076:
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3929:
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3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Phylogenetics
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
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3851:
3849:
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3844:
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3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Human biology
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
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3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
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3731:
3729:
3726:
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3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Chronobiology
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:Biotechnology
3661:
3659:
3658:Biostatistics
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
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3631:
3629:
3626:
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3601:
3599:
3596:
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3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
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3577:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Konrad Lorenz
3469:
3467:
3466:Carl Linnaeus
3464:
3462:
3461:William Kirby
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3141:Aschelminthes
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3062:Neuroethology
3060:
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3032:
3028:
3025:
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3019:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:Testudinology
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Helminthology
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2951:Myriapodology
2949:
2946:
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2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
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2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Anthrozoology
2895:
2894:
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2878:
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2709:
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2692:
2690:
2689:Lepilemuridae
2687:
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2667:
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2635:
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2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Strepsirrhini
2614:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2590:
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2579:
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2404:
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2398:
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2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:Hubbard Medal
2371:
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2347:
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2240:
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2207:
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2195:
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2147:
2143:
2138:
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2115:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:. Routledge.
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1981:
1974:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1932:
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1918:
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1903:
1895:
1893:9780300158458
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1572:
1565:
1549:
1545:
1544:www.uea.ac.uk
1541:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1512:Colin Chapman
1509:
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1218:
1217:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1167:is available.
1166:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1146:This article
1144:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1114:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1088:single source
1084:This section
1082:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1057:
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1016:
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969:
963:
959:
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949:
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942:
938:
934:
930:
920:
917:
916:Jaak Panksepp
912:
910:
904:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
856:
853:
845:
842:November 2021
835:
831:
827:
821:
820:
816:
811:This section
809:
805:
800:
799:
791:
787:
785:
780:
778:
774:
769:
763:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Carl Linnaeus
719:
715:
705:
703:
700:studying the
697:
694:
689:
685:
684:
679:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
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644:
642:
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590:
585:
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571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
531:
528:
520:
517:November 2019
510:
506:
500:
499:
494:This section
492:
488:
483:
482:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
435:Barbara Smuts
433:
431:
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423:
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418:
416:
413:
411:
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398:
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348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:Linda Fedigan
313:
311:
308:
306:
305:Thomas Defler
303:
301:
300:Frans de Waal
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Colin Chapman
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:Dian Fossey's
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
168:
165:
161:
159:
148:
139:
137:
121:
119:
115:
110:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Primatologist
5395:
5382:
5369:
5356:
5115:Sociobiology
5109:
4973:Neuroscience
4953:Intelligence
4499:Anthropology
4452:Color vision
4437:Multitasking
4416:Flynn effect
4411:Intelligence
4393:Folk biology
4136:Evolutionary
3948:Sociobiology
3928:Protistology
3917:
3893:Photobiology
3888:Pharmacology
3878:Parasitology
3873:Paleontology
3853:Neuroscience
3833:Microbiology
3743:Epidemiology
3713:Cytogenetics
3673:Cell biology
3653:Biosemiotics
3643:Biomechanics
3623:Biogeography
3618:Biochemistry
3613:Bacteriology
3608:Astrobiology
3337:Gas exchange
3276:Fish anatomy
3271:Bird anatomy
3131:Ambulacraria
3077:Paleozoology
3072:Parasitology
3050:
2991:Batrachology
2972:Ethnozoology
2967:Cnidariology
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2296:The Trimates
2280:
2220:Institutions
2213:Jane Goodall
2141:
2120:
2099:
2080:
2058:
2033:. Retrieved
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:the original
1943:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1865:
1858:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1782:
1778:
1752:
1741:
1733:the original
1728:
1719:
1704:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:the original
1543:
1534:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1467:
1463:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1388:ResearchGate
1387:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1362:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1337:
1328:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1203:
1173:January 2022
1170:
1165:Editing help
1147:
1117:
1111:January 2022
1108:
1085:
1061:
1053:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1010:
997:
993:
981:hard science
977:
964:
960:
956:
945:
926:
913:
905:
893:
865:Noam Chomsky
863:
848:
839:
824:Please help
812:
788:
784:monkeysphere
781:
773:Robin Dunbar
765:
745:
742:Homo sapiens
741:
711:
698:
683:Homo sapiens
681:
678:sociobiology
675:
629:
625:
613:
592:
586:
579:
543:
523:
514:
503:Please help
498:verification
495:
375:Louis Leakey
365:Alison Jolly
355:Harry Harlow
350:Colin Groves
345:Jane Goodall
202:Jane Goodall
199:
195:
187:Elgin Center
176:
169:
166:
162:
154:
145:
132:
111:
107:
74:anthropology
66:anthropology
49:
48:
44:Olive baboon
36:
5419:Primatology
5254:Determinism
5166:Coevolution
5110:Primatology
4948:Gender role
4853:Orientation
4733:Screen time
4590:Affectional
4572:Development
4251:Mate choice
4178:By-products
4146:Adaptations
4109:Cognitivism
3998:Xenobiology
3993:Virophysics
3963:Systematics
3918:Primatology
3863:Ornithology
3803:Ichthyology
3788:Herpetology
3783:Gerontology
3748:Epigenetics
3708:Cryobiology
3598:Agrostology
3588:Aerobiology
3583:Abiogenesis
3507:Post-Darwin
3384:Capillaries
3322:Respiration
3082:Planktology
3067:Ornithology
3051:Primatology
3007:Ichthyology
2987:Herpetology
2962:Bryozoology
2940:Myrmecology
2935:Melittology
2916:Carcinology
2906:Arachnology
2811:Hylobatidae
2781:Catharrhini
2766:Pitheciidae
2743:Platyrrhini
2605:Superorder
2599:Infraclass
2367:Kyoto Prize
2281:Primatology
1883:2268/135556
1554:17 December
881:Smithsonian
734:chimpanzees
666:Satsue Mito
651:Kawai Masao
589:Kawai Masao
335:Paul Garber
320:Dian Fossey
224:station in
214:chimpanzees
206:Dian Fossey
147:ancestors.
50:Primatology
5201:Population
5196:Lamarckism
5042:behavioral
5020:Behavioral
4968:Narcissism
4913:Aggression
4703:Hypophobia
4693:Depression
4580:Attachment
4562:Universals
4526:Psychology
4504:Biological
4492:Musicology
4482:Aesthetics
4381:Basophobia
4188:Exaptation
4166:Reciprocal
3983:Toxicology
3978:Teratology
3923:Proteomics
3908:Physiology
3848:Neontology
3813:Lipidology
3808:Immunology
3778:Geobiology
3738:Embryology
3718:Dendrology
3648:Biophysics
3628:Biogeology
3502:Pre-Darwin
3476:Thomas Say
3433:Zoologists
3407:By species
3146:Arthropoda
3111:Ctenophora
3057:Nematology
3041:Felinology
3021:Teuthology
3016:Conchology
3012:Malacology
2921:Entomology
2803:Hominoidea
2712:Haplorhini
2649:Lemuroidea
2626:Lorisoidea
2325:Chimpanzee
2310:Other work
2232:Chimp Eden
2035:2 February
2010:2 February
1985:2 February
1978:Springer.
1963:2 February
1393:12 January
1320:References
974:Criticisms
929:kingmaking
760:See also:
738:orangutans
726:morphology
616:subjective
603:attachment
275:Josep Call
238:orangutans
86:psychology
58:discipline
5046:cognitive
5038:Affective
4923:Cognition
4877:Sexuality
4863:Pair bond
4623:Education
4280:Cognition
4198:Inclusive
4138:processes
4126:Criticism
3898:Phycology
3883:Pathology
3868:Osteology
3858:Nutrition
3818:Mammalogy
3793:Histology
3332:Breathing
3184:Histology
3046:Hippology
3027:Mammalogy
2996:Ophiology
2910:Acarology
2816:Hominidae
2724:Tarsiidae
2694:Indriidae
2684:Lemuridae
2639:Galagidae
2634:Lorisidae
2318:Evolution
1850:225088475
1807:225088475
1430:1096-9861
1214:Societies
1103:citations
1095:talk page
813:does not
777:neocortex
766:Although
98:evolution
62:mammalogy
5413:Category
5315:Memetics
5075:Ethology
5033:genetics
4868:Physical
4833:Jealousy
4788:Activity
4594:maternal
4550:Religion
4538:Morality
4516:Language
4397:taxonomy
4210:Mismatch
4156:Cheating
4151:Altruism
4012:See also
3988:Virology
3973:Taxonomy
3913:Pomology
3843:Mycology
3773:Genomics
3768:Genetics
3593:Agronomy
3530:Category
3374:Arteries
3259:Elephant
3234:Anatomy
3161:Annelida
3156:Mollusca
3136:Chordata
3121:Cnidaria
3116:Placozoa
3106:Porifera
3036:Cynology
3031:Cetology
2977:Ethology
2890:Branches
2771:Atelidae
2601:Eutheria
2595:Mammalia
2589:Chordata
2583:Animalia
2581:Kingdom
2572:families
2274:Research
2079:(1999).
2057:(1990).
2026:Elsevier
1935:23077093
1919:: 3â23.
1842:17089478
1799:17089478
1696:17148219
1605:13572608
1597:18644329
1446:21971853
1438:25891512
1283:See also
1276:Primates
1236:Journals
746:Primates
730:gorillas
568:and the
230:gorillas
82:medicine
54:primates
5216:Species
4988:Suicide
4823:Fantasy
4803:Arousal
4585:Bonding
4474:Culture
4298:Display
4285:Emotion
4193:Fitness
4082:History
4003:Zoology
3733:Ecology
3603:Anatomy
3495:History
3192:Tissues
2881:Outline
2870:Zoology
2761:Aotidae
2751:Cebidae
2587:Phylum
2570:primate
2568:Extant
2048:Sources
1687:1626378
950:of the
834:removed
819:sources
712:Before
610:Methods
546:ecology
540:Origins
181:at the
151:Methods
129:Origins
94:zoology
78:biology
70:anatomy
5394:
5381:
5368:
4958:Memory
4918:Autism
4885:female
4818:Desire
4555:Origin
4531:Speech
4521:Origin
4293:Affect
3668:Botany
3099:groups
3097:Animal
2734:Simian
2593:Class
2524:(2020)
2518:(2019)
2512:(2018)
2506:(2012)
2500:(2011)
2494:(2009)
2488:(2009)
2482:(2008)
2476:(2007)
2470:(2007)
2464:(2005)
2458:(2005)
2452:(2004)
2435:(2021)
2429:(2011)
2423:(2006)
2417:(2003)
2411:(2003)
2405:(2002)
2399:(2002)
2393:(2001)
2387:(1999)
2381:(1996)
2375:(1995)
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