94:
139:
150:
105:
940:
763:
994:
883:, provides an approximation for the stability of given structure. The most straightforward way to find the lowest free energy structure would be to generate all possible structures and calculate the free energy for them, but the number of possible structures for a sequence increases exponentially with the length of the molecule. For longer molecules, the number of possible secondary structures is vast.
36:
452:
481:. Secondary structure is formally defined by the hydrogen bonds of the biopolymer, as observed in an atomic-resolution structure. In proteins, the secondary structure is defined by patterns of hydrogen bonds between backbone amine and carboxyl groups (sidechain–mainchain and sidechain–sidechain hydrogen bonds are irrelevant), where the
244:. This useful distinction among scales is often expressed as a decomposition of molecular structure into four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The scaffold for this multiscale organization of the molecule arises at the secondary level, where the fundamental structural elements are the molecule's various
733:
B-DNA form' is most common under the conditions found in cells, it is not a well-defined conformation but a family or fuzzy set of DNA conformations that occur at the high hydration levels present in a wide variety of living cells. Their corresponding X-ray diffraction & scattering patterns are
680:
Structure probing is the process by which biochemical techniques are used to determine biomolecular structure. This analysis can be used to define the patterns that can be used to infer the molecular structure, experimental analysis of molecular structure and function, and further understanding on
608:
is its three-dimensional structure, as defined by the atomic coordinates. Proteins and nucleic acids fold into complex three-dimensional structures which result in the molecules' functions. While such structures are diverse and complex, they are often composed of recurring, recognizable tertiary
859:
research directed at the RNA structure prediction problem. A common problem for researchers working with RNA is to determine the three-dimensional structure of the molecule given only the nucleic acid sequence. However, in the case of RNA, much of the final structure is determined by the
681:
development of smaller molecules for further biological research. Structure probing analysis can be done through many different methods, which include chemical probing, hydroxyl radical probing, nucleotide analog interference mapping (NAIM), and in-line probing.
920:
Biomolecular design can be considered the inverse of structure prediction. In structure prediction, the structure is determined from a known sequence, whereas, in protein or nucleic acid design, a sequence that will form a desired structure is generated.
539:
interactions within one molecule or set of interacting molecules. The secondary structure of biological RNA's can often be uniquely decomposed into stems and loops. Often, these elements or combinations of them can be further classified, e.g.
727:. An alternate analysis was then proposed by Wilkins et al. in 1953 for B-DNA X-ray diffraction and scattering patterns of hydrated, bacterial-oriented DNA fibers and trout sperm heads in terms of squares of
495:
For proteins, however, the hydrogen bonding is correlated with other structural features, which has given rise to less formal definitions of secondary structure. For example, helices can adopt backbone
801:(base) sequence. In other words, it is the prediction of secondary and tertiary structure from its primary structure. Structure prediction is the inverse of biomolecular design, as in
1865:
145:
143:
144:
1174:"The family of box ACA small nucleolar RNAs is defined by an evolutionarily conserved secondary structure and ubiquitous sequence elements essential for RNA accumulation"
142:
236:, and that is important to its function. The structure of these molecules may be considered at any of several length scales ranging from the level of individual
100:
98:
99:
898:
indicates the presence of a structurally required hydrogen bond between those positions. The general problem of pseudoknot prediction has been shown to be
1392:
Sipski ML, Wagner TE (March 1977). "Probing DNA quaternary ordering with circular dichroism spectroscopy: studies of equine sperm chromosomal fibers".
560:(tRNA) cloverleaf. There is a minor industry of researchers attempting to determine the secondary structure of RNA molecules. Approaches include both
97:
1362:
609:
structure motifs and domains that serve as molecular building blocks. Tertiary structure is considered to be largely determined by the biomolecule's
508:, regardless of whether it has the correct hydrogen bonds. Many other less formal definitions have been proposed, often applying concepts from the
2023:
477:
of the biopolymers, but does not describe the global structure of specific atomic positions in three-dimensional space, which are considered to be
1847:
1012:
381:. The nucleic acid sequence refers to the exact sequence of nucleotides that comprise the whole molecule. Often, the primary structure encodes
771:
tRNA-Phe structure space: the energies and structures were calculated using RNAsubopt and the structure distances computed using RNAdistance.
1591:"The Structure of Sodium Thymonucleate Fibres (I. The Influence of Water Content, and II. The Cylindrically Symmetrical Patterson Function)"
1873:
1022:
569:
111:
880:
1566:
1541:
2121:
2016:
675:
561:
1320:
Bogenhagen DF, Brown DD (April 1981). "Nucleotide sequences in
Xenopus 5S DNA required for transcription termination".
890:
RNA sequences with related but dissimilar sequences. These methods analyze the covariation of individual base sites in
723:
transforms that provided only a limited amount of structural information for oriented fibers of DNA isolated from calf
738:
with a significant degree of disorder (over 20%), and the structure is not tractable using only the standard analysis.
552:. There are many secondary structure elements of functional importance to biological RNA. Famous examples include the
2126:
2116:
2068:
780:
634:
565:
76:
2106:
532:
489:
446:
17:
520:. Structural biologists solving a new atomic-resolution structure will sometimes assign its secondary structure
2111:
2009:
585:
525:
871:
Secondary structure of small nucleic acid molecules is determined largely by strong, local interactions such as
318:
is the exact specification of its atomic composition and the chemical bonds connecting those atoms (including
951:
289:
2073:
2063:
776:
630:
2136:
2053:
1125:"The snoRNA box C/D motif directs nucleolar targeting and also couples snoRNA synthesis and localization"
716:
473:
is the pattern of hydrogen bonds in a biopolymer. These determine the general three-dimensional form of
470:
442:
58:
1727:
Leslie AG, Arnott S, Chandrasekaran R, Ratliff RL (October 1980). "Polymorphism of DNA double helices".
864:
or intra-molecular base-pairing interactions of the molecule. This is shown by the high conservation of
2058:
596:
581:
478:
414:
2192:
2048:
646:
For nucleic acids, the term is less common, but can refer to the higher-level organization of DNA in
358:
305:
164:
1676:
Wilkins MH, Stokes AR, Wilson HR (April 1953). "Molecular structure of deoxypentose nucleic acids".
1590:
1974:
814:
767:
426:
54:
422:
643:
refers to the number and arrangement of multiple protein molecules in a multi-subunit complex.
385:
that are of functional importance. Some examples of such motifs are: the C/D and H/ACA boxes of
2093:
2083:
1969:
418:
257:
160:
2213:
2101:
825:
696:
553:
509:
370:
309:
785:
Biomolecular structure prediction is the prediction of the three-dimensional structure of a
1821:
1685:
1634:
1483:
1229:
589:
1762:
Baianu, I. C. (1980). "Structural Order and
Partial Disorder in Biological systems".
8:
2162:
2131:
1625:
Franklin RE, Gosling RG (April 1953). "Molecular configuration in sodium thymonucleate".
1534:
RNA Structure
Probing: Biochemical structure analysis of autoimmune-related RNA molecules
1071:
915:
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46:
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1417:
1345:
1253:
1149:
1124:
887:
720:
517:
430:
1297:
1272:
886:
Sequence covariation methods rely on the existence of a data set composed of multiple
2040:
1987:
1946:
1907:
1783:
1744:
1740:
1701:
1650:
1582:
1562:
1537:
1511:
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1471:
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1409:
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1154:
743:
708:
671:
610:
501:
457:
253:
181:
124:
115:
1421:
1372:
2187:
1979:
1960:
Lyngsø RB, Pedersen CN (2000). "RNA pseudoknot prediction in energy-based models".
1934:
1899:
1866:"X-Ray Diffraction Patterns of Double-Helical Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Crystals"
1829:
1771:
1736:
1713:
1693:
1662:
1642:
1605:
1501:
1491:
1444:
1401:
1376:
1367:
1349:
1329:
1292:
1284:
1257:
1237:
1185:
1144:
1136:
692:
691:
structures can be determined using either nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (
482:
241:
1586:
899:
802:
754:, is still routinely used to analyze A-DNA and Z-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns.
751:
747:
735:
728:
712:
378:
319:
1048:
455:
Secondary (inset) and tertiary structure of tRNA demonstrating coaxial stacking
2157:
2078:
1983:
1812:
Baianu IC (1978). "X-ray scattering by partially disordered membrane systems".
1476:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1405:
1140:
1087:
1027:
1017:
999:
971:
911:
856:
821:
806:
497:
382:
374:
1903:
1833:
1610:
2207:
1890:
Mathews DH (June 2006). "Revolutions in RNA secondary structure prediction".
1472:"RNA tertiary interactions in the large ribosomal subunit: the A-minor motif"
1371:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1288:
1217:
930:
876:
872:
837:
605:
245:
1925:
Zuker M, Sankoff D (1984). "RNA secondary structures and their prediction".
1380:
1062:
2172:
1991:
1911:
1705:
1654:
1515:
1496:
1220:(March 1975). "Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosomes".
1007:
820:
Protein structure prediction is one of the most important goals pursued by
794:
688:
557:
269:
1748:
1456:
1341:
1306:
1273:"An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs"
1199:
1158:
844:). Every two years, the performance of current methods is assessed in the
504:; thus, a segment of residues with such dihedral angles is often called a
2001:
1413:
1249:
1190:
1173:
833:
659:
342:), the primary structure is equivalent to specifying the sequence of its
261:
168:
939:
2167:
1938:
1775:
1213:
975:
895:
798:
790:
762:
618:
614:
545:
366:
362:
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265:
176:
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894:; maintenance at two widely separated sites of a pair of base-pairing
461:
205:
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197:
193:
189:
185:
128:
1697:
1646:
1241:
891:
865:
647:
549:
541:
536:
513:
369:, while the primary structure of DNA or RNA molecule is known as the
220:
is the intricate folded, three-dimensional shape that is formed by a
1559:
Probing RNA Structure, Function, and
History by Comparative Analysis
993:
829:
655:
327:
221:
982:, can also have higher-order structure of biological consequence.
492:
is defined by the hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases.
2152:
1726:
879:. Summing the free energy for such interactions, usually using a
786:
684:
651:
601:
343:
331:
225:
27:
3D conformation of a biological sequence, like DNA, RNA, proteins
1470:
Nissen P, Ippolito JA, Ban N, Moore PB, Steitz TA (April 2001).
149:
104:
841:
724:
700:
386:
1122:
1123:
Samarsky DA, Fournier MJ, Singer RH, Bertrand E (July 1998).
979:
451:
849:
654:, or to the interactions between separate RNA units in the
237:
119:
1171:
272:, bulges, and internal loops for nucleic acids. The terms
2182:
2177:
704:
390:
339:
335:
233:
229:
1848:"Bessel functions and diffraction by helical structures"
1561:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. pp. 113–17.
828:. Protein structure prediction is of high importance in
1469:
163:(primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) using
989:
1675:
1172:Ganot P, Caizergues-Ferrer M, Kiss T (April 1997).
846:
Critical
Assessment of protein Structure Prediction
742:In contrast, the standard analysis, involving only
524:and record their assignments in the corresponding
260:, including such secondary-structure features as
2205:
1527:
1525:
1435:Noller HF (1984). "Structure of ribosomal RNA".
393:binding site found in spliceosomal RNAs such as
1624:
1581:
1556:
1319:
141:
96:
1959:
1796:
1013:Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software
2017:
1522:
1212:
699:or single-particle cryo electron microscopy (
322:). For a typical unbranched, un-crosslinked
1924:
1885:
1883:
1391:
855:There has also been a significant amount of
57:. There might be a discussion about this on
2031:
2024:
2010:
1618:
1313:
665:
1973:
1880:
1609:
1531:
1505:
1495:
1296:
1189:
1148:
1023:List of RNA structure prediction software
570:List of RNA structure prediction software
485:definition of a hydrogen bond is used.
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1953:
1799:Direct analysis of diffraction by matter
1264:
761:
450:
153:The image above contains clickable links
137:
108:The image above contains clickable links
92:
1918:
1889:
1669:
757:
719:—and also B-DNA—used analyses based on
624:
14:
2206:
1811:
1761:
1532:Teunissen, A. W. M. (1979).
1434:
436:
2005:
1557:Pace NR, Thomas BC, Woese CR (1999).
1270:
924:
840:(for example, in the design of novel
575:
533:secondary structure of a nucleic acid
490:secondary structure of a nucleic acid
292:in his 1951 Lane Medical Lectures at
248:. This leads to several recognizable
1801:. Amsterdam/New York: North-Holland.
934:
676:Nucleic acid structure determination
361:is reported starting from the amino
299:
29:
1449:10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.001003
703:). The first published reports for
24:
1368:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
650:, including its interactions with
240:to the relationships among entire
148:
103:
25:
2225:
781:Nucleic acid structure prediction
635:Nucleic acid quaternary structure
1962:Journal of Computational Biology
992:
938:
471:secondary structure of a protein
447:Nucleic acid secondary structure
34:
1858:
1840:
1805:
1790:
1755:
1720:
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586:Nucleic acid tertiary structure
1797:Hosemann R, Bagchi RN (1962).
1428:
1385:
1356:
1206:
1165:
1116:
1040:
359:primary structure of a protein
13:
1:
1437:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1109:
1060:interaction". Etymologically
431:RNA polymerase III terminator
1892:Journal of Molecular Biology
1741:10.1016/0022-2836(80)90124-2
1729:Journal of Molecular Biology
1334:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90522-5
970:Other biomolecules, such as
777:Protein structure prediction
734:characteristic of molecular
641:protein quaternary structure
631:Protein quaternary structure
7:
985:
443:Protein secondary structure
330:of a typical intracellular
314:The primary structure of a
10:
2230:
1984:10.1089/106652700750050862
1406:10.1002/bip.1977.360160308
928:
909:
774:
717:X-ray diffraction patterns
669:
628:
582:Protein tertiary structure
579:
554:Rho-independent terminator
440:
303:
290:Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang
114:(which is interactive) of
2193:Nucleic acid double helix
2145:
2092:
2039:
1904:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.01.067
1834:10.1107/s0567739478001540
1611:10.1107/s0365110x53001939
905:
306:Protein primary structure
1271:Kozak M (October 1987).
1141:10.1093/emboj/17.13.3747
1033:
868:across diverse species.
815:biomolecular engineering
768:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
427:Kozak consensus sequence
1381:10.1351/goldbook.T06282
1178:Genes & Development
1102:is standard in biology.
881:nearest-neighbor method
666:Structure determination
535:molecule refers to the
500:in some regions of the
423:Shine-Dalgarno sequence
2094:Nucleic acid structure
2033:Biomolecular structure
1497:10.1073/pnas.081082398
1289:10.1093/nar/15.20.8125
1277:Nucleic Acids Research
1086:is derived from Latin
1070:is derived from Latin
772:
568:methods (see also the
466:
258:nucleic acid structure
218:Biomolecular structure
210:
167:and examples from the
161:nucleic acid structure
154:
133:
109:
929:Further information:
910:Further information:
826:theoretical chemistry
775:Further information:
765:
697:X-ray crystallography
670:Further information:
629:Further information:
580:Further information:
510:differential geometry
454:
441:Further information:
371:nucleic acid sequence
310:Nucleic acid sequence
152:
147:
107:
102:
1191:10.1101/gad.11.7.941
1072:distributive numbers
758:Structure prediction
625:Quaternary structure
590:Structural alignment
286:quaternary structure
47:confusing or unclear
2163:Protein engineering
1826:1978AcCrA..34..751B
1814:Acta Crystallogr. A
1690:1953Natur.171..738W
1639:1953Natur.171..740F
1488:2001PNAS...98.4899N
1234:1975Natur.254...34S
916:Nucleic acid design
862:secondary structure
811:nucleic acid design
556:stem loops and the
512:of curves, such as
437:Secondary structure
294:Stanford University
288:were introduced by
55:clarify the article
1939:10.1007/BF02459506
1776:10.1007/BF02462372
1373:tertiary structure
950:. You can help by
925:Other biomolecules
793:sequence, or of a
773:
744:Fourier transforms
721:Patterson function
715:in 1953) of A-DNA
597:tertiary structure
576:Tertiary structure
479:tertiary structure
467:
373:reported from the
346:subunits, such as
268:for proteins, and
211:
155:
134:
110:
2201:
2200:
2041:Protein structure
1870:planetphysics.org
1852:planetphysics.org
1568:978-0-87969-589-7
1543:978-90-901323-4-1
1536:. pp. 1–27.
1056:structure", not "
968:
967:
832:(for example, in
709:Rosalind Franklin
672:Protein structure
613:(its sequence of
611:primary structure
526:Protein Data Bank
502:Ramachandran plot
300:Primary structure
254:protein structure
215:
214:
157:Interactive image
116:protein structure
87:
86:
79:
16:(Redirected from
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2188:Structural motif
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2019:
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2003:
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1996:
1995:
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1957:
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1950:
1927:Bull. Math. Biol
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1876:on 24 July 2009.
1872:. Archived from
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1794:
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1764:Bull. Math. Biol
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1717:
1698:10.1038/171738a0
1684:(4356): 738–40.
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1647:10.1038/171740a0
1633:(4356): 740–41.
1622:
1616:
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1598:Acta Crystallogr
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1589:(6 March 1953).
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1242:10.1038/254034a0
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1129:The EMBO Journal
1120:
1103:
1044:
1002:
997:
996:
963:
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942:
935:
752:molecular models
748:Bessel functions
729:Bessel functions
464:
365:to the carboxyl
242:protein subunits
208:
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140:
131:
122:as an example. (
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89:
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18:Primary sequence
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1999:
1968:(3–4): 409–27.
1958:
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1530:
1523:
1482:(9): 4899–903.
1468:
1464:
1433:
1429:
1390:
1386:
1361:
1357:
1318:
1314:
1283:(20): 8125–48.
1269:
1265:
1228:(5495): 34–38.
1211:
1207:
1170:
1166:
1135:(13): 3747–57.
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1088:ordinal numbers
1045:
1041:
1036:
998:
991:
988:
972:polysaccharides
964:
958:
955:
948:needs expansion
933:
927:
918:
908:
803:rational design
783:
760:
731:. Although the
713:Raymond Gosling
678:
668:
637:
627:
592:
578:
498:dihedral angles
456:
449:
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383:sequence motifs
320:stereochemistry
312:
304:Main articles:
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2158:Protein domain
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2137:Thermodynamics
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2084:Thermodynamics
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2028:
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2014:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1975:10.1.1.34.4044
1952:
1933:(4): 591–621.
1917:
1879:
1857:
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1789:
1754:
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1668:
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1574:
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1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1090:, and follows
1074:, and follows
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1028:Non-coding RNA
1025:
1020:
1018:Gene structure
1015:
1010:
1004:
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1000:Biology portal
987:
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966:
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945:
943:
926:
923:
912:Protein design
907:
904:
873:hydrogen bonds
857:bioinformatics
852:) experiment.
822:bioinformatics
807:protein design
759:
756:
667:
664:
626:
623:
577:
574:
475:local segments
438:
435:
301:
298:
246:hydrogen bonds
213:
212:
135:
85:
84:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2226:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Determination
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:Determination
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2004:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:(3): 526–32.
1897:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:(5): 751–53.
1819:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:(1): 137–41.
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1607:
1604:(8): 673–78.
1603:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:(3): 573–82.
1399:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:(1): 261–70.
1327:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1184:(7): 941–56.
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
995:
990:
983:
981:
977:
973:
962:
953:
949:
946:This section
944:
941:
937:
936:
932:
931:Lipid bilayer
922:
917:
913:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
877:base stacking
874:
869:
867:
866:base pairings
863:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:biotechnology
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
782:
778:
770:
769:
764:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
739:
737:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
673:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
636:
632:
622:
620:
616:
612:
607:
606:macromolecule
604:or any other
603:
599:
598:
591:
587:
583:
573:
571:
567:
566:computational
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
493:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
463:
459:
453:
448:
444:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
311:
307:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:hairpin loops
267:
263:
262:alpha helixes
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
136:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
91:
90:
81:
78:
70:
67:February 2016
60:
59:the talk page
56:
50:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
2214:Biomolecules
2173:Nucleic acid
2032:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1895:
1891:
1874:the original
1869:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1735:(1): 49–72.
1732:
1728:
1722:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1601:
1597:
1577:
1558:
1552:
1533:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1366:
1358:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1066:is correct:
1061:
1057:
1054:fourth-level
1053:
1047:
1042:
1008:Biomolecular
969:
956:
952:adding to it
947:
919:
885:
870:
854:
845:
819:
795:nucleic acid
784:
766:
741:
736:paracrystals
732:
689:nucleic acid
683:
679:
645:
640:
638:
595:
593:
562:experimental
558:transfer RNA
537:base pairing
530:
528:(PDB) file.
521:
505:
494:
487:
474:
468:
356:
313:
285:
281:
277:
273:
249:
217:
216:
156:
112:This diagram
73:
64:
53:Please help
44:
1583:Franklin RE
1394:Biopolymers
1098:. However,
976:polyphenols
900:NP-complete
896:nucleotides
834:drug design
660:spliceosome
619:nucleotides
615:amino acids
546:pseudoknots
352:nucleotides
348:amino acids
326:(such as a
266:beta sheets
169:VS ribozyme
165:DNA helices
2168:Proteasome
2127:Prediction
2117:Quaternary
2074:Prediction
2064:Quaternary
1587:Gosling RG
1443:: 119–62.
1218:Dalgarno L
1110:References
1100:quaternary
1068:quaternary
1049:quaternary
959:April 2010
888:homologous
799:nucleobase
791:amino acid
550:stem loops
542:tetraloops
367:C-terminus
363:N-terminus
324:biopolymer
316:biopolymer
177:nucleosome
173:telomerase
49:to readers
2107:Secondary
2054:Secondary
1970:CiteSeerX
1947:189885784
1784:189888972
1092:secondary
892:evolution
797:from its
789:from its
648:chromatin
514:curvature
344:monomeric
278:secondary
2208:Category
2146:See also
2112:Tertiary
2059:Tertiary
1992:11108471
1912:16500677
1706:13054693
1655:13054694
1516:11296253
1422:35930758
1096:tertiary
1084:quartary
1082:; while
1063:quartary
1058:four-way
986:See also
830:medicine
750:and DNA
656:ribosome
652:histones
465:)
429:and the
334:, or of
328:molecule
282:tertiary
222:molecule
2153:Protein
2102:Primary
2049:Primary
1822:Bibcode
1749:7441761
1714:4280080
1686:Bibcode
1663:4268222
1635:Bibcode
1484:Bibcode
1457:6206780
1350:9982829
1342:6263489
1307:3313277
1258:4162567
1230:Bibcode
1214:Shine J
1200:9106664
1159:9649444
1150:1170710
1080:ternary
1052:means "
842:enzymes
787:protein
685:Protein
602:protein
518:torsion
387:snoRNAs
377:to the
332:protein
274:primary
250:domains
226:protein
45:may be
2132:Design
2079:Design
1990:
1972:
1945:
1910:
1782:
1747:
1712:
1704:
1678:Nature
1661:
1653:
1627:Nature
1565:
1540:
1514:
1504:
1455:
1420:
1414:843604
1412:
1348:
1340:
1305:
1298:306349
1295:
1256:
1250:803646
1248:
1222:Nature
1198:
1157:
1147:
1076:binary
980:lipids
906:Design
836:) and
813:, and
725:thymus
701:cryoEM
588:, and
522:by eye
425:, the
421:, the
379:3' end
375:5' end
284:, and
1943:S2CID
1780:S2CID
1710:S2CID
1659:S2CID
1594:(PDF)
1507:33135
1418:S2CID
1363:IUPAC
1346:S2CID
1254:S2CID
1046:Here
1034:Notes
695:) or
600:of a
506:helix
238:atoms
232:, or
118:uses
1988:PMID
1908:PMID
1745:PMID
1702:PMID
1651:PMID
1563:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1512:PMID
1453:PMID
1410:PMID
1338:PMID
1322:Cell
1303:PMID
1246:PMID
1196:PMID
1155:PMID
1094:and
1078:and
978:and
914:and
875:and
850:CASP
824:and
779:and
711:and
707:(by
687:and
674:and
639:The
633:and
594:The
564:and
548:and
531:The
516:and
488:The
483:DSSP
469:The
462:6TNA
445:and
417:and
357:The
308:and
264:and
256:and
206:1EQZ
202:1YMO
198:4R4V
194:4OCB
190:1BNA
186:ADNA
175:and
171:and
129:1AXC
120:PCNA
2183:RNA
2178:DNA
1980:doi
1935:doi
1900:doi
1896:359
1830:doi
1772:doi
1737:doi
1733:143
1694:doi
1682:171
1643:doi
1631:171
1606:doi
1502:PMC
1492:doi
1445:doi
1402:doi
1377:doi
1375:".
1330:doi
1293:PMC
1285:doi
1238:doi
1226:254
1186:doi
1145:PMC
1137:doi
954:.
746:of
705:DNA
693:NMR
658:or
621:).
617:or
572:).
458:PDB
415:U12
391:LSm
350:or
340:RNA
338:or
336:DNA
252:of
234:RNA
230:DNA
224:of
182:PDB
179:. (
159:of
125:PDB
2210::
1986:.
1978:.
1964:.
1941:.
1931:46
1929:.
1906:.
1894:.
1882:^
1868:.
1850:.
1828:.
1818:34
1816:.
1778:.
1768:42
1766:.
1743:.
1731:.
1708:.
1700:.
1692:.
1680:.
1657:.
1649:.
1641:.
1629:.
1600:.
1596:.
1585:,
1524:^
1510:.
1500:.
1490:.
1480:98
1478:.
1474:.
1451:.
1441:53
1439:.
1416:.
1408:.
1398:16
1396:.
1365:,
1344:.
1336:.
1326:24
1324:.
1301:.
1291:.
1281:15
1279:.
1275:.
1252:.
1244:.
1236:.
1224:.
1216:,
1194:.
1182:11
1180:.
1176:.
1153:.
1143:.
1133:17
1131:.
1127:.
974:,
902:.
817:.
809:,
805:,
662:.
584:,
544:,
460::
433:.
419:U3
413:,
411:U6
409:,
407:U5
405:,
403:U4
401:,
399:U2
397:,
395:U1
389:,
354:.
296:.
280:,
276:,
228:,
209:​)
204:,
200:,
196:,
192:,
188:,
184::
132:​)
127::
2025:e
2018:t
2011:v
1994:.
1982::
1966:7
1949:.
1937::
1914:.
1902::
1854:.
1836:.
1832::
1824::
1786:.
1774::
1751:.
1739::
1716:.
1696::
1688::
1665:.
1645::
1637::
1614:.
1608::
1602:6
1571:.
1546:.
1518:.
1494::
1486::
1459:.
1447::
1424:.
1404::
1379::
1352:.
1332::
1309:.
1287::
1260:.
1240::
1232::
1202:.
1188::
1161:.
1139::
961:)
957:(
848:(
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
61:.
51:.
20:)
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