Wound healing - Knowledge

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debridement. Oedema increases the wound histologic accessibility for later fibroplastic migration. Second, as inflammation nears completion, macrophage and mast cells release fibroblast growth and chemotactic factors to activate fibroblasts from adjacent tissue. Fibroblasts at this stage loosen themselves from surrounding cells and ECM. Phagocytes further release proteases that break down the ECM of neighbouring tissue, freeing the activated fibroblasts to proliferate and migrate towards the wound. The difference between vascular sprouting and fibroblast proliferation is that the former is enhanced by hypoxia, whilst the latter is inhibited by hypoxia. The deposited fibroblastic connective tissue matures by secreting ECM into the extracellular space, forming granulation tissue (see below). Lastly collagen is deposited into the ECM.

1360:– Individuals with diabetes demonstrate reduced capability in the healing of acute wounds. Additionally, diabetic individuals are susceptible to developing chronic diabetic foot ulcers, a serious complication of diabetes which affects 15% of people with diabetes and accounts for 84% of all diabetes-related lower leg amputations. The impaired healing abilities of diabetics with diabetic foot ulcers and/or acute wounds involves multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. This impaired healing involves hypoxia, fibroblast and epidermal cell dysfunction, impaired angiogenesis and neovascularization, high levels of metalloproteases, damage from reactive oxygen species and AGEs (advanced glycation end-products), decreased host immune resistance, and neuropathy. 1366:– Malnutrition or nutritional deficiencies have a recognizable impact on wound healing post trauma or surgical intervention. Nutrients including proteins, carbohydrates, arginine, glutamine, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, magnesium, copper, zinc and iron all play significant roles in wound healing. Fats and carbohydrates provide the majority of energy required for wound healing. Glucose is the most prominent source of fuel and it is used to create cellular ATP, providing energy for angiogenesis and the deposition of new tissues. As the nutritional needs of each patient and their associated wound are complex, it is suggested that tailored nutritional support would benefit both acute and chronic wound healing. 56: 63: 49: 760:: With the breakdown of endothelial basement membrane, detached endothelial cells from pre-existing capillaries and post-capillary venules can divide and migrate chemotactically towards the wound, laying down new vessels in the process. Vascular sprouting can be aided by ambient hypoxia and acidosis in the wound environment, as hypoxia stimulates the endothelial transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) to transactivate angiogenic genes such as VEGF and GLUT1. Sprouted vessels can self-organise into luminal morphologies, and fusion of blind channels give rise to new capillary networks. 42: 1546:(ECM) found in normal/un-injured dermis. Fundamental conditions required for tissue regeneration often oppose conditions that favor efficient wound repair, including inhibition of (1) platelet activation, (2) inflammatory response, and (3) wound contraction. In addition to providing support for fibroblast and endothelial cell attachment, biodegradable scaffolds inhibit wound contraction, thereby allowing the healing process to proceed towards a more-regenerative/less-scarring pathway. Pharmaceutical agents have been investigated which may be able to turn off 281: 254: 1333:

a few hours to a few weeks to recover. If a foreign body passes by a nerve and causes first-degree nerve injury during entry, then the sensation of the foreign body or pain due to internal wounding may be delayed by a few hours to a few weeks after entry. A sudden increase in pain during the first few weeks of wound healing could be a sign of a recovered nerve reporting internal injuries rather than a newly developed infection.

128: 928:) and fibronectin encourage proliferation, migration to the wound bed, and production of ECM molecules by fibroblasts. Fibroblasts also secrete growth factors that attract epithelial cells to the wound site. Hypoxia also contributes to fibroblast proliferation and excretion of growth factors, though too little oxygen will inhibit their growth and deposition of ECM components, and can lead to excessive, fibrotic 1967:

and maturation are occurring. Foreign materials are walled off by macrophages that may metamorphose into epithelioid cells, which are encircled by mononuclear leukocytes, forming granulomas. Usually the wound is closed surgically at this juncture, or the scab is eaten, and if the "cleansing" of the wound is incomplete, chronic inflammation can ensue, resulting in prominent scarring.

748:: As the wound macrophages switches from inflammatory to healing mode, it begins to secrete endothelial chemotactic and growth factors to attract adjacent endothelial cells. Activated endothelial cells respond by retracting and reducing cell junctions, loosening themselves from their embedded endothelium. Characteristically the activated endothelial cells show enlarged nucleoli. 1236:, actin in the myofibroblast is linked across the cell membrane to molecules in the extracellular matrix like fibronectin and collagen. Myofibroblasts have many such adhesions, which allow them to pull the ECM when they contract, reducing the wound size. In this part of contraction, closure occurs more quickly than in the first, myofibroblast-independent part. 1806:

collagen deposition by these cells. The alignment of collagen describes the degree of scarring; basket-weave orientation of collagen is characteristic of normal skin, whereas aligned collagen fibers lead to significant scarring. It has been shown that the growth of tissue and extent of scar formation can be controlled by modulating the stress at a wound site.

1129: 306:, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Although a useful construct, this model employs considerable overlapping among individual phases. A complementary model has recently been described where the many elements of wound healing are more clearly delineated. The importance of this new model becomes more apparent through its utility in the fields of 1527:, refers to the replacement of lost/damaged tissue with an 'exact' copy, such that both morphology and functionality are completely restored. Though after injury mammals can completely regenerate spontaneously, they usually do not completely regenerate. An example of a tissue regenerating completely after an interruption of morphology is the 1649:. Currently, the principal goals in wound management are to achieve rapid wound closure with a functional tissue that has minimal aesthetic scarring. However, the ultimate goal of wound healing biology is to induce a more perfect reconstruction of the wound area. Scarless wound healing only occurs in mammalian foetal tissues and complete 971:

of the later maturation phase. Granulation gradually ceases and fibroblasts decrease in number in the wound once their work is done. At the end of the granulation phase, fibroblasts begin to commit apoptosis, converting granulation tissue from an environment rich in cells to one that consists mainly of collagen.

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After the repair process has been completed, the structure and function of the injured tissue are completely normal. This type of regeneration is common in physiological situations. Examples of physiological regeneration are the continual replacement of cells of the skin and repair of the endometrium

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The new tissue is not the same as the tissue that was lost. After the repair process has been completed, there is a loss in the structure or function of the injured tissue. In this type of repair, it is common that granulation tissue (stromal connective tissue) proliferates to fill the defect created

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The growth of tissue can be simulated using the aforementioned relationships from a biochemical and biomechanical point of view. The biologically active chemicals that play an important role in wound healing are modeled with Fickian diffusion to generate concentration profiles. The balance equation

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must dissolve any scab that forms, keratinocyte migration is best enhanced by a moist environment, since a dry one leads to formation of a bigger, tougher scab. To make their way along the tissue, keratinocytes must dissolve the clot, debris, and parts of the ECM in order to get through. They secrete

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Even as fibroblasts are producing new collagen, collagenases and other factors degrade it. Shortly after wounding, synthesis exceeds degradation so collagen levels in the wound rise, but later production and degradation become equal so there is no net collagen gain. This homeostasis signals the onset

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Also called neovascularization, the process of angiogenesis occurs concurrently with fibroblast proliferation when endothelial cells migrate to the area of the wound. Because the activity of fibroblasts and epithelial cells requires oxygen and nutrients, angiogenesis is imperative for other stages in

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Timing is important to wound healing. Critically, the timing of wound re-epithelialization can decide the outcome of the healing. If the epithelization of tissue over a denuded area is slow, a scar will form over many weeks, or months; If the epithelization of a wounded area is fast, the healing will

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If the wound edges are not reapproximated immediately, delayed primary wound healing transpires. This type of healing may be desired in the case of contaminated wounds. By the fourth day, phagocytosis of contaminated tissues is well underway, and the processes of epithelization, collagen deposition,

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Considerable effort has been devoted to understanding the physical relationships governing wound healing and subsequent scarring, with mathematical models and simulations developed to elucidate these relationships. The growth of tissue around the wound site is a result of the migration of cells and

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The etymology of the term scarless wound healing has a long history. In print the antiquated concept of scarless healing was brought up in the early 20th century and appeared in a paper published in the London Lancet. This process involved cutting at a surgical slant to the skin surface, rather than

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Foreign bodies. Sharp, small foreign bodies can penetrate the skin leaving little surface wound but causing internal injury and internal bleeding. For a glass foreign body, "frequently, an innocent skin wound disguises the extensive nature of the injuries beneath". First-degree nerve injury requires

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wounds, contraction peaks at 5 to 15 days post wounding. Contraction can last for several weeks and continues even after the wound is completely reepithelialized. A large wound can become 40 to 80% smaller after contraction. Wounds can contract at a speed of up to 0.75 mm per day, depending on

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Growth factors, stimulated by integrins and MMPs, cause cells to proliferate at the wound edges. Keratinocytes themselves also produce and secrete factors, including growth factors and basement membrane proteins, which aid both in epithelialization and in other phases of healing. Growth factors are

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are the main cells responsible for the epithelialization phase of wound healing. They advance in a sheet across the wound site and proliferate at its edges, ceasing movement when they meet in the middle. In healing that results in a scar, sweat glands, hair follicles and nerves do not form. With the

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generally begin to be produced in appreciable amounts at somewhere between approximately 10 hours and 3 days, depending mainly on wound size. Their deposition peaks at one to three weeks. They are the predominating tensile substances until the later phase of maturation, in which they are replaced by

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As a model the mechanism of fibroplasia may be conceptualised as an analogous process to angiogenesis (see above) - only the cell type involved is fibroblasts rather than endothelial cells. Initially there is a latent phase where the wound undergoes plasma exudation, inflammatory decontamination and

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from the bloodstream enter the area through blood vessel walls. Numbers of monocytes in the wound peak one to one and a half days after the injury occurs. Once they are in the wound site, monocytes mature into macrophages. Macrophages also secrete a number of factors such as growth factors and other

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Cotton gauze dressings have been the standard of care, despite their dry properties that can adhere to wound surfaces and cause discomfort upon removal. Recent research has set out to improve cotton gauze dressings to bring them closer in line to achieve modern wound dressing properties, by coating

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After inflammation, restoration of normal tissue integrity and function is preserved by feedback interactions between diverse cell types mediated by adhesion molecules and secreted cytokines. Disruption of normal feedback mechanisms in cancer threatens tissue integrity and enables a malignant tumor

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is degraded by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). Scientists found that the simple up-regulation of HIF-1a via PHD inhibitors regenerates lost or damaged tissue in mammals that have a repair response; and the continued down-regulation of Hif-1a results in healing with a scarring response in mammals with a

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In rare circumstances, such as extensive cutaneous injury, self-renewal subpopulations in the bone marrow are induced to participate in the healing process, whereby they give rise to collagen-secreting cells that seem to play a role during wound repair. These two self-renewal subpopulations are (1)

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Dirt or dust on the surface of the wound, bacteria, tissue that has died, and fluid from the wound may be cleaned. The evidence supporting the most effective technique is not clear and there is insufficient evidence to conclude whether cleaning wounds is beneficial for promoting healing or whether

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and skin aging. Oral collagen supplements also increase skin elasticity, hydration, and dermal collagen density. Collagen supplementation is generally safe with no reported adverse events. Further studies are needed to elucidate medical use in skin barrier diseases such as atopic dermatitis and to

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Age – Increased age (over 60 years) is a risk factor for impaired wound healing. It is recognized that, in older adults of otherwise overall good health, the effects of aging causes a temporal delay in healing, but no major impairment with regard to the quality of healing. Delayed wound healing in

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As keratinocytes continue migrating, new epithelial cells must be formed at the wound edges to replace them and to provide more cells for the advancing sheet. Proliferation behind migrating keratinocytes normally begins a few days after wounding and occurs at a rate that is 17 times higher in this

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As keratinocytes migrate, they move over granulation tissue but stay underneath the scab, thereby separating the scab from the underlying tissue. Epithelial cells have the ability to phagocytize debris such as dead tissue and bacterial matter that would otherwise obstruct their path. Because they

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migrate without first proliferating. Migration can begin as early as a few hours after wounding. However, epithelial cells require viable tissue to migrate across, so if the wound is deep it must first be filled with granulation tissue. Thus the time of onset of migration is variable and may occur

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begin accumulating in the wound site. Fibroblasts begin entering the wound site two to five days after wounding as the inflammatory phase is ending, and their numbers peak at one to two weeks post-wounding. By the end of the first week, fibroblasts are the main cells in the wound. Fibroplasia ends

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suggests that some are derived from blood-borne, circulating adult stem cells/precursors). Initially fibroblasts utilize the fibrin cross-linking fibers (well-formed by the end of the inflammatory phase) to migrate across the wound, subsequently adhering to fibronectin. Fibroblasts then deposit

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During the haemostatic and inflammatory phase of the wound healing process, vasodilation and permeabilisation allow leukocyte extravasation and phagocytic debridement and decontamination of the wound area. Tissue swelling aids later angiogenesis by expanding and loosening the existing collagenous

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deposition, collagen remodelling and eventual scar formation, where fetal wound healing is believed to be more of a regenerative process with minimal or no scar formation. Therefore, foetal wound healing can be used to provide an accessible mammalian model of an optimal healing response in adult

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An injury is an interruption of morphology and/or functionality of a given tissue. After injury, structural tissue heals with incomplete or complete regeneration. Tissue without an interruption to the morphology almost always completely regenerates. An example of complete regeneration without an

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At first, contraction occurs without myofibroblast involvement. Later, fibroblasts, stimulated by growth factors, differentiate into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts, which are similar to smooth muscle cells, are responsible for contraction. Myofibroblasts contain the same kind of actin as that

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As the actin in myofibroblasts contracts, the wound edges are pulled together. Fibroblasts lay down collagen to reinforce the wound as myofibroblasts contract. The contraction stage in proliferation ends as myofibroblasts stop contracting and commit apoptosis. The breakdown of the provisional

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and particles and prevents further blood loss. This fibrin-fibronectin plug is also the main structural support for the wound until collagen is deposited. Migratory cells use this plug as a matrix to crawl across, and platelets adhere to it and secrete factors. The clot is eventually lysed and

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Multipotent adult stem cells have the capacity to be self-renewing and give rise to different cell types. Stem cells give rise to progenitor cells, which are cells that are not self-renewing, but can generate several types of cells. The extent of stem cell involvement in cutaneous (skin) wound

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functions as rudimentary tissue, and begins to appear in the wound already during the inflammatory phase, two to five days post wounding, and continues growing until the wound bed is covered. Granulation tissue consists of new blood vessels, fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, endothelial cells,

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In the first two or three days after injury, fibroblasts mainly migrate and proliferate, while later, they are the main cells that lay down the collagen matrix in the wound site. Origins of these fibroblasts are thought to be from the adjacent uninjured cutaneous tissue (although new evidence

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damage if it lasts too long. Thus the reduction of inflammation is frequently a goal in therapeutic settings. Inflammation lasts as long as there is debris in the wound. Thus, if the individual's immune system is compromised and is unable to clear the debris from the wound and/or if excessive

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As inflammation dies down, fewer inflammatory factors are secreted, existing ones are broken down, and numbers of neutrophils and macrophages are reduced at the wound site. These changes indicate that the inflammatory phase is ending and the proliferative phase is underway. In vitro evidence,

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In wound healing that result in incomplete repair, scar contraction occurs, bringing varying gradations of structural imperfections, deformities and problems with flexibility. Macrophages may restrain the contraction phase. Scientists have reported that removing the macrophages from a

1256:. The onset of the maturation phase may vary extensively, depending on the size of the wound and whether it was initially closed or left open, ranging from approximately three days to three weeks. The maturation phase can last for a year or longer, similarly depending on wound type. 1263:

of the wound increases. Collagen will reach approximately 20% of its tensile strength after three weeks, increasing to 80% after 12 months. The maximum scar strength is 80% of that of unwounded skin. Since activity at the wound site is reduced, the scar loses its red appearance as

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Myofibroblasts are attracted by fibronectin and growth factors and they move along fibronectin linked to fibrin in the provisional ECM in order to reach the wound edges. They form connections to the ECM at the wound edges, and they attach to each other and to the wound edges by

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Smoking – Smoking causes a delay in the speed of wound repair notably in the proliferative and inflammatory phases. It also increases the likelihood of certain complications such as wound rupture, wound and flap necrosis, decrease in wound tensile strength and infection.

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Contraction is a key phase of wound healing with repair. If contraction continues for too long, it can lead to disfigurement and loss of function. Thus there is a great interest in understanding the biology of wound contraction, which can be modelled in vitro using the

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Primary intention is the healing of a clean wound without tissue loss. In this process, wound edges are brought together, so that they are adjacent to each other (re-approximated). Wound closure is performed with sutures (stitches), staples, or adhesive tape or glue.

1634:). Clinical judgment is necessary to successfully balance the potential benefits of the various treatments available against the likelihood of a poor response and possible complications resulting from these treatments. Many of these treatments may only have a 583:(PMNs) arrive at the wound site and become the predominant cells in the wound for the first two days after the injury occurs, with especially high numbers on the second day. They are attracted to the site by fibronectin, growth factors, and substances such as 707:

begin to enter the wound site, marking the onset of the proliferative phase even before the inflammatory phase has ended. As in the other phases of wound healing, steps in the proliferative phase do not occur in a series but rather partially overlap in time.

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are key player in tissue homeostasis: the process that makes the tissue replace dead cells by identical cells. In wound areas, tissue homeostasis is lost as the heparan sulfates are degraded preventing the replacement of dead cells by identical cells.

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in the same fashion that occurs in uninjured skin. However, if the basement membrane is ruined at the wound site, reepithelization must occur from the wound margins and from skin appendages such as hair follicles and sweat and oil glands that enter the

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Macrophages are present essentially in all tissues, beginning with embryonic development and, in addition to their role in host defense and in the clearance of apoptotic cells, are being increasingly recognized for their trophic function and role in

1125:, collagen, and fibronectin in the ECM may further signal cells to divide and migrate. Like fibroblasts, migrating keratinocytes use the fibronectin cross-linked with fibrin that was deposited in inflammation as an attachment site to crawl across. 257:

Approximate times of the different phases of wound healing on a logarithmic scale, with faded intervals marking substantial variation, depending mainly on wound size and healing conditions, but image does not include major impairments that cause

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causes them to stop migrating. When they have finished migrating, the keratinocytes secrete the proteins that form the new basement membrane. Cells reverse the morphological changes they underwent in order to begin migrating; they reestablish

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layer) form a protective barrier against the external environment. When the barrier is broken, a regulated sequence of biochemical events is set into motion to repair the damage. This process is divided into predictable phases: blood clotting

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Tong M, Tuk B, Hekking IM, Vermeij M, Barritault D, van Neck JW (2009). "Stimulated neovascularization, inflammation resolution and collagen maturation in healing rat cutaneous wounds by a heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan mimetic, OTR4120".

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This process is faster than healing by secondary intention. There is also less scarring associated with primary intention, as there are no large tissue losses to be filled with granulation tissue, though some granulation tissue will form.

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progenitor cells or EPC) that, in the same type of setting, are mobilized to aid in the reconstruction of blood vessels. Moreover, it is thought that extensive injury to skin also promotes the early trafficking of a unique subclass of

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matrix leads to a decrease in hyaluronic acid and an increase in chondroitin sulfate, which gradually triggers fibroblasts to stop migrating and proliferating. These events signal the onset of the maturation stage of wound healing.

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on the pseudopod attach to the ECM, and the actin filaments in the projection pull the cell along. The interaction with molecules in the ECM through integrins further promotes the formation of actin filaments, lamellipodia, and

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patients of increasing age is associated with altered inflammatory response; for example delayed T-cell infiltration of the wound with alterations in the production of chemokines, and reduced macrophage phagocytic capacity.

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Gurtner GC, Dauskardt RH, Wong VW, Bhatt KA, Wu K, Vial IN, Padois K, Korman JM, Longaker MT (August 2011). "Improving cutaneous scar formation by controlling the mechanical environment: large animal and phase I studies".

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how loose the tissue in the wounded area is. Contraction usually does not occur symmetrically; rather most wounds have an 'axis of contraction' which allows for greater organization and alignment of cells with collagen.

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Collagen deposition is important because it increases the strength of the wound; before it is laid down, the only thing holding the wound closed is the fibrin-fibronectin clot, which does not provide much resistance to

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The early phase, which begins immediately following skin injury, involves cascading molecular and cellular events leading to hemostasis and formation of an early, makeshift extracellular matrix that provides structural

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that break down damaged tissue. Functional neutrophils at the wound site only have life-spans of around two days, so they usually undergo apoptosis once they have completed their tasks and are engulfed and degraded by

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The formation of granulation tissue into an open wound allows the reepithelialization phase to take place, as epithelial cells migrate across the new tissue to form a barrier between the wound and the environment.

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Researchers have identified a cell that aids limb regrowth in Salamanders. Macrophages are a type of repairing cell that devour dead cells and pathogens, and trigger other immune cells to respond to pathogens.

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The cellular phase involves several types of cells working together to mount an inflammatory response, synthesize granulation tissue, and restore the epithelial layer. Subdivisions of the cellular phase are:

551:, a widening of blood vessels, which peaks at about 20 minutes post-wounding. Vasodilation is the result of factors released by platelets and other cells. The main factor involved in causing vasodilation is 1606:(wound healing to scar more). Historically, certain cultures consider scarification attractive; however, this is generally not the case in the modern western society, in which many patients are turning to 234:

decrease the size of the wound by gripping the wound edges and contracting using a mechanism that resembles that in smooth muscle cells. When the cells' roles are close to complete, unneeded cells undergo

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human tissues. Clues as to how this might be achieved come from studies of wound healing in embryos, where repair is fast and efficient and results in essentially perfect regeneration of any lost tissue.

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Mirastschijski U, Haaksma CJ, Tomasek JJ, Agren MS (October 2004). "Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor GM 6001 attenuates keratinocyte migration, contraction and myofibroblast formation in skin wounds".

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in the blood begin to stick to the injured site. They change into an amorphous shape, more suitable for clotting, and they release chemical signals to promote clotting. This results in the activation of

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by Gregory S Schultz, Glenn Ladwig and Annette Wysocki – in turn adapted from Asmussen PD, Sollner B. Mechanism of wound healing. In: Wound Care. Tutorial Medical Series. Stuttgart: Hippokrates Verlag,

4909: 1517:. Repair or incomplete regeneration, refers to the physiologic adaptation of an organ after injury in an effort to re-establish continuity without regards to exact replacement of lost/damaged tissue. 5407:(1) Complete regeneration: The new tissue is the same as the tissue that was lost. After the repair process has been completed, the structure and function of the injured tissue are completely normal 1708:

Modern wound dressing to aid in wound repair has undergone considerable research and development in recent years. Scientists aim to develop wound dressings which have the following characteristics:

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cannot be degraded by all known heparanases and glycanases and bind to the free heparin sulfate binding spots on the ECM, therefore preserving the normal tissue homeostasis and preventing scarring.

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Etscheid M, Beer N, Dodt J (December 2005). "The hyaluronan-binding protease upregulates ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways in fibroblasts and stimulates cell proliferation and migration".

646:. By secreting these factors, macrophages contribute to pushing the wound healing process into the next phase. They replace PMNs as the predominant cells in the wound by two days after injury. 3445: 4237: 1119:. These basal cells continue to migrate across the wound bed, and epithelial cells above them slide along as well. The more quickly this migration occurs, the less of a scar there will be. 853:

When macrophages and other growth factor-producing cells are no longer in a hypoxic, lactic acid-filled environment, they stop producing angiogenic factors. Thus, when tissue is adequately

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model, suggests that the presence of macrophages actually delays wound contraction and thus the disappearance of macrophages from the wound may be essential for subsequent phases to occur.

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interruption of the morphology is non-injured tissue, such as skin. Non-injured skin has a continued replacement and regeneration of cells which always results in complete regeneration.

917:, which create a very hydrated matrix and facilitate cell migration. Later this provisional matrix is replaced with an ECM that more closely resembles that found in non-injured tissue. 799:

by angiogenic factors released by other cells, e.g. from macrophages and platelets when in a low-oxygen environment. Endothelial growth and proliferation is also directly stimulated by

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Healing in 2 weeks – minimal to no scar; Healing in 3 weeks – minimal to no scar except in high risk scar formers;Healing in 4 weeks or more – hypertrophic in more than 50% of patients

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Cubison TC, Pape SA, Parkhouse N (December 2006). "Evidence for the link between healing time and the development of hypertrophic scars (HTS) in paediatric burns due to scald injury".

1472:(hair follicular stem cell or HFSC), and the papillary dermis (dermal stem cells). Moreover, bone marrow may also contain stem cells that play a major role in cutaneous wound healing. 1867:

Primary intention can only be implemented when the wound is precise and there is minimal disruption to the local tissue and the epithelial basement membrane, e.g. surgical incisions.

1413:. The models show that the "rate of the healing process" appears to be "highly influenced by the activity and size of the injury itself as well as the activity of the healing agent." 691:

is present in the wound, these factors may cause a prolonged inflammatory phase and prevent the wound from properly commencing the proliferation phase of healing. This can lead to a

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Secondary intention is implemented when primary intention is not possible because of significant tissue damage or loss, usually due to the wound having been created by major trauma.

897:(ECM). The provisional ECM is different in composition from the ECM in normal tissue and its components originate from fibroblasts. Such components include fibronectin, collagen, 682:

Because inflammation plays roles in fighting infection, clearing debris and inducing the proliferation phase, it is a necessary part of healing. However, inflammation can lead to

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Muller MJ, Hollyoak MA, Moaveni Z, Brown TL, Herndon DN, Heggers JP (December 2003). "Retardation of wound healing by silver sulfadiazine is reversed by Aloe vera and nystatin".

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formation, epithelialization, and wound contraction occur. In angiogenesis, vascular endothelial cells form new blood vessels. In fibroplasia and granulation tissue formation,

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also important for the innate immune defense of skin wounds by stimulation of the production of antimicrobial peptides and neutrophil chemotactic cytokines in keratinocytes.

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Eichler MJ, Carlson MA (February 2006). "Modeling dermal granulation tissue with the linear fibroblast-populated collagen matrix: a comparison with the round matrix model".

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Epithelial cells climb over one another in order to migrate. This growing sheet of epithelial cells is often called the epithelial tongue. The first cells to attach to the

952:. Also, cells involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, and connective tissue construction attach to, grow and differentiate on the collagen matrix laid down by fibroblasts. 766:: the endothelium of vessels mature by laying down new endothelial extracellular matrix, followed by basal lamina formation. Lastly the vessel establishes a pericyte layer. 3850: 653:

contains half the body's monocytes in reserve ready to be deployed to injured tissue. Attracted to the wound site by growth factors released by platelets and other cells,

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Dermal matrix: elements of fabrication (begins on day 4, lasting 2 weeks) and alteration/remodeling (begins after week 2, lasting weeks to months—depending on wound size).

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Wound care encourages and speeds wound healing via cleaning and protection from reinjury or infection. Depending on each patient's needs, it can range from the simplest

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Zhang Y, Strehin I, Bedelbaeva K, Gourevitch D, Clark L, Leferovich J, Messersmith PB, Heber-Katz E. Drug-induced regeneration in adult mice. Sci Transl Med. 2015;290.

391:, or the stopping of blood loss by way of a fibrin clot. Thereafter, various soluble factors (including chemokines and cytokines) are released to attract cells that 1252:, which is prevalent during proliferation, is replaced by type I collagen. Originally disorganized collagen fibers are rearranged, cross-linked, and aligned along 615:

to cause more T cells to divide and to increase inflammation and enhance vasodilation and vessel permeability. T cells also increase the activity of macrophages.

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lack of hair follicles, nerves and sweat glands, the wound, and the resulting healing scar, provide a challenge to the body with regards to temperature control.

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stage of epithelialization than in normal tissues. Until the entire wound area is resurfaced, the only epithelial cells to proliferate are at the wound edges.

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previous regenerative response to the loss of tissue. The act of regulating HIF-1a can either turn off, or turn on the key process of mammalian regeneration.

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Alcohol – Alcohol consumption impairs wound healing and also increases the chances of infection. Alcohol affects the proliferative phase of healing. A single

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cytokines, especially during the third and fourth post-wounding days. These factors attract cells involved in the proliferation stage of healing to the area.

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Van Neck et al, Heparan sulfate proteoglycan mimetics thrive tissue regeneration: an overview. In Intech book under the working title "Tissue Regeneration",

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about one day after wounding. Cells on the wound margins proliferate on the second and third day post-wounding in order to provide more cells for migration.

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Larjava H., Koivisto L., and Hakkinen L. 2002. Chapter 3: Keratinocyte Interactions with Fibronectin During Wound Healing. In, Heino, J. and Kahari, V.M.

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and scaffolds have been developed to facilitate wound healing through various mechanisms. This includes a number of products under the trade names such as

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Ferguson MW, Whitby DJ, Shah M, Armstrong J, Siebert JW, Longaker MT (April 1996). "Scar formation: the spectral nature of fetal and adult wound repair".

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During maturation and remodeling, collagen is realigned along tension lines, and cells that are no longer needed are removed by programmed cell death, or

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In some instances, after a tissue breakdown, such as in skin, a regeneration closer to complete regeneration may be induced by the use of biodegradable (

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is a concept based on the healing or repair of the skin (or other tissue/organs) after injury with the aim of healing with subjectively and relatively

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that are lined with viable keratinocytes. If the wound is very deep, skin appendages may also be ruined and migration can only occur from wound edges.

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for open systems when modeling wound healing incorporates mass growth due to cell migration and proliferation. Here the following equation is used:

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Sandeman SR, Allen MC, Liu C, Faragher RG, Lloyd AW (November 2000). "Human keratocyte migration into collagen gels declines with in vitro ageing".

139:. Factors that contribute to non-healing chronic wounds are diabetes, venous or arterial disease, infection, and metabolic deficiencies of old age. 135:

The wound-healing process is not only complex but fragile, and it is susceptible to interruption or failure leading to the formation of non-healing

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because proteins from the bloodstream leak into the extravascular space, which increases its osmolar load and draws water into the area. Increased

4858:

Iconomou TG, Zuker RM, Michelow BJ (1993). "Management of major penetrating glass injuries to the upper extremities in children and adolescents".

1847:, where the sensitivity to single parameters such as initial collagen alignment, cytokine properties, and cell proliferation rates can be tested. 188:

During this phase, damaged and dead cells are cleared out, along with bacteria and other pathogens or debris. This happens through the process of

1248:

When the levels of collagen production and degradation equalize, the maturation phase of tissue repair is said to have begun. During maturation,

4278:

When the dermis is destroyed, the scars do not regrow hair, nerves or sweat glands, providing additional challenges to body temperature control.

2680:

Cellular, molecular and biochemical differences in the pathophysiology of healing between acute wounds, chronic wounds and wounds in the elderly

1275:

The phases of wound healing normally progress in a predictable, timely manner; if they do not, healing may progress inappropriately to either a

5713:

Brown BC, McKenna SP, Siddhi K, McGrouther DA, Bayat A (September 2008). "The hidden cost of skin scars: quality of life after skin scarring".

5673: 4346:. Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. Virtual Naval Hospital Project. Accessed through web archive on September 15, 2007. 7505: 6089:"Aberrant control of NF-κB in cancer permits transcriptional and phenotypic plasticity, to curtail dependence on host tissue: molecular mode" 4261: 4218:"Morphological and distribution characteristics of sweat glands in hypertrophic scar and their possible effects on sweat gland regeneration" 3810:

Hinz B (April 2006). "Masters and servants of the force: the role of matrix adhesions in myofibroblast force perception and transmission".

1233: 395:

debris, bacteria, and damaged tissue, in addition to releasing signaling molecules that initiate the proliferative phase of wound healing.

5525:

O'Leary R, Ponnambalam S, Wood EJ (September 2003). "Pioglitazone-induced myofibroblast cell death: implications for cutaneous scarring".

2974: 1793:

to help venous leg ulcers heal. It is uncertain whether the choice of cleaning solution or method of application makes any difference to

1181:

begin to divide and differentiate in the same manner as they do in normal skin to reestablish the strata found in reepithelialized skin.

6151:

Zeng R, Lin C, Lin Z, Chen H, Lu W, Lin C, Li H (November 2018). "Approaches to cutaneous wound healing: basics and future directions".

754:: The wound macrophages, mast cells and the endothelial cells themselves secrete proteases to break down existing vascular basal lamina. 5226:[Modelamiento matemático del proceso de sanación de heridas bajo la acción de un ingrediente farmacéuticamente activo (IFA).]. 1461:

healing is complex and not fully understood. Stem cell injection leads to wound healing primarily through stimulation of angiogenesis.

3615:

Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M, Etzrodt M, Wildgruber M, Cortez-Retamozo V, Panizzi P, Figueiredo JL, Kohler RH, et al. (July 2009).

314:(see Research and development section below). In this construct, the process of wound healing is divided into two major phases: the 5089:"Effects of "second-hand" smoke on structure and function of fibroblasts, cells that are critical for tissue repair and remodeling" 4718:

Morton LM, Phillips TJ (April 2016). "Wound healing and treating wounds: Differential diagnosis and evaluation of chronic wounds".

1843:

represents a mass source (from cell proliferation, division, or enlargement). Relationships like these can be incorporated into an

5285:"Stem and Somatic Cell Monotherapy for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Review of Clinical Studies and Mechanisms of Action" 2831:"Gene expression signature of fibroblast serum response predicts human cancer progression: similarities between tumors and wounds" 7301: 3526:

Newton PM, Watson JA, Wolowacz RG, Wood EJ (August 2004). "Macrophages restrain contraction of an in vitro wound healing model".

2432:

have commanded significant biomedical innovations in the treatment of acute, chronic, and other types of wounds. Many biologics,

3846: 1679:

to escape the immune system. An example of the importance of the wound healing response within tumors is illustrated in work by

5446:

after menstruation. Complete regeneration can occur in pathological situations in tissues that have good regenerative capacity.

2310: 5703:

Rush, J. (2005). Spiritual tattoo: a cultural history of tattooing, piercing, scarification, branding, and implants, Frog Ltd.

4686: 723:

wound healing, like epidermal and fibroblast migration. The tissue in which angiogenesis has occurred typically looks red (is

666:

resulted in failure of a typical regeneration response (limb regeneration), instead bringing on a repair (scarring) response.

455:

Platelets, the cells present in the highest numbers shortly after a wound occurs, release mediators into the blood, including

6770: 5651: 4411:

Son HJ, Bae HC, Kim HJ, Lee DH, Han DW, Park JC (2005). "Effects of β-glucan on proliferation and migration of fibroblasts".

4170: 3770: 3747: 2552: 504: 147: 1295:

Many factors controlling the efficacy, speed, and manner of wound healing fall under two types: local and systemic factors.

3593: 3343:

Santoro MM, Gaudino G (March 2005). "Cellular and molecular facets of keratinocyte reepithelization during wound healing".

3191: 3066: 1939:

There is lack of evidence for the effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy in wound healing by secondary intention.

1087:

Before they begin migrating, keratinocytes change shape, becoming longer and flatter and extending cellular processes like

5460:"Synthesis and characterization of a model extracellular matrix that induces partial regeneration of adult mammalian skin" 3381: 1464:

It is thought that the epidermis and dermis are reconstituted by mitotically active stem cells that reside at the apex of

7835: 6877: 1615: 857:, migration and proliferation of endothelial cells is reduced. Eventually blood vessels that are no longer needed die by 3957: 2893: 1405:

In the 2000s there arose the first Mathematical models of the healing process, based on simplified assumptions and on a

7188: 6838: 2120: 1565:

Repair or regeneration with regards to hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1a). In normal circumstances after injury

1149:

to dissolve the scab. Cells can only migrate over living tissue, so they must excrete collagenases and proteases like

820: 463:. Growth factors stimulate cells to speed their rate of division. Platelets release other proinflammatory factors like 3996: 1936:

There is insufficient evidence that the choice of dressings or topical agents affects the secondary healing of wounds.

1164:

Keratinocytes continue migrating across the wound bed until cells from either side meet in the middle, at which point

5283:

Krasilnikova, O. A.; Baranovskii, D. S.; Lyundup, A. V.; Shegay, P. V.; Kaprin, A. D.; Klabukov, I. D. (2022-04-27).

4339: 4297:

Bartkova J, Grøn B, Dabelsteen E, Bartek J (February 2003). "Cell-cycle regulatory proteins in human wound healing".

543:

that cause the vessel to spasm to prevent blood loss and to collect inflammatory cells and factors in the area. This

17: 4075:"Use of the parabiotic model in studies of cutaneous wound healing to define the participation of circulating cells" 2791:

Midwood KS, Williams LV, Schwarzbauer JE (June 2004). "Tissue repair and the dynamics of the extracellular matrix".

7840: 7396: 7156: 6390:

Kuhl E, Steinmann P (June 2004). "Computational modeling of healing: an application of the material force method".

2678: 1406: 1304:

Moisture; keeping a wound moist rather than dry makes wound healing more rapid and with less pain and less scarring

6568:

Toon CD, Lusuku C, Ramamoorthy R, Davidson BR, Gurusamy KS, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (September 2015).

3293:

Martin P, Leibovich SJ (November 2005). "Inflammatory cells during wound repair: the good, the bad and the ugly".

2942: 2643:

Stadelmann WK, Digenis AG, Tobin GR (August 1998). "Physiology and healing dynamics of chronic cutaneous wounds".

1018:

is not breached, epithelial cells are replaced within three days by division and upward migration of cells in the

5969: 2272: 2048: 7891: 5224:"Mathematical modeling of injury healing process under the action of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)" 4446:

Falanga V (2004). "The chronic wound: impaired healing and solutions in the context of wound bed preparation".

2147: 1915:

Wound care must be performed daily to encourage wound debris removal to allow for granulation tissue formation.

1197: 193: 5612:

Barritault D, Caruelle JP (March 2006). "" [Regenerating agents (RGTAs): a new therapeutic approach].

1531:; the endometrium after the process of breakdown via the menstruation cycle heals with complete regeneration. 487:, which serve several purposes, including increasing cell proliferation and migration to the area and causing 6570:"Early versus delayed dressing removal after primary closure of clean and clean-contaminated surgical wounds" 1084:

during migration. Thus keratinocytes detach from the basement membrane and are able to enter the wound bed.

642:

and they also stimulate cells that reepithelialize the wound, create granulation tissue, and lay down a new

7532: 7500: 7356: 6666:

Vermeulen H, Ubbink D, Goossens A, de Vos R, Legemate D, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (2004-01-26).

5223: 4518:"The cell based dressing with living allogenic keratinocytes in the treatment of foot ulcers: a case study" 55: 4697: 1855:

Successful wound healing is dependent on various cell types, molecular mediators and structural elements.

196:

are released into the wound that cause the migration and division of cells during the proliferative phase.

62: 48: 7294: 6001: 5433: 5395: 5354: 4366:. Medical Intelligence Unit; 33. Georgetown, Tex., Austin, Tex Landes Bioscience, Inc. Electronic book. 2450:

Transcyte, Dermagraft, AlloDerm/Strattice, Biobrane, Integra, Apligraf, OrCel, GraftJacket and PermaDerm.

1890:

Early removal of dressings from clean or clean-contaminated wounds does affect primary healing of wounds.

1775: 634:

Macrophages function in regeneration and are essential for wound healing. They are stimulated by the low

6715:

Dumville JC, Owens GL, Crosbie EJ, Peinemann F, Liu Z, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (June 2015).

5221: 1918:

Using antibiotics or antiseptics for the surgical wound healing by secondary intention is controversial.

6435:"Mechanical regulation of fibroblast migration and collagen remodelling in healing myocardial infarcts" 2332: 1425:

restricted to organ-specific lineages, had never been seriously challenged. Since then, the notion of

1401:

causes a negative effect on re-epithelialization, wound closure, collagen production and angiogenesis.

230:

proliferate and 'crawl' atop the wound bed, providing cover for the new tissue. In wound contraction,

124:). Blood clotting may be considered to be part of the inflammation stage instead of a separate stage. 7855: 7573: 5222:

Alfredo Palomino I.; Leighton Estrada R.; Javier Valeriano M.; Sergio Luque M. (September 24, 2019).

4780:

Desmoulière A, Chaponnier C, Gabbiani G (2005). "Tissue repair, contraction, and the myofibroblast".

2466: 1207:

Contraction commences approximately a week after wounding, when fibroblasts have differentiated into

1150: 5665: 7927: 7469: 7461: 2461: 2406: 2218: 2191: 2087: 1619: 1559: 1481: 1434: 812: 88:

refers to a living organism's replacement of destroyed or damaged tissue by newly produced tissue.

7937: 7700: 7695: 7263: 6870: 4265: 1999: 1058: 285: 2733:

Versteeg HH, Heemskerk JW, Levi M, Reitsma PH (January 2013). "New fundamentals in hemostasis".

7896: 7705: 7542: 7537: 7287: 6135: 2978: 2829:

Chang HY, Sneddon JB, Alizadeh AA, Sood R, West RB, Montgomery K, et al. (February 2004).

2481: 1696: 1650: 1522: 1477: 1047: 365:: progressive alignment, collagen production, and matrix contraction (between day 4 and day 14) 7884: 7670: 7630: 7474: 7444: 7051: 7019: 6717:"Negative pressure wound therapy for treating surgical wounds healing by secondary intention" 4908:. The Johns Hopkins University, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins Health System. 2540: 2491: 2476: 1138: 835: 307: 6295:

Gurtner GC, Werner S, Barrandon Y, Longaker MT (May 2008). "Wound repair and regeneration".

1952:

The wound is initially cleaned, debrided and observed, typically 4 or 5 days before closure.

1641:

Since the 1960s, comprehension of the basic biologic processes involved in wound repair and

631:, bacteria and damaged tissue, and they also debride damaged tissue by releasing proteases. 7845: 7484: 7389: 7221: 7216: 7173: 7123: 7014: 6993: 6304: 6043: 5471: 4823:

Metzger S (September 2004). "Clinical and financial advantages of moist wound management".

4420: 4161:

Pollock RE, Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn D, Hunter JG, Matthews JJ (2009).

3887: 3685: 3628: 1631: 1543: 894: 808: 782: 643: 430: 219: 121: 3617:"Identification of splenic reservoir monocytes and their deployment to inflammatory sites" 1588:

tissue than normally expected. Scarless healing is sometimes mixed up with the concept of

507:

in infection: they become activated, and secrete molecular mediators – vasoactive amines,

41: 8: 7932: 7680: 7650: 7178: 7146: 6988: 6956: 4753:

O'Leary R, Wood EJ, Guillou PJ (2002). "Pathological scarring: strategic interventions".

3539: 2417: 1684: 1642: 294:

larvae healing after a puncture wound. The arrow points to cells that have fused to form

6737: 6716: 6308: 6104: 6047: 5902: 5475: 4424: 3891: 3689: 3632: 1497:) to the injured region, where they perform various functions related to wound healing. 7815: 7794: 7753: 7620: 7331: 7206: 7198: 7183: 7151: 7131: 7039: 6863: 6812: 6787: 6692: 6667: 6643: 6618: 6594: 6569: 6520: 6459: 6434: 6415: 6372: 6328: 6272: 6247: 6223: 6198: 6176: 6113: 6088: 6064: 6031: 5911: 5886: 5774: 5749: 5594: 5550: 5489: 5320: 5163: 5069: 5057: 5021: 4996: 4957: 4932: 4883: 4805: 4583: 4558: 4099: 4074: 4039: 4015:"Experimental observations in the rat on the influence of cadmium on skin wound repair" 4014: 3910: 3875: 3776: 3706: 3673: 3649: 3616: 3551: 3497: 3108: 2758: 2597: 2572: 2471: 2038: 1437:

into non-lineage cells has emerged as an alternative explanation. To be more specific,

1315: 1165: 1031: 889: 449: 311: 211: 182:

that serves to plug the break in the blood vessel, slowing/preventing further bleeding.

117: 5625: 5502: 5459: 5115: 5088: 4793: 4389: 4310: 3271: 3236: 3096: 3031: 3004: 2857: 2830: 2718: 2701: 2656: 1761:. These updated dressing provide increase water absorbency and improved antibacterial 555:. Histamine also causes blood vessels to become porous, allowing the tissue to become 495:. In many ways, extravasated platelets in trauma perform a similar function to tissue 178:, which forms a mesh and acts as "glue" to bind platelets to each other. This makes a 7665: 7660: 7615: 7243: 6817: 6766: 6742: 6697: 6648: 6599: 6512: 6464: 6407: 6364: 6332: 6320: 6277: 6228: 6168: 6118: 6069: 5916: 5867: 5863: 5829: 5824: 5807: 5779: 5730: 5647: 5629: 5586: 5582: 5542: 5538: 5507: 5324: 5312: 5304: 5253: 5245: 5204: 5199: 5182: 5155: 5120: 5061: 5026: 4962: 4875: 4840: 4836: 4797: 4762: 4735: 4669: 4626: 4588: 4539: 4498: 4463: 4393: 4314: 4229: 4166: 4139: 4104: 4090: 4070: 4044: 4030: 3915: 3827: 3766: 3711: 3654: 3543: 3489: 3437: 3360: 3310: 3275: 3240: 3100: 3036: 2923: 2862: 2808: 2750: 2660: 2602: 2548: 2486: 2433: 2410: 2381: 1844: 1782: 1646: 1590: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1249: 1201: 1190: 1112: 1015: 955: 898: 847: 843: 800: 676: 592: 104: 6376: 5598: 5554: 5167: 5087:

Wong LS, Green HM, Feugate JE, Yadav M, Nothnagel EA, Martins-Green M (April 2004).

4887: 3780: 3501: 3112: 2762: 7922: 7810: 7774: 7163: 7029: 6915: 6807: 6799: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6550: 6524: 6502: 6454: 6446: 6419: 6399: 6356: 6312: 6267: 6259: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6180: 6160: 6108: 6100: 6059: 6051: 5906: 5898: 5859: 5819: 5769: 5761: 5722: 5621: 5578: 5534: 5497: 5479: 5296: 5235: 5194: 5147: 5110: 5100: 5073: 5053: 5016: 5008: 4952: 4944: 4867: 4832: 4809: 4789: 4727: 4661: 4622: 4618: 4578: 4570: 4529: 4490: 4455: 4428: 4385: 4306: 4131: 4122:

Ruszczak Z (November 2003). "Effect of collagen matrices on dermal wound healing".

4094: 4086: 4034: 4026: 3905: 3895: 3819: 3758: 3701: 3693: 3644: 3636: 3555: 3535: 3479: 3352: 3302: 3267: 3232: 3155: 3092: 3026: 3016: 2915: 2852: 2842: 2800: 2742: 2713: 2652: 2592: 2584: 2374: 2107: 2097: 1930: 1794: 1539: 1441: 1426: 1260: 988: 949: 883: 788: 774: 683: 544: 410: 384: 368: 5796:

Clark, R. (1996). The molecular and cellular biology of wound repair, Springer Us.

4698:

Figure 3 – The time relationship between the different processes of wound healing.

4494: 3784: 7382: 7231: 7211: 6842: 6668:"Dressings and topical agents for surgical wounds healing by secondary intention" 6491:"The wound healing process: an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms" 6450: 6360: 4704: 4693: 4000: 3961: 3762: 3195: 3070: 3021: 2847: 2804: 2687: 2429: 2307:

Granulocyte, macrophage, lymphocyte, fibroblast and smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

2015: 1790: 1680: 1607: 1554: 1398: 1387: 1000: 964: 227: 6619:"Antibiotics and antiseptics for surgical wounds healing by secondary intention" 6554: 6197:

McLain NE, Moore ZE, Avsar P, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (March 2021).

5240: 4665: 3585: 3356: 3188: 3063: 2919: 886:

into the wound bed, and later collagen, which they can adhere to for migration.

7867: 7862: 7685: 7552: 7363: 7326: 7253: 7248: 7168: 6507: 6490: 5726: 5464:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5300: 4731: 4534: 4517: 4459: 4135: 3880:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3823: 3396: 3159: 2746: 1976: 1635: 1337: 1178: 1116: 1043: 1019: 981: 362: 6403: 6164: 5666:"Scientist at LIMR leads study demonstrating drug-induced tissue regeneration" 5257: 5151: 4432: 3306: 1933:

sockets, poorly reduced fractures, burns, severe lacerations, pressure ulcers.

7916: 7784: 7748: 7743: 7605: 7547: 7439: 7336: 7136: 5308: 5249: 5012: 4159:

Fig. 9-1. The cellular, biochemical, and mechanical phases of wound healing.

3954: 2496: 2020: 1926: 1880: 1786: 1758: 1722: 1658: 1627: 1603: 1547: 1469: 1438: 1276: 1253: 1221: 1208: 1174: 1055: 992: 816: 692: 608: 540: 532: 472: 460: 426: 259: 231: 136: 6835: 5765: 4871: 3900: 3697: 3640: 3468:"Macrophages in the embryo and beyond: much more than just giant phagocytes" 2534: 2532: 280: 7879: 7779: 7738: 7728: 7723: 7645: 7429: 7424: 7351: 7238: 7068: 7044: 7034: 6939: 6927: 6920: 6821: 6746: 6701: 6652: 6603: 6516: 6468: 6411: 6368: 6324: 6281: 6263: 6232: 6172: 6122: 6073: 5920: 5833: 5783: 5734: 5633: 5590: 5546: 5367:

by the necrotic cells. The necrotic cells are then replaced by scar tissue.

5316: 5284: 5208: 5159: 5124: 5105: 5065: 5030: 4966: 4844: 4801: 4766: 4739: 4673: 4630: 4543: 4502: 4467: 4397: 4318: 4233: 4143: 4108: 4048: 3993: 3919: 3831: 3715: 3658: 3547: 3493: 3441: 3364: 3314: 3279: 3104: 3040: 2943:"Giving Burns the First, Second and Third Degree - Classification of burns" 2927: 2866: 2812: 2754: 2606: 2541:"4 The Pathophysiologic Basis for Wound Healing and Cutaneous Regeneration" 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2402:

Deficient contraction (in skin grafts) or excessive contraction (in burns).

1959: 1922: 1884: 1623: 1352: 1280: 1265: 1073: 1069: 1051: 1035: 1007: 996: 984: 910: 906: 717: 639: 588: 548: 528: 516: 488: 476: 422: 392: 203: 189: 113: 5871: 5511: 5484: 4879: 4592: 4574: 3939:

Falanga V. (2005). Wound Healing. American Academy of Dermatology (AAD).

3847:"Scientists identify cell that could hold the secret to limb regeneration" 3244: 3223:

Greenhalgh DG (September 1998). "The role of apoptosis in wound healing".

2664: 2423: 2377:

or rupture of the wound due to inadequate formation of granulation tissue.

792: 7850: 7789: 7635: 7557: 7226: 7092: 6973: 6968: 6944: 6541:

Armitage J, Lockwood S (2011-10-01). "Skin incisions and wound closure".

4516:

Bayram Y, Deveci M, Imirzalioglu N, Soysal Y, Sengezer M (October 2005).

4376:

Witte MB, Barbul A (April 2002). "Role of nitric oxide in wound repair".

4069:

Song G, Nguyen DT, Pietramaggiori G, Scherer S, Chen B, Zhan Q, Ogawa R,

2959:

Formation of a thick eschar, slow healing (>1month), Obvious scarring,

2437: 2396: 2195: 2176: 2010: 1738: 1654: 1528: 1485: 1465: 1284: 1142: 959: 831: 804: 704: 624: 580: 568: 536: 480: 440: 404: 358: 348: 327: 223: 151: 27:

Series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue after an injury

6617:

Norman G, Dumville JC, Mohapatra DP, Owens GL, Crosbie EJ (March 2016).

6316: 6055: 2509: 1638:, and the evidence base for the use of many current treatments is poor. 1030:

Migration of keratinocytes over the wound site is stimulated by lack of

298:, and the arrowheads point to cells that are oriented to face the wound. 226:. Concurrently, re-epithelialization of the epidermis occurs, in which 7758: 7640: 7479: 7419: 7258: 7101: 7097: 7073: 7002: 6983: 6803: 5183:"Age-related alterations in the inflammatory response to dermal injury" 2199: 2180: 2071: 1912:

Healing process can be slow due to presence of drainage from infection.

1876: 1755: 1490: 1422: 1229: 1039: 914: 870: 796: 734:

Angiogenesis occurs in overlapping phases in response to inflammation:

663: 638:

content of their surroundings to produce factors that induce and speed

601: 563:

of blood vessels also facilitates the entry of inflammatory cells like

508: 496: 468: 421:

to begin secreting inflammatory factors. Platelets also express sticky

388: 344: 338: 303: 290: 253: 215: 109: 6836:

Wound Healing: Biologics, Skin Substitutes, Biomembranes and Scaffolds

3484: 3467: 1697:

short and long-term use of oral collagen supplements for wound healing

1670:

at a right angle it; the process was described in various Newspapers.

1421:

Up until about 2000, the classic paradigm of wound healing, involving

1076:, are released from the cell's intermediate filaments and relocate to 7610: 7346: 7113: 7056: 6978: 6905: 6886: 5493: 4948: 3005:"Cellular and genetic analysis of wound healing in Drosophila larvae" 2588: 2232: 1800: 1494: 1269: 1170: 1105: 1096: 1088: 1081: 858: 854: 778: 770: 728: 628: 612: 564: 552: 500: 484: 464: 352: 246: 236: 170: 143: 96: 92: 5458:

Yannas IV, Lee E, Orgill DP, Skrabut EM, Murphy GF (February 1989).

5451: 5282: 7874: 7321: 7268: 7063: 7024: 7009: 6932: 6910: 1762: 1747: 1662: 1535: 1509:

There is a subtle distinction between 'repair' and 'regeneration'.

1444:(that give rise to mature cells in the blood) may have the ability 1363: 1357: 1327: 1323: 1100: 1065: 941: 791:

are attracted to the wound area by fibronectin found on the fibrin

724: 654: 596: 560: 512: 456: 418: 414: 295: 207: 179: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 3614: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 925: 7141: 7106: 7086: 6963: 6900: 4650: 3876:"Macrophages are required for adult salamander limb regeneration" 2573:"The role of nuclear hormone receptors in cutaneous wound repair" 2389: 2188:

Fibroblast, endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell proliferation

2030: 1906:

Surgeon may pack the wound with a gauze or use a drainage system.

1779: 1716: 1618:(intralesional steroid injections, surgery) and/or conservative ( 1146: 1061: 902: 850:

and ECM to allow cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis.

688: 444: 7279: 4160: 587:. Neutrophils phagocytise debris and kill bacteria by releasing 127: 7594: 7434: 7405: 6248:"A mathematical model of wound healing and subsequent scarring" 5812:

The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings

5138:

Gosain A, DiPietro LA (March 2004). "Aging and wound healing".

5044:

Arnold M, Barbul A (June 2006). "Nutrition and wound healing".

4973: 4068: 3047: 2428:

Advancements in the clinical understanding of wounds and their

2385: 1751: 1410: 1310: 1122: 1024: 940:

One of fibroblasts' most important duties is the production of

864: 650: 635: 492: 436: 330:

for cellular attachment and subsequent cellular proliferation.

175: 100: 6294: 4515: 807:

in the wound. For example, hypoxia stimulates the endothelial

6714: 6665: 6567: 6032:"Reparative inflammation takes charge of tissue regeneration" 4779: 3136:. Oxford; Malden, Mass. Blackwell Science. Electronic book. 1566: 1092: 1077: 1072:

and normally anchor the cell to the basement membrane by its

824: 777:, originating from parts of uninjured blood vessels, develop 584: 556: 6855: 6616: 5712: 4296: 4205:. Methods in Molecular Medicine. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 3225:

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology

2793:

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology

2732: 2571:

Rieger S, Zhao H, Martin P, Abe K, Lisse TS (January 2015).

1595:

which is wound healing which results in absolutely no scar (

1484:(HSC). Bone marrow also harbors a progenitor subpopulation ( 7733: 7341: 5849: 4933:"Cellular and molecular basis of wound healing in diabetes" 3395:. Cambridge University Press. 21 March 2003. Archived from 2790: 1611: 1585: 1542:) scaffolds. These scaffolds are structurally analogous to 929: 921: 839: 6788:"Using biomaterials to rewire the process of wound repair" 5976:. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 1906-07-12. pp. Page 1. 5944:. Christchurch, New Zealand. 1906-07-07. pp. Page 4. 5715:

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery

5524: 5181:

Swift ME, Burns AL, Gray KL, DiPietro LA (November 2001).

3257: 1038:. Before they begin to migrate, cells must dissolve their 7374: 6345: 4055: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 2349:

Keratinocyte migration, proliferation and differentiation

1177:

and become anchored once again to the basement membrane.

893:

myofibroblasts, and the components of a new, provisional

6760: 5347:"Graphic general pathology: 2.3 Incomplete regeneration" 3525: 3082: 2828: 192:, where white blood cells engulf debris and destroy it. 131:

Deep wound on shin with stitches healing over five weeks

5747: 2424:

Biologics, skin substitutes, biomembranes and scaffolds

1128: 5457: 5426:"Graphic general pathology: 2.2 complete regeneration" 5388:"Graphic general pathology: 2.2 complete regeneration" 5180: 4752: 4604: 4602: 3166: 2642: 1970: 5654:

is scheduled for on line publication on Nov 26, 2011"

5567: 5086: 4857: 1875:

Examples of primary intention include: well-repaired

1455: 383:

Just before the inflammatory phase is initiated, the

6536: 6534: 6245: 5748:

Bayat A, McGrouther DA, Ferguson MW (January 2003).

5663: 4559:"Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and wound contraction" 3873: 2905: 1610:

clinics with unrealistic expectations. Depending on

785:

into the wound site to establish new blood vessels.

522: 355:

change within hours, migration begins on day 1 or 2)

6785: 6488: 5884: 4599: 4344:

Textbook of Military Medicine: Military Dermatology

4012: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 2570: 1599:of scarring). However they are different concepts. 1553:A new way of thinking derived from the notion that 1500: 5672:. Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR). 5611: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 2538: 2357:Unless else specified in boxes, then reference is: 1836:represents a mass flux (from cell migration), and 1801:Simulating wound healing from a growth perspective 1661:. In adult humans, injured tissue are repaired by 1290: 266: 6761:Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Nelson F (2007). 6531: 6246:Cumming BD, McElwain DL, Upton Z (January 2010). 5805: 5688: 5419: 5417: 5415: 4755:The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 3376: 3374: 2975:"POST BURN SCAR RELATIVE TO RE-EPITHELIALIZATION" 2364: 2185:Granulocyte, macrophage and fibroblast activation 1080:filaments to serve as attachments to the ECM for 7914: 6540: 6199:"Wound cleansing for treating venous leg ulcers" 6196: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 4480: 4369: 4256: 4254: 4216:Fu XB, Sun TZ, Li XK, Sheng ZY (February 2005). 4013:Lansdown AB, Sampson B, Rowe A (February 2001). 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3583: 3512: 3426:"Surgical physiology of wound healing: a review" 3406: 2969: 2967: 2883:. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc. Electronic book. 2179:, macrophage, fibroblast and smooth muscle cell 703:About two or three days after the wound occurs, 669: 574: 6432: 5845: 5843: 5806:Tonnesen MG, Feng X, Clark RA (December 2000). 5331: 4930: 4163:Schwartz's Principles of Surgery, Ninth Edition 4019:International Journal of Experimental Pathology 3874:Godwin JW, Pinto AR, Rosenthal NA (June 2013). 3292: 443:cross-link together and form a plug that traps 6150: 5996: 5994: 5964: 5962: 5932: 5930: 5412: 5137: 4720:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4717: 4637: 4608: 3964:. Emedicine.com. Accessed September 15, 2007. 3745: 3371: 3342: 2416:Other complications can include infection and 2322:Matrix metalloproteinase production inhibition 1645:have expanded due to advances in cellular and 413:is first wounded, blood comes in contact with 7506:Focused assessment with sonography for trauma 7390: 7295: 6871: 6495:The Journal of International Medical Research 6389: 5372: 4439: 4340:Chapter 7: Cutaneous trauma and its treatment 4264:. nationaltraumainstitute.org. Archived from 4251: 4200: 4003:. Emedicine.com. Accessed December 27, 2006. 3926: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3198:. Emedicine.com. Accessed January 20, 2008. 3146:Theoret CL (2004). "Update on wound repair". 2964: 2638: 2636: 1452:into non-lineage cells, such as fibroblasts. 547:lasts five to ten minutes and is followed by 341:and inflammatory components (within 1–2 days) 6489:Velnar T, Bailey T, Smrkolj V (2009-10-01). 6029: 5974:Marlborough Express, Volume XXXIX, Issue 160 5840: 5799: 5043: 4410: 4215: 3867: 3838: 3757:. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 191–208. 3748:"Wounds: Biology, Pathology, and Management" 3674:"Immunology. Dispensable but not irrelevant" 3073:. Emedicine.com. Accessed January 20, 2008. 3002: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 1690: 1390:also impairs a proper wound healing process. 1243: 865:Fibroplasia and granulation tissue formation 752:Degradation of endothelial basement membrane 6721:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6672:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6623:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6574:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6392:Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 6203:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6086: 5991: 5959: 5927: 5878: 4994: 4773: 4746: 4375: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3465: 3423: 2899: 1850: 1416: 1091:and wide processes that look like ruffles. 687:detritus, devitalized tissue, or microbial 607:Other leukocytes to enter the area include 595:. They also cleanse the wound by secreting 7397: 7383: 7302: 7288: 6878: 6864: 6433:Rouillard AD, Holmes JW (September 2012). 5887:"Regeneration as an evolutionary variable" 5657: 5605: 5423: 5385: 5344: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4209: 4155: 4153: 4073:, Wagers AJ, Orgill DP, Murphy GF (2010). 3844: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3222: 3201: 2934: 1695:Preliminary results are promising for the 1448:back into hematopoietic stem cells and/or 913:. Its main components are fibronectin and 302:Wound healing is classically divided into 275: 6811: 6753: 6736: 6691: 6642: 6593: 6506: 6458: 6271: 6222: 6112: 6063: 5910: 5823: 5790: 5773: 5741: 5706: 5501: 5483: 5239: 5198: 5114: 5104: 5020: 4956: 4582: 4533: 4098: 4038: 3909: 3899: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3705: 3648: 3483: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3030: 3020: 2856: 2846: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2717: 2702:"Haemostasis and thrombosis: an overview" 2613: 2596: 2253:Fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation 1653:is limited to lower vertebrates, such as 1573: 1268:that are no longer needed are removed by 838:to degrade the clot and part of the ECM. 120:), and tissue remodeling (maturation and 6786:Stejskalová A, Almquist BD (July 2017). 6765:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. 5885:Brockes JP, Kumar A, Velloso CP (2001). 5697: 5187:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 4556: 4474: 4325: 4283: 4179: 4121: 4115: 4006: 3942: 3671: 3076: 2566: 2564: 2539:Nguyen DT, Orgill DP, Murphy GT (2009). 1468:(basal stem cells or BSC), the bulge of 1127: 279: 252: 169:Within the first few minutes of injury, 126: 6252:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface 5432:. pathol.med.stu.edu.cn. Archived from 5394:. pathol.med.stu.edu.cn. Archived from 5353:. pathol.med.stu.edu.cn. Archived from 4822: 4445: 4349: 4150: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3608: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3382:"The phases of cutaneous wound healing" 3321: 3145: 3139: 2977:. Burnsurgery.org. 2011. Archived from 2824: 2822: 2503: 1602:A reverse to scarless wound healing is 819:a set of proliferative genes including 14: 7915: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 5640: 4912:from the original on 27 September 2016 4509: 4338:Mulvaney M. and Harrington A. 1994. 3953:Kuwahara R.T. and Rasberry R. 2007. 3722: 3286: 3251: 3148:Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 3134:The care of wounds: A guide for nurses 3119: 2940: 2769: 2699: 1958:Examples: healing of wounds by use of 1909:Granulation results in a broader scar. 1894: 935: 698: 146:to entire nursing specialties such as 7378: 7283: 6859: 6192: 6190: 6146: 6144: 5561: 4937:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 4448:Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases 3596:from the original on 21 November 2008 3459: 3062:Rosenberg L., de la Torre J. (2006). 2949:from the original on 26 December 2011 2561: 2409:, pigmentary changes, painful scars, 2373:Deficient scar formation: Results in 1943: 1046:, which normally anchor the cells by 378: 200:Proliferation (growth of new tissue): 148:wound, ostomy, and continence nursing 5664:eurekalert.org staff (3 June 2015). 4203:Wound Healing: Methods and Protocols 4201:DiPietro LA, Burns AL, eds. (2003). 3967: 3886:(23). University of Texas: 9415–20. 3809: 3794: 3562: 3389:Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 3085:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 3003:Galko MJ, Krasnow MA (August 2004). 2819: 2671: 2077:Expression of antimicrobial peptides 1858: 1734:Are easily removed from a wound site 974: 7836:Acute respiratory distress syndrome 6475: 6105:10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0029 6030:Karin M, Clevers H (January 2016). 5903:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910003.x 5230:(in American English and Spanish). 4404: 3665: 3586:"Wound Healing: Healing and Repair" 3187:de la Torre J., Sholar A. 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Also, at an adhesion called the 830:To migrate, endothelial cells need 398: 351:interaction: re-epithelialization ( 24: 7189:Fluorescence in situ hybridization 6187: 6141: 5852:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 5614:Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 5527:The British Journal of Dermatology 5264:from the original on July 22, 2020 5058:10.1097/01.prs.0000225432.17501.6c 5046:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 4931:Brem H, Tomic-Canic M (May 2007). 4522:British Journal of Plastic Surgery 3540:10.1023/B:IFLA.0000049045.41784.59 2706:European Heart Journal Supplements 2369:The major complications are many: 2121:Vascular endothelial growth factor 1903:The wound is allowed to granulate. 1768: 1703: 1456:Stem cells and cellular plasticity 874:two to four weeks after wounding. 869:Simultaneously with angiogenesis, 821:vascular endothelial growth factor 535:release inflammatory factors like 371:and angiogenesis (begins on day 4) 25: 7949: 7309: 6851: 6845:. Healthcare. 2014; 2(3):356-400. 6136:J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(1):9-16 4997:"Factors affecting wound healing" 4995:Guo S, Dipietro LA (March 2010). 4794:10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130102.x 4611:Journal of Dermatological Science 3466:Ovchinnikov DA (September 2008). 2543:. In Orgill DP, Blanco C (eds.). 2074:and epithelial cell proliferation 1955:The wound is purposely left open. 1320:Faulty technique of wound closure 627:is to phagocytize other expended 523:Vasoconstriction and vasodilation 218:grow and form a new, provisional 7841:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy 7157:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 6828: 6779: 6708: 6659: 6610: 6561: 6426: 5864:10.1097/00006534-199604000-00029 5825:10.1046/j.1087-0024.2000.00014.x 5676:from the original on 4 July 2015 5583:10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00548.x 5539:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05501.x 5200:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01539.x 4837:10.1097/00004045-200409000-00003 4091:10.1111/j.1524-475X.2010.00595.x 4031:10.1046/j.1365-2613.2001.00180.x 3992:Romo T. and Pearson J.M. 2005. 3812:European Journal of Cell Biology 3584:Mercandetti M, Cohen AJ (2005). 3430:Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 1731:Have high permeability to oxygen 1501:Wound repair versus regeneration 1407:system of differential equations 1298: 222:(ECM) by excreting collagen and 61: 54: 47: 40: 6383: 6339: 6288: 6239: 6129: 6080: 6023: 6012:from the original on 2016-03-12 6008:. 1906-07-06. pp. Page 6. 5980:from the original on 2013-10-08 5948:from the original on 2013-10-08 5808:"Angiogenesis in wound healing" 5518: 5276: 5215: 5174: 5131: 5080: 5037: 4924: 4894: 4851: 4816: 4711: 4680: 4550: 3853:from the original on 2017-07-31 3746:Lorenz HP, Longaker MT (2008). 3448:from the original on 2011-02-26 2996: 2886: 1291:Factors affecting wound healing 1132:A scab covering a healing wound 1054:to other cells and to the ECM. 711: 267:Timing and re-epithelialization 194:Platelet-derived growth factors 7892:Post-traumatic stress disorder 6729:10.1002/14651858.CD011278.pub2 6684:10.1002/14651858.CD003554.pub2 6635:10.1002/14651858.CD011712.pub2 6586:10.1002/14651858.CD010259.pub3 6215:10.1002/14651858.CD011675.pub2 6087:Vlahopoulos SA (August 2017). 5424:Min S, Wang SW, Orr W (2006). 5386:Min S, Wang SW, Orr W (2006). 5345:Min S, Wang SW, Orr W (2006). 4623:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.09.002 4124:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2726: 2693: 2577:Cell Biochemistry and Function 2365:Complications of wound healing 2211:Integrin expression regulation 2148:Platelet derived growth factor 2140:Endothelial cell proliferation 1198:collagen gel contraction assay 1184: 618: 505:microbial molecular signatures 452:and then later with collagen. 13: 1: 6885: 6093:Cancer Biology & Medicine 5626:10.1016/S0003-4509(06)75306-8 5571:Wound Repair and Regeneration 5289:Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 4782:Wound Repair and Regeneration 4495:10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.03.007 4390:10.1016/S0002-9610(02)00815-2 4311:10.1016/S0003-9969(02)00202-9 4079:Wound Repair and Regeneration 3672:Jia T, Pamer EG (July 2009). 3272:10.1016/S0305-4179(03)00198-0 3237:10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00058-2 3189:Wound healing: Chronic wounds 3097:10.1016/S0047-6374(00)00177-9 3064:Wound Healing, Growth Factors 2719:10.1016/S1520-765X(01)90034-3 2657:10.1016/S0002-9610(98)00183-4 1259:As the phase progresses, the 670:Decline of inflammatory phase 581:polymorphonuclear neutrophils 575:Polymorphonuclear neutrophils 567:into the wound site from the 7533:Advanced trauma life support 7501:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage 6451:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.229484 6361:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318220b159 4557:Grinnell F (February 1994). 4165:. 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Elsevier. pp. 25–57. 2273:Transforming growth factor-β 2049:Transforming growth factor-α 2029:Keratinocyte and fibroblast 1728:Maintain a humid environment 579:Within an hour of wounding, 7: 6555:10.1016/j.mpsur.2011.06.022 5241:10.17268/sel.mat.2019.02.14 4666:10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.06.007 4563:The Journal of Cell Biology 4378:American Journal of Surgery 3845:Souppouris A (2013-05-23). 3357:10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.10.033 2920:10.1016/j.burns.2006.02.007 2892:Reference list is found on 2645:American Journal of Surgery 2454: 1979:involved in wound healing: 1948:(Delayed primary closure): 1776:polyhexamethylene biguanide 387:occurs in order to achieve 10: 7954: 7404: 6508:10.1177/147323000903700531 5727:10.1016/j.bjps.2008.03.020 5301:10.1007/s12015-022-10379-z 5001:Journal of Dental Research 4732:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.068 4726:(4): 589–605, quiz 605–6. 4654:Experimental Cell Research 4535:10.1016/j.bjps.2005.04.031 4460:10.1016/j.bcmd.2003.09.020 4136:10.1016/j.addr.2003.08.003 3824:10.1016/j.ejcb.2005.09.004 3345:Experimental Cell Research 3160:10.1053/j.ctep.2004.08.009 2747:10.1152/physrev.00016.2011 2380:Excessive scar formation: 2333:Keratinocyte growth factor 2325:Keratinocyte proliferation 1774:wound cleaning solutions ( 1188: 715: 402: 7828: 7803: 7767: 7716: 7593: 7586: 7574:Resuscitative thoracotomy 7566: 7525: 7518: 7493: 7462:Clinical prediction rules 7460: 7453: 7412: 7317: 7197: 7122: 6893: 6439:The Journal of Physiology 6404:10.1007/s10237-003-0034-3 6165:10.1007/s00441-018-2830-1 6002:"A Wonderful New Surgery" 5152:10.1007/s00268-003-7397-6 4433:10.1016/j.cap.2005.01.011 3307:10.1016/j.tcb.2005.09.002 2467:Collective cell migration 2355: 1832:represents mass density, 1691:Oral collagen supplements 1687:studying breast cancers. 1673: 1560:Heparan sulfate analogues 1244:Maturation and remodeling 1151:matrix metalloproteinases 1034:and by chemicals such as 987:from the wound edges and 727:) due to the presence of 157: 32: 7470:Abbreviated Injury Scale 6153:Cell and Tissue Research 5140:World Journal of Surgery 5013:10.1177/0022034509359125 4299:Archives of Oral Biology 2462:Wound response in plants 2407:Dystrophic calcification 2219:Fibroblast growth factor 2192:Matrix metalloproteinase 2088:Hepatocyte growth factor 1851:Wound closure intentions 1785:, etc.) are better than 1712:Provide wound protection 1519:True tissue regeneration 1482:hematopoietic stem cells 1417:Research and development 1099:form. During migration, 813:hypoxia-inducible factor 272:result in regeneration. 243:Maturation (remodeling): 7701:Penetrating head injury 7696:Intracranial hemorrhage 7264:Microbiological culture 6894:Principles of pathology 6763:Robbins Basic Pathology 5766:10.1136/bmj.326.7380.88 5228:Selecciones Matemáticas 4872:10.1002/micr.1920140202 4413:Current Applied Physics 4222:Chinese Medical Journal 3901:10.1073/pnas.1300290110 3698:10.1126/science.1178329 3641:10.1126/science.1175202 2712:(Supplement Q): Q3–Q7. 2395:Exuberant granulation ( 2000:Epidermal growth factor 1975:Following are the main 1614:type, treatment may be 1515:incomplete regeneration 286:fluorescence micrograph 276:Early vs cellular phase 91:In undamaged skin, the 7897:Subcutaneous emphysema 7856:Volkmann's contracture 7706:Traumatic brain injury 7543:Early appropriate care 7538:Damage control surgery 6834:Vyas KS, Vasconez HC. 6264:10.1098/rsif.2008.0536 5106:10.1186/1471-2121-5-13 4906:Johns Hopkins Medicine 3753:. In Norton JA (ed.). 3295:Trends in Cell Biology 2881:Scarless Wound Healing 2482:Regeneration in humans 2256:Keratinocyte migration 2035:Keratinocyte migration 1579:Scarless wound healing 1574:Scarless wound healing 1478:mesenchymal stem cells 1133: 1048:intermediate filaments 1001:sebaceous (oil) glands 746:Endothelial activation 531:is breached, ruptured 491:to become dilated and 299: 263: 132: 7671:Thoracic aorta injury 7631:Diaphragmatic rupture 7475:Injury Severity Score 7445:Trauma triad of death 7227:Diagnostic immunology 7052:Programmed cell death 7020:Liquefactive necrosis 5485:10.1073/pnas.86.3.933 4825:Home Healthcare Nurse 4575:10.1083/jcb.124.4.401 2735:Physiological Reviews 2651:(2A Suppl): 26S–38S. 2492:Wound bed preparation 2477:History of wound care 2250:Fibroblast chemotaxis 2137:Vascular permeability 2058:Activated macrophages 1524:complete regeneration 1139:plasminogen activator 1131: 836:plasminogen activator 825:glucose transporter 1 781:and push through the 742:extracellular matrix. 716:Further information: 308:regenerative medicine 283: 256: 130: 7846:Compartment syndrome 7485:Revised Trauma Score 7222:Medical microbiology 7217:Transfusion medicine 7174:Immunohistochemistry 7124:Anatomical pathology 7015:Coagulative necrosis 6792:Biomaterials Science 6545:. Wound Management. 5052:(7 Suppl): 42S–58S. 2945:. skincareguide.ca. 2879:Garg, H.G. (2000). 2504:Notes and references 1632:photodynamic therapy 1544:extracellular matrix 1476:bone marrow-derived 1068:, which are made of 895:extracellular matrix 809:transcription factor 644:extracellular matrix 623:One of the roles of 591:in what is called a 527:Immediately after a 515:– that initiate the 220:extracellular matrix 122:cell differentiation 7681:Blunt kidney trauma 7651:Pulmonary contusion 7179:Electron microscopy 7147:Molecular pathology 7025:Gangrenous necrosis 6957:Cellular adaptation 6317:10.1038/nature07039 6309:2008Natur.453..314G 6056:10.1038/nature17039 6048:2016Natur.529..307K 5476:1989PNAS...86..933Y 4687:worldwidewounds.com 4483:Cellular Signalling 4425:2005CAP.....5..468S 3994:Wound Healing, Skin 3892:2013PNAS..110.9415G 3690:2009Sci...325..549J 3633:2009Sci...325..612S 2297:Smooth muscle cells 2166:Smooth muscle cells 2113:Hepatocyte motility 1895:Secondary intention 1685:Stanford University 1643:tissue regeneration 1620:compression therapy 936:Collagen deposition 764:Vascular maturation 699:Proliferative phase 675:obtained using the 429:that allow them to 417:, triggering blood 7795:Spinal cord injury 7754:Penetrating trauma 7621:Soft tissue injury 7332:Granulation tissue 7207:Clinical chemistry 7199:Clinical pathology 7184:Immunofluorescence 7152:Forensic pathology 7132:Surgical pathology 7040:Fibrinoid necrosis 6841:2017-04-13 at the 6804:10.1039/c7bm00295e 5970:"Scarless Healing" 5938:"Scarless Healing" 5891:Journal of Anatomy 4703:2011-07-18 at the 4692:2011-07-05 at the 3999:2008-12-07 at the 3960:2008-10-25 at the 3790:on 24 August 2014. 3194:2008-10-29 at the 3132:Dealey C. (1999). 3069:2008-11-21 at the 2941:Kraft J, Lynde C. 2686:2017-07-06 at the 2472:Dressing (medical) 2039:Granulation tissue 1944:Tertiary intention 1845:agent-based models 1683:and colleagues at 1450:transdifferentiate 1433:or the ability to 1370:Metabolic diseases 1316:Ionizing radiation 1307:Mechanical factors 1166:contact inhibition 1145:, turning it into 1141:, which activates 1134: 1032:contact inhibition 899:glycosaminoglycans 890:Granulation tissue 844:metalloproteinases 803:, and presence of 758:Vascular sprouting 450:granulation tissue 433:, forming a mass. 379:Inflammatory phase 312:tissue engineering 300: 264: 212:granulation tissue 133: 118:cell proliferation 7910: 7909: 7824: 7823: 7666:Internal bleeding 7661:Cardiac tamponade 7616:Joint dislocation 7582: 7581: 7514: 7513: 7372: 7371: 7277: 7276: 7244:Mass spectrometry 6772:978-1-4160-2973-1 6349:Annals of Surgery 5652:978-953-307-876-2 4172:978-0-07-154769-7 3849:. the verge.com. 3772:978-0-387-30800-5 3485:10.1002/dvg.20417 2700:Rasche H (2001). 2554:978-1-84569-554-5 2487:Scar free healing 2411:incisional hernia 2382:Hypertrophic scar 2362: 2361: 2291:Endothelial cells 2262:Wound contraction 2240:Endothelial cells 2163:Endothelial cells 2130:Mesenchymal cells 2098:Mesenchymal cells 1859:Primary intention 1783:hydrogen peroxide 1647:molecular biology 1591:scar free healing 1550:differentiation. 1380:Connective tissue 1375:Immunosuppression 1250:type III collagen 1202:dermal equivalent 1191:Wound contracture 1113:basement membrane 1016:basement membrane 989:dermal appendages 975:Epithelialization 956:Type III collagen 848:basement membrane 789:Endothelial cells 775:endothelial cells 677:dermal equivalent 593:respiratory burst 369:Endothelial cells 167:(blood clotting): 116:, tissue growth ( 83: 82: 18:Primary intention 16:(Redirected from 7945: 7816:Pediatric trauma 7811:Geriatric trauma 7775:Abdominal trauma 7591: 7590: 7523: 7522: 7458: 7457: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7281: 7280: 7164:Gross processing 7030:Caseous necrosis 6880: 6873: 6866: 6857: 6856: 6846: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6815: 6798:(8): 1421–1434. 6783: 6777: 6776: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6740: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6695: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6646: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6597: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6543:Surgery (Oxford) 6538: 6529: 6528: 6510: 6486: 6473: 6472: 6462: 6445:(18): 4585–602. 6430: 6424: 6423: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6303:(7193): 314–21. 6292: 6286: 6285: 6275: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6226: 6194: 6185: 6184: 6148: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6116: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6067: 6042:(7586): 307–15. 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 5998: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5934: 5925: 5924: 5914: 5897:(Pt 1–2): 3–11. 5882: 5876: 5875: 5847: 5838: 5837: 5827: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5777: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5661: 5655: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5505: 5487: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5421: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5383: 5370: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5342: 5329: 5328: 5295:(6): 1974–1985. 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5243: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5202: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5118: 5108: 5093:BMC Cell Biology 5084: 5078: 5077: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5024: 4992: 4971: 4970: 4960: 4949:10.1172/jci32169 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4715: 4709: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4648: 4635: 4634: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4586: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4537: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4373: 4367: 4360: 4347: 4336: 4323: 4322: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4236:. Archived from 4213: 4207: 4206: 4198: 4177: 4176: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4130:(12): 1595–611. 4119: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4066: 4053: 4052: 4042: 4010: 4004: 3990: 3965: 3951: 3940: 3937: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3903: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3858: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3807: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3783:. Archived from 3752: 3743: 3720: 3719: 3709: 3684:(5940): 549–50. 3669: 3663: 3662: 3652: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3581: 3560: 3559: 3523: 3510: 3509: 3487: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3421: 3404: 3403: 3402:on 8 March 2008. 3401: 3386: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3340: 3319: 3318: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3220: 3199: 3185: 3164: 3163: 3143: 3137: 3130: 3117: 3116: 3080: 3074: 3060: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3024: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2981:on 25 April 2012 2971: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2903: 2897: 2890: 2884: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2860: 2850: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2788: 2767: 2766: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2697: 2691: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2640: 2611: 2610: 2600: 2589:10.1002/cbf.3086 2568: 2559: 2558: 2536: 2434:skin substitutes 2418:Marjolin's ulcer 2375:wound dehiscence 2358: 2208:Wound remodeling 2108:endothelial cell 1982: 1981: 1931:tooth extraction 1883:, healing after 1797:healing. 1795:venous leg ulcer 1791:saline solutions 1555:heparan sulfates 1540:glycoaminoglycan 1446:de-differentiate 1442:progenitor cells 1429:having cellular 1427:adult stem cells 1347:Systemic factors 1261:tensile strength 950:traumatic injury 920:Growth factors ( 884:ground substance 611:, which secrete 545:vasoconstriction 399:Clotting cascade 385:clotting cascade 228:epithelial cells 65: 58: 51: 44: 30: 29: 21: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7928:Skin physiology 7913: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7820: 7799: 7763: 7712: 7587:Pathophysiology 7578: 7562: 7510: 7489: 7449: 7408: 7403: 7373: 7368: 7357:Intussusception 7313: 7308: 7278: 7273: 7232:Immunopathology 7212:Hematopathology 7193: 7118: 6889: 6884: 6854: 6849: 6843:Wayback Machine 6833: 6829: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6758: 6754: 6723:(6): CD011278. 6713: 6709: 6678:(2): CD003554. 6664: 6660: 6629:(4): CD011712. 6615: 6611: 6580:(9): CD010259. 6566: 6562: 6549:(10): 496–501. 6539: 6532: 6487: 6476: 6431: 6427: 6388: 6384: 6344: 6340: 6293: 6289: 6244: 6240: 6209:(3): CD011675. 6195: 6188: 6149: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6085: 6081: 6028: 6024: 6015: 6013: 6000: 5999: 5992: 5983: 5981: 5968: 5967: 5960: 5951: 5949: 5936: 5935: 5928: 5883: 5879: 5848: 5841: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5760:(7380): 88–92. 5750:"Skin scarring" 5746: 5742: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5662: 5658: 5645: 5641: 5610: 5606: 5566: 5562: 5523: 5519: 5456: 5452: 5439: 5437: 5422: 5413: 5401: 5399: 5384: 5373: 5360: 5358: 5343: 5332: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5220: 5216: 5179: 5175: 5136: 5132: 5085: 5081: 5042: 5038: 4993: 4974: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4856: 4852: 4821: 4817: 4778: 4774: 4751: 4747: 4716: 4712: 4705:Wayback Machine 4694:Wayback Machine 4685: 4681: 4649: 4638: 4607: 4600: 4555: 4551: 4514: 4510: 4489:(12): 1486–94. 4479: 4475: 4444: 4440: 4409: 4405: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4350: 4337: 4326: 4295: 4284: 4271: 4269: 4268:on 3 March 2016 4262:"BURN INJURIES" 4260: 4259: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4214: 4210: 4199: 4180: 4173: 4158: 4151: 4120: 4116: 4067: 4056: 4011: 4007: 4001:Wayback Machine 3991: 3968: 3962:Wayback Machine 3952: 3943: 3938: 3927: 3872: 3868: 3856: 3854: 3843: 3839: 3818:(3–4): 175–81. 3808: 3795: 3787: 3773: 3750: 3744: 3723: 3670: 3666: 3627:(5940): 612–6. 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3582: 3563: 3524: 3513: 3464: 3460: 3451: 3449: 3422: 3407: 3399: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3341: 3322: 3301:(11): 599–607. 3291: 3287: 3256: 3252: 3221: 3202: 3196:Wayback Machine 3186: 3167: 3144: 3140: 3131: 3120: 3081: 3077: 3071:Wayback Machine 3061: 3048: 3001: 2997: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2965: 2952: 2950: 2939: 2935: 2904: 2900: 2894:image main page 2891: 2887: 2878: 2874: 2827: 2820: 2789: 2770: 2731: 2727: 2698: 2694: 2688:Wayback Machine 2676: 2672: 2641: 2614: 2569: 2562: 2555: 2537: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2457: 2430:pathophysiology 2426: 2367: 2356: 2106:Epithelial and 2016:Salivary glands 1973: 1946: 1897: 1879:, well reduced 1861: 1853: 1841: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1803: 1771: 1769:Wound cleansing 1741:characteristics 1706: 1704:Wound dressings 1693: 1676: 1608:plastic surgery 1576: 1503: 1458: 1419: 1409:solved through 1399:unit of alcohol 1388:Passive smoking 1349: 1301: 1293: 1246: 1193: 1187: 977: 965:type I collagen 938: 867: 797:chemotactically 720: 714: 701: 672: 621: 577: 525: 407: 401: 381: 278: 269: 202:In this phase, 160: 70:Initial injury 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7951: 7941: 7940: 7938:Trauma surgery 7935: 7930: 7925: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7868:Rhabdomyolysis 7863:Crush syndrome 7860: 7859: 7858: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7686:Splenic injury 7683: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7599: 7597: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7553:Trauma surgery 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7529: 7527: 7520: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7497: 7495: 7494:Investigations 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7466: 7464: 7455: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7402: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7379: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7364:Vasculogenesis 7361: 7360: 7359: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7327:Maggot therapy 7324: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7307: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7284: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7254:Flow cytometry 7251: 7249:Chromatography 7246: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7169:Histopathology 7166: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7095: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7007: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6883: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6860: 6853: 6852:External links 6850: 6848: 6847: 6827: 6778: 6771: 6759:Table 3-1 in: 6752: 6707: 6658: 6609: 6560: 6530: 6501:(5): 1528–42. 6474: 6425: 6398:(4): 187–203. 6382: 6338: 6287: 6238: 6186: 6159:(2): 217–232. 6140: 6128: 6099:(3): 254–270. 6079: 6022: 5990: 5958: 5926: 5877: 5839: 5798: 5789: 5740: 5721:(9): 1049–58. 5705: 5696: 5687: 5670:eurekalert.org 5656: 5639: 5604: 5560: 5517: 5450: 5411: 5371: 5330: 5275: 5234:(2): 283–288. 5214: 5193:(5): 1027–35. 5173: 5130: 5079: 5036: 4972: 4943:(5): 1219–22. 4923: 4902:"Nerve injury" 4893: 4850: 4815: 4772: 4761:(10): 523–34. 4745: 4710: 4679: 4636: 4598: 4549: 4508: 4473: 4438: 4403: 4368: 4348: 4324: 4282: 4250: 4208: 4178: 4171: 4149: 4114: 4054: 4005: 3966: 3955:Chemical Peels 3941: 3925: 3866: 3837: 3793: 3771: 3721: 3664: 3607: 3561: 3511: 3458: 3405: 3370: 3320: 3285: 3250: 3231:(9): 1019–30. 3200: 3165: 3154:(2): 110–122. 3138: 3118: 3075: 3046: 2995: 2963: 2933: 2898: 2885: 2872: 2818: 2768: 2725: 2692: 2670: 2612: 2560: 2553: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2425: 2422: 2414: 2413: 2403: 2400: 2393: 2378: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1977:growth factors 1972: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1953: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1881:bone fractures 1860: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1839: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1802: 1799: 1770: 1767: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1719: 1715:Remove excess 1713: 1705: 1702: 1692: 1689: 1675: 1672: 1636:placebo effect 1575: 1572: 1502: 1499: 1480:(MSC) and (2) 1470:hair follicles 1457: 1454: 1418: 1415: 1403: 1402: 1395: 1391: 1383: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1338:oxygen tension 1334: 1330: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1245: 1242: 1213:full thickness 1209:myofibroblasts 1186: 1183: 1175:hemidesmosomes 1117:stratum basale 1095:filaments and 1044:hemidesmosomes 1020:stratum basale 993:hair follicles 976: 973: 937: 934: 866: 863: 768: 767: 761: 755: 749: 743: 739:Latent period: 713: 710: 700: 697: 671: 668: 620: 617: 609:helper T cells 576: 573: 541:prostaglandins 533:cell membranes 524: 521: 473:prostaglandins 461:growth factors 448:replaced with 427:cell membranes 403:Main article: 400: 397: 380: 377: 376: 375: 372: 366: 363:myofibroblasts 356: 342: 320:cellular phase 277: 274: 268: 265: 260:chronic wounds 251: 250: 240: 232:myofibroblasts 197: 183: 159: 156: 137:chronic wounds 81: 80: 77: 74: 71: 67: 66: 59: 52: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7950: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7903: 7902:Wound healing 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829:Complications 7827: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7785:Facial trauma 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7749:Gunshot wound 7747: 7745: 7744:Electrocution 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7606:Bone fracture 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7548:Trauma center 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7440:Resuscitation 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7400: 7395: 7393: 7388: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7337:Growth factor 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7311:Wound healing 7305: 7300: 7298: 7293: 7291: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7137:Cytopathology 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7082: 7081:Accumulations 7079: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6950:Wound healing 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6876: 6874: 6869: 6867: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6774: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6613: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6535: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6355:(2): 217–25. 6354: 6350: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6258:(42): 19–34. 6257: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6191: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6147: 6145: 6137: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6011: 6007: 6006:Reading Eagle 6003: 5997: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5963: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5858:(4): 854–60. 5857: 5853: 5846: 5844: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5700: 5691: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5620:(2): 135–44. 5619: 5616:(in French). 5615: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5577:(6): 840–52. 5576: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5436:on 2012-12-07 5435: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5408: 5398:on 2012-12-07 5397: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5368: 5357:on 2013-11-10 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5007:(3): 219–29. 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4831:(9): 586–90. 4830: 4826: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4660:(2): 465–75. 4659: 4655: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4617:(2): 97–108. 4616: 4612: 4605: 4603: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4528:(7): 988–96. 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4419:(5): 468–71. 4418: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4384:(4): 406–12. 4383: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4364:Cell Invasion 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4305:(2): 125–32. 4304: 4300: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4279: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4240:on 2018-06-20 4239: 4235: 4231: 4228:(3): 186–91. 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4204: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4154: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4085:(4): 426–32. 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3590:Emedicine.com 3587: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3534:(4): 207–14. 3533: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3508: 3507:regeneration. 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3478:(9): 447–62. 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3351:(1): 274–86. 3350: 3346: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091:(3): 149–57. 3090: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2960: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2889: 2882: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2799:(6): 1031–7. 2798: 2794: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741:(1): 327–58. 2740: 2736: 2729: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2565: 2556: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2498: 2497:Wound licking 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2342:Keratinocytes 2341: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2294:Keratinocytes 2293: 2290: 2287: 2285:T-lymphocytes 2284: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2237:T-lymphocytes 2236: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2169:Keratinocytes 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2110:proliferation 2109: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2064:Keratinocytes 2063: 2061:T-lymphocytes 2060: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2021:Keratinocytes 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1985:Growth factor 1984: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1968: 1961: 1960:tissue grafts 1957: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1927:gingivoplasty 1924: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1856: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1821:= Div (R) + R 1811: 1807: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787:sterile water 1784: 1781: 1777: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1759:nanocomposite 1757: 1753: 1749: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723:antimicrobial 1720: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1659:invertebrates 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:brachytherapy 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604:scarification 1600: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1548:myofibroblast 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1498: 1496: 1493:(circulating 1492: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1439:hematopoietic 1436: 1435:differentiate 1432: 1428: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299:Local factors 1296: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277:chronic wound 1273: 1271: 1267: 1266:blood vessels 1262: 1257: 1255: 1254:tension lines 1251: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1223: 1222:smooth muscle 1217: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1192: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070:glycoproteins 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1056:Transmembrane 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1009: 1008:Keratinocytes 1005: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985:keratinocytes 983: 972: 968: 966: 963:the stronger 961: 957: 953: 951: 945: 943: 933: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 911:proteoglycans 908: 907:glycoproteins 904: 900: 896: 891: 887: 885: 879: 875: 872: 862: 860: 856: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 817:transactivate 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 740: 737: 736: 735: 732: 730: 726: 719: 709: 706: 696: 694: 693:chronic wound 690: 685: 680: 678: 667: 665: 659: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 616: 614: 610: 605: 603: 598: 594: 590: 589:free radicals 586: 582: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 489:blood vessels 486: 482: 478: 477:prostacyclins 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 453: 451: 446: 442: 438: 434: 432: 428: 424: 423:glycoproteins 420: 416: 412: 406: 396: 394: 390: 386: 373: 370: 367: 364: 360: 357: 354: 350: 346: 343: 340: 337: 336: 335: 331: 329: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 297: 293: 292: 287: 282: 273: 261: 255: 248: 244: 241: 238: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 198: 195: 191: 187: 186:Inflammation: 184: 181: 177: 172: 168: 165: 162: 161: 155: 153: 149: 145: 140: 138: 129: 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 102: 98: 94: 89: 87: 86:Wound healing 78: 75: 72: 69: 68: 64: 60: 57: 53: 50: 46: 43: 39: 38: 35: 34:Hand abrasion 31: 19: 7901: 7780:Chest injury 7739:Crush injury 7729:Blunt trauma 7724:Blast injury 7646:Pneumothorax 7430:Traumatology 7425:Major trauma 7352:Angiogenesis 7310: 7239:Enzyme assay 7085: 7080: 7069:Karyorrhexis 7045:Myocytolysis 7035:Fat necrosis 6949: 6940:Inflammation 6928:Hemodynamics 6921:Pathogenesis 6830: 6795: 6791: 6781: 6762: 6755: 6720: 6710: 6675: 6671: 6661: 6626: 6622: 6612: 6577: 6573: 6563: 6546: 6542: 6498: 6494: 6442: 6438: 6428: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6352: 6348: 6341: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6206: 6202: 6156: 6152: 6131: 6096: 6092: 6082: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6014:. Retrieved 6005: 5982:. Retrieved 5973: 5950:. Retrieved 5941: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5855: 5851: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5792: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5699: 5690: 5678:. Retrieved 5669: 5659: 5642: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5533:(3): 665–7. 5530: 5526: 5520: 5470:(3): 933–7. 5467: 5463: 5453: 5444: 5438:. Retrieved 5434:the original 5429: 5406: 5400:. Retrieved 5396:the original 5391: 5365: 5359:. Retrieved 5355:the original 5350: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5266:. Retrieved 5231: 5227: 5217: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5146:(3): 321–6. 5143: 5139: 5133: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5004: 5000: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4914:. Retrieved 4905: 4896: 4863: 4860:Microsurgery 4859: 4853: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4682: 4657: 4653: 4614: 4610: 4569:(4): 401–4. 4566: 4562: 4552: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4454:(1): 88–94. 4451: 4447: 4441: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4363: 4343: 4302: 4298: 4277: 4270:. Retrieved 4266:the original 4242:. Retrieved 4238:the original 4225: 4221: 4211: 4202: 4162: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4082: 4078: 4025:(1): 35–41. 4022: 4018: 4008: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3861: 3855:. Retrieved 3840: 3815: 3811: 3785:the original 3754: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3598:. Retrieved 3589: 3531: 3528:Inflammation 3527: 3505: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3450:. Retrieved 3433: 3429: 3397:the original 3392: 3388: 3348: 3344: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3266:(8): 834–6. 3263: 3259: 3253: 3228: 3224: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3133: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3012: 3009:PLOS Biology 3008: 2998: 2990: 2983:. Retrieved 2979:the original 2958: 2951:. Retrieved 2936: 2914:(8): 992–9. 2911: 2907: 2901: 2888: 2880: 2875: 2838: 2835:PLOS Biology 2834: 2796: 2792: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2679: 2673: 2648: 2644: 2580: 2576: 2544: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2438:biomembranes 2427: 2415: 2368: 2316:Angiogenesis 2259:Angiogenesis 2205:Angiogenesis 1991:Main origins 1988:Abbreviation 1974: 1965: 1947: 1923:gingivectomy 1885:flap surgery 1869: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1772: 1744: 1739:anaphylactic 1737:Possess non- 1707: 1694: 1681:Howard Chang 1677: 1668: 1651:regeneration 1640: 1624:silicone gel 1601: 1596: 1589: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1564: 1552: 1533: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1474: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1445: 1430: 1420: 1404: 1353:Inflammation 1294: 1281:venous ulcer 1274: 1258: 1247: 1238: 1226: 1218: 1206: 1194: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1135: 1121: 1110: 1089:lamellipodia 1086: 1074:cytoskeleton 1052:cytoskeleton 1036:nitric oxide 1029: 1013: 1006: 997:sweat glands 978: 969: 954: 946: 939: 919: 888: 880: 876: 868: 852: 832:collagenases 829: 787: 769: 763: 757: 751: 745: 738: 733: 725:erythematous 721: 718:Angiogenesis 712:Angiogenesis 702: 681: 673: 660: 648: 640:angiogenesis 633: 622: 606: 578: 549:vasodilation 537:thromboxanes 529:blood vessel 526: 517:inflammatory 454: 435: 408: 382: 332: 324: 319: 315: 301: 289: 288:of cells in 270: 242: 210:deposition, 204:angiogenesis 199: 190:phagocytosis 185: 166: 163: 141: 134: 114:inflammation 90: 85: 84: 33: 7851:Contracture 7804:Demographic 7790:Head injury 7636:Flail chest 7558:Trauma team 7093:Hemosiderin 6974:Hyperplasia 6969:Hypertrophy 6945:Cell damage 5818:(1): 40–6. 4866:(2): 91–6. 4788:(1): 7–12. 3436:(2): 52–6. 3015:(8): E239. 2583:(1): 1–13. 2397:proud flesh 2319:Fibroplasia 2300:Fibroblasts 2288:Macrophages 2243:Fibroblasts 2229:Macrophages 2196:fibronectin 2177:Granulocyte 2160:Macrophages 2011:macrophages 1877:lacerations 1655:salamanders 1529:endometrium 1486:endothelial 1466:rete ridges 1285:keloid scar 1185:Contraction 1179:Basal cells 1143:plasminogen 1097:pseudopodia 1082:pseudopodia 960:fibronectin 871:fibroblasts 842:-dependent 823:(VEGF) and 805:lactic acid 779:pseudopodia 729:capillaries 705:fibroblasts 625:macrophages 619:Macrophages 602:macrophages 569:bloodstream 509:eicosanoids 503:exposed to 497:macrophages 481:thromboxane 441:fibronectin 405:Coagulation 393:phagocytise 359:Fibroblasts 349:mesenchymal 339:Macrophages 316:early phase 224:fibronectin 216:fibroblasts 152:burn center 99:layer) and 7933:Physiology 7917:Categories 7759:Stab wound 7641:Hemothorax 7567:Procedures 7526:Principles 7519:Management 7480:NACA score 7454:Assessment 7420:Polytrauma 7413:Principles 7259:Blood bank 7102:Lipofuscin 7098:Lipochrome 7074:Karyolysis 7003:Cell death 6984:Metaplasia 6016:2013-07-02 5984:2013-07-02 5952:2013-07-02 5440:2013-11-10 5402:2012-12-07 5361:2012-12-07 5268:August 29, 5258:8469127433 4244:2014-06-18 3857:2017-09-18 3600:20 January 3452:2005-10-27 2953:31 January 2233:Mast cells 2224:FGF-1, −2 2202:production 2200:hyaluronan 2181:chemotaxis 2072:Hepatocyte 2009:Activated 1921:Examples: 1725:properties 1622:, topical 1495:fibrocytes 1491:leukocytes 1431:plasticity 1423:stem cells 1279:such as a 1234:fibronexus 1230:desmosomes 1189:See also: 1171:desmosomes 1040:desmosomes 915:hyaluronan 771:Stem cells 664:salamander 629:phagocytes 565:leukocytes 501:mast cells 469:bradykinin 389:hemostasis 345:Epithelial 304:hemostasis 291:Drosophila 164:Hemostasis 110:hemostasis 105:connective 97:epithelial 95:(surface, 7717:Mechanism 7611:Degloving 7347:Stem cell 7114:Steatosis 7057:Apoptosis 6994:Glandular 6979:Dysplasia 6911:Neoplasia 6906:Infection 6887:Pathology 6333:205213660 5430:Pathology 5392:Pathology 5351:Pathology 5325:248402820 5309:2629-3277 5250:2411-1783 5099:(1): 13. 4916:2 October 4071:Yannas IV 2841:(2): E7. 2446:Laserskin 2313:synthesis 2282:Platelets 2157:Platelets 2041:formation 1382:disorders 1364:Nutrients 1342:Perfusion 1270:apoptosis 1220:found in 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