27:
149:, the need for published research on the disease spurred a wave of research articles being released as preprints, bypassing the peer-review and publication process, which was proving too slow in the context of an active and novel pandemic. The release of COVID-related preprint articles, along with other COVID-related articles published by traditional journals, contributed to the largest ever single-year increase in scholarly articles.
1212:
317:, absence of quality (in controversy), concerns about premature data, media coverage not properly presenting the inherent uncertainty of preprints, risk of double citation (by publishing a peer-reviewed article, the preprint may also be cited), lack of ethical and statistical guidelines, lack of respect for
168:
Publication of manuscripts in a peer-reviewed journal often takes weeks, months or even years from the time of initial submission, owing to the time required by editors and reviewers to evaluate and critique manuscripts, and the time required by authors to address critiques. The need to quickly
177:
from their peers, which may be helpful in revising and preparing articles for submission. Preprint are also used to demonstrate the precedence of the discoveries and a way to protect the intellectual property (a prompt availability of the discovery can be used to block patenting or discourage
280:
The advantages of preprints can be summarized as: prompt dissemination of outcomes, contributes to free flow of information, increase chances of early feedback and comments, increase number of citations, chances of academic collaborations, make authors enthusiastic, may reduce
125:
In
February 2017, a coalition of scientists and biomedical funding bodies including the National Institutes of Health, the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust launched a proposal for a central site for life-sciences preprints. In February 2017,
232:
refers to hard copies of papers that have already been published; reprints can be produced by the journal publisher, but can also be generated from digital versions (for example, from an electronic database of peer-reviewed journals), or from eprints
220:
is an article which has been peer reviewed in preparation for publication in a journal. Both the preprint and postprint may differ from the final published version of an article. Preprints and postprints together are referred to as e-prints or
130:
announced plans to set up a preprints server – SciELO Preprints. In March 2017, the
National Institutes for Health issued a new policy encouraging research preprint submissions. In April 2017,
1234:
245:
In academia, preprints are not likely to be weighed heavily when a scholar is evaluated for tenure or promotion, unless the preprint becomes the basis for a peer-reviewed publication.
937:
1275:
111:
169:
circulate current results within a scholarly community has led researchers to distribute documents known as preprints, which are manuscripts that have yet to undergo
1153:
Besançon, Lonni; Peiffer-Smadja, Nathan; Segalas, Corentin; Jiang, Haiting; Masuzzo, Paola; Smout, Cooper; Billy, Eric; Deforet, Maxime; Leyrat, Clémence (2020).
185:
to disqualify from submission. Yet, many journals prohibit or discourage the use of preprints in the references as they are not considered as credible sources.
347:
The preprint servers can be grouped in three categories: general (accepting practically all preprints, frequently with bias towards some topic, publisher e.g.
181:
Most publishers allow work to be published to preprint servers before submission. A minority of publishers decide on a case-by-case basis or interpret the
333:(a strategy conducted to discourage dissemination of research reports before they are published in the journal), rush to post low-quality research.
1301:
386:). While many preprint servers appeared, some had been terminated. The canceled servers were operated mainly by profit publishing companies (e.g.
1890:
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1718:
1367:
912:
523:
134:
announced that it will be launching six new preprint archives. At the end of the 2010s, libraries and discovery tools increasingly integrate
729:
437:
163:
656:"ASAPbio newsletter vol 7 – Funders sign onto principles for preprint development, RFA released, scientific society town hall | ASAPbio"
364:
1885:
407:
115:
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on preprints. These peer-reviews are either a first step before publication in a journal (Peerage of
Science, Review Commons,
1319:
1132:
Perelman, Grisha (July 17, 2003). "Finite extinction time for the solutions to the Ricci flow on certain three-manifolds".
414:) developed separate preprint servers as a part of their service. For more complete list (over 60 preprints servers) see:
208:
Preprint Review) or result in a formal editorial decision (Peer
Community In) without precluding submission in journals.
1060:
1951:
1645:
1309:
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1360:
1260:
1936:
680:
631:"Principles for establishing a Central Service for Preprints: a statement from a consortium of funders | ASAPbio"
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1655:
1090:
Perelman, Grisha (November 11, 2002). "The entropy formula for the Ricci flow and its geometric applications".
114:
was stopped, partially because journals stopped accepting submissions shared via these channels. In 2017, the
1931:
1905:
432:
415:
342:
107:
1287:
Challenges and changing roles for medical journals in the cyberspace age: Electronic pre-prints and e-papers
1926:
1900:
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1353:
1310:
Pre-Print, Post-Print or
Offprint? A Guide to publication versions, permissions and the digital repository.
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1418:
548:
329:
regulations in some countries, possible harm to health in certain cases, information overload, breach of
1880:
1860:
705:
286:
265:
1895:
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sources and manages to serve over half of the requests by users without the need for subscriptions.
1946:
1242:
1238:
1222:
885:"No revolution: COVID-19 boosted open access, but preprints are only a fraction of pandemic papers"
103:
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261:
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367:). Additionally, preprints can be categorised by the owner (private publishing company e.g.
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1569:
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586:
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8:
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94:, rather than as paper copies. This has given rise to massive preprint databases such as
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285:, increases transparency, may publish negative outcomes and controversies, may receive
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Some important results in mathematics have been published only on the preprint server
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1038:
945:
865:
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755:"Public Goods Infrastructure for Preprints and Innovation in Scholarly Communication"
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146:
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39:
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started supporting citations of preprints in grant and fellowship applications, and
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1166:
1061:"Russian mathematician wins $ 1 million prize, but he appears to be happy with $ 0"
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1111:
Perelman, Grisha (10 March 2003). "Ricci flow with surgery on three-manifolds".
969:
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The impact of preprint servers and electronic publishing on biomedical research
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119:
90:
Since 1991, preprints have increasingly been distributed electronically on the
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842:
655:
599:
574:
1920:
1812:
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1589:
1473:
1458:
949:
851:
298:
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884:
474:"The prehistory of biology preprints: A forgotten experiment from the 1960s"
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1042:
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509:
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79:
47:
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173:. The immediate distribution of preprints allows authors to receive early
78:. The preprint may be available, often as a non-typeset version available
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1650:
1609:
1463:
730:"NIH enables investigators to include draft preprints in grant proposals"
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and awards, promotion of young researchers, early credit, good place for
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While a preprint is an article that has not yet undergone peer review, a
201:
170:
71:
43:
1138:
1117:
1096:
706:"NOT-OD-17-050: Reporting Preprints and Other Interim Research Products"
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135:
106:. The sharing of preprints goes back to at least the 1960s, when the
35:
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
575:"Heavyweight funders back central site for life-sciences preprints"
447:
442:
411:
356:
348:
91:
1286:
1152:
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limited to
Indonesia). Moreover, multiple writing platforms (e.g.
110:
circulated biological preprints. After six years the use of these
1703:
1667:
1614:
352:
229:
63:
630:
1751:
1514:
1504:
830:
Medical
Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation in Ophthalmology
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The disadvantages of preprints could be summarized as: lack of
222:
127:
1155:"Open Science Saves Lives: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic"
1822:
1483:
379:
290:
257:
249:
205:
197:
95:
30:
Typical publishing workflow for an academic journal article (
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between 2002 and 2003, in which he presented a proof of the
1531:
1146:
913:"Breaking Down Pros and Cons of Preprints in Biomedicine"
252:. After nearly a century of effort by mathematicians,
237:
by their authors in their institutional repositories.
82:, before or after a paper is published in a journal.
826:"COVID-19 impact on research and publication ethics"
138:
data, which indexes millions of preprints and other
122:started accepting preprints in grant applications.
1225:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
824:Heidary, Fatemeh; Gharebaghi, Reza (2021-05-31).
823:
1918:
1131:
1110:
1089:
74:and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or
1302:Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
970:"Comparing journal-independent review services"
549:"We now accept preprints in grant applications"
1125:
1104:
1083:
1007:Callaway, Ewen; Powell, Kendall (2016-02-18).
1006:
1361:
382:or independent non-profit organisations e.g.
308:
305:, and early detection of science misconduct.
272:for the result, but he declined both prizes.
256:published a series of preprint papers on the
438:List of academic journals by preprint policy
336:
164:List of academic journals by preprint policy
16:Academic paper prior to journal publication
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784:Journal of the Medical Library Association
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188:Some journal-independent review services (
1261:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1080:, Sydney Morning Herald, August 21, 2006
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883:Brainard, Jeffrey (15 September 2021) .
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25:
19:For broader coverage of this topic, see
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819:
817:
815:
240:
1919:
777:
530:. Medical Research Council. 2017-01-03
264:. He was offered both the $ 1 million
1876:Academic databases and search engines
1349:
1076:Nadejda Lobastova and Michael Hirst,
1049:
211:
157:
1205:
1009:"Biologists urged to hug a preprint"
812:
471:
1297:Electronic Preprints and Postprints
13:
1646:Academic journal publishing reform
472:Cobb, Matthew (16 November 2017).
14:
1963:
1312:" Ames, IA: Digital Repository @
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1210:
1159:BMC Medical Research Methodology
1078:"Maths genius living in poverty"
1070:
1000:
987:
962:
930:
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778:Dhakal, Kerry (15 April 2019).
771:
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145:During the early months of the
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673:
648:
623:
566:
541:
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465:
1:
1906:Category:Scientific documents
1320:Journal policies on preprints
681:"SciELO Preprints on the way"
573:Callaway, Ewen (2017-02-16).
458:
433:List of preprint repositories
416:List of preprint repositories
343:List of preprint repositories
108:National Institutes of Health
1901:Category:Academic publishing
938:"Taking the online medicine"
524:"The MRC supports preprints"
491:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003995
7:
555:. Wellcome. 10 January 2017
421:
112:Information Exchange Groups
10:
1968:
1719:Indexes and search engines
1172:10.1186/s12874-021-01304-y
340:
309:Disadvantages of preprints
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104:institutional repositories
85:
18:
1952:Academic journal articles
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1638:
1562:
1497:
1449:
1411:
1383:
843:10.51329/mehdiophthal1414
600:10.1038/nature.2017.21466
406:) or were regional (e.g.
337:Types of preprint servers
297:check, chance to receive
351:), field-specific (e.g.
116:Medical Research Council
1896:Style/formatting guides
1798:Scholarly communication
1498:Other publication types
976:. ASAPbio. 24 July 2020
898:10.1126/science.acx9058
388:Nature Publishing Group
276:Advantages of preprints
200:Preprint Review) offer
152:
132:Center for Open Science
21:Manuscript (publishing)
1937:Publications by format
1838:Least publishable unit
1510:Collection of articles
1308:Inefuku, Harrison W. "
1282:2000 Oct;12(5):499–503
325:guidelines, breach of
51:
1828:Electronic publishing
1803:Scientific literature
1580:Article-level metrics
1314:Iowa State University
796:10.5195/jmla.2019.650
685:SciELO in Perspective
359:) and regional (e.g.
327:intellectual property
70:that precedes formal
29:
1932:Scientific documents
1871:Open-access journals
1818:Open scientific data
1625:SCImago Journal Rank
1585:Author-level metrics
1570:Acknowledgment index
1231:improve this article
378:, universities e.g.
283:predatory publishing
241:Tenure and promotion
178:competing parties).
1927:Academic publishing
1866:Scientific journals
1377:Academic publishing
1330:Preprint, Postprint
1243:footnote references
1025:2016Natur.530..265C
591:2017Natur.542..283C
262:Poincaré conjecture
56:academic publishing
46:sharing rights per
1886:Copyright policies
1881:University presses
1788:Scientific writing
1656:Citation advantage
1563:Impact and ranking
1396:Scientific journal
1316:, 14 January 2013.
1291:J Med Internet Res
1280:Curr Opin Immunol.
995:Self-archiving FAQ
662:. 14 February 2017
637:. 13 February 2017
428:Electronic article
212:Stages of printing
196:, Review Commons,
190:Peerage of Science
158:Academic practices
100:HAL (open archive)
76:scientific journal
62:is a version of a
52:
1914:
1913:
1891:Preprint policies
1861:Academic journals
1844:Publish or perish
1699:Version of record
1639:Reform and access
1441:Literature review
1324:Nature Precedings
1271:
1270:
1263:
585:(7641): 283–284.
453:ScientificCommons
392:Nature Precedings
194:Peer Community In
147:COVID-19 pandemic
140:green open access
1959:
1833:Ingelfinger rule
1747:Semantic Scholar
1469:Technical report
1391:Academic journal
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1305:. Marcel Dekker.
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1793:Peer review
1673:#ICanHazPDF
1651:Open access
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1554:Proceedings
1464:White paper
1342:by ASAPbio.
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974:asapbio.org
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660:asapbio.org
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315:peer-review
202:peer review
171:peer review
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1942:Publishing
1921:Categories
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1682:Versioning
1575:Altmetrics
1520:Biological
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955:2016-03-23
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559:2017-01-10
534:2018-09-06
459:References
376:EarthArXiv
361:AfricArxiv
341:See also:
303:hypothesis
295:plagiarism
289:, link to
162:See also:
1694:Postprint
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950:0013-0613
852:2322-3219
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