102:
190:
675:
494:
138:. At one time their names were completely erased from history. It seems that the title in the Old and Middle Kingdom did not actually refer to a proper cult of Hathor, but rather announced the role as female musician in any temple cult. Hathor was the goddess of music and making music was serving Hathor. In the New Kingdom the title priestesses of Hathor became very rare, as the title
165:
They performed dances and songs during the sacred rites. Because of their menstruation and ability to give child-birth, they were considered unholy, which is why they could not perform sacred duties like dressing up the sacred image of deity.
214:. Archaeologists have unearthed several colourful paintings depicting the Goddess and Menkaure. He had also established the priestesses of Hathor in other places. It is seen in the royal stamp that he himself used to worship
79:
The rise, fall and extinction of the priestesses of Hathor are seen in ancient
Egyptian culture. The women who wanted to become socially powerful usually took refuge in religion and took the charge of priesthood.
94:. There women were given the right to their own property. However, after becoming a priestess, a woman is seen not only as an important figure in ancient Egyptian society, but also a living symbol of
273:, an important minister of that time. There were several more priestesses at the time, but the numbers were rapidly decreasing. Later their names were completely erased from history.
288:
Gillam, R. (1995). Priestesses of Hathor: Their
Function, Decline and Disappearance. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 32, 211-237. doi:10.2307/40000840
249:, the administrative system of the priests underwent several changes, as power was in the hands of the ministers, the number of priests increased during the reign of
450:
297:
Robert
Bianchi, ‘Tattooing and Skin Painting in the Ancient Nile Valley’, in Celenko, T. (ed.) Egypt in Africa , (1996), Indianapolis University Press
51:, and was at that point very powerful and prestigious. The mummies of the priestesses testify that they were decorated with a religious
210:. It is estimated that about four hundred priestesses were employed for her. There, improvement was the greatest during the reign of
134:, the title was often irregularly awarded only to the women of the royal family, typically princesses. This includes the daughter of
589:
443:
700:
436:
408:
573:
465:
229:
and other places. her idol was also placed in the royal funeral temple. Two main places of her worship were in
558:
159:
639:
599:
148:
have shown that in early days only women of aristocratic lineage could be appointed to the priesthood of
629:
24:
644:
508:
206:
worshipped the
Goddess in her main shrine which was known as the temple of Hathor, located near the
130:
was one of the most common title for women in the Old up to the early Middle
Kingdom. But after the
659:
254:
634:
131:
64:
654:
553:
246:
222:
528:
518:
145:
101:
679:
48:
8:
533:
523:
478:
624:
619:
373:
409:"Archaeologists discover the 4,400-year-old tomb of a high ranking Egyptian priestess"
538:
365:
32:
473:
357:
67:, the title was often irregularly awarded the women of the royal family, typically
705:
649:
230:
609:
234:
142:
became common and replaced it as title for a female musician in a temple cult.
87:
694:
543:
513:
369:
250:
83:
36:
428:
175:
91:
135:
106:
377:
568:
270:
237:. However, the researcher speculated that the two were interconnected.
207:
361:
345:
211:
189:
179:
95:
68:
346:"Priestesses of Hathor: Their Function, Decline and Disappearance"
614:
604:
563:
483:
226:
56:
594:
266:
215:
203:
183:
149:
118:
60:
52:
28:
493:
174:
The first woman to be mentioned as a priestess of Hathor is
392:
Women in
Ancient Egyptː Temple Titles and Funerrary Papyri
86:
society took women's empowerment much more loosely than
257:
most of the female priests gradually became extinct.
221:Goddess worship was the most prevalent during the
396:Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour of H. S. Smith
692:
350:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
225:. At this time her shrines were established in
186:is not found in the earlier history of Egypt.
458:
444:
326:. Kolkata, India: Aranyaman. pp. 45–48.
260:
398:, London 1999, ISBN 085698151-6, p. 228-229
324:Mishor (Egypt : Myths-Legends-Deities)
451:
437:
105:Hetpet priestess of Hathor, old kingdom ,
47:The title is known to be given during the
590:Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King
394:, in Anthony Leahy and John Tait (eds),
188:
100:
693:
343:
432:
321:
339:
337:
335:
333:
317:
315:
313:
311:
309:
307:
305:
303:
152:. They were called Badak-Purohit or
583:Courtly and administrative titulary
13:
14:
717:
330:
300:
673:
492:
240:
401:
384:
291:
282:
265:The last notable Priestess of
1:
559:Servant in the Place of Truth
276:
701:Ancient Egyptian priestesses
640:Royal sealer (Ancient Egypt)
7:
10:
722:
630:Overseer of the treasuries
197:
178:. She was the daughter of
74:
668:
582:
509:Divine Adoratrice of Amun
501:
490:
464:
459:Ancient Egyptian titulary
344:Gillam, Robyn A. (1995).
261:Decline and disappearance
169:
680:Ancient Egypt portal
42:
635:Overseer of Upper Egypt
182:. However, the name of
132:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
112:
65:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
59:around the area of the
554:Second Prophet of Amun
194:
193:Statue of Neferhetepes
109:
529:High Priest of Osiris
253:. However during the
192:
104:
23:was the title of the
49:Old Kingdom of Egypt
21:Prophetess of Hathor
549:Priestess of Hathor
534:High Priest of Ptah
524:High Priest of Amun
479:Khenemetneferhedjet
117:The priestesses of
17:Priestess of Hathor
625:Overseer of fields
620:Overseer of cattle
519:God's Wife of Amun
502:Religious titulary
322:Zahan, S. (2018).
269:, was the wife of
195:
110:
688:
687:
539:High Priest of Ra
33:Temple of Dendera
713:
678:
677:
676:
496:
474:Great Royal Wife
453:
446:
439:
430:
429:
424:
423:
421:
420:
405:
399:
390:Stephen Quirke,
388:
382:
381:
362:10.2307/40000840
341:
328:
327:
319:
298:
295:
289:
286:
212:Pharaoh Menkaure
180:Pharaoh Djedefre
84:Ancient Egyptian
721:
720:
716:
715:
714:
712:
711:
710:
691:
690:
689:
684:
674:
672:
664:
650:Viceroy of Kush
578:
497:
488:
460:
457:
427:
418:
416:
407:
406:
402:
389:
385:
342:
331:
320:
301:
296:
292:
287:
283:
279:
263:
255:twelfth dynasty
243:
231:Giza Necropolis
202:Priestesses of
200:
172:
115:
77:
55:, covering the
45:
27:of the goddess
12:
11:
5:
719:
709:
708:
703:
686:
685:
683:
682:
669:
666:
665:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
610:Khekeret-nisut
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
584:
580:
579:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
505:
503:
499:
498:
491:
489:
487:
486:
481:
476:
470:
468:
466:Royal titulary
462:
461:
456:
455:
448:
441:
433:
426:
425:
400:
383:
329:
299:
290:
280:
278:
275:
262:
259:
242:
239:
199:
196:
171:
168:
114:
111:
88:ancient Greece
76:
73:
44:
41:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
718:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
696:
681:
671:
670:
667:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
585:
581:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
544:Lector priest
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
504:
500:
495:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
469:
467:
463:
454:
449:
447:
442:
440:
435:
434:
431:
414:
410:
404:
397:
393:
387:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
340:
338:
336:
334:
325:
318:
316:
314:
312:
310:
308:
306:
304:
294:
285:
281:
274:
272:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
247:sixth dynasty
241:Rise and fall
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:fifth dynasty
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
167:
164:
163:
161:
155:
154:God's Consort
151:
147:
146:Egyptologysts
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
125:
120:
108:
103:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
72:
70:
66:
63:. After the
62:
58:
54:
50:
40:
38:
37:Ancient Egypt
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
600:High steward
548:
417:. Retrieved
415:. 2018-02-05
412:
403:
395:
391:
386:
353:
349:
323:
293:
284:
264:
244:
220:
201:
176:Neferhetepes
173:
158:
157:
153:
144:
139:
127:
123:
122:
121:were called
116:
92:ancient Rome
82:
78:
46:
20:
16:
15:
413:ZME Science
245:During the
233:, South of
136:Ramesses II
124:hm ntr hthr
107:5th dynasty
695:Categories
569:Two Ladies
514:God's Wife
419:2021-06-08
277:References
271:Senusret I
208:Nile basin
69:princesses
645:Treasurer
370:0065-9991
140:chantress
25:Priestess
660:Reporter
378:40000840
96:divinity
615:Nomarch
605:Iry-pat
564:Stolist
484:Pharaoh
356:: 211.
235:Memphis
227:Userkaf
198:Worship
160:Hmt nTr
75:History
57:stomach
31:in the
706:Hathor
655:Vizier
595:Haty-a
574:Herald
376:
368:
267:Hathor
251:Pepi I
216:Hathor
204:Hathor
184:Hathor
170:Origin
150:Hathor
119:Hathor
61:uterus
53:tattoo
29:Hathor
374:JSTOR
128:&
43:Title
366:ISSN
113:Role
90:and
358:doi
35:in
19:or
697::
411:.
372:.
364:.
354:32
352:.
348:.
332:^
302:^
218:.
162:).
98:.
71:.
39:.
452:e
445:t
438:v
422:.
380:.
360::
156:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
