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were stand alone, "done in one" stories with a beginning and end taking place within the confines of a single comic issue, often structured in chapters as are most novels. Over time, the comics companies realised the lucrative potential of the crossover comic, whereby other characters from a company's shared universe appeared in issues of each other's comics. This ultimately led to the formation of "team" books such as the
35:
1146:
912:, etc.). Comics fandom has produced various shorthand ways of referring to the various universes, however, and the comics themselves also refer to themselves in specific ways. These labels are usually reserved for the universes of "the Big Two" (Marvel and DC), in large part because they are the main American comics publishers and have the largest shared universes. A non-exhaustive list of terms includes:
586:) as well as older characters like the JSA were (re-)assigned their own Earths, which were then destroyed and folded into one, core Earth. This naturally resulted in a number of contradictions and discrepancies in individual characters' histories, so a new, uniform continuity was created and the revised origins of the resulting heroes were retold in the hopes of maintaining consistent continuity.
897:
concept (the JLA, the
Avengers, etc.) to exist at all. Stan Lee's initial Marvel Universe creations in the 1960s best exemplify the "shared universe" concept, whereby characters (and villains) would feature across multiple titles, sometimes in the foreground of the story, sometimes as cameos in passing, but always underlining the interlinkedness of the universe.
638:
addressed continuity and consistency errors over almost 50 years of comics publication, and retrofitted events and characters into the history of the DCU as if they had always been there (for example, the JSA went from being JLA-contemporaries from a parallel world to being their earlier, historical
554:
items, this was not considered that much of a problem, until the full advent of comics fandom. As a result of fan/reader scrutiny, the continuity both of individual characters and of the wider universes in which comics companies' characters interacted began to become more important. The Marvel "No
549:
During these crossover character interactions, editorial footnotes would often reference previous adventures and comics issues, but an actual editorially enforced "continuity" was not strictly adhered to, leading to some characters' actions appearing "out of character", or outrightly contradicting
527:
Comics continuity almost-always refers to the existence and use of a shared universe, although any comic can have internal continuity independent of this. Simply, the term describes a consistency of internal plot, and usually of characterisation and external references also. Initially, many comics
849:
A comics "event" describes a large storyline which almost always involves a crossover between one or more characters, titles, universes or companies, but usually denotes an internal company crossover. These then typically fall into two broad categories: character or universe events. i.e. a Batman
816:
A character's "origin" is the fictional story which describes (almost always solely for superheroes) how they came to be; gained their powers; arrived on Earth; were bitten by a radioactive spider, etc. Origins need not be established immediately, they can be told in flashback, or slowly over the
896:
extend the boundaries considerably), and it is most common in the main superhero universes of DC and Marvel. The benefit of having a shared universe is that characters can make (sales-boosting) guest appearances and allow for team-ups between different characters, as well as allowing the "team"
795:
All these terms refer to specific and general "non-canonical stories", often – but not exclusively – featuring alternate versions of established heroes, events, or both. For many years, some DC comics would feature stories labelled as "Imaginary Tales", signifying that the events which occurred
589:
With hundreds of characters and dozens of writers, over the years uniform and consistent continuity is difficult to maintain, and most comics companies periodically address the erosion of internal consistency with big "events" designed to explain and simplify (although at times they do neither)
604:
Similar to internal continuity, the canon of comics characters/universes is often subject to change, but refers to the stories which are, at any one point, part of the "official", "accepted" history and story of particular characters/universes. Alternate versions of characters (such as DC's
669:
Linked is retrofit, retroactively embedding something (usually a plot point or subsidiary character) into a past story, for the purposes of a current story. This can give added weight to a story, implying that the impetus for a current story had been around for some time; for example, the
555:
Prize" became a humorous method by which readers could write letters to authors and editors pointing out mistakes or "continuity errors" in various comics, and were then named in print and awarded a "No Prize" (in reality a coveted sheet of paper declaring itself a non prize).
720:
stories are often seen as throwaway and frivolous, perceived to be dominated by imaginary tales and "camp" characterisation. Neither label is entirely accurate, nor is the broad-brush assumption that a lack of cohesive continuity denotes a complete disregard for it.
1063:, for example, mainly publishes stand-alone ongoing series, miniseries and maxiseries, but also variously includes characters who were once part of the DCU, or have interacted with it in such a way as to make them at least an honorary part of it. Characters such as
661:
shorthand phrase for "retroactive continuity", and is the descriptive term used to explain continuity- and canon-affecting stories. A retcon affects the past history of characters and/or the whole shared universe, and says that the "new" changed events
715:
stories were not as stringently policed or edited, and often contained errors and internal inaccuracies (in large part because of their frequent nature as one-shot stories, rather than linked tales designed to follow evolving and changing characters).
1165:
identifies influences to comic book superheroes in the form of super-strong comic strip characters, pulp heroes, masked vigilantes dubbed "mystery men", and precursors, who lack specific elements of modern superhero convention. According to Coogan,
732:
maxiseries, and is (or was intended to be) far more internally consistent and interlinked. Characters' origins were revised and updated, conflating previous stories and origins into one, accepted canonical one. Writer-artist
891:
The concept of a shared universe is one in which a multitude of different characters co-exist and/or interact. Typically this concept confines itself to one publishing company's output (although concepts such as the
1058:
In addition to the core shared universe, some companies have subsidiary universes/imprints, which can be part of the main universe, or cannot be (or can be thoroughly confusing). DC Comics' mature readers' imprint
1127:
comic), but typically a "crossover" implies more than a simple appearance and denotes a cohesive storyline spanning more than one title, often as part of an event. These may also include a
900:
The concept of a shared universe, wherein a company's diverse cast of characters are able to interact and crossover between books and events is usually labelled the "Universe" (DC, Marvel,
1008:
designation of the "main" DCU, in contrast to Earth-2 (featuring the JSA), and latterly dozens of individual Earths which were home to a plethora of characters, and were destroyed in the
558:
In 1985, cross-universe continuity took on new levels of depth and (intended) consistency at the two main comics companies: DC and Marvel. Marvel launched its cross-line toy-driven-event
570:, one of the earliest maxi-series', to address universe-wide continuity and attempt to explain away, remove or revise all previous errors in continuity. The reader was reminded that the
817:
course of several issues or, indeed, years. Origins are often subject to revision and retcons, and may find themselves having additional information retrofitted in at a later time.
1621:
873:
event saw the DCU and MU brought together (and ultimately, briefly, merged), while the DC Universe has also featured in events/crossovers with, for example, the WildStorm and
621:
canon, but the stories can change from being non-canonical to being accepted as canon - and vice versa. In particular, line-wide continuity-changing events (such as DC's
1170:
is the first character to bring together all of the necessary elements. Coogan defines the superhero as "a heroic character with a selfless, pro-social mission" who has
1161:
are the most popular genre of comic book in North
America. There are many definitions of a superhero, and the subject is debated by scholars and industry professionals.
564:, which required all characters to undergo specific changes at specific times, and required considerable editorial dictates and conformity. DC launched the
796:
therein did not have an active effect on continuity, and therefore that anything could happen, even the bizarre and contradictory. DC transitioned to the
666:. This can lead to intense confusion, as compounded events can cause even the most knowledgeable fan to falter over what is currently the accepted canon.
631:
storyline) retroactively affect which stories are part of a character/universe's core canon, as they may revise or ignore previous events and happenings.
578:, but of a number of different iterations of various heroes on a multitude of different planets. Companies and characters purchased by DC (such as the
860:
storylines), while a multi-character crossover will usually be universe-wide and affect several different individuals (an example would be Marvel's "
945:, the Six-One-Six, etc., denotes the numerical designation of the Earth which the Marvel Universe inhabits. The term was coined in the pages of
1077:
all began publication as part of the DCU, but have gradually drifted to a corner of it quite far removed, if still nominally a part. The
1336:
1618:
769:
DCU, showing the sequence of events as well as the revised origins of many characters (later to be fleshed out in their own series).
489:
1310:
780:" label largely defunct. However, because of the 1985 maxiseries' landmark status, the label persists in one form or another.
776:
DCU was not without its continuity problems, and several subsequent events have attempted to address them, making the "Post-
683:
to include new characters and plot points. It can also be used to update a character for more modern times; for instance,
439:
643:
DC Universe removed many stories from "official canon", explaining them as
Imaginary Tales or ignoring them completely.
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Crossovers can be both internal and between different universes and companies. At their most basic level, a crossover
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132:
45:
1638:
1204:. Graphic novels may also be known as "prestige format" comics for single issues. Issues may be published as
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is a separate universe created to reinvent longstanding characters without affecting the main continuity.
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Cross-universe events and intercompany events are considerably rarer, but do happen. 1996's
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New Earth is the designation of the "main" DCU after the events on 2005's miniseries event
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They are also frequently updated to better reflect their times. For example, the origin of
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388:
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updated Iron Man's origin story so that he was wounded in
Afghanistan instead of Vietnam.
8:
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734:
510:
264:
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127:
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The Marvel
Universe, sometimes abbreviated to MU, is the shared universe in which the
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864:" event, which affected almost every character and title in their shared universe).
243:
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refer simply to a character making a guest appearance in a different comic (e.g.
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Coogan, Peter (2007). Haslem, Wendy; Ndalianis, Angela; Mackie, C. J. (eds.).
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and associated titles take place inside the Duck universe, a fan appellation.
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has gradually been revised and updated, so that instead of serving in the
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658:
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398:
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1478:""Is this a book?": DC Vertigo and Redefinition of Comics in the 1990s"
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1337:"Superhero switch-ups: A history of race and gender switches in comics"
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continuity and canon, with the separator being the 1985 retcon event
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The DC Universe, or DCU, refers to the shared universe inhabited by
63:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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is on the fringes in a similar way to the
Vertigo/DC interaction.
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105:
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limited series from 2006 "retrofit" the story line from 1975's
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341:
97:
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1513:
The Rise of the
American Comics Artist: Creators and Contexts
1482:
The Rise of the
American Comics Artist: Creators and Contexts
1247:
927:
336:
1541:. In Hatfield, Charles; Heer, Jeet; Worcester, Kent (eds.).
1403:
1285:
1453:
Graphic Novels in your Media Center: A Definitive Guide
1379:
1219:
1427:
1391:
1355:
550:earlier plot-points. As comics were deemed largely
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1415:
1089:, but not part of the DCU-proper. Similarly, the
728:DCU is that which was formed in the pages of the
1645:
1563:
1373:
1085:, is now largely accepted as part of the wider
765:to briefly detail a broad overview of the Post-
1174:, a codename, colorful costume, and usually a
639:counterparts some years previously). The Post-
1192:American comic books can be sold through the
483:
1564:Rosenberg, Robin S.; Coogan, Peter (2013).
1093:Universe is not part of the 616, while the
1081:Universe, which was initially published by
743:miniseries, for example, provided the Post-
1511:. In Williams, Paul; Lyons, James (eds.).
1480:. In Williams, Paul; Lyons, James (eds.).
490:
476:
1278:
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
1444:
1409:
1305:
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590:discrepancies, and maintain continuity.
1594:Super/heroes: From Hercules to Superman
854:of characters (an example would be the
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14:
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1502:
1397:
1385:
1361:
1334:
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850:"event" will likely only feature the
802:imprint, whereas Marvel created the
28:
1123:"crossing over" into an issue of a
24:
1181:
880:
625:and Marvel's controversial recent
25:
1670:
1612:
1196:. Formats include single issues,
1107:Fictional crossover § Comics
574:consisted not merely of the core
1279:Goldstein, Hilary (2006-01-26).
1222:
1033:
788:, alternates, possible futures,
459:
104:
33:
1547:University Press of Mississippi
1517:University Press of Mississippi
1486:University Press of Mississippi
938:, etc. all exist and interact.
1328:
1299:
1272:
1188:Glossary of comics terminology
1134:
13:
1:
1505:"State of the Nation and the
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1100:
839:
516:
224:Comics by country and culture
984:List of DC Multiverse worlds
7:
1597:. New Academia Publishing.
1374:Rosenberg & Coogan 2013
1335:Peters, Mark (2014-07-19).
1215:
1053:
59:the claims made and adding
10:
1675:
1639:Don Markstein's Toonopedia
1503:Murphy, Graham J. (2010).
1185:
1138:
1104:
1037:
977:
971:
919:
884:
811:
762:History of the DC Universe
740:Superman: The Man of Steel
650:
597:
531:Justice Society of America
520:
503:American comic book tropes
92:American comic book tropes
1010:Crisis on Infinite Earths
998:Justice League of America
915:
844:
708:Crisis on Infinite Earths
664:have always been that way
657:Retcon or "ret-con" is a
646:
636:Crisis on Infinite Earths
611:and Marvel's speculative
567:Crisis on Infinite Earths
537:Justice League of America
747:origin of Kal-El, while
628:Spider-Man: One More Day
617:titles) are necessarily
593:
505:are common elements and
1574:Oxford University Press
1281:"Lexicon: Marvel's 616"
759:produced the two-issue
1154:
1111:Intercompany crossover
1069:family of titles, the
980:Multiverse (DC Comics)
653:Retroactive continuity
1539:"Comics Predecessors"
1476:Round, Julia (2010).
1445:Lyga, Allyson A. W.;
1148:
1021:, in which a revised
967:
673:X-Men: Deadly Genesis
598:Further information:
521:Further information:
1570:What is a Superhero?
1543:The Superhero Reader
1410:Lyga & Lyga 2004
1004:Earth-1 was the Pre-
701:Labels referring to
523:Continuity (fiction)
511:American comic books
389:South African comics
1659:Lexis (linguistics)
1619:Comic Book Glossary
1459:Libraries Unlimited
93:
1654:Comics terminology
1624:2009-02-08 at the
1412:, p. 164–165.
1155:
894:Wold Newton family
857:Batman: Knightfall
634:For example, DC's
91:
44:possibly contains
1238:Manga iconography
784:Imaginary tales,
500:
499:
466:Comics portal
409:Vietnamese comics
379:Portuguese comics
369:Philippine comics
350:
283:
265:Australian comics
261:
205:Political cartoon
89:
88:
81:
46:original research
16:(Redirected from
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1608:
1587:
1560:
1530:
1507:Freedom Fighters
1499:
1472:
1457:(1st ed.).
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1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1313:. Archived from
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1276:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1198:trade paperbacks
1159:superhero comics
679:Giant-Size X-Men
507:literary devices
492:
485:
478:
464:
463:
364:Pakistani comics
344:
317:Hungarian comics
277:
270:Brazilian comics
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238:Argentine comics
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90:
84:
77:
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61:inline citations
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29:
21:
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1105:Main articles:
1103:
1091:Ultimate Marvel
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1018:Infinite Crisis
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961:Ultimate Marvel
947:Captain Britain
924:
922:Marvel Universe
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887:Shared universe
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881:Shared universe
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832:or the (first)
828:, he serves in
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600:Canon (fiction)
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582:characters and
580:Charlton Comics
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287:Canadian comics
244:Bande dessinées
233:American comics
195:Trade paperback
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1566:"Introduction"
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1309:(2007-05-29).
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1260:
1258:Fantasy tropes
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1234:
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1202:graphic novels
1186:Main article:
1183:
1180:
1151:Captain Marvel
1139:Main article:
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1535:Coogan, Peter
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1317:on 2007-05-22
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1307:Brevoort, Tom
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1199:
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1194:direct market
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1319:. Retrieved
1315:the original
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
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1210:periodically
1191:
1163:Peter Coogan
1157:As of 2010,
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1083:Image Comics
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753:Marv Wolfman
751:-architects
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327:Irish comics
302:Dutch comics
297:Czech comics
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159:Photo comics
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1447:Lyga, Barry
1398:Coogan 2007
1386:Coogan 2013
1362:Murphy 2010
1243:Comic strip
1135:Superheroes
1095:MAX imprint
1075:Swamp Thing
1071:Doom Patrol
1066:The Sandman
1012:maxiseries.
974:DC Universe
955:Dave Thorpe
877:universes.
826:Vietnam War
805:What If...?
790:What If...?
703:DC Universe
688:(vol. 4) #1
659:portmanteau
614:What if...?
576:DC Universe
561:Secret Wars
509:related to
430:Cartoonists
399:Thai comics
190:Gag cartoon
180:Comic strip
1648:Categories
1434:Round 2010
1422:Round 2010
1348:2014-09-09
1321:2014-09-09
1311:"More 616"
1292:2014-09-09
1266:References
1125:Spider-Man
1101:Crossovers
1023:Multiverse
978:See also:
951:Alan Moore
932:Spider-Man
840:Storylines
799:Elseworlds
786:Elseworlds
735:John Byrne
608:Elseworlds
517:Continuity
440:Publishers
435:Collecting
175:Comic book
154:Cartooning
69:April 2023
53:improve it
1630:About.com
1206:one-shots
1141:Superhero
1121:Daredevil
1079:WildStorm
1044:Disney's
1027:52 worlds
943:Earth-616
875:Milestone
862:Civil War
724:The Post-
552:ephemeral
417:Community
347:Hong Kong
128:Education
57:verifying
1635:Glossary
1622:Archived
1537:(2013).
1449:(2004).
1216:See also
1168:Superman
1073:and the
1054:Imprints
994:Superman
936:Avengers
906:CrossGen
834:Gulf War
822:Iron Man
808:series.
686:Iron Man
543:Avengers
210:Webcomic
133:Glossary
1200:, and
1000:, etc.
910:Valiant
812:Origins
450:Writers
250:Belgium
215:Webtoon
146:Methods
138:History
51:Please
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1172:powers
1129:tie-in
1109:, and
1006:Crisis
996:, the
990:Batman
934:, the
916:Marvel
845:Events
778:Crisis
774:Crisis
767:Crisis
749:Crisis
745:Crisis
726:Crisis
718:Crisis
713:Crisis
696:Crisis
647:Retcon
641:Crisis
623:Crises
425:Awards
354:Manhwa
342:Manhua
258:Quebec
254:France
98:Comics
1342:Slate
1253:Trope
1248:Comix
1153:comic
1149:1940
928:X-Men
902:Image
830:Korea
594:Canon
445:Sales
337:Manga
1599:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1509:Arc"
1490:ISBN
1463:ISBN
982:and
755:and
730:CoIE
716:Pre-
540:and
1637:at
1628:at
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1208:or
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