Pressure-temperature-time path

802: 2885:, which the maximum temperature experienced by the rock as well as its temperature change are insensitive to erosion rate. Therefore, both the evidence of the maximum pressures and temperatures experienced by the buried layers can be imprinted in the underlying metamorphic rocks. Hence, the buried depth as well as plausible tectonic settings can be deduced. Altogether with dating techniques, geologists can even determine the time scale of the tectonic events in respect to the metamorphic events. 344: 2309: 2164: 841: 1839: 2825: 466: 20: 2550: 332: 930: 2590: 2563: 747: 1875: 1386: 888: 2767: 2779: 2489: 1887: 1419: 858: 2706: 1028: 1967:(μ), mineral composition (X). Modal abundance of mineral phases (M) was later added as an extensive variable in the Gibbs method with mass balance added as a constraint. The aim of this analysis is to search for the absolute P-T condition during different zonal growth and matches the observed composition of zones in the sample. The computer program 2812:, the rocks in the lower segment (footwall) are heated due to contact with the hotter upper thrust sheet (hanging wall), while the upper thrust sheet is cooling because of losing heat in a downward direction. Thus, the lower segment and the upper thrust sheet are undergoing prograde metamorphism and retrograde metamorphism respectively. 1834:{\displaystyle {\mathsf {\underbrace {{\ce {Fe3Al2Si3O12}}} _{\text{Fe-Al garnet}}+\underbrace {{\ce {Ca3Al2Si3O12}}} _{\text{Ca-Al garnet}}+\underbrace {{\ce {KAl3Si3O10(OH)2}}} _{\text{muscovite}}\ {\ce {<=>}}\ \underbrace {{\ce {3CaAl2Si2O8}}} _{\text{plagioclase}}+\underbrace {{\ce {KFe3AlSi3O10(OH)2}}} _{\text{biotite}}}}} 2476: 2258:

in other minerals) of the metamorphic rock can obtain information about the age as well as their formation sequence. The dating method is usually done by using an electron microprobe to observe the compositional zones of monazite, then analyzing the U-Th-Pb age of each zone to reconstruct the time of

2114:

The results from a single pseudosection is not completely reliable, since in reality the rock specimen is not always in equilibrium. However, analysis can be done on fractions of the P-T-t path e.g. at boundaries of mineral inclusions, or on local bulk composition analysis would improve precision and

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The thermal modeling from Richardson and Thompson (1984) reveals that in every case of thermal relaxation after the tectonic event, there is a large portion of heat equilibrium before being significantly influenced by erosion, i.e. the rate of metamorphism is found to be much slower than duration of

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Nevertheless, special attention should be taken to the effect of multiple thrusting such as duplexes, where the initial lower plate in an earlier thrust would become the upper plate in a later thrusting event. Depending on the location of the rock, a variety of complex P-T trajectories can be found,

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zones in metamorphic processes, monazite grains are included into the zones of garnets. Since garnets are quite stable upon changing temperature, the included monazite grains are well preserved and prevented from the re-setting of decay system and age. Therefore, the age of the metamorphic events in

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By combining petrological methods and thermal modeling techniques, the understanding of metamorphic processes due to tectonic events is facilitated. Petrological results provide realistic variables to be plugged into a model simulation, while numerical modeling techniques often place constraints on

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in 1920 to classify particular metamorphic mineral assemblages that are stable under a range of P-T conditions. Before the mid-1970s, geologists utilized the metamorphic facies classification to investigate metamorphic rocks and determined their P-T characteristics. However, little was known about

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A typical clockwise P-T-t path representing a collision or subduction setting. Prograde metamorphism occurred upon increasing P-T environment until reaching the peak, followed by near-isothermal decompression (Stage 1 retrograde metamorphism), and further exhumation and erosion (Stage 2 retrograde

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Thermal modeling does not give the actual geological time. However, it provides accurate estimation of the duration of the thermal events. An advantage of thermal modeling is that it provides a holistic estimation of the duration of different stages of metamorphism, which is somehow difficult to

2080:

Both methods have their advantages and limitations. The XRF method provides a non-biased estimation, but may neglect the proportion of existing minerals in the rock. Meanwhile, the point-counting method takes into account of mineral proportions, but is based on human judgement and may be biased.

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is found, a line would be plotted on the P-T diagram. As different equilibrium constants of mineral assemblages would occur as lines with different slopes in the P-T diagram, therefore, by finding the intersection of at least two lines in the P-T diagram, the P-T condition of the specimen can be

630:

to determine the sequence of formation of the minerals. Due to incomplete replacement of the earlier formed minerals under changing P-T conditions, minerals formed at various P-T environments can be found in the same rock specimen. As different minerals have different optical characteristics and

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Monazite tends to capture Th when it is formed. When monazite crystal is growing, the earlier formed monazites incorporate many Th, and leaving a Th-depleted surrounding environment. Hence, the older formed monazite has a higher concentration of Th than younger monazite. Therefore, dating zoned

1381:{\displaystyle {\mathsf {\underbrace {{\ce {Fe3Al2Si3O12}}} _{\text{Fe-Al garnet}}+\underbrace {{\ce {KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2}}} _{\text{Mg-rich biotite}}\ {\ce {<=>}}\ \underbrace {{\ce {Mg3Al2Si3O12}}} _{\text{Mg-Al garnet}}+\underbrace {{\ce {KFe3AlSi3O10(OH)2}}} _{\text{Fe-rich biotite}}}}} 2481:

In continental collision setting, crustal thickening takes place, which brings about prograde metamorphism of underlying rocks. Continuous compression results in the development of thrust belts, which leads to a great drop in pressure experienced by originally underlying rocks and results in

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Intrusion of magma results in a great increment in temperature and a slight increase in pressure experienced by the underlying rocks, which gives prograde metamorphism. Cooling of erupted magma causes a near-isobaric temperature drop and leads to retrograde metamorphism of the underlying

1990: 2320:

at 0 million year (m.y.) followed by an immediate uplift event at a rate of 1 mm per year. The P-T-t evolution of a rock originally at 40 km below ground is marked as red dots on the diagram. The corresponding P-T-t path trajectory is also inferred (blue dotted line). Edited from

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As zircon is resistant towards weathering and high temperature, it is a useful mineral in recording geological processes. Similar as monazite, zircon also displays zoned patterns upon varying P-T conditions, which each zone records information of the changing past environment.

165:

etc.) escape under increasing P-T conditions e.g. burial. When the rock is later uplifted, due to the escape of fluids at an earlier stage, there is not enough fluids to permit all the new minerals to react back into the original minerals. Hence, the minerals are not fully in

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equations, pseudosections make use of multiple equilibrium equations to search for the past P-T conditions. It is widely used in metamorphic rock analysis due to its consideration of multiple reactions which resemble metamorphic processes of multiple minerals in reality.

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of the mineral assemblages. Another reason is that the rocks are of inappropriate composition to generate all the minerals that record their complete metamorphic events. On average, only one-in-twenty metamorphic rock samples display all the three stages of metamorphism.

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During prograde metamorphism until peak, initial heating and compression until reaching a low pressure-high temperature (LPHT) peak is shown, implying an event of heating generated from below and the crust is slightly thickened. This reflects the action of

1936:) to the P-T variations throughout its metamorphic history without reaching complete equilibrium. The non-equilibriated garnet formed previously are often zoned by younger garnet. Therefore, many past P-T characteristics are preserved in the zoned areas. 1844:

Since mineral assemblages at equilibrium are dependent on pressures and temperatures, by measuring the composition of the coexisting minerals, together with using suitable activity models, the P-T conditions experienced by the rock can be determined.

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Metamorphic P-T-t paths have been widely recognized as a useful tool in determining the metamorphic history and tectonic evolution of a region. Potential future research directions for P-T-t paths will be likely developed in the following areas:

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decompression P-T-t path is observed at its stage 1 metamorphism. However, in reality, the rocks commonly experience the peak pressure prior to the peak temperature. This is due to the relative insensitivity of rocks to thermal events, i.e. poor

58:

of the rock upon increasing P-T condition, while the rock instantaneously experienced the pressure changes. Garnet and cordierite do not reach complete equilibrium when discovered on the surface, leaving a print of the past P-T environments.

2443:

During prograde metamorphism until peak, initial heating and compression until arriving a high pressure-low temperature (HPLT) peak is shown, suggesting an early phase of progressing burial due to crustal thickening without receiving much

941:(orange) and a line of pressure equilibrium (blue) of selected mineral assemblages found in the specimen are plotted on the P-T diagram. The intersection represents the likely P-T condition experienced by rock in its metamorphic history. 2568:

A typical anticlockwise P-T-t path representing an intrusion origin. A great temperature increment during prograde metamorphism due to overlying hot magma, followed by near-isobaric cooling in retrograde metamorphism when the magma

170:

when discovered on the surface. Therefore, the mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks implicitly record the past P-T conditions that the rock has experienced, and investigating these minerals can supply information about the past

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which shows all the stable mineral assemblages of a rock at different P-T ranges for a single whole-rock chemical composition (bulk-rock composition). The stable mineral assemblages are marked as different areas in the P-T graph.

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In addition, recent studies based on mechanical analysis reveal that peak pressure recorded in clockwise P-T paths does not necessarily represent the maximum depth of burial, but can also represent a change in the tectonic

3814:

Willner, A (2004). "A counterclockwise PTt path of high-pressure/low-temperature rocks from the Coastal Cordillera accretionary complex of south-central Chile: constraints for the earliest stage of subduction mass flow".

5161:

Wan, Yu-Sheng; Liu, Dun-Yi; Dong, Chun-Yan; Xie, Hang-Qian; Kröner, Alfred; Ma, Ming-Zhu; Liu, Shou-Jie; Xie, Shi-Wen; Ren, Peng (2015). "Formation and Evolution of Archean Continental Crust of the North China Craton".

2213:

Monazite has characteristics of high closure temperature (>1000 °C), variable composition, and robustness under a large temperature range, which help in the record of geological history in metamorphic rocks. An

497:

It is commonly observed that the peak temperature is reached prior to the peak pressure in anticlockwise P-T-t paths, as the rocks usually experienced the heat from the heat source before being extensively pressurized.

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Despite the usefulness of geothermobarometry, special attention should be paid to whether the mineral assemblages represent an equilibrium, any occurrence of retrograde equilibrium in the rock, and appropriateness of

910:

Not all rock samples exhibit all the P-T conditions they experienced throughout geological evolution. This is attributed to the complexity of the geological processes, which the samples may have undergone complicated

4630:

Montel, J. M., Kornprobst, J., & Vielzeuf, D. (2000). Preservation of old U-Th-Pb ages in shielded monazite: example from the Beni Bousera Hercynian kinzigites (Morocco). Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 18(3),

2753:, it is proposed that plume tectonics is the major crust-forming process in the Archean. This has led to further research on the beginning of plate tectonics and numerical modeling of the early Earth condition. 4153:

Spear, Frank S. (1988-06-01). "The Gibbs method and Duhem's theorem: The quantitative relationships among P, T, chemical potential, phase composition and reaction progress in igneous and metamorphic systems".

2040:. Pseudosection shows different mineral phases for a single rock chemical composition, while petrogenetic grid shows a set of reactions under different P-T conditions that would occur for a phase diagram.) 4208:

Harris, C. R.; Hoisch, T. D.; Wells, M. L. (2007-10-01). "Construction of a composite pressure–temperature path: revealing the synorogenic burial and exhumation history of the Sevier hinterland, USA".

2410:(normally temperature of the geothermal gradients) are input into the equations to calculate the temperature at boundaries. Results are compared with petrological experimental results for validation. 3437:

CARSWELL, D. A.; O'BRIEN, P. J. (1993-06-01). "Thermobarometry and Geotectonic Significance of High-Pressure Granulites: Examples from the Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif in Lower Austria".

5724:

Schwinger, Sabrina; Dohmen, Ralf; Schertl, Hans-Peter (2016). "A combined diffusion and thermal modeling approach to determine peak temperatures of thermal metamorphism experienced by meteorites".

4524:

Williams, Michael L.; Jercinovic, Michael J.; Hetherington, Callum J. (2007-04-30). "Microprobe Monazite Geochronology: Understanding Geologic Processes by Integrating Composition and Chronology".

4641:

Hoisch, Thomas D.; Wells, Michael L.; Grove, Marty (2008). "Age trends in garnet-hosted monazite inclusions from upper amphibolite facies schist in the northern Grouse Creek Mountains, Utah".

3281:

Thompson, A. B.; England, P. C. (1984-11-01). "Pressure—Temperature—Time Paths of Regional Metamorphism II. Their Inference and Interpretation using Mineral Assemblages in Metamorphic Rocks".

3611:

Boger, S. (n.d.). L. 2005. Early Cambrian crustal shortening and a clockwise PTt path from the southern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica: Implications for the formation of Gondwana.

4804:

Casini, Leonardo; Puccini, Antonio; Cuccuru, Stefano; Maino, Matteo; Oggiano, Giacomo (2013). "GEOTHERM: A finite difference code for testing metamorphic P–T–t paths and tectonic models".

3187:

ENGLAND, P. C.; THOMPSON, A. B. (1984-11-01). "Pressure--Temperature--Time Paths of Regional Metamorphism I. Heat Transfer during the Evolution of Regions of Thickened Continental Crust".

46:. Meanwhile, it went through a great decrease in pressure around 1840 Ma due to an uplift event. Finally, the continuous drop in pressure and temperature in 1800 Ma resulted from further 3744:

Collins, W. J.; Vernon, R. H. (1991-08-01). "Orogeny associated with anticlockwise P-T-t paths: Evidence from low-P, high-T metamorphic terranes in the Arunta inlier, central Australia".

1917:

to achieve stable states. However, sometimes the mineral core has not reached equilibrium upon the environmental change and zoning occurs. Zoning is also found in other minerals such as

2414:

the possible tectonic environments. The two methods complement the limitations of each other, and formulate a comprehensive evolutionary history of the metamorphic and tectonic events.

4482:

Martin, Aaron J.; Gehrels, George E.; DeCelles, Peter G. (2007). "The tectonic significance of (U,Th)/Pb ages of monazite inclusions in garnet from the Himalaya of central Nepal".

650:

texture): a mineral that is formed at a lower P-T condition is included in another mineral that is formed at a higher P-T condition. For example, in thin section examination,

4838:

Kunick, Matthias, Hans-Joachim Kretzschmar, and Uwe Gampe. "Fast calculation of thermodynamic properties of water and steam in process modelling using spline interpolation."

2872:. The idea was picked up by England and Richardson and further research was done in 1977, and the P-T-t path concept was fully developed by Richardson and Thompson in 1984. 2259:

the relevant P-T conditions. Data obtained from matrix monazites are often compared with those obtained from monazite inclusions for the metamorphic history interpretation.

5477:

Ashley, Kyle T.; Darling, Robert S.; Bodnar, Robert J.; Law, Richard D. (2015). "Significance of "stretched" mineral inclusions for reconstructing P–T exhumation history".

1993:

An example of a pseudosection. The above shows the areas of stable mineral assemblages at different P-T ranges for a single bulk-rock composition (red dot) of the CaO-SiO

582:

Petrological reconstruction is a backward approach which utilizes mineral compositions of rocks samples to deduce the possible P-T conditions. Common techniques include

1955:

The Gibbs method formalism is a method used to analyze pressures and temperatures of zoned minerals and textural changes in metamorphic rocks by applying differential

4746:"Timescales of crustal melting in the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (Sikkim, Eastern Himalaya) inferred from trace element-constrained monazite and zircon chronology" 2482:

near-isothermal decompression (Stage 1 retrograde metamorphism). Exhumation and erosion further promote a decrease in P-T condition (Stage 2 retrograde metamorphism).

5559:

Alvaro, M.; Mazzucchelli, M.L.; Angel, R.J.; Murri, M.; Campomenosi, N.; Scambelluri, M.; Nestola, F.; Korsakov, A.; Tomilenko, A.A.; Marone, F.; Morana, M. (2020).

1947:

rate is too rapid at high temperature, some garnet zones are merged and cannot provide sufficient information about the complete metamorphic history of the rocks.

1392: 3682: 2351:) to inversely infer the metamorphic events from rock samples, thermal modeling is a forward method that attempts to work on the geological evolution of rocks. 5387:"On ultrahigh temperature crustal metamorphism: Phase equilibria, trace element thermometry, bulk composition, heat sources, timescales and tectonic settings" 2772:

During the formation of a fault-bend-fold, the lower segment (footwall) is heated while the upper thrust sheet (hanging wall) is cooled because of thrusting.

1963:. It attempts to simulate the garnet growth zoning numerically by solving a set of differential equations involving variables pressure (P), temperature (T), 707:(finger-like texture): intergrowth between retrograde minerals (formed at lower P-T conditions) and minerals formed at the peak stage (higher P-T conditions) 1932:

nature. In past studies, garnet is found to be a mineral that is stable under a wide range of P-T conditions, meanwhile chemically displays responses (e.g.

204:

origin, and involve high temperatures before high pressures. (The "clockwise" and "anticlockwise" names refer to the apparent direction of the paths in the

2542:

During retrograde metamorphism, near-isobaric cooling after the peak took place, indicating that the rock stays at the same position while the magma cools.

2037: 1001: 3107:. Peacock, Simon Muir, 1960-, International Geological Congress (28th : 1989 : Washington, D.C.). Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. 5107:

Global Tectonic Zones Supercontinent Formation and Disposal: Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress, Beijing, China, 4-14 August 1996

4005:"Metamorphism of the northern Liaoning Complex: Implications for the tectonic evolution of Neoarchean basement of the Eastern Block, North China Craton" 4280:"Quantifying geological uncertainty in metamorphic phase equilibria modelling; a Monte Carlo assessment and implications for tectonic interpretations" 2447:

At stage 1 retrograde metamorphism, near-isothermal decompression after the peak, which indicates uplift and exhumation of the compressed rock in the

3771:

Aguirre, L.; Levi, B.; Nyström, J. O. (1989). "The link between metamorphism, volcanism and geotectonic setting during the evolution of the Andes".

2741:

as well as a paired clockwise P-T path in the Archean rocks eliminates the possibility of the volcanic arc formation. Evidenced together by a large

3136: 591: 5429: 5198:

Stern, Robert J. (2008). "Modern-style plate tectonics began in Neoproterozoic time: An alternative interpretation of Earth's tectonic history".

236:. The P-T conditions experienced by a rock throughout these processes can be classified into three main stages according to temperature changes: 5317:

Shi, Yaolin; Wang, Chi-Yuen (1987-11-01). "Two-dimensional modeling of the P-T-t paths of regional metamorphism in simple overthrust terrains".

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models and reactions of metamorphic minerals in the simulation of the possible metamorphic events. It works on the temperature variation of the

1892:

Investigating the compositions in each garnet zone can supply information about the different P-T points as well as the trend of the P-T path.

1880:

Garnet zones grow from core to rim. Each concentric garnet zone displays different chemical compositions, indicating different P-T conditions.

2734:. Anticlockwise P-T paths with near-isobaric cooling after the peak are normally found in the Archean rocks, suggesting an intrusion origin. 2604:, where paired metamorphic belts with contrasting metamorphic mineral assemblages are found. Clockwise P-T-t paths are commonly found in the 567:

techniques to work on the geological evolutionary model of rocks, and is usually used to validate results obtained in the backward approach.

3516:"High-temperature 'clockwise'P-T paths and melting in the development of regional migmatites: an example from southern Brittany, France" 4577:"Zoned Monazite and Zircon as Monitors for the Thermal History of Granulite Terranes: an Example from the Central Indian Tectonic Zone" 3565:"Ductile shearing and migmatization at mid-crustal levels in an Archaean high-grade gneiss belt, northern Gallatin Range, Montana, USA" 976:

is usually used in geothermobarometry to measure the distribution of components in the minerals and give precise determination of the

4996:

Patrick, B. (1995-01-01). "High-pressure-low-temperature metamorphism of granitic orthogneiss in the Brooks Range, northern Alaska".

42:, which is attributed to burial and heating. After that, the rock was continuously heated to the peak temperature and formed mineral 3393:"Petrogenesis, P–T–t path, and tectonic significance of high-pressure mafic granulites from the Jiaobei terrane, North China Craton" 2389:

The model simulation involves solving the continuous time-dependent differential heat transfer equation by its approximate discrete

1913:

from core to rim upon changing P-T conditions. In a changing environment, minerals would be unstable and alter itself to reduce its

3340: 2683:

The P-T-t paths provide in-depth investigations and implications of the mechanisms in the lithosphere, and further support the

5271:

Chamberlain, C. Page; Karabinos, Paul (1987-01-01). "Influence of deformation on pressure-temperature paths of metamorphism".

2250:

Apart from occurring as inclusion in garnets, monazite also display zonal growth pattern itself upon changing P-T conditions.

5215: 5179: 5142: 5088: 4706: 4054: 3908: 3884: 3112: 996:

the determination of the pressure changes using equilibrium of minerals that are of little dependence on temperature change.

394:

One might expect that the rock reaches its peak metamorphism at the peak temperature and pressure at similar time, and near-

283:

However, retrograde metamorphism may not always be observed in metamorphic rocks. This is due to the loss of fluids (e.g. CO

5369: 4113:

Tirone, Massimiliano; Ganguly, Jibamitra (2010). "Garnet compositions as recorders of P–T–t history of metamorphic rocks".

5039:

De Yoreo, J.J.; Lux, D.R.; Guidotti, C.V. (1991). "Thermal modelling in low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphic belts".

4963:

Frisch, Wolfgang (2014). "Paired Metamorphic Belt". In Harff, Jan; Meschede, Martin; Petersen, Sven; Thiede, Jörn (eds.).

3946:

Zhao, Guochun; Yin, Changqing; Guo, Jinghui; Sun, Min; Li, Sanzhong; Li, Xuping; Wu, Chunming; Liu, Chaohui (2010-12-01).

844:

A reaction rim (light grey area) is formed around the host mineral (dark grey) when the temperature and pressure decrease.

2911: 4907:

Bohlen, Steven R. (1987-09-01). "Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths and a Tectonic Model for the Evolution of Granulites".

2723:

Plume tectonics are considered to be the dominant process forming the Archean crust with evidence from the study of the

5115: 4420:Štípská, P.; Hacker, B. R.; Racek, M.; Holder, R.; Kylander-Clark, A. R. C.; Schulmann, K.; Hasalová, P. (2015-05-01). 4079:"Garnet composition and zoning in the determination of temperature and pressure of metamorphism, central Massachusetts" 4044: 990:: the measurement of temperature changes using equilibrium of minerals that are insensitive to pressure variations, and 4422:"Monazite Dating of Prograde and Retrograde P–T–d paths in the Barrovian terrane of the Thaya window, Bohemian Massif" 5667:

Bland, P. A.; Collins, G. S.; Davison, T. M.; Abreu, N. M.; Ciesla, F. J.; Muxworthy, A. R.; Moore, J. (2014-12-03).

5231:

Fischer, R.; Gerya, T. (2016). "Early Earth plume-lid tectonics: A high-resolution 3D numerical modelling approach".

4980: 4362: 3708: 141:

Metamorphic minerals are unstable upon changing P-T conditions. The original minerals are commonly destroyed during

487:

until reaching a peak, a low pressure-high temperature peak is often observed. (Prograde metamorphism until peak)

374:

until arriving a peak, a high pressure-low temperature peak is often observed. (Prograde metamorphism until peak)

3757: 5765: 5338: 4376:"Prograde and retrograde growth of monazite in migmatites: An example from the Nagercoil Block, southern India" 3391:

Liu, Pinghua; Liu, Fulai; Liu, Chaohui; Wang, Fang; Liu, Jianhui; Yang, Hong; Cai, Jia; Shi, Jianrong (2013).

915:

histories, or of inappropriate mineral compositions to produce minerals that record their metamorphic events.

5292: 2931: 2861: 2852:

the evolutionary processes of these P-T conditions and how metamorphic rocks reach the surface at that time.

2458:

At stage 2 retrograde metamorphism, further decompression and cooling occur at a slow rate, implying further

2296:

processes. However it is less reactive than monazite under metamorphic events, and performs better in dating

3948:"Metamorphism of the Lüliang amphibolite: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the North China Craton" 3641:

ZHAO, Guochun (2003). "Major tectonic units of the North China Craton and their Paleoproterozoic assembly".

1902:

growth zoning is a special type of geothermobarometry that focuses on the composition variations in garnet.

2801:

P-T-t paths can be used to estimate possible structures in the field as heat would transfer in small scale

228:

cycle. A metamorphic cycle implies the series of processes that a rock experienced from burial, heating to

2312:

An example of using thermal modeling in P-T-t path reconstruction. The above diagram shows the calculated

4855:

Yamato, P.; Brun, J. P. (2016). "Metamorphic record of catastrophic pressure drops in subduction zones".

1004:, which are sensitive to temperature but with little effect under changing pressure, such as exchange of 5521: 4684:

Kohn, Matthew J., Stacey L. Corrie, and Christopher Markley. "The fall and rise of metamorphic zircon."

4575:

Bhowmik, Santanu Kumar; Wilde, Simon Alexander; Bhandari, Anubha; Basu Sarbadhikari, Amit (2014-03-01).

35:(i.e. 1910 million years ago) to 1840 Ma, the rock experienced an increase in P-T conditions and formed 4730: 3932: 2187: 627: 2292:

is commonly used in dating zircon ages. Zircon geochronology gives good record of ages in cooling and

403:

of rock upon external thermal changes, whereas the rocks instantaneously experience pressure changes.

2326: 54:. The peak pressure is found to be reached before the peak temperature, owing to the relatively poor 4321:

Jowhar, T. N. "Computer programs for PT history of metamorphic rocks using pseudosection approach."

3730: 2925:

on metamorphic P-T-t paths, further testing on P-T-t paths and their corresponding geodynamic models

5669:"Pressure–temperature evolution of primordial solar system solids during impact-induced compaction" 2860:

The relation between metamorphism and tectonic setting was not well investigated until 1974, which

2738: 2620: 2584: 2330: 1960: 450: 5430:"Modeling the Magnitudes and Directions of Regional Metamorphic Fluid Flow in Collisional Orogens" 2964: 2792: 2289: 2268: 2052: 611: 564: 135: 2868:

suggested that the origin of the metamorphic belt is a result of the thermal effects brought by

2642:

zones, and commonly associated with a clockwise P-T-t path. The HPLT condition is resulted from

2195: 2158: 770: 710:

Mineral cross-cutting: retrograde minerals cross-cut minerals that are formed at the peak stage

153:, either from the surroundings or generated by the reaction itself. Usually, a large amount of 5078: 4576: 5132: 5105: 3874: 2869: 2428: 2043:

In the construction of pseudosections, the bulk-rock composition is firstly determined using

2014: 949: 676: 545:: the method of inversely inferring the metamorphic events from rock samples via traditional 190: 5733: 5680: 5615: 5486: 5441: 5326: 5280: 5240: 5048: 5005: 4916: 4864: 4813: 4757: 4650: 4588: 4545: 4533: 4491: 4433: 4374:

Johnson, Tim E.; Clark, Chris; Taylor, Richard J.M.; Santosh, M.; Collins, Alan S. (2015).

4217: 4163: 4122: 3959: 3824: 3780: 3688: 3576: 3527: 3488: 3446: 3404: 3352: 3290: 3196: 2960: 2293: 2029: 1849: 977: 969: 954:

measurement of the P-T conditions, which is widely used in analyzing the P-T conditions of

631:

textures, determination of the mineral compositions in metamorphic rocks is made possible.

617: 400: 92: 55: 51: 4337:

O’BRIEN, P. J. "Unravelling PTt paths: Pseudo-sections versus classical phase petrology."

8: 4003:

Wu, Kam Kuen; Zhao, Guochun; Sun, Min; Yin, Changqing; He, Yanhong; Tam, Pui Yuk (2013).

2956: 2938: 2784:

Multiple thrusting such as duplexes would result in complex thermal profile of the rocks.

2624: 2593: 2507: 2407: 2379: 2334: 2313: 2255: 2227: 2215: 2179: 2069: 1937: 973: 938: 892: 740: 523: 501:

Examples of metamorphic rocks that consist of anticlockwise P-T-t paths can be found at:

292: 142: 116: 5737: 5684: 5619: 5537: 5490: 5445: 5330: 5284: 5244: 5052: 5009: 4920: 4868: 4817: 4761: 4654: 4592: 4537: 4495: 4437: 4221: 4167: 4126: 3963: 3828: 3784: 3692: 3580: 3531: 3492: 3450: 3408: 3356: 3341:"A description of metamorphic PTt paths with implications for low-P high-T metamorphism" 3294: 3200: 5701: 5668: 5644: 5603: 5502: 5017: 4940: 4781: 4724: 4557: 4241: 4187: 3985: 3926: 3796: 3718: 3589: 3564: 3540: 3515: 3230: 3130: 2952: 2865: 2842: 2829: 2796: 2731: 2717:

P-T-t paths play an important role in the development of plume tectonics, supported by

2643: 2348: 2344: 2317: 2199: 2171: 2128: 2062: 2025: 1964: 1910: 945: 934: 924: 643: 607: 587: 583: 554: 550: 518: 411: 395: 379: 357: 128: 4078: 2948:

evolution and formation using evolution mechanisms of metamorphic rocks and their ages

697:

Corona (reaction rim): minerals formed at lower P-T conditions surrounding the higher

5706: 5649: 5631: 5541: 5506: 5459: 5342: 5296: 5211: 5175: 5138: 5111: 5084: 5060: 5021: 4976: 4944: 4932: 4785: 4773: 4712: 4702: 4606: 4549: 4451: 4358: 4245: 4233: 4229: 4191: 4179: 4090: 4050: 3989: 3977: 3914: 3904: 3880: 3800: 3704: 3594: 3545: 3462: 3368: 3364: 3316: 3222: 3118: 3108: 2899: 2750: 2511: 2439:

with near-isothermal decompressional P-T trajectories, and the reason is as follows:

2390: 2277: 2138: 1914: 801: 698: 506: 473:

Metamorphic rocks with anticlockwise P-T-t paths are commonly associated with a near-

406:

Examples of metamorphic rocks that consist of clockwise P-T-t paths can be found at:

167: 150: 108: 32: 28: 4972: 4840:

Proceedings of the 15h International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam

4561: 3500: 3417: 3392: 3234: 5741: 5696: 5688: 5639: 5623: 5582: 5572: 5533: 5494: 5449: 5408: 5398: 5334: 5288: 5248: 5203: 5167: 5056: 5013: 4968: 4924: 4872: 4821: 4765: 4658: 4596: 4541: 4499: 4441: 4397: 4387: 4291: 4225: 4171: 4130: 4016: 3967: 3832: 3788: 3753: 3696: 3658: 3650: 3584: 3535: 3496: 3454: 3412: 3360: 3306: 3298: 3212: 3204: 2928: 2742: 2597: 2526:

patterns with near-isobaric cooling P-T trajectories, and the reason is as follow:

2048: 1395:, which are sensitive to pressure but have little change with temperature, such as 955: 824: 762: 754: 684: 680: 672: 474: 244: 172: 120: 100: 27:

minerals alter with the changing P-T condition with time without reaching complete

24: 4701:. Anthony, John W. (John Williams), 1920-. Tucson, Ariz.: Mineral Data Pub. 2003. 4503: 4278:

Palin, Richard M.; Weller, Owen M.; Waters, David J.; Dyck, Brendan (2016-07-01).

3792: 1928:

In practice, garnet is commonly used in the study of metamorphic rocks due to its

16:

Graphical representation of the pressure-temperature history of a metamorphic rock

3836: 3458: 3302: 3208: 2922: 2809: 2700: 2684: 2677: 2662: 2539:, resulting in a slight increase in pressure but a great increase in temperature. 2532: 2519: 2367: 2363: 2355: 416: 356:

Metamorphic rocks with clockwise P-T-t paths are commonly associated with a near-

291:

O) from prograde metamorphism, after which there is insufficient fluid to permit

229: 205: 88: 5171: 4825: 5454: 4601: 4446: 4421: 3311: 3217: 2907: 2882: 2802: 2688: 2673: 2669: 2658: 2609: 2536: 2403: 2206:

that occurs in a wide range of rock types. It usually incorporates radioactive

1956: 1906: 959: 912: 895: 436: 252: 132: 76: 5745: 5498: 5403: 5386: 5252: 5207: 4769: 4662: 4392: 4375: 4296: 4279: 4021: 4004: 3903:. Malpas, J., Geological Society of London. London: Geological Society. 2004. 2977:

using the combination of thermal modeling and diffusion zoning of minerals in

2065:(XRF) analysis, which directly determines the whole rock chemical composition. 902:

minerals, thus serpentine veins should be formed later than the dark minerals.

5759: 5635: 5545: 5463: 5346: 5300: 5025: 4936: 4777: 4610: 4553: 4455: 4237: 4183: 4134: 4094: 3981: 3598: 3549: 3466: 3372: 3320: 3226: 2848: 2627:. Paired metamorphic belts display two contrasting mineral assemblages sets: 2448: 2371: 2359: 2308: 2231: 2134: 2124: 2017: 1980: 972:

of mineral assemblages in a rock to infer the metamorphic P-T conditions. An

817: 795: 668: 595: 444: 313: 195: 145:

metamorphism and react to grow into new minerals that are relatively stable.

4716: 3918: 3122: 2549: 2058:

There are two geochemical methods in determining the bulk-rock composition:

343: 5710: 5653: 2710: 2654: 2601: 2297: 2163: 2073: 2044: 2006: 1984: 1933: 962: 840: 647: 623: 225: 96: 80: 5604:"Diversity of burial rates in convergent settings decreased as Earth aged" 2562: 2276:

is another suitable mineral for dating metamorphic rocks. It occurs as an

1413:

reaction that involves a significant volume reduction upon high pressure:

465: 3700: 2945: 2918: 2072:, which involves weighted calculation of minerals in rocks observed from 1918: 1858: 1401: 869: 851: 782: 766: 704: 577: 243:: the process when the rock is buried and heated in environments such as 158: 119:. The changes in pressures and temperatures with time experienced by the 72: 5587: 5520:

Kohn, Matthew J.; Mazzucchelli, Mattia L.; Alvaro, Matteo (2023-05-31).

3483:

Zhao, Guochun; Cawood, Peter A. (2012). "Precambrian geology of China".

2824: 2475: 1009: 720:

Textures at different stages of metamorphism observed under a microscope

571: 5692: 5561:"Fossil subduction recorded by quartz from the coesite stability field" 4402: 4175: 3972: 3947: 3663: 2666: 2639: 2432: 1929: 774: 750: 454: 361: 248: 43: 5627: 5413: 4744:

Rubatto, Daniela; Chakraborty, Sumit; Dasgupta, Somnath (2013-02-01).

2210:(Th) during its crystal formation, making age determination possible. 929: 193:

origin, and involve high pressures followed by high temperatures; and

19: 5577: 5560: 4876: 4574: 3654: 2978: 2970: 2746: 2589: 2488: 2375: 2340: 2198:) is an effective method to determine the P-T history. Monazite is a 1944: 1405: 778: 758: 546: 331: 306: 273:: the maximum temperature reached throughout the metamorphic history. 201: 184: 176: 124: 112: 746: 538:

The reconstruction of P-T-t paths includes two types of approaches:

5602:

Nicoli, Gautier; Moyen, Jean-François; Stevens, Gary (2016-05-24).

5166:. Springer Geology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 59–136. 4928: 2974: 2608:, while anticlockwise P-T-t paths are found in the volcanic arc or 2191: 2167: 1922: 1874: 968:

The underlying principle of geothermobarometry is by utilizing the

887: 866: 862: 426: 68: 5200:

Special Paper 440: When Did Plate Tectonics Begin on Planet Earth?

2847:

Metamorphic facies is a classification system first introduced by

279:: the metamorphism occurred during uplift and cooling of the rock. 2902:

methods and techniques e.g. incorporating other elements such as

2724: 2605: 2459: 2452: 2394: 2281: 2207: 2142: 1409: 1018: 873: 651: 440: 420: 233: 104: 47: 36: 4745: 2766: 1989: 658:

grain, so biotite is considered to be formed at an earlier time.

2727: 2705: 2273: 2238: 2182:

can therefore allow estimation of the age of each garnet zone.

2175: 1899: 1886: 1397: 1014: 820: 813: 806: 687:

minerals of the porphyroblasts are formed at peak metamorphism.

655: 430: 213: 209: 39: 4523: 857: 2903: 2778: 2647: 2218:

is usually used for the measurement of monazite composition.

1005: 899: 527: 511: 154: 146: 5558: 5359:

Eskola, Pentti Eelis. "The mineral facies of rocks." (1920).

2680:. This area is associated with an anticlockwise P-T-t path. 3758:

10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0835:OAWAPT>2.3.CO;2

2515: 2203: 810: 84: 5339:

10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<1048:TMOTPP>2.0.CO;2

4743: 4077:

Tracy, R. J.; Robinson, P.; Thompson, A. B. (1976-08-01).

2178:(each colored ring represents a zone). Dating of monazite 4803: 4373: 1940:

are used to measure the composition of the garnet zones.

1814: 1793: 1780: 1767: 1735: 1722: 1709: 1628: 1607: 1594: 1581: 1549: 1536: 1523: 1510: 1478: 1465: 1452: 1439: 1361: 1340: 1327: 1314: 1282: 1269: 1256: 1243: 1166: 1145: 1132: 1119: 1087: 1074: 1061: 1048: 480:

Anticlockwise P-T-t path normally consists of two parts:

182:

The P-T-t paths are generally classified into two types:

162: 5666: 5293:

10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<42:IODOPP>2.0.CO;2

4419: 3876:

Introduction to Metamorphic Textures and Microstructures

2819: 2816:

which may make interpretation of a terrain challenging.

2805:

flow during thrusting and folding of metamorphic rocks.

2617:

Both clockwise and anticlockwise metamorphic P-T-t paths

304:

P-T-t paths can generally be classified into two types:

2881:

the thermal event. This infers that the rock is a poor

2084:

Common computer programs for computing pseudosections:

1804: 1798: 1618: 1612: 1351: 1345: 1156: 1150: 367:

Clockwise P-T-t path normally consists of three parts:

5723: 5519: 5476: 2661:, which is attributed to magma intrusion derived from 2303: 1668: 1206: 4481: 4277: 4076: 2646:

due to convergence meanwhile without being heated by

2254:

matrix monazites (i.e. monazites that do not form as

1422: 1031: 876:(white) exhibits a symplectitic texture on the right. 634:

Common textures at different stages of metamorphism:

622:

reconstruction of P-T conditions, geologists examine

572:

Backward approach (Petrological P-T-t reconstruction)

5270: 5038: 3436: 1971:is commonly used for calculation of the equations. 1943:However, melting within garnet sometimes occurs or 5601: 3770: 2386:completely extract from geochronological methods. 1833: 1380: 349:A common clockwise P-T-t path observed in reality. 4207: 2133:To figure out the age of the metamorphic events, 1676: 1675: 1658: 1657: 1214: 1213: 1196: 1195: 31:, making P-T-t path tracking possible. From 1910 5757: 4640: 3773:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 533: 390:at a slow rate (Stage 2 retrograde metamorphism) 384:after the peak (Stage 1 retrograde metamorphism) 224:P-T-t paths often reflect various stages of the 5427: 5080:When Did Plate Tectonics Begin on Planet Earth? 5077:Condie, Kent C.; Pease, Victoria (2008-01-01). 3280: 3186: 5131:Rogers, John J. W.; Santosh, M. (2004-09-16). 4323:International Journal of Computer Applications 3338: 2522:commonly produce metamorphic rocks displaying 2435:zones commonly produce metamorphic rocks with 2170:crystals (white dots) are often included in a 5526:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 5160: 5130: 4526:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 4112: 3945: 3743: 3687:. Vol. 86. Academic Press. p. 182. 3390: 2535:and erupted as sheet intrusive layer such as 2137:techniques are used. It utilizes the idea of 5230: 4002: 3345:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 3135:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2406:is generated for calculation of each point. 773:). Therefore, the sequence of formation is: 460: 337:A typical clockwise P-T-t path (ideal case). 5428:Lyubetskaya, T.; Ague, J. J. (2009-08-01). 5104:Xuchang, Xiao; Liu, Hefu (September 1997). 5076: 3514:Jones, K. A.; Brown, Michael (1990-09-01). 3105:Metamorphic pressure-temperature-time paths 2638:The HPLT metamorphic belt is located along 2634:A low pressure-high temperature (LPHT) belt 2631:A high pressure-low temperature (HPLT) belt 2578: 1000:Geothermometers are usually represented by 65:Pressure-Temperature-time path (P-T-t path) 5384: 5103: 4854: 4042: 3901:Aspects of the tectonic evolution of China 3513: 3482: 2934:of rocks upon metamorphism and deformation 2382:(normal heat distribution in the ground). 299: 5700: 5643: 5586: 5576: 5479:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 5453: 5412: 5402: 4750:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 4600: 4445: 4401: 4391: 4357:. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 4295: 4156:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 4049:. Springer Science & Business Media. 4020: 3971: 3662: 3643:Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 3588: 3539: 3416: 3310: 3216: 2756: 2653:The LPHT metamorphic belt is observed at 2245: 2152: 1824: 1801: 1784: 1771: 1758: 1745: 1726: 1713: 1700: 1698: 1688: 1643: 1638: 1615: 1598: 1585: 1572: 1559: 1540: 1527: 1514: 1501: 1488: 1469: 1456: 1443: 1430: 1371: 1348: 1331: 1318: 1305: 1292: 1273: 1260: 1247: 1234: 1226: 1181: 1176: 1153: 1136: 1123: 1110: 1097: 1078: 1065: 1052: 1039: 5374:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1963. 2921:models e.g. investigating the effect of 2912:ultra-high temperature (UHT) metamorphic 2823: 2704: 2588: 2417: 2307: 2162: 1988: 1391:Geobarometers are typically occurred as 983:Geothermobarometry is a combination of: 928: 886: 856: 839: 800: 745: 493:after the peak (Retrograde metamorphism) 464: 321: 219: 18: 5385:Kelsey, David E.; Hand, Martin (2015). 5316: 4995: 3868: 3866: 3813: 2402:After the equations are set, a grid of 2262: 2186:In the study of metamorphic petrology, 1864: 1651: 1189: 5758: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5193: 5191: 5156: 5154: 5072: 5070: 4967:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–4. 4962: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4906: 4850: 4848: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4546:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140228 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4349: 4347: 4333: 4331: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 3872: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 2941:in resistant metamorphic host minerals 2280:in rocks and contains trace amount of 2221: 1809: 1788: 1775: 1762: 1750: 1730: 1717: 1704: 1695: 1671: 1660: 1623: 1602: 1589: 1576: 1564: 1544: 1531: 1518: 1505: 1493: 1473: 1460: 1447: 1434: 1356: 1335: 1322: 1309: 1297: 1277: 1264: 1251: 1238: 1209: 1198: 1161: 1140: 1127: 1114: 1102: 1082: 1069: 1056: 1043: 103:process which involves the changes in 5312: 5310: 5197: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4415: 4413: 4203: 4201: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4144: 3684:Earth as an Evolving Planetary System 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3339:Stüwe, Kurt; Sandiford, Mike (1995). 3334: 3332: 3330: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2888: 2836: 2820:Historical development of P-T-t paths 2808:For example, during the formation of 2393:form using computer programs such as 918: 683:. Both the euhedral crystals and the 601: 5371:Geological Survey Professional Paper 3640: 3562: 3478: 3476: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2713:rises from the core to the surface. 2422: 2068:Point-counting composition using an 2055:to generate pseudosection diagrams. 115:) under different P-T conditions in 5538:10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-112720 5353: 5259: 5202:. Vol. 440. pp. 265–280. 5188: 5151: 5067: 4951: 4845: 4792: 4737: 4669: 4617: 4510: 4462: 4367: 4344: 4328: 4304: 4252: 4101: 4063: 4043:Bucher, K.; Frey, M. (2013-03-09). 4029: 3939: 3893: 3843: 3807: 3764: 3737: 3671: 3605: 2855: 2304:Forward approach (Thermal modeling) 2237:For instance, during the growth of 693:Retrograde (post-peak) metamorphism 469:A common anticlockwise P-T-t path. 277:Retrograde (post-peak) metamorphism 13: 5307: 5018:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00208.x 4965:Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences 4883: 4410: 4198: 4141: 3621: 3590:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1992.tb00094.x 3556: 3541:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1990.tb00486.x 3507: 3327: 3241: 3143: 3102: 2694: 23:A schematic clockwise P-T-t path. 14: 5777: 5083:. Geological Society of America. 4046:Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks 3473: 3425: 3379: 2991: 2429:collision-related tectonic events 2036:(Pseudosection is different from 1909:minerals which the minerals form 388:Further decompression and cooling 5137:. Oxford University Press, USA. 4230:10.1111/j.1525-1314.2007.00733.x 3613:Journal of Metamorphic Geology., 2777: 2765: 2709:A diagram of plume tectonics. A 2561: 2548: 2487: 2474: 2204:light rare-earth-elements (LREE) 2118: 1974: 1885: 1873: 639:Prograde (pre-peak) metamorphism 342: 330: 241:Prograde (pre-peak) metamorphism 5726:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 5717: 5660: 5595: 5552: 5513: 5470: 5421: 5378: 5362: 5224: 5124: 5097: 5032: 4989: 4973:10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_111-1 4832: 4691: 4643:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 4634: 4568: 3996: 3501:10.1016/j.precamres.2012.09.017 3418:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.05.003 2047:techniques, then inserted into 2028:, which focuses only on single 1950: 485:Initial heating and compression 372:Initial heating and compression 255:reactions (release of gases e.g 5134:Continents and Supercontinents 4998:Journal of Metamorphic Geology 4210:Journal of Metamorphic Geology 3681:Condie, Kent C. (2015-12-01). 3569:Journal of Metamorphic Geology 3520:Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2145:in minerals to search for the 1678: 1653: 1216: 1191: 1: 4504:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.05.003 3793:10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.043.01.15 2984: 2951:P-T-t changes of rocks under 2832:under various P-T conditions. 823:(black) in fine-grained mica 534:Reconstruction of P-T-t paths 149:is generally involved in the 5164:Precambrian Geology of China 5061:10.1016/0040-1951(91)90457-4 3837:10.1016/j.lithos.2004.03.002 3365:10.1016/0031-9201(94)02985-K 2687:theory and the formation of 2502: 2343:investigation methods (e.g. 2242:each zone can be estimated. 2115:accuracy of the P-T-t path. 549:investigation methods (e.g. 7: 5172:10.1007/978-3-662-47885-1_2 4826:10.1016/j.cageo.2013.05.017 4806:Computers & Geosciences 3952:American Journal of Science 3873:Barker, A.J. (2013-12-19). 2875: 2625:convergent plate boundaries 2594:Convergent plate boundaries 2370:over time based on rate of 2226:Monazite usually occurs as 2188:uranium–thorium–lead dating 111:of the pre-existing rocks ( 10: 5782: 4355:Radiogenic Isotope Geology 3563:Mogk, D. W. (1992-05-01). 3459:10.1093/petrology/34.3.427 3303:10.1093/petrology/25.4.929 3209:10.1093/petrology/25.4.894 2840: 2790: 2698: 2582: 2324: 2266: 2156: 2122: 2051:for calculations based on 1978: 922: 628:polarized light microscope 605: 575: 410:Trans-North China orogen, 123:are often investigated by 5746:10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.015 5522:"Elastic Thermobarometry" 5499:10.1007/s00410-015-1149-0 5404:10.1016/j.gsf.2014.09.006 5253:10.1016/j.jog.2016.03.004 4770:10.1007/s00410-012-0812-y 4663:10.1016/j.gca.2008.08.012 4393:10.1016/j.gsf.2014.12.003 4297:10.1016/j.gsf.2015.08.005 4022:10.1016/j.gsf.2012.11.005 3103:S., Spear, Frank (1989). 2955:using the combination of 2524:anticlockwise P-T-t paths 2462:after the tectonic event. 2354:Thermal modeling applies 2339:Unlike using traditional 2327:Thermal history modelling 832: 718: 654:crystal is included in a 461:Anticlockwise P-T-t paths 5455:10.1093/petrology/egp039 4602:10.1093/petrology/egt078 4447:10.1093/petrology/egv026 4135:10.1016/j.gr.2009.12.010 2719:anticlockwise P-T paths. 2621:paired metamorphic belts 2585:Paired metamorphic belts 2579:Paired metamorphic belts 2331:Finite difference method 2053:thermodynamics equations 937:. A line of temperature 477:cooling P-T trajectory. 451:Prince Charles Mountains 212:is temperature, and the 75:(P-T) conditions that a 2793:Deformation (mechanics) 2739:paired metamorphic belt 2360:heat transfer equations 2141:of long-lived unstable 1905:Zoning is a texture in 898:cross-cut dark-colored 833:Retrograde (Post-peak) 726:Stages of metamorphism 679:crystals inside a fine 612:Petrographic microscope 300:P-T-t path trajectories 200:, which are usually of 189:, which are related to 5233:Journal of Geodynamics 4909:The Journal of Geology 4729:: CS1 maint: others ( 4699:Handbook of mineralogy 4688:100.4 (2015): 897-908. 3931:: CS1 maint: others ( 2937:Origin of metamorphic 2833: 2757:Structural deformation 2714: 2613: 2322: 2246:Monazite growth zoning 2234:in metamorphic rocks. 2196:monazite geochronology 2183: 2159:Monazite geochronology 2153:Monazite geochronology 2010: 1835: 1393:net-transfer reactions 1382: 942: 903: 877: 845: 827: 786: 771:polysynthetic twinning 470: 83:cycle from burial and 60: 5766:Metamorphic petrology 5673:Nature Communications 5208:10.1130/2008.2440(13) 4686:American Mineralogist 4083:American Mineralogist 2969:Thermal evolution of 2870:continental collision 2827: 2708: 2592: 2437:clockwise P-T-t paths 2418:Tectonic implications 2311: 2166: 1992: 1836: 1383: 980:within the specimen. 970:equilibrium constants 932: 890: 860: 843: 804: 749: 491:Near-isobaric cooling 468: 322:Clockwise P-T-t paths 220:Stages in P-T-t paths 22: 5434:Journal of Petrology 5391:Geoscience Frontiers 4581:Journal of Petrology 4426:Journal of Petrology 4380:Geoscience Frontiers 4353:Dickin, A. P. 1995. 4284:Geoscience Frontiers 4009:Geoscience Frontiers 3701:10.1029/2005EO180006 3485:Precambrian Research 3439:Journal of Petrology 3397:Precambrian Research 3283:Journal of Petrology 3189:Journal of Petrology 2378:along the disturbed 2358:techniques based on 2314:geothermal gradients 2263:Zircon geochronology 2030:chemical equilibrium 2013:Pseudosection is an 1938:Electron microprobes 1865:Garnet growth zoning 1850:equilibrium constant 1420: 1029: 978:chemical equilibrium 737:Prograde (Pre-peak) 360:decompressional P-T 56:thermal conductivity 5738:2016GeCoA.191..255S 5685:2014NatCo...5.5451B 5620:2016NatSR...626359N 5491:2015CoMP..169...55A 5446:2009JPet...50.1505L 5331:1987Geo....15.1048S 5285:1987Geo....15...42P 5245:2016JGeo..100..198F 5053:1991Tectp.188..209D 5010:1995JMetG..13..111P 4921:1987JG.....95..617B 4869:2017NatGe..10...46Y 4818:2013CG.....59..171C 4762:2013CoMP..165..349R 4655:2008GeCoA..72.5505H 4593:2014JPet...55..585B 4538:2007AREPS..35..137W 4496:2007ChGeo.244....1M 4438:2015JPet...56.1007S 4222:2007JMetG..25..915H 4168:1988CoMP...99..249S 4127:2010GondR..18..138T 3964:2010AmJS..310.1480Z 3829:2004Litho..75..283W 3785:1989GSLSP..43..223A 3693:2005EOSTr..86..182M 3581:1992JMetG..10..427M 3532:1990JMetG...8..551J 3493:2012PreR..222...13Z 3451:1993JPet...34..427C 3409:2013PreR..233..237L 3357:1995PEPI...88..211S 3312:20.500.11850/422850 3295:1984JPet...25..929T 3218:20.500.11850/422845 3201:1984JPet...25..894E 2957:electron microscopy 2408:Boundary conditions 2380:geothermal gradient 2335:Computer simulation 2269:Uranium–lead dating 2222:Monazite inclusions 2216:electron microprobe 2070:electron microprobe 1959:equations based on 1816: 1795: 1782: 1769: 1737: 1724: 1711: 1664: 1630: 1609: 1596: 1583: 1551: 1538: 1525: 1512: 1480: 1467: 1454: 1441: 1363: 1342: 1329: 1316: 1284: 1271: 1258: 1245: 1202: 1168: 1147: 1134: 1121: 1089: 1076: 1063: 1050: 974:electron microprobe 933:An illustration of 732:Example of texture 67:is a record of the 5693:10.1038/ncomms6451 5608:Scientific Reports 4176:10.1007/BF00371465 3973:10.2475/10.2010.10 3487:. 222–223: 13–54. 2953:shock metamorphism 2944:Unified theory of 2939:mineral inclusions 2889:Future development 2843:metamorphic facies 2837:Metamorphic facies 2834: 2830:metamorphic facies 2797:Structural geology 2732:North China Craton 2715: 2644:crustal thickening 2614: 2356:numerical modeling 2349:geothermobarometry 2345:optical microscopy 2323: 2318:crustal thickening 2184: 2129:Radiometric dating 2063:X-ray fluorescence 2026:geothermobarometry 2011: 2009:(white triangle). 1965:chemical potential 1831: 1828: 1821: 1796: 1783: 1770: 1757: 1749: 1742: 1725: 1712: 1699: 1683: 1642: 1635: 1610: 1597: 1584: 1571: 1563: 1556: 1539: 1526: 1513: 1500: 1492: 1485: 1468: 1455: 1442: 1429: 1378: 1375: 1368: 1343: 1330: 1317: 1304: 1296: 1289: 1272: 1259: 1246: 1233: 1221: 1180: 1173: 1148: 1135: 1122: 1109: 1101: 1094: 1077: 1064: 1051: 1038: 1002:exchange reactions 946:Geothermobarometry 943: 935:geothermobarometry 925:Geothermobarometry 919:Geothermobarometry 904: 878: 846: 828: 787: 741:mineral inclusions 644:Mineral inclusions 608:Optical mineralogy 602:Optical microscopy 588:geothermobarometry 584:optical microscopy 555:geothermobarometry 551:optical microscopy 524:Coastal Cordillera 519:North China Craton 471: 412:North China Craton 129:radiometric dating 61: 5628:10.1038/srep26359 5217:978-0-8137-2440-9 5181:978-3-662-47884-4 5144:978-0-19-516589-0 5090:978-0-8137-2440-9 4857:Nature Geoscience 4708:978-0-9622097-1-0 4649:(22): 5505–5520. 4115:Gondwana Research 4056:978-3-662-04914-3 3958:(10): 1480–1502. 3910:978-1-86239-156-7 3886:978-1-317-85642-9 3114:978-0-87590-704-8 2973:and their parent 2751:bimodal volcanism 2423:Collision setting 2397: 2391:finite difference 2278:accessory mineral 2200:phosphate mineral 2139:radioactive decay 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2049:computer programs 2038:petrogenetic grid 2005:rock composition 1970: 1915:Gibbs free energy 1826: 1803: 1786: 1773: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1747: 1728: 1715: 1702: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1645: 1640: 1617: 1600: 1587: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1561: 1542: 1529: 1516: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1490: 1471: 1458: 1445: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1373: 1350: 1333: 1320: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1275: 1262: 1249: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1183: 1178: 1155: 1138: 1125: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1099: 1080: 1067: 1054: 1041: 1036: 1034: 908: 907: 664:Peak metamorphism 561:Forward approach: 543:Backward approach 507:Central Australia 271:Peak metamorphism 121:metamorphic rocks 79:experienced in a 29:phase equilibrium 5773: 5750: 5749: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5704: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5580: 5578:10.1130/g46617.1 5556: 5550: 5549: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5457: 5440:(8): 1505–1531. 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5406: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5314: 5305: 5304: 5268: 5257: 5256: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5195: 5186: 5185: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5074: 5065: 5064: 5047:(3–4): 209–238. 5036: 5030: 5029: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4960: 4949: 4948: 4904: 4881: 4880: 4877:10.1038/ngeo2852 4852: 4843: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4801: 4790: 4789: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4720: 4695: 4689: 4682: 4667: 4666: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4615: 4614: 4604: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4521: 4508: 4507: 4484:Chemical Geology 4479: 4460: 4459: 4449: 4432:(5): 1007–1035. 4417: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4395: 4371: 4365: 4351: 4342: 4341:75 (2011): 1555. 4335: 4326: 4319: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4275: 4250: 4249: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4150: 4139: 4138: 4110: 4099: 4098: 4089:(7–8): 762–775. 4074: 4061: 4060: 4040: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3975: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3930: 3922: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3870: 3841: 3840: 3823:(3–4): 283–310. 3811: 3805: 3804: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3722: 3714: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3655:10.1360/03yd9003 3638: 3619: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3543: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3434: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3388: 3377: 3376: 3336: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3278: 3239: 3238: 3220: 3184: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3126: 3100: 2965:model simulation 2910:calculations of 2856:Metamorphic path 2781: 2769: 2745:, widespread of 2743:doming structure 2598:subduction zones 2565: 2552: 2520:mid-ocean ridges 2491: 2478: 2395: 2135:geochronological 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 1968: 1911:concentric rings 1889: 1877: 1861:of the results. 1840: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1794: 1791: 1781: 1778: 1768: 1765: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1723: 1720: 1710: 1707: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1656: 1648: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1621: 1608: 1605: 1595: 1592: 1582: 1579: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1537: 1534: 1524: 1521: 1511: 1508: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1466: 1463: 1453: 1450: 1440: 1437: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1354: 1341: 1338: 1328: 1325: 1315: 1312: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1270: 1267: 1257: 1254: 1244: 1241: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1212: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1194: 1186: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1159: 1146: 1143: 1133: 1130: 1120: 1117: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1075: 1072: 1062: 1059: 1049: 1046: 729:Typical texture 716: 715: 526:, South-Central 439:, South-western 346: 334: 293:reverse reaction 253:Devolatilization 95:to the surface. 5781: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5722: 5718: 5665: 5661: 5600: 5596: 5557: 5553: 5518: 5514: 5475: 5471: 5426: 5422: 5383: 5379: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5315: 5308: 5269: 5260: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5075: 5068: 5037: 5033: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4961: 4952: 4905: 4884: 4853: 4846: 4837: 4833: 4802: 4793: 4742: 4738: 4722: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4683: 4670: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4618: 4573: 4569: 4522: 4511: 4480: 4463: 4418: 4411: 4372: 4368: 4352: 4345: 4336: 4329: 4320: 4305: 4276: 4253: 4206: 4199: 4151: 4142: 4111: 4102: 4075: 4064: 4057: 4041: 4030: 4001: 3997: 3944: 3940: 3924: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3871: 3844: 3812: 3808: 3769: 3765: 3742: 3738: 3726: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3679: 3672: 3639: 3622: 3610: 3606: 3561: 3557: 3512: 3508: 3481: 3474: 3435: 3426: 3389: 3380: 3337: 3328: 3279: 3242: 3185: 3144: 3128: 3127: 3115: 3101: 2992: 2987: 2963:techniques and 2891: 2878: 2858: 2845: 2839: 2822: 2810:fault-bend-fold 2799: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2759: 2703: 2701:Plume tectonics 2697: 2695:Plume tectonics 2689:supercontinents 2663:partial melting 2659:back-arc basins 2587: 2581: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2533:magma intrusion 2505: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2425: 2420: 2337: 2306: 2271: 2265: 2248: 2224: 2161: 2155: 2131: 2123:Main articles: 2121: 2007:ternary diagram 2004: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1977: 1961:Duhem's Theorem 1953: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1867: 1823: 1813: 1808: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1779: 1774: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1744: 1734: 1729: 1721: 1716: 1708: 1703: 1694: 1692: 1677: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1659: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1637: 1627: 1622: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1593: 1588: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1558: 1548: 1543: 1535: 1530: 1522: 1517: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1487: 1477: 1472: 1464: 1459: 1451: 1446: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1372:Fe-rich biotite 1370: 1360: 1355: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1291: 1281: 1276: 1268: 1263: 1255: 1250: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1215: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1197: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1185: 1184: 1177:Mg-rich biotite 1175: 1165: 1160: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1096: 1086: 1081: 1073: 1068: 1060: 1055: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 927: 921: 872:(grey) against 861:Intergrowth of 818:porphyroblastic 753:(cross-hatched 675:texture: large 669:Porphyroblastic 614: 606:Main articles: 604: 580: 574: 536: 517:Yinshan Block, 514:, South America 463: 417:Bohemian Massif 354: 353: 352: 351: 350: 347: 339: 338: 335: 324: 302: 290: 286: 266: 262: 258: 222: 206:Cartesian space 131:techniques and 17: 12: 11: 5: 5779: 5769: 5768: 5752: 5751: 5716: 5679:: ncomms6451. 5659: 5594: 5551: 5532:(1): 331–366. 5512: 5469: 5420: 5397:(3): 311–356. 5377: 5361: 5352: 5306: 5258: 5223: 5216: 5187: 5180: 5150: 5143: 5123: 5117:978-9067642620 5116: 5096: 5089: 5066: 5041:Tectonophysics 5031: 5004:(1): 111–124. 4988: 4981: 4950: 4929:10.1086/629159 4915:(5): 617–632. 4882: 4844: 4831: 4791: 4756:(2): 349–372. 4736: 4707: 4690: 4668: 4633: 4616: 4587:(3): 585–621. 4567: 4532:(1): 137–175. 4509: 4461: 4409: 4386:(3): 373–387. 4366: 4343: 4327: 4303: 4290:(4): 591–607. 4251: 4216:(8): 915–934. 4197: 4162:(2): 249–256. 4140: 4121:(1): 138–146. 4100: 4062: 4055: 4028: 4015:(3): 305–320. 3995: 3938: 3909: 3892: 3885: 3842: 3806: 3779:(1): 223–232. 3763: 3752:(8): 835–838. 3736: 3727:|journal= 3709: 3670: 3620: 3604: 3575:(3): 427–438. 3555: 3526:(5): 551–578. 3506: 3472: 3445:(3): 427–459. 3424: 3378: 3326: 3289:(4): 929–955. 3240: 3195:(4): 894–928. 3142: 3113: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2967: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2926: 2923:slab break-off 2915: 2890: 2887: 2883:heat conductor 2877: 2874: 2857: 2854: 2841:Main article: 2838: 2835: 2828:The different 2821: 2818: 2803:advective heat 2783: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2737:The lack of a 2730:blocks in the 2699:Main article: 2696: 2693: 2685:plate tectonic 2636: 2635: 2632: 2610:back-arc basin 2583:Main article: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2567: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2504: 2501: 2495:metamorphism). 2493: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2456: 2445: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2321:Peacock(1989). 2305: 2302: 2264: 2261: 2247: 2244: 2232:porphyroblasts 2223: 2220: 2172:concentrically 2157:Main article: 2154: 2151: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2104:THERIAK-DOMINO 2101: 2096: 2091: 2078: 2077: 2066: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1976: 1973: 1952: 1949: 1907:solid-solution 1891: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1842: 1841: 1820: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1790: 1777: 1764: 1752: 1741: 1732: 1719: 1706: 1697: 1680: 1673: 1662: 1655: 1634: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1604: 1591: 1578: 1566: 1555: 1546: 1533: 1520: 1507: 1495: 1484: 1475: 1462: 1449: 1436: 1389: 1388: 1367: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1337: 1324: 1311: 1299: 1288: 1279: 1266: 1253: 1240: 1218: 1211: 1200: 1193: 1172: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1142: 1129: 1116: 1104: 1093: 1084: 1071: 1058: 1045: 998: 997: 991: 988:Geothermometry 923:Main article: 920: 917: 906: 905: 891:Light-colored 884: 883:cross-cutting 880: 879: 854: 848: 847: 837: 836:reaction rims 834: 830: 829: 798: 796:porphyroblasts 793: 789: 788: 757:) included in 743: 738: 734: 733: 730: 727: 723: 722: 714: 713: 712: 711: 708: 702: 690: 689: 688: 661: 660: 659: 648:poikiloblastic 603: 600: 592:pseudosections 573: 570: 569: 568: 563:using thermal 558: 535: 532: 531: 530: 521: 515: 509: 505:Arunta Block, 495: 494: 488: 462: 459: 458: 457: 447: 437:Gallatin Range 433: 423: 414: 392: 391: 385: 375: 348: 341: 340: 336: 329: 328: 327: 326: 325: 323: 320: 301: 298: 288: 284: 281: 280: 274: 268: 267:O) are common. 264: 260: 256: 221: 218: 216:is pressure.) 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5778: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5311: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 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Routledge. 3878: 3877: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3720: 3712: 3710:9780128037096 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3675: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3138: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2990: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2908:thermodynamic 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2886: 2884: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2850: 2849:Pentti Eskola 2844: 2831: 2826: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2780: 2768: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2676:rises to the 2675: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:volcanic arcs 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2619:are found in 2618: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602:volcanic arcs 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2564: 2551: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2490: 2477: 2468: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2449:orogenic belt 2446: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2372:heat transfer 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2298:igneous rocks 2295: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2126: 2125:Geochronology 2119:Geochronology 2116: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2075: 2074:thin-sections 2071: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2018:phase diagram 2016: 2008: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1981:Phase diagram 1975:Pseudosection 1972: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957:thermodynamic 1948: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1934:ions exchange 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1888: 1876: 1862: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1818: 1739: 1632: 1553: 1482: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1365: 1286: 1170: 1091: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 995: 994:Geobarometry: 992: 989: 986: 985: 984: 981: 979: 975: 971: 966: 964: 963:igneous rocks 961: 957: 953: 952: 947: 940: 936: 931: 926: 916: 914: 913:thermodynamic 901: 897: 894: 889: 885: 882: 881: 875: 871: 868: 864: 859: 855: 853: 850: 849: 842: 838: 835: 831: 826: 822: 819: 815: 812: 808: 803: 799: 797: 794: 791: 790: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 742: 739: 736: 735: 731: 728: 725: 724: 721: 717: 709: 706: 703: 700: 696: 695: 694: 691: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 667: 666: 665: 662: 657: 653: 649: 645: 642: 641: 640: 637: 636: 635: 632: 629: 625: 624:thin sections 621: 620: 613: 609: 599: 597: 596:geochronology 593: 589: 585: 579: 566: 562: 559: 556: 552: 548: 544: 541: 540: 539: 529: 525: 522: 520: 516: 513: 510: 508: 504: 503: 502: 499: 492: 489: 486: 483: 482: 481: 478: 476: 467: 456: 452: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 432: 428: 424: 422: 418: 415: 413: 409: 408: 407: 404: 402: 397: 389: 386: 383: 382:decompression 381: 376: 373: 370: 369: 368: 365: 363: 359: 345: 333: 319: 317: 315: 314:anticlockwise 310: 308: 297: 294: 278: 275: 272: 269: 254: 250: 246: 242: 239: 238: 237: 235: 231: 227: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 197: 196:anticlockwise 192: 188: 186: 180: 178: 174: 169: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 139: 137: 134: 133:thermodynamic 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 38: 34: 30: 26: 21: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5676: 5672: 5662: 5614:(1): 26359. 5611: 5607: 5597: 5588:2158/1284757 5568: 5564: 5554: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5370: 5364: 5355: 5325:(11): 1048. 5322: 5318: 5276: 5272: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5199: 5163: 5133: 5126: 5106: 5099: 5079: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4964: 4912: 4908: 4863:(1): 46–50. 4860: 4856: 4839: 4834: 4809: 4805: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4698: 4693: 4685: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4529: 4525: 4487: 4483: 4429: 4425: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4354: 4339:Mineral. Mag 4338: 4325:41.8 (2012). 4322: 4287: 4283: 4213: 4209: 4159: 4155: 4118: 4114: 4086: 4082: 4045: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3900: 3895: 3875: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3683: 3646: 3642: 3615: 3612: 3607: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3484: 3442: 3438: 3400: 3396: 3348: 3344: 3286: 3282: 3192: 3188: 3104: 2932:permeability 2892: 2879: 2859: 2846: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2736: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2711:mantle plume 2682: 2652: 2637: 2616: 2615: 2523: 2506: 2465: 2436: 2426: 2412: 2401: 2388: 2384: 2362:, different 2353: 2341:petrological 2338: 2286: 2272: 2252: 2249: 2236: 2225: 2212: 2185: 2146: 2132: 2113: 2083: 2079: 2057: 2042: 2035: 2023: 2012: 1985:QAPF diagram 1954: 1951:Gibbs method 1942: 1927: 1904: 1898: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1560:Ca-Al garnet 1489:Fe-Al garnet 1396: 1390: 1293:Mg-Al garnet 1098:Fe-Al garnet 1013: 999: 993: 987: 982: 967: 951:quantitative 950: 944: 909: 852:symplectites 719: 692: 663: 638: 633: 618: 615: 581: 560: 547:petrological 542: 537: 500: 496: 490: 484: 479: 472: 405: 401:conductivity 393: 387: 377: 371: 366: 355: 312: 305: 303: 282: 276: 270: 240: 223: 208:, where the 194: 183: 181: 140: 125:petrological 97:Metamorphism 64: 62: 5732:: 255–276. 5239:: 198–214. 4812:: 171–180. 4403:2440/106627 3664:10722/73087 3403:: 237–258. 3351:(88): 211. 2946:lithosphere 2427:Areas with 2368:earth crust 2290:U-Pb dating 2202:containing 2149:of events. 2045:geochemical 2015:equilibrium 1919:plagioclase 1859:calibration 1746:plagioclase 1402:plagioclase 956:metamorphic 939:equilibrium 870:symplectite 783:plagioclase 767:plagioclase 705:Symplectite 619:qualitative 578:Petrography 316:P-T-t paths 309:P-T-t paths 226:metamorphic 198:P-T-t paths 187:P-T-t paths 173:metamorphic 168:equilibrium 159:water vapor 143:solid state 117:solid state 81:metamorphic 73:temperature 25:Metamorphic 5414:2440/91616 2985:References 2979:chondrites 2971:meteorites 2919:geodynamic 2791:See also: 2747:komatiites 2672:, and the 2667:subducting 2640:subduction 2508:Intrusions 2433:subduction 2325:See also: 2294:exhumation 2267:See also: 2256:inclusions 2228:inclusions 2180:inclusions 2089:THERMOCALC 1979:See also: 1930:refractory 1853:obtained. 1848:After one 1022:reaction: 893:serpentine 775:microcline 751:Microcline 681:groundmass 576:See also: 455:Antarctica 396:isothermal 380:isothermal 362:trajectory 358:isothermal 249:subduction 113:protoliths 93:exhumation 52:exhumation 44:cordierite 5636:2045-2322 5571:: 24–28. 5546:0084-6597 5507:127565257 5485:(6): 55. 5464:0022-3530 5347:0091-7613 5301:0091-7613 5279:(1): 42. 5026:1525-1314 4945:140170881 4937:0022-1376 4786:128591724 4778:0010-7999 4725:cite book 4611:0022-3530 4554:0084-6597 4456:0022-3530 4246:106403034 4238:1525-1314 4192:129169528 4184:0010-7999 4095:0003-004X 3990:140202942 3982:0002-9599 3927:cite book 3801:128890409 3729:ignored ( 3719:cite book 3649:(1): 23. 3599:1525-1314 3550:1525-1314 3467:0022-3530 3373:0031-9201 3321:0022-3530 3227:0022-3530 3131:cite book 2975:asteroids 2917:Refining 2906:into the 2898:Refining 2503:Intrusion 2431:or under 2376:diffusion 2364:tectonics 1945:diffusion 1819:⏟ 1740:⏟ 1679:⇀ 1672:− 1661:− 1654:↽ 1639:muscovite 1633:⏟ 1554:⏟ 1483:⏟ 1406:muscovite 1366:⏟ 1287:⏟ 1217:⇀ 1210:− 1199:− 1192:↽ 1171:⏟ 1092:⏟ 960:intrusive 779:magnetite 759:magnetite 449:Southern 435:Northern 425:Southern 307:clockwise 202:intrusion 191:collision 185:clockwise 179:history. 127:methods, 5760:Category 5711:25465283 5654:27216133 4717:20759166 4631:335-342. 4562:36999300 3919:56877747 3235:39101545 3123:19815434 2914:minerals 2876:Findings 2866:Turcotte 2728:cratonic 2512:hotspots 2510:such as 2467:pattern. 2192:monazite 2168:Monazite 2143:isotopes 2109:PERPLE_X 1923:fluorite 1012:between 867:pyroxene 863:fayalite 761:(black, 755:twinning 677:euhedral 565:modeling 475:isobaric 427:Brittany 177:tectonic 151:reaction 136:modeling 109:textures 105:minerals 69:pressure 5734:Bibcode 5702:4268713 5681:Bibcode 5645:4877656 5616:Bibcode 5565:Geology 5487:Bibcode 5442:Bibcode 5327:Bibcode 5319:Geology 5281:Bibcode 5273:Geology 5241:Bibcode 5110:. VSP. 5049:Bibcode 5006:Bibcode 4917:Bibcode 4865:Bibcode 4842:. 2008. 4814:Bibcode 4758:Bibcode 4651:Bibcode 4589:Bibcode 4534:Bibcode 4492:Bibcode 4434:Bibcode 4218:Bibcode 4164:Bibcode 4123:Bibcode 3960:Bibcode 3825:Bibcode 3781:Bibcode 3746:Geology 3689:Bibcode 3577:Bibcode 3528:Bibcode 3489:Bibcode 3447:Bibcode 3405:Bibcode 3353:Bibcode 3291:Bibcode 3197:Bibcode 2961:imaging 2929:Spatial 2862:Oxburgh 2725:Archean 2665:of the 2606:forearc 2460:erosion 2453:forearc 2396:FORTRAN 2282:uranium 2230:in the 2208:thorium 2024:Unlike 1825:biotite 1410:biotite 1019:biotite 874:apatite 701:mineral 652:biotite 453:, East 441:Montana 421:Austria 251:zones. 234:erosion 101:dynamic 85:heating 48:erosion 37:mineral 5709: 5699: 5652: 5642: 5634: 5544: 5505: 5462: 5345: 5299: 5214: 5178: 5141: 5114: 5087: 5024: 4979: 4943: 4935: 4784: 4776: 4715: 4705: 4609: 4560: 4552: 4454: 4361: 4244: 4236: 4190: 4182: 4093: 4053: 3988: 3980: 3917: 3907: 3883: 3817:Lithos 3799: 3707: 3618:, 603. 3597: 3548: 3465: 3371: 3319: 3233: 3225: 3121: 3111: 2900:dating 2569:cools. 2556:rocks. 2333:, and 2274:Zircon 2239:garnet 2176:garnet 2174:zoned 1900:Garnet 1689: 1644: 1398:garnet 1227: 1182: 1015:garnet 825:matrix 821:garnet 814:schist 807:garnet 763:opaque 685:matrix 673:matrix 656:garnet 626:under 594:, and 557:etc.). 431:France 245:basins 230:uplift 214:y-axis 210:x-axis 157:(e.g. 155:fluids 89:uplift 40:garnet 5503:S2CID 4941:S2CID 4782:S2CID 4558:S2CID 4242:S2CID 4188:S2CID 3986:S2CID 3797:S2CID 3231:S2CID 2678:crust 2648:magma 2596:with 2537:sills 2516:rifts 2444:heat. 2404:nodes 2316:upon 2284:(U). 2094:GIBBS 1969:GIBBS 948:is a 900:mafic 896:veins 816:with 792:Peak 765:) in 699:grade 528:Chile 512:Andes 378:Near- 147:Water 99:is a 5707:PMID 5650:PMID 5632:ISSN 5542:ISSN 5460:ISSN 5343:ISSN 5297:ISSN 5212:ISBN 5176:ISBN 5139:ISBN 5112:ISBN 5085:ISBN 5022:ISSN 4977:ISBN 4933:ISSN 4774:ISSN 4731:link 4713:OCLC 4703:ISBN 4607:ISSN 4550:ISSN 4452:ISSN 4359:ISBN 4234:ISSN 4180:ISSN 4091:ISSN 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