History of Finland

30: 3459: 3540: 1599: 2352: 3785: 2231:", were initially governed with the old Swedish laws (a not uncommon practice in the expanding Russian Empire in the 18th century). However, gradually the rulers of Russia granted large estates of land to their non-Finnish favorites, ignoring the traditional landownership and peasant freedom laws of Old Finland. There were even cases where the noblemen punished peasants corporally, for example by flogging. The overall situation caused decline in the economy and morale in Old Finland, worsened since 1797 when the area was forced to send men to the Imperial Army. The construction of military installations in the area brought thousands of non-Finnish people to the region. In 1812, after the Russian conquest of Finland, "Old Finland" was attached to the rest of the country, though the landownership question remained a serious problem until the 1870s. 2240: 2545: 2456: 3953: 2816: 2801:

it in 1809, and it did not meet again for half a century. The tsar's actions were in accordance with the royalist constitution Finland had inherited from Sweden. The Finns had no guarantees of liberty, but depended on the tsar's goodwill for any freedoms they enjoyed. When Alexander II, the Tsar Liberator, convened the Diet again in 1863, he did so not to fulfill any obligation but to meet growing pressures for reform within the empire as a whole. In the remaining decades of the century, the Diet enacted numerous legislative measures that modernized Finland's system of law, made its public administration more efficient, removed obstacles to commerce, and prepared the ground for the country's independence in the next century.

1618:, and naturally the cultural center of the bishopric. The bishop had ecclesiastical authority over much of today's Finland, and was usually the most powerful man there. Bishops were often Finns, whereas the commanders of castles were more often Scandinavian or German noblemen. In 1362, representatives from Finland were called to participate in the elections for the king of Sweden. As such, that year is often considered when Finland was incorporated into the Kingdom of Sweden. As in the Scandinavian part of the kingdom, the gentry or (lower) nobility consisted of magnates and yeomen who could afford armament for a man and a horse; these were concentrated in the southern part of Finland. 3848:(1948) with the Soviet Union. The latter, in particular, was the foundation of Finno-Soviet relations in the postwar era. Under the terms of the treaty, Finland was bound to confer with the Soviets and perhaps to accept their aid if an attack from Germany, or countries allied with Germany, seemed likely. The treaty prescribed consultations between the two countries, but it had no mechanism for automatic Soviet intervention in a time of crisis. Both treaties have been abrogated by Finland since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, while leaving the borders untouched. Even though being a neighbor to the Soviet Union sometimes resulted in overcautious concern in foreign policy (" 2912: 731: 3124: 2376: 1751: 2276:

farms among heirs, to non farm economic activities, and to the small numbers of nobility and gentry. Often the nobles and landowners were paternalistic and helpful. The Crown usually sided with the nobles, but after the "restitution" of the 1680s it ended the practice of the nobility extracting labor from the peasants and instead began a new tax system whereby royal bureaucrats collected taxes directly from the peasants, who disliked the efficient new system. After 1800 growing population pressure resulted in larger numbers of poor crofters and landless laborers and the impoverishment of small farmers.

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peasants formed one of the four estates and were represented in the parliament. Outside the political sphere, however, the peasants were considered at the bottom of the social order—just above vagabonds. The upper classes looked down on them as excessively prone to drunkenness and laziness, as clannish and untrustworthy, and especially as lacking honor and a sense of national spirit. This disdain dramatically changed in the 19th century when everyone idealised the peasant as the true carrier of Finnishness and the national ethos, as opposed to the Swedish-speaking elites.

2903:(right to vote) and eligibility was implemented to include women: Finnish women were the first in Europe to gain full eligibility to vote; and have membership in an estate; land ownership or inherited titles were no longer required. However, on the local level things were different, as in the municipal elections the number of votes was tied to amount of tax paid. Thus, rich people could cast a number of votes, while the poor perhaps none at all. The municipal voting system was changed to universal suffrage in 1917 when a left-wing majority was elected to Parliament. 3743: 1400: 3517: 3883: 3867:, a leading conservative politician, saw that an essential element of Finnish foreign policy must be a credible guarantee to the Soviet Union that it need not fear attack from, or through, Finnish territory. Because a policy of neutrality was a political component of this guarantee, Finland would ally itself with no one. Another aspect of the guarantee was that Finnish defenses had to be sufficiently strong to defend the nation's territory. This policy remained the core of Finland's foreign relations for the rest of the Cold War era. 3682: 1389: 3323:, which were overwhelmingly Swedish-speaking and sought retrocession to Sweden. However, as Finland was not willing to cede the islands, they were offered an autonomous status. Nevertheless, the residents did not approve the offer, and the dispute over the islands was submitted to the League of Nations. The League decided that Finland should retain sovereignty over the Åland Islands, but they should be made an autonomous province. Thus Finland was under an obligation to ensure the residents of Åland a right to maintain the 1859: 2061:(1700–1721) was devastating, as Sweden and Russia fought for control of the Baltic. Harsh conditions—worsening poverty and repeated crop failures—among peasants undermined support for the war, leading to Sweden's defeat. Finland was a battleground as both armies ravaged the countryside, leading to famine, epidemics, social disruption and the loss of nearly half the population. By 1721 only 250,000 remained. Landowners had to pay higher wages to keep their peasants. Russia was the winner, annexing the 3256: 419: 3827: 1870: 2634: 899: 3693: 2522: 4077: 3356: 3003: 3095:

summer recess in August 1917, only the groups supporting the Power Act were present. Russian troops took possession of the chamber, the Parliament was dissolved, and new elections were held. The result was a (small) non-Socialist majority and a purely non-Socialist Senate. The suppression of the Power Act, and the cooperation between Finnish non-Socialists and Russia provoked great bitterness among the Socialists, and had resulted in dozens of politically motivated attacks and murders.

720: 2150:(Parliament). An interesting sideline to this process was the conspiracy of some Finnish officers, who attempted to create an independent Finnish state with Russian support. After an initial shock, Gustav III crushed this opposition. In 1789, the new constitution of Sweden strengthened the royal power further, as well as improving the status of the peasantry. However, the continuing war had to be finished without conquests—and many Swedes now considered the king as a tyrant. 2172:(1788–1790), the last decades of the 18th century had been an era of development in Finland. New things were changing even everyday life, such as starting of potato farming after the 1750s. New scientific and technical inventions were seen. The first hot air balloon in Finland (and in the whole Swedish kingdom) was made in Oulu (Uleåborg) in 1784, only a year after it was invented in France. Trade increased and the peasantry was growing more affluent and self-conscious. The 1581: 2445: 1667: 3268: 1369: 2039: 2761: 94: 3079:

the Social Democrats' proposal on parliamentarism (the so-called "Power Act") as being too far-reaching and provocative. The act restricted Russia's influence on domestic Finnish matters, but did not touch the Russian government's power on matters of defence and foreign affairs. For the Russian Provisional government this was, however, far too radical, exceeding the Parliament's authority, and so the Provisional government dissolved the Parliament.

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market was small but rapid growth took place after 1860 in export industries drawing on forest resources and mobile rural laborers. Industrialization began during the mid-19th century from forestry to industry, mining and machinery and laid the foundation of Finland's current day prosperity, even though agriculture employed a relatively large part of the population until the post–World War II era.

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unemployment insurance, maternity benefits, family allowances, and day-care centers. Health insurance covers most of the cost of outpatient care. The national health act of 1972 provided for the establishment of free health centers in every municipality. There were major cutbacks in the early 1990s, but they were distributed to minimize the harm to the vast majority of voters.

3451: 2423:("Old Finland") to the grand duchy in 1812. During the years of Russian rule the degree of autonomy varied. Periods of censorship and political prosecution occurred, particularly in the two last decades of Russian control, but the Finnish peasantry remained free (unlike the Russian serfs) as the old Swedish law remained effective (including the relevant parts from 2667:(no compromise on the language question and conservative nationalism) and "young" (liberation from Russia) Finns. The leading liberals were Swedish-speaking intellectuals who called for more democracy; they became the radical leaders after 1880. The liberals organized for social democracy, labor unions, farmer cooperatives, and women's rights. 2101:, were estateless, and had no political representation. Forty-five percent of the male population were enfranchised with full political representation in the legislature—although clerics, nobles and townsfolk had their own chambers in the parliament, boosting their political influence and excluding the peasantry on matters of foreign policy. 3505:. After two months of negligible progress on the battlefield, as well as severe losses of men and materiel, the Soviets put an end to the Finnish Democratic Republic in late January 1940 and recognized the legal Finnish government as the legitimate government of Finland. Soviet forces began to make progress in February and 4045:

considered with suspicion. Support for capitalism was widespread. Savings rate hovered among the world's highest, at around 8% until the 1980s. In the beginning of the 1970s, Finland's GDP per capita reached the level of Japan and the UK. Finland's economic development shared many aspects with export-led Asian countries.

1138:) dating from the 11th century. However, as the long continuum of the Finnish Iron Age into the historical Medieval period of Europe suggests, the primary source of information of the era in Finland is based on archaeological findings and modern applications of natural scientific methods like those of DNA analysis or 6567: 4097:

By the 1990s, farm laborers had nearly all moved on, leaving owners of small farms. By 2000 the social structure included a politically active working class, a primarily clerical middle class, and an upper bracket consisting of managers, entrepreneurs, and professionals. The social boundaries between

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Before 1940 Finland was a poor rural nation of urban and rural workers and independent farmers. There was a small middle class, employed chiefly as civil servants and in small local businesses. As late as 1950 half of the workers were in agriculture and only a third lived in urban towns. The new jobs

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recognized the Provisional government as the Tsar's successor by accepting its authority to appoint a new Governor General and Senate. They expected the Tsar's authority to be transferred to Finland's Parliament, which the Provisional government refused, suggesting instead that the question should be

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Before 1860 overseas merchant firms and the owners of landed estates had accumulated wealth that became available for industrial investments. After 1860 the government liberalized economic laws and began to build a suitable physical infrastructure of ports, railroads and telegraph lines. The domestic

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Both the ascending Russian Empire and pre-revolutionary France aspired to have Sweden as a client state. Parliamentarians and others with influence were susceptible to taking bribes which they did their best to increase. The integrity and the credibility of the political system waned, and in 1771 the

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in Finland gave rise to a distinctive fine crafts culture of its own, visible in the original decorations of domestically produced weapons and jewelry. The finest luxury weapons, however, were imported from Western Europe. The very first Christian burials are from the latter part of this era as well.

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brought along an influx of imported iron (and other) artifacts like Roman wine glasses and dippers as well as various coins of the Empire. During this period the (proto) Finnish culture stabilized on the coastal regions and larger graveyards become commonplace. The prosperity of the Finns rose to the

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increased from a virtual full employment to one fifth of the workforce. The crisis was amplified by trade unions' initial opposition to any reforms. Politicians struggled to cut spending and the public debt doubled to around 60% of GDP. Some 7–8% of GDP was needed to bail out failing banks and force

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The Social Democrats held on to the Power Act and opposed the promulgation of the decree of dissolution of the Parliament, whereas the non-Socialists voted for promulgating it. The disagreement over the Power Act led to the Social Democrats leaving the Senate. When the Parliament met again after the

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Despite certain freedoms granted to Finland, the Grand Duchy was not a democratic state. The tsar retained supreme power and ruled through the highest official in the land, the governor general, almost always a Russian officer. Alexander dissolved the Diet of the Four Estates shortly after convening

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caused by climate decimated Finland. A combination of an early frost, the freezing temperatures preventing grain from reaching Finnish ports, and a lackluster response from the Swedish government saw about one-third of the population die. Soon afterwards, another war determining Finland's fate began

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which was decreed heretical in 1664 by the theologians of the academy of Åbo. On the other hand, the Lutheran requirement of the individual study of Bible prompted the first attempts at wide-scale education. The church required from each person a degree of literacy sufficient to read the basic texts

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orthodoxy. In 1608, the law of Moses was declared the law of the land, in addition to secular legislation. Every subject of the realm was required to confess the Lutheran faith and church attendance was mandatory. Ecclesiastical penalties were widely used. The rigorous requirements of orthodoxy were

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ensued a few months later, with the Whites gaining the upper hand during the springtime of 1918. After the internal affairs stabilized, the still mainly agrarian economy grew relatively quickly. Relations with the West, especially Sweden and Britain, were strong but tensions remained with the Soviet

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Finland was never occupied by Soviet forces. Its army of over 600,000 soldiers saw only 3,500 prisoners of war. About 96,000 Finns died, or 2.5% of a population of 3.8 million; civilian casualties were under 2,500. Finland managed to defend its democracy, contrary to most other countries within the

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Alcohol abuse had a long history, especially regarding binge drinking and public intoxication, which became a crime in 1733. In the 19th century the punishments became stiffer and stiffer, but the problem persisted. A strong abstinence movement emerged that cut consumption in half from the 1880s to

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was re-activated in the 1860s agreeing to supplementary new legislation concerning internal affairs. In addition, Finns remained free of obligations connected to the empire, such as the duty to serve in tsarist armies, and they enjoyed certain rights that citizens from other parts of the empire did

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was also much stronger in southern Finland than in other parts of Sweden, and contacts across the new border dispersed the worst fears for the fate of the educated and trading classes under a Russian régime. At the turn of the 19th century, the Swedish-speaking educated classes of officers, clerics

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The earliest findings of imported iron blades and local iron working appear in 500 BC. From about 50 AD, there are indications of a more intense long-distance exchange of goods in coastal Finland. Inhabitants exchanged their products, presumably mostly furs, for weapons and ornaments with the Balts

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in March 1992. The accession process was marked by heavy public debate, where the differences of opinion did not follow party lines. Officially, all three major parties were supporting the Union membership, but members of all parties participated in the campaign against the membership. Before the

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Some of these groups could not be properly commemorated until long after the war ended in order to preserve good relations with the Soviet Union. However, after a long political campaign backed by survivors of what Finns call the Partisan War, the Finnish Parliament passed legislation establishing

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For the Finnish Social Democrats it seemed as though the bourgeoisie was an obstacle on Finland's road to independence as well as on the proletariat's road to power. The non-Socialists in Tokoi's Senate were, however, more confident. They, and most of the non-Socialists in the Parliament, rejected

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Liberalism was the central issue of the 1860s to 1880s. The language issue overlapped both liberalism and nationalism, and showed some a class conflict as well, with the peasants pitted against the conservative Swedish-speaking landowners and nobles. Finnish activists divided themselves into "old"

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in the south in 1596–1597 attacked the nobles and their new system of state feudalism; this bloody revolt was similar to other contemporary peasant wars in Europe. In the north, there was less tension between nobles and peasants and more equality among peasants, due to the practice of subdividing

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In 1863, the Finnish language gained an official position in administration. In 1892 Finnish became an equal official language and gained a status comparable to that of Swedish. Nevertheless, the Swedish language continued to be the language of culture, arts and business all the way to the 1920s.

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The beginnings of industrialism took place in Helsinki. Alfred Kihlman (1825–1904) began as a Lutheran priest and director of the elite Helsingfors boys' school, the Swedish Normal Lyceum. He became a financier and member of the diet. There was little precedent in Finland in the 1850s for raising

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In the Leväluhta burial findings, the average height of a man was originally thought to be just 158 cm and that of a woman 147 cm, but recent research has corrected these numbers upwards and has confirmed that the people buried in Leväluhta were of average height for that era in Europe.

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The generous system of welfare benefits emerged from a long process of debate, negotiations and maneuvers between efficiency-oriented modernizers on the one hand and Social Democrats and labor unions. A compulsory system provides old-age and disability insurance. The national government provides

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during the Grand Duchy period were rejected by the czar; with the czar gone Finland enacted prohibition in 1919. Smuggling emerged and enforcement was slipshod. Criminal convictions for drunkenness went up by 500%, and violence and crime rates soared. Public opinion turned against the law, and a

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The minority of the Parliament, and of the Senate, were content. New elections promised a chance for them to gain a majority, which they were convinced would improve the chances to reach an understanding with Russia. The non-Socialists were also inclined to cooperate with the Russian Provisional

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In contrast to serfdom in Germany and Russia, the Finnish peasant was typically a freeholder who owned and controlled his small plot of land. There was no serfdom in which peasants were permanently attached to specific lands, and were ruled by the owners of that land. In Finland (and Sweden) the

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struggled for control leaving the lesser Court party, i.e. parliamentarians with close connections to the royal court, with little to no influence. The Caps wanted to have a peaceful relationship with Russia and were supported by many Finns, while other Finns longed for revenge and supported the

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hunters, fishermen, and small-scale farmers lived. These were exploited by the Finnish and Karelian tax collectors. During the 12th and 13th centuries, great numbers of Swedish settlers moved to the southern and northwestern coasts of Finland, to the Åland Islands, and to the archipelago between

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in 1973. Local education markets expanded and an increasing number of Finns also went abroad to study in the United States or Western Europe, bringing back advanced skills. There was a quite common, but pragmatic-minded, credit and investment cooperation by state and corporations, though it was

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unlike most other countries bordering the Soviet Union. Property rights were strong. While nationalization committees were set up in France and UK, Finland avoided nationalizations. After failed experiments with protectionism in the 1950s, Finland eased restrictions and committed to a series of

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Before 1790 music was found in Lutheran churches and in folk traditions. In 1790 music lovers founded the Åbo Musical Society; it gave the first major stimulus to serious music by Finnish composers. In the 1880s, new institutions, especially the Helsinki Music Institute (since 1939 called the

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were the most significant domains for the pirates. The next 130 years or so were characterized by attempts of different Swedish factions to break out of the Union. Finland was sometimes involved in these struggles, but in general the 15th century seems to have been a relatively prosperous time,

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entered into a passport union, allowing their citizens to cross borders without passports and soon also to apply for jobs and claim social security benefits in the other countries. Many from Finland used this opportunity to secure better-paying jobs in Sweden in the 1950s and 1960s, dominating

1524:. While eastern Karelians remain linguistically and ethnically closely related to the Finns, they are generally considered a separate people. Thus, the northern part of the border between Catholic and Orthodox Christendom came to lie at the eastern border of what would become Finland with the 3658:

agreed that Finland was fighting a separate war against the Soviet Union, and that in no way was it hostile to the Western allies. The Soviet Union was the only Allied country against which Finland had conducted military operations. Unlike any of the Axis nations, Finland was a parliamentary

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Although Finland lost territory in both of its wars with the Soviets, the memory of these wars was sharply etched in the national consciousness. Finland celebrates these wars as a victory for the Finnish national spirit, which survived against long odds and allowed Finland to maintain its

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and Roman Catholicism to be threats to the emerging nation. Eastern Orthodoxy was rejected as a weapon of Russification, while anti-Catholicism was long-standing. Anti-Semitism was also a factor, so the Dissenter Law of 1889 upgraded the status only of the minor Protestant sects. Founding

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Nationalism was contested by the pro-Russian element and by the internationalism of the labor movement. The result was a tendency to class conflict over nationalism, but the early 1900s the working classes split into the Valpas (class struggle emphasis) and Mäkelin (nationalist emphasis).

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The post-war period was a time of rapid economic growth and increasing social and political stability for Finland. The five decades after the Second World War saw Finland turn from a war-ravaged agrarian society into one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world, with a

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were important religious centres and pilgrimage sites of Orthodox faithful. There were also Orthodox churches built in Finnish cities and towns, where there were Russian garrisons. During this period, Roman Catholism, Judaism and Islam came to Finland with Russian soldiers and merchants.

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After the Winter War the Finnish Army was exhausted and needed recovery and support as soon as possible. The United Kingdom declined to help, but in autumn 1940, Nazi Germany offered weapon deals to Finland if the Finnish government would allow German troops to travel through Finland to

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Der Sarkissian, Clio; Balanovsky, Oleg; Brandt, Guido; Khartanovich, Valery; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Koshel, Sergey; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Gronenborn, Detlef; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Kolpakov, Eugen; Shumkin, Vladimir; Alt, Kurt W.; Balanovska, Elena; Cooper, Alan; Haak, Wolfgang (2013).

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of 1899 which asserted the imperial government's right to rule Finland without the consent of local legislative bodies; second, the Language Manifesto of 1900 which made Russian the language of administration of Finland; and third, the conscription law of 1901 which incorporated the

1280:(coastland). In contrast, A. Aikio and J. Häkkinen propose that the Finno-Ugric languages arrived in the Gulf of Finland area during the Late Bronze Age. Valter Lang has proposed that the Finnic and Saami languages arrived there in the early Bronze Age, possibly connected to the 1292:. The center of expansion for the Proto-Finnic language is posited to have been located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland. The Finnish language is thought to have started to differentiate during the Iron Age starting from the earliest centuries of the Common Era. 6559: 4093:

peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973. When baby boomers entered the workforce, the economy did not generate jobs fast enough and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden, migration peaking in 1969 and 1970 (today 4.7 percent of Swedes speak Finnish).

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gained a foothold in Finland during the 11th century. According to the very few written documents that have survived, the church in Finland was still in its early development in the 12th century. Later medieval legends from late 13th century describe Swedish attempts to

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After 1890 industrial productivity stagnated because entrepreneurs were unable to keep up with technological innovations made by competitors in Germany, Britain and the United States. However, Russification opened up a large Russian market especially for machinery.

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Sweden's first wave of post-war labour immigrants. Although Finnish wages and standard of living could not compete with wealthy Sweden until the 1970s, the Finnish economy rose remarkably from the ashes of World War II, resulting in the buildup of another

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and UN operations. Finland has also opposed energy projects that increase dependency on Russian imports. For a long time, Finland remained one of the last non-NATO members in Europe, without enough support for full membership unless Sweden joined first.

3247:, while Sweden remained neutral and Russia withdrew its forces. The Reds lost the war and the White peasantry rose to political leadership in the 1920s–1930s. About 37,000 men died, most of them in prisoner camps ravaged by influenza and other diseases. 690:

of Finland from 1970 and 1990 increased the public sector employees and spending and the tax burden imposed on the citizens. In 1992, Finland simultaneously faced economic overheating and depressed Western, Russian, and local markets. Finland joined the

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Production of iron during the Finnish Iron Age was adopted from the neighboring cultures in the east, west and south about the same time as the first imported iron artifacts appear. This happened almost simultaneously in various parts of the country.

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and the Scandinavians, as well as with the peoples along the traditional eastern trade routes. The existence of richly furnished burials, usually with weapons, suggests that there was a chiefly elite in the southern and western parts of the country.

2073:. The border with Russia came to lie roughly where it returned to after World War II. Sweden's status as a European great power was forfeited, and Russia was now the leading power in the North. The absolute monarchy ended in Sweden. During this 2629:

in the 1830s. Snellman sought to apply philosophy to social action and moved the basis of Finnish nationalism to establishment of the language in the schools, while remaining loyal to the czar. Fennomania became the Finnish Party in the 1860s.

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venture capital. Kihlman was well connected and enlisted businessmen and capitalists to invest in new enterprises. In 1869, he organized a limited partnership that supported two years of developmental activities that led to the founding of the

1543:. Turku was one of the biggest towns in the Kingdom of Sweden, and its population included German merchants and craftsmen. Otherwise the degree of urbanization was very low in medieval Finland. Southern Finland and the long coastal zone of the 4199:'s two successive governments 1995–2003, several large state companies were privatized fully or partially. Matti Vanhanen's two cabinets followed suit until autumn 2008, when the state became a major shareholder in the Finnish telecom company 3478:, the Soviet Union sent ultimatums to the Baltic countries, where it demanded military bases on their soil. The Baltic states accepted Soviet demands, and lost their independence in the summer of 1940. In October 1939, the Soviet Union sent a 2351: 1272:) languages were first spoken in Finland and the adjacent areas during the Comb Ceramic period, around 4000 BC at the latest. During the 2nd millennium BC these evolved—possibly under an Indo-European (most likely Baltic) influence—into 2270:

The peasants were not passive; they were proud of their traditions and would band together and fight to uphold their traditional rights in the face of burdensome taxes from the king or new demands by the landowning nobility. The great

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wave that happened in this region during the late 17th century. The people were developing more expectations and plans for the future, and when these were not realized, they were quick to blame witches—according to a belief system the

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of 1917 turned Finnish politics upside down. Now, the new non-Socialist majority of the Parliament desired total independence, and the Socialists came gradually to view Soviet Russia as an example to follow. On 15 November 1917, the

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The Bronze Age began some time after 1500 BC. The coastal regions of Finland were a part of the Nordic Bronze Culture, whereas in the inland regions the influences came from the bronze-using cultures of northern and eastern Russia.

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spread over most of southern Finland at the end of the Iron and early Medieval Ages. There is no commonly accepted evidence of early state formations in Finland, and the presumably Iron Age origins of urbanization are contested.

3327:, as well as their own culture and local traditions. At the same time, an international treaty was concluded on the neutral status of Åland, under which it was prohibited to place military headquarters or forces on the islands. 2853:

and fully integrate it politically, militarily, and culturally into the empire. Finns were strongly opposed and fought back by passive resistance and a strengthening of Finnish cultural identity. Key provisions were, first, the

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was spoken by about 15% of the population, especially the upper and middle classes. Swedish was the language of administration, public institutions, education and cultural life. Only the peasants spoke Finnish. The emergence of

1777:. The state administration underwent extensive reforms and development too, giving it a much stronger grip on the life of local communities—and ability to collect higher taxes. Following the policies of the Reformation, in 1551 822:, from c. 8900 BC. Finland has been continuously inhabited at least since the end of the last ice age up to the present. The earliest post-glacial inhabitants of the present-day area of Finland were probably mainly seasonal 2263:(local parish) was at once a community religious organization and a judicial district that administered the king's law. The ting participated in the taxation process; taxes were collected by the bailiff, a royal appointee. 2191:

The two Russian occupations had been harsh and were not easily forgotten. These occupations were a seed of a feeling of separateness and otherness, that in a narrow circle of scholars and intellectuals at the university in

1320:, which have long been monolingually Finnish, and their place names have made several scholars argue for an existence of a proto-Germanic speaking population component a little later, during the Early and Middle Iron Age. 981:

outside of Finland, but the earliest confirmed traces of agriculture in Finland date later, approximately to the 2nd millennium BC. Further inland, societies retained their hunting-gathering lifestyles for the time being.

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consisted of the Swedish-speaking middle and upper classes and the farmers and peasantry who dominated the northern two-thirds of the land. They had a conservative outlook and rejected socialism. The Socialist-Communist

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Building on its status as western democratic country with friendly ties with the Soviet Union, Finland pushed to reduce the political and military tensions of cold war. Since the 1960s, Finland urged the formation of a

1577:, which was in use between 1350 and 1470. In the 15th century Finland began to be used synonymously with Österland. The concept of a Finnish country in the modern sense developed slowly from the 15th to 18th centuries. 2977:

By 2000 about 6% of the population spoke Swedish as their first language, or 300,000 people. However, since the late 20th century there has been a steady migration of older, better educated Swedish speakers to Sweden.

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Cultural influences from a variety of places are visible in the Finnish archaeological finds from the very first settlements onwards. For example, archaeological finds from Finnish Lapland suggest the presence of the

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in northwestern Russia, and probably the German crusading orders as well. Finns had their own chiefs, but most probably no central authority. At the time there can be seen three cultural areas or tribes in Finland:

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period for Finland, although subsistence was still based on hunting and fishing. Extensive networks of exchange existed across Finland and northeastern Europe during the 5th millennium BC. For example, flint from

4122:, fixed currency, depressed Western, Soviet, and local markets. Stock market and housing prices declined by 50%. The growth in the 1980s was based on debt and defaults started rolling in. GDP declined by 15% and 3306:

Large scale agrarian reform in the 1920s involved breaking up the large estates controlled by the old nobility and selling the land to ambitious peasants. The farmers became strong supporters of the government.

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elected as its first President in 1919. Despite the bitter civil war, and repeated threats from fascist movements, Finland became and remained a capitalist democracy under the rule of law. By contrast, nearby

6598: 1655:", managing only to alienate his supporters and ultimately lose his crown. The bones of contention between Sweden and Novgorod were the northern coastline of the Gulf of Bothnia and the wilderness regions of 1067:

by the Pope. Numerous other sources from the Roman period onwards contain brief mentions of ancient Finnish kings and place names, as such defining Finland as a kingdom and noting the culture of its people.

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The last ice age in the area of the modern-day Finland ended c. 9000 BC. Starting about that time, people migrated to the area of Finland from the south and southeast. Their culture represented a mixture of

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these groups were not distinct. Causes of change included the growth of a mass culture, international standards, social mobility, and acceptance of democracy and equality as typified by the welfare state.

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functioned as general governor of Finland. Many important reforms were made and many towns were founded. His period of administration is generally considered very beneficial to the development of Finland.

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The Pre-Roman period of the Finnish Iron Age is scarcest in findings, but the known ones suggest that cultural connections to other Baltic cultures were already established. The archeological findings of

7696: 7198: 2093:

Finland by this time was depopulated, with a population in 1749 of 427,000. However, with peace the population grew rapidly, and doubled before 1800. 90% of the population were typically classified as

1196:, and the growing influence of Germanic cultures, both in artifacts like swords and other weapons and in burial customs. However most iron as well as its forging was of domestic origin, probably from 2140:, the war was fruitless, managing only to bring disturbance to the economic life of Finland. The popularity of King Gustav III waned considerably. During the war, a group of officers made the famous 5167:

PEOPLE, MATERIAL CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE NORTH Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Archaeological Conference, University of Oulu, 18–23 August 2004 Edited by Vesa-Pekka Herva GUMMERUS KIRJAPAINO

2251:

While the king of Sweden sent in his governor to rule Finland, in day to day reality the villagers ran their own affairs using traditional local assemblies (called the ting) which selected a local

2569:, i.e. to establish a feeling of unity among all people in Finland including (and not of least importance) between the ruling elite and the ruled peasantry. The publication in 1835 of the Finnish 2565:

The Finnish national awakening in the mid-19th century was the result of members of the Swedish-speaking upper classes deliberately choosing to promote Finnish culture and language as a means of

1889:. In 1630, the Swedish (and Finnish) armies marched into Central Europe, as Sweden had decided to take part in the great struggle between Protestant and Catholic forces in Germany, known as the 3667:

at the very end of the Continuation War. Finland made a separate armistice agreement with the Soviet Union on 19 September 1944, and was the only bordering country of USSR in Europe (alongside

3513:. Finland had successfully defended its independence, but ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was expelled from the League of Nations as a result of the invasion. 1261:

The question of the timelines for the evolution and the spreading of the current Finnic languages is controversial, and new theories challenging older ones have been introduced continuously.

7168: 1552:

Turku and the Åland Islands. In these regions, the Swedish language is widely spoken even today. Swedish came to be the language of the upper class in many other parts of Finland as well.

7115: 954:

has changed the image of Finnish neolithic Stone Age culture. The site had been inhabited year-round and its inhabitants traded extensively. Kierikki culture is also seen as a subtype of

1426:

probably had Swedish settlement during the Viking Period. However, some scholars claim that the archipelago was deserted during the 11th century. According to the archaeological finds,

1216:

Recent findings suggest that Finnish trade connections became more active during the 8th century, bringing an influx of silver onto Finnish markets. The opening of the eastern route to

6980: 4747: 4150:

treaty. However, after Sweden had submitted its membership application in 1991 and the Soviet Union was dissolved at the end of the year, Finland submitted its own application to the

4050: 3723:

in order to preserve good relations with the Soviets, ensuring Finnish autonomy. Nevertheless, the United States shipped secret development aid and financial aid to the non-communist

1659:

in Eastern Finland. Novgorod considered these as hunting and fishing grounds of its Karelian subjects, and protested against the slow infiltration of Catholic settlers from the West.

2621:

Movements toward Finnish national pride, as well as liberalism in politics and economics involved ethnic and class dimensions. The nationalist movement against Russia began with the

814:. At the same time, northern Finland was inhabited via the coast of Norway. The oldest confirmed evidence of post-glacial human settlements in Finland is from the area of Ristola in 4256:

with "military and political consequences" if they attempted to join NATO, which neither were actively seeking. After the invasion public support for membership rose significantly.

5061:

The common acceptance of the theory is indicated by the fact that this is the theory currently presented by the National Board of Antiquities in Finland, and several schools: E.g.

3727:(Social Democratic Party). Establishing trade with the Western powers, such as Britain, and the reparations to the Soviet Union caused Finland to transform itself from a primarily 2176:'s climate of broadened debate in the society on issues of politics, religion and morals would in due time highlight the problem that the overwhelming majority of Finns spoke only 7751: 3949:

peninsula to Finland, which had been rented to the Soviet Union in 1948 for 50 years as a military base, a situation which somewhat endangered Finnish sovereignty and neutrality.

2614:

to predominance resulted from a 19th-century surge of Finnish nationalism, aided by Russian bureaucrats attempting to separate Finns from Sweden and to ensure the Finns' loyalty.

7040: 5154:

Saarikivi, Janne & Grünthal, Riho 2005: Itämerensuomalaisten kielten uralilainen tausta. – Johanna Vaattovaara, Toni Suutari, Hanna Lappalainen & Riho Grünthal (toim.),

7002: 6055: 3458: 29: 7662: 2743:. The pietism appealed to the emerging middle class. The Ecclesiastical Law of 1869 combined the two strains. Finland's political and Lutheran leaders considered both 2723:

While the vast majority of Finns were Lutheran, there were two strains to Lutheranism that eventually merged to form the modern Finnish church. On the one hand was the

1083:

written between 741 and 829. At 811, annals mention a person named Suomi in connection with a peace agreement. The name Suomi as the name of Finland is nowadays used in

7582: 4841: 4523: 6590: 1710:

characterized by population growth and economic development. However, towards the end of the 15th century, the situation on the eastern border became more tense. The

3754:

Finland's role in the Second World War was unusual in several ways. Despite massive superiority in military strength, the Soviet Union was unable to conquer Finland

1834:

An important part of the 16th-century history of Finland was growth of the area settled by the farming population. The crown encouraged farmers from the province of

5040: 4163:

was held on 16 April 1994, in which 56.9% of the votes were in favour of joining. The process of accession was completed on 1 January 1995, when Finland joined the

6504: 5945:

Constitutionalist insurgency in Finland: Finnish "passive resistance" against Russification as a case of nonmilitary struggle in the European resistance tradition

7062: 6304: 1998:

of the Lutheran faith. Although the requirements could be fulfilled by learning the texts by heart, also the skill of reading became known among the population.

1422:

were known to the Finns due to their participation in both commerce and plundering. There is possible evidence of Viking settlement in the Finnish mainland. The

6658: 3625:

Soviet sphere of influence, and suffered comparably limited losses in terms of civilian lives and property. It was, however, punished harsher than other German

4136: 3844:(1947) limited the size and the nature of Finland's armed forces. Weapons were to be solely defensive. A deepening of postwar tensions led a year later to the 1823:

against Denmark, Poland and Russia. The common people of Finland suffered because of drafts, high taxes, and abuse by military personnel. This resulted in the

7778: 7693: 3539: 1881:, whose military reforms transformed the Swedish army from a peasant militia into an efficient fighting machine, possibly the best in Europe. The conquest of 8612: 6826: 4065: 3678:

were evacuated abroad: 5% went to Norway, 10% to Denmark, and the rest to Sweden. Most of the children were sent back by 1948, but 15–20% remained abroad.

2097:, most being free taxed yeomen. Society was divided into four Estates: peasants (free taxed yeomen), the clergy, nobility and burghers. A minority, mostly 910: 548: 5526: 3019: 4146:

and two of the three major parties, Center Party and the Social Democrats opposed the idea of European Union membership and preferred entering into the

3171:, including the right of complete secession. On the same day the Finnish Parliament issued a declaration by which it temporarily took power in Finland. 2136:

and reinstated royal power in Sweden—more or less with the support of the parliament. In 1788, he started a new war against Russia. Despite a couple of

7860: 3587: 7679: 7146: 1598: 2196:

was forming a sense of a separate Finnish identity representing the eastern part of the realm. The shining influence of the Russian imperial capital

1961:

were produced for export. European nations needed this material for the maintenance of their fleets. According to some theories, the spirit of early

1335:

could possibly have started in the 12th century but reached its height in the 13th and 14th centuries, when it also affected the Eastern Uusimaa and

804: 7090: 6407: 4997: 4060:(Nordic NWFZ), and in 1972–1973 was the host of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), which culminated in the signing of the 3897:

until 1955 because of Soviet fears that Finland might become too close to the West. At that time the Soviet Union saw the Nordic Council as part of

3840:

era. Treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included obligations and restraints on Finland, as well as territorial concessions. The

3239:, who fought for the anti-Socialists. On the other side were the Red Guards, which consisted of workers and tenant farmers. The latter proclaimed a 1520:

in 1293. Western Karelians were from then on viewed as part of the western cultural sphere, while eastern Karelians turned culturally to Russia and

7260: 5582: 5188: 4622: 4480: 4441: 3805:, the children who were evacuated to Sweden, women who worked during the war at home or in factories, and the veterans of the women's defense unit 2506:

The public education system founded during earlier Swedish rule resulted the literacy of Grand Duchy of Finland being higher than its host country

6707: 5990: 5982:

Charlotta Hedberg and Kaisa Kepsu, "Migration as a mode of cultural expression? The case of the Finland‐Swedish minority's migration to Sweden."

3441: 3417:

Tens of thousands of radical Finns—from Finland, the United States and Canada—took up Stalin's 1923 appeal to create a new Soviet society in the

3363: 1846:

hunters. During the 1580s, this resulted in a bloody guerrilla warfare between the Finnish settlers and Karelians in some regions, especially in

7107: 6888: 5545: 4698: 3637:. After the war, the Soviet government settled these gained territories with people from many different regions of the USSR, for instance from 2945: 1535:

arrived in Finland around 1249 and came to exercise great influence there. In the early 14th century, the first records of Finnish students at

7888: 7815:

Nyyssönen, Jukka. "Changing States, Changing Sámi?: Framing the state and the Sámi in studies of history in Finland and Norway 1923–1954." in

4089:

in manufacturing, services and trade quickly attracted people to the towns and cities. The average number of births per woman declined from a

7883: 6972: 3418: 3350: 1985:

in the New World in the modern-day Delaware-Pennsylvania area between 1638 and 1655. At least half of the immigrants were of Finnish origin.

1483: 4721: 3801:

independence. Many groups of Finns are commemorated today, including not just fallen soldiers and veterans, but also orphans, evacuees from

3174:

Worried by developments in Russia and Finland, the non-Socialist Senate proposed that Parliament declare Finland's independence, which was

8113: 5430:"Pahamaineinen merirosvosakki herätti keskiajalla kauhua Suomen rannikolla – Katso kartasta, missä vitaaliveljet ryöstelivät ja majailivat" 3766:, which made Finland an ally with Germany in the war against the Soviet Union. But, unlike all other Axis states, Finland never signed the 5853:

Osmo Jussila, "Nationalism and Revolution: Political Dividing Lines in the Grand Duchy of Finland during the Last Years of Russian Rule",

1677:

During the 1380s, a civil war in the Scandinavian part of Sweden brought unrest to Finland as well. The victor of this struggle was Queen

5679: 3630: 2216:. The new king was not a particularly talented ruler; at least not talented enough to steer his kingdom through the dangerous era of the 7748: 4559: 3784: 8295: 7808:

Marzec, Wiktor, and Risto Turunen. "Socialisms in the Tsarist Borderlands: Poland and Finland in a Contrastive Comparison, 1830—1907."

5170: 4896: 3479: 3424:

The Soviet Union started to tighten its policy against Finland in the 1930s, limiting the navigation of Finnish merchant ships between

3168: 3091:. The majority had the completely opposite opinion. They did not accept the Provisional government's right to dissolve the Parliament. 1041:

Very few written records of Finland or its people remain in any language of the era. Written sources are of foreign origin and include

7032: 6866: 5080: 3190:, recognizing Finland's independence, and on 22 December (4 January 1918 N. S.) it was approved by the highest Soviet executive body ( 1516:

in 1278, the region inhabited by speakers of Eastern Finnish dialects. Sweden however gained the control of Western Karelia with the

8605: 1573:('Eastern Lands'), a plural, meaning the area of Finland Proper, Tavastia, and Karelia. This was later replaced by the singular form 6765: 3228:

comprised the Finnish-speaking urban workers and the landless rural cottagers. They had a radical outlook and rejected capitalism.

2239: 686:. Since its post–World War II economic boom in the 1970s, Finland's GDP per capita has been among the world's highest. The expanded 7921: 3175: 2544: 1460: 575: 7832: 4771:"Neolithic land use in the northern Boreal zone: high-resolution multiproxy analyses from Lake Huhdasjärvi, south-eastern Finland" 3905:, though it had already been associated with a number of UN specialized organisations. The first Finnish ambassador to the UN was 3644:

The Finnish government did not participate in the systematic killing of Jews, although the country remained a "co-belligerent", a

1010:

in Finland is considered to have lasted from c. 500 BC until c. 1300 AD. Written records of Finland become more common due to the

8532: 3659:

democracy throughout the 1939–1945 period. The commander of Finnish armed forces during the Winter War and the Continuation War,

3108: 2108:(1741–1742), Finland was again occupied by the Russians after the government, during a period of Hat party dominance, had made a 2002: 1018:

in the 12th and 13th centuries. As the Finnish Iron Age lasted almost two millennia, it is further divided into six sub-periods:

1547:

had sparse farming settlements, organized as parishes and castellanies. In the other parts of the country a small population of

8284: 6807:

Mikko Mattila, and Petri Uusikyla, "The politics of scarcity: Social welfare and health care cutbacks in Finland, 1991–1995,"

5772: 4311: 3445: 3240: 3225: 2860: 2688: 2658: 1340: 7659: 6537: 5204: 5065: 4221:

In addition to fast integration with the European Union, safety against Russian leverage has been increased by building fully

3497:

was established by Joseph Stalin at the beginning of the war with the purpose of governing Finland after Soviet conquest. The

1300:

from Norway. The Sujala finds, which are equal in age with the earliest Komsa artifacts, may also suggest a connection to the

8029: 7970: 6685: 6633: 6125: 5733: 5706: 5507: 5489: 5400: 5364: 5337: 5034: 4872: 4640: 4464: 3996: 3403: 3029: 2116:

was that the Russian border was moved further to the west. During this time, Russian propaganda hinted at the possibility of

506: 4837: 3617:

with the Soviet Union. The armistice called for the expulsion of German troops residing in northern Finland, leading to the

1831:) with Russia in 1595 moved the border of Finland further to the east and north, very roughly where the modern border lies. 1446:. There were several secular powers who aimed to bring the Finnish tribes under their rule. These were Sweden, Denmark, the 1288:

language, at least to the extent the latter can be associated with the Cord Ceramic culture, as well as by hitherto unknown

989:

that existed between 2300 BC and 1500 BC, and was fundamentally a comb ceramic tradition with cord ceramic characteristics.

8598: 8233: 7875: 2605:

Particularly following Finland's incorporation into the Swedish central administration during the 16th and 17th centuries,

2227:

Meanwhile, the Finnish areas belonging to Russia after the peace treaties in 1721 and 1743 (not including Ingria), called "

1560: 3289:

as king. However, Germany's defeat in November 1918 made the plan impossible and Finland instead became a republic, with

2455: 8171: 8056: 7847: 6639: 5218: 4187:

membership brought with it many large changes. While politicians were previously involved in setting interest rates, the

3952: 3043: 3015: 17: 1308:, which may be associated with Indo-European languages, and according to Finnish Germanist Jorma Koivulehto speakers of 8740: 7743:

Kivimäki, Ville. "Introduction Three Wars and Their Epitaphs: The Finnish History and Scholarship of World War II." in

6492: 5876: 4674: 4370: 4008: 3724: 3394:

In the wake of the Civil War there were many incidents along the border between Finland and Soviet Russia, such as the

3298:, in similar circumstances but without a civil war, started as a democracy and was turned into a dictatorship in 1934. 3047: 2815: 2537: 1966: 1847: 1698: 1693:, who operated in the Baltic Sea in the Middle Ages to terrorize the coastal areas of Finland, and among other things, 7066: 6438: 6301: 4055: 3758:. In late 1940, German-Finnish co-operation began; it took a form that was unique when compared to relations with the 3650:

ally of Germany until 1944. In total, eight German Jewish refugees were handed over to the German authorities. In the

1908:

was one of the most powerful countries in Europe. During the war, several important reforms had been made in Finland:

1819:

which was a warlike era which lasted for 160 years. In the first phase, Sweden fought for the lordship of Estonia and

8670: 8086: 8061: 7568: 7394: 7372: 7330: 7309: 7279: 6956: 6923: 6735: 6655: 5795: 5313: 5139: 4947:"Ancient DNA Reveals Prehistoric Gene-Flow from Siberia in the Complex Human Population History of North East Europe" 4741: 4606: 4425: 4115: 3602: 3536:

German-occupied Norway. Finland accepted, weapons deals were made, and military co-operation began in December 1940.

2169: 2161: 273: 7461:

Jensen-Eriksen, Niklas. "Looking for cheap and abundant power: Business, government and nuclear energy in Finland."

7775: 7671:

Balázs, Renáta. "Writing of Contemporary National Literary History in Finland and Hungary–a Comparative Approach."

4918: 4245: 3735:

one. After the reparations had been paid off, Finland continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of

3633:

and resettle an eighth of its population after having lost an eighth of its territory, including the major city of

7493: 6252: 6026: 2703:

to Orthodoxy. The majority of Finns were Lutheran Christians, but an ancient prominent Orthodox minority lived in

6092: 4037: 3563: 2777: 2105: 640: 594: 578:

cultures. The earliest written sources mentioning Finland start to appear from the 12th century onwards when the

268: 246: 7869: 6833: 2104:

The mid-18th century was a relatively good time, partly because life was now more peaceful. However, during the

1506:. A papal letter from 1237 states that the Tavastians had reverted from Christianity to their old ethnic faith. 8558: 7934: 7641: 6262: 5439: 4584: 4501: 4375: 3055: 2876: 2428: 7420: 6469: 6375: 5523: 2944:. They typically worked in lumber and mining, and many were active in Marxist causes on the one hand, or the 8984: 8877: 8690: 8490: 8325: 6018:

Alan Siaroff, "Democratic Breakdown and Democratic Stability: A Comparison of Interwar Estonia and Finland,"

4365: 3083:

Government because they feared the Social Democrats' power would grow, resulting in radical reforms, such as

2941: 2931: 2784:(1865–1957); he composed nearly all his music before 1930. In April 1892 Sibelius presented his new symphony 1835: 1827:

of 1596–1597, a desperate peasant rebellion, which was suppressed brutally and bloodily. A peace treaty (the

1656: 7857: 7707:

Kissane, Bill (June 2000). "Nineteenth-century nationalism in Finland and Ireland: a comparative analysis".

7542:

Rislakki, Jukka (January 2015). "'Without Mercy': U.S. Strategic Intelligence and Finland in the Cold War".

3671:, which gained a border with the Soviet Union only after the war) that kept its independence after the war. 1800:

under the name of Helsingfors, but remained little more than a fishing village for more than two centuries.

8943: 8715: 8186: 7914: 7676: 7138: 4326: 3072: 2493: 1715: 1711: 166: 6348:""In a Class by Itself": Cold War Politics and Finland's Position vis-à-vis the United Nations, 1945–1956" 9005: 8349: 8034: 7087: 6397: 5222: 5001: 4395: 4380: 4024: 3926: 3845: 3830: 3660: 3506: 3494: 3471: 3463: 2948:

on the other. In the 21st century about 700,000 Americans and 140,000 Canadians claim Finnish ancestry.

892: 704: 378: 7770:

Kurunmäki, Jussi. "Democracy both young and old: Finland, Sweden and the interwar crisis of democracy."

7199:"President of the Republic approves Defence Cooperation Agreement between Finland and the United States" 5185: 4596: 4454: 4415: 8958: 8910: 8802: 8797: 8515: 8510: 8221: 8211: 8201: 8071: 7955: 4690: 4338: 4267:, a staunch supporter of NATO, was sworn in as Finland’s new president. In July 2024, Stubb approved a 4260: 3610: 3286: 3123: 2872: 1439: 1352: 902: 730: 383: 6730:. MAATALOUDEN TALOUDELLINEN TUTKIMUSLAITOS AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE. pp. 45–46. 5987: 5917:

Glenda Dawn Goss, "A Backdrop for Young Sibelius: The Intellectual Genesis of the Kullervo Symphony,"

3383: 1663:

occurred during the late 14th and 15th centuries, but for most of the time an uneasy peace prevailed.

8371: 8243: 8108: 8081: 7987: 7639:

Alapuro, Risto (March 1979). "Nineteenth century nationalism in Finland: a comparative perspective".

7169:"Finland's New President Alexander Stubb Says the Nordic Country Enters 'A New Era' as a NATO Member" 6892: 6041:

Hans Jörgensen, "The Inter-War Land Reforms in Estonia, Finland and Bulgaria: A Comparative Study,"

5767: 5542: 3475: 3281: 3116: 2911: 2780:, integrated Finland into the mainstream of European music. By far the most influential composer was 2117: 1924: 1842:

population to leave. Some of the wilderness settled was traditional hunting and fishing territory of

1479: 1418:

Contact between Sweden and what is now Finland was considerable even during pre-Christian times; the

915: 553: 499: 3382:

in 1929. Initially the movement gained widespread support among anti-Communist Finns, but following

830:, the oldest fishing net known ever to have been excavated (calibrated carbon dating: ca. 8300 BC). 8915: 8762: 8505: 8305: 8076: 4360: 4249: 3747: 3598:

by religion, resulted in other countries being considerably less sympathetic to the Finnish cause.

3127:

The decision of the Soviet of the People's Comissars' to recognise Finnish independence, signed by

3042:, and a coalition Cabinet with the same power distribution as the Finnish Parliament. Based on the 2810: 1750: 1660: 1615: 1585: 1464: 1289: 1281: 1229: 363: 3290: 3260: 2375: 8920: 8882: 8456: 8441: 8376: 8196: 8176: 8002: 7992: 7907: 5814:'You Might All Be Speaking Swedish Today': language change in 19th-century Finland and Ireland", 4637:"Population Development on the Prehistoric Period ('Väestön kehitys esihistoriallisella ajalla')" 4119: 3893:

Despite the passport union with Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland, Finland could not join the

3606: 3595: 3271:

The area of Finland in the years 1920–1940. The 1935 county and municipality division on the map.

3243:. World War I was still underway and the defeat of the Red Guards was achieved with support from 2820: 2744: 2724: 2591: 2180:, but the cascade of newspapers, belles-lettres and political leaflets was almost exclusively in 1803:

King Gustav Vasa died in 1560 and his crown was passed to his three sons in separate turns. King

1681:, who brought the three Scandinavian kingdoms of Sweden, Denmark and, Norway under her rule (the 1588:, on the right side of him is Bishop Konrad Bitz and on the left is Dean Magnus Stjernkors; from 1521: 1285: 970: 209: 7063:"Nato: Address by Mr Pertti Torstila, Secretary of State, to the Macedonian Diplomatic Bulletin" 5840:

Mikko Juva, "Nationalism, Liberalism Och Demokrati Under Språkstridens Första Skede i Finlan" .

5305: 5293: 4031:) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics. However, Finland maintained 3708:

on one side and the Soviet Union and Britain on the other side on 19 September 1944, ending the

3474:, where Finland and the Baltic states were allocated to the Soviet "sphere of influence". After 8862: 8269: 8216: 7982: 7736:

Kivimäki, Ville. "Between defeat and victory: Finnish memory culture of the Second World War."

6948: 4350: 4147: 3655: 3337: 2986: 2936:

Emigration was especially important 1890–1914, with many young men and some families headed to

2850: 2626: 2432: 2404: 2392: 2363: 2346: 2078: 1685:) in 1389. One of the phenomena that appeared in those days with the unrest, was the notorious 1495: 1163:

provides proof of this argument. Many of the era's dwelling sites are the same as those of the

1064: 610: 302: 297: 146: 34: 7690:

The Changing Meanings of the Welfare State: Histories of a Key Concept in the Nordic Countries

6528:"Näin Neuvostoliitto vakoili Suomessa – Supo seurasi "Jakkea", joka johdatti uusille jäljille" 6329:

Ville Kivimäki, "Between Defeat and Victory: Finnish memory culture of the Second World War,"

6237:

Ville Kivimäki, "Between Defeat and Victory: Finnish memory culture of the Second World War,"

5676: 4733: 2030: 1942:) made the Imperial era of Sweden rather gloomy times for Finnish peasants. In 1655–1660, the 1536: 1284:. This would also imply that Finno-Ugric languages in Finland were preceded by a Northwestern 1180:

level that the vast majority of gold treasures found within Finland date back to this period.

8832: 8792: 8772: 8752: 8655: 8391: 8310: 8228: 6059: 5024: 4553: 4225:-compatible military. 1000 troops (a high per-capita amount) are simultaneously committed in 3621:

whereby the Finns forced the Germans to withdraw into Norway (then under German occupation).

3502: 3336:

the 1910s, and gave Finland the lowest drinking rate in Europe. Four attempts at instituting

3276: 3236: 3207: 3112: 2884: 2680: 2511: 2416: 2400: 2388: 2355:

This 1825 map of the Grand Duchy of Finland is from a larger work, geographical atlas of the

1913: 1862: 1774: 1718:. The fortress-town of Viborg withstood a Russian siege; according to a contemporary legend, 1678: 1517: 1432: 1277: 1265: 936: 809: 655: 566:

started in 500 BC and lasted until 1,300 AD. Finnish Iron Age cultures can be separated into

524: 388: 191: 6940: 6224:

Kent Forster, "Finland's Foreign Policy 1940–1941: An Ongoing Historiographic Controversy,"

5356:

Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation

5168: 4888: 3712:. The armistice compelled Finland to drive German troops from its territory, leading to the 2257:, or lawman, to enforce the norms. The Swedes used the parish system to collect taxes. The 1638: 1525: 1249: 8948: 8767: 8396: 8381: 8335: 8238: 8181: 8091: 8044: 6858: 6462:"Naisia, autoja ja piilopirttejä – Norjalainen vakoili CIA:n laskuun kylmän sodan Suomessa" 5077: 4782: 4241: 4012: 3934: 3864: 3675: 3664: 3579: 3152: 3007: 2995: 2559: 2424: 2173: 2137: 2125: 2109: 1951: 1890: 1447: 1273: 1139: 955: 839: 651: 536: 492: 423: 224: 176: 77: 5282:

Från romartid until vikingatid. Pörnullbacken – en järnålderstida bosättning i Österbotten

4203:

with the intention to secure the Finnish ownership of a strategically important industry.

8: 8968: 8953: 8900: 8847: 8842: 8817: 8675: 8471: 8413: 8361: 8320: 8290: 8159: 8145: 7950: 7470:

Warfare and welfare: Military conflict and welfare state development in Western countries

7139:"Finland joins NATO, doubling military alliance's border with Russia in a blow for Putin" 6773: 5594:

Antti Kujala, "The Breakdown of a Society: Finland in the Great Northern War 1700–1714,"

4390: 4385: 3763: 3510: 3407: 3035: 2497: 1901: 1885:

was now completed, and some territories were taken from internally divided Russia in the

1648: 1531:

During the 13th century, Finland was integrated into medieval European civilization. The

1499: 1096: 961:

From 3200 BC onwards, either immigrants or a strong cultural influence from south of the

759: 663:, Finland fought twice against the Soviet Union, first defending its independence in the 614: 540: 8938: 8590: 7801: 7438: 4786: 4769:

Alenius, Teija; Mökkönen, Teemu; Holmqvist, Elisabeth; Ojala, Antti (1 September 2017).

4720:

Cummings, Vicki (1 April 2014). Cummings, Vicki; Jordan, Peter; Zvelebil, Marek (eds.).

3742: 3516: 2213: 1838:

to settle the vast wilderness regions in Middle Finland. This often forced the original

1399: 156: 8872: 8822: 8782: 8735: 8730: 8720: 8700: 8695: 8680: 8665: 8660: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8551: 8476: 8428: 8418: 8330: 8257: 8191: 8096: 8066: 7965: 7724: 7654: 7599: 7361: 7299: 7254: 6367: 4973: 4946: 4616: 4474: 4435: 4316: 4041: 3984: 3945:

of the UN. In another remarkable event of 1955, the Soviet Union decided to return the

3841: 3583: 3295: 3159: 2900: 2855: 2824: 2728: 2716: 2649: 2201:

and civil servants were mentally well prepared for a shift of allegiance to the strong

2157: 2058: 2050: 2007: 1886: 1363: 1339:

regions. The oldest Swedish place names in Finland are from this period as well as the

1209: 966: 636: 618: 337: 263: 181: 161: 7239: 4127:

banking sector consolidation. After devaluations the depression bottomed out in 1993.

1950:, Poland and Denmark. In 1676, the political system of Sweden was transformed into an 8963: 8905: 8867: 8857: 8837: 8827: 8812: 8807: 8787: 8757: 8725: 8710: 8685: 8621: 8500: 8451: 8279: 7997: 7728: 7564: 7557: 7447:

Haapala, Pertti. "How was the working class formed? The case of Finland, 1850–1920."

7408: 7390: 7384: 7368: 7326: 7320: 7305: 7275: 7269: 6952: 6941: 6919: 6731: 6701: 6629: 6371: 6258: 5872: 5791: 5729: 5702: 5485: 5466: 5396: 5360: 5333: 5309: 5301: 5289: 5113:

Petri Kallio 2006: Suomalais-ugrilaisen kantakielen absoluuttisesta kronologiasta. –

5030: 4978: 4868: 4800: 4737: 4670: 4602: 4460: 4421: 4343: 4331: 4234: 4211: 4020: 4016: 3942: 3901:

of which Denmark, Norway and Iceland were members. That same year Finland joined the

3732: 3686: 3651: 3521: 3316: 3232: 3214: 3136: 3039: 3023: 2736: 2684: 2622: 2217: 2141: 1878: 1828: 1509: 1443: 1395:'s painting "against persecutors" from 1896 depicts the warfare of the ancient Finns. 1305: 1301: 1011: 986: 924: 647: 622: 590: 583: 544: 342: 219: 196: 186: 7526: 5635:

The Crown, the Nobility and the Peasants 1630–1713: Tax, Rent and Relations of Power

5251:

Haggren, Georg; Halinen, Petri; Lavento, Mika; Raninen, Sami; Wessman, Anna (2015).

4215: 3681: 3378:

Nationalist sentiment remaining from the Civil War developed into the proto-Fascist

2129: 1920: 1388: 1088: 8852: 8777: 8747: 8574: 8527: 8495: 8401: 8366: 8012: 7797: 7716: 7650: 6527: 6359: 6107:

S. Sariola, "Prohibition in Finland, 1919–1932; its background and consequences,"

5958:

Imperial Borderland: Bobrikov and the Attempted Russification of Finland, 1898–1904

5576: 5062: 4968: 4958: 4790: 4729: 4498:"Ylen kysely: Nato-jäsenyyden kannatus vahvistuu – 62 prosenttia haluaa nyt Natoon" 4061: 3906: 3886: 3882: 3853: 3709: 3701: 3614: 3575: 3567: 3395: 3324: 3244: 3220: 3148: 2937: 2927: 2846: 2773: 2712: 2704: 2692: 2611: 2549: 2197: 2181: 2177: 2070: 2042: 1858: 1786: 1690: 1652: 1336: 1269: 1193: 1189: 1092: 1084: 1076: 1060: 978: 928: 842:, known for their distinctive decorating patterns. This marks the beginning of the 767: 668: 626: 373: 231: 214: 62: 7352:

Finland and Europe: The Period of Autonomy and the International Crises, 1808–1914

6681: 6121: 5504: 4636: 3930: 3696:

Map of Finnish areas ceded to the Soviet Union in 1944, after the Continuation War

2849:) was the policy of the Russian czars designed to limit the special status of the 2113: 1714:

conquered Novgorod, preparing the way for a unified Russia, and from 1495 to 1497

1567:

from the 11th century. The original Swedish term for the realm's eastern part was

597:

of some Finnish coastal areas, most of the region became a part of the Kingdom of

8565: 8466: 8461: 8406: 8315: 8274: 7864: 7851: 7836: 7782: 7755: 7700: 7683: 7666: 7589: 7497: 7094: 6662: 6308: 6096: 6030: 5994: 5723: 5696: 5683: 5549: 5530: 5511: 5354: 5327: 5192: 5174: 5143: 5084: 5069: 4995:

Article by professor of History of Religions Juha Pentikäinen at Virtual Finland

4963: 4597:

Georg Haggren, Petri Halinen, Mika Lavento, Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman (2015).

4455:

Georg Haggren, Petri Halinen, Mika Lavento, Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman (2015).

4416:

Georg Haggren, Petri Halinen, Mika Lavento, Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman (2015).

4264: 4200: 4188: 4004: 3976: 3857: 3767: 3626: 3591: 3429: 3341:

national plebiscite went 70% for repeal, so prohibition was ended in early 1932.

3144: 2880: 2606: 2584: 2566: 2448: 2221: 2209: 2185: 2133: 2046: 1815:

under its protection in 1561. This action contributed to the early stages of the

1778: 1754: 1706: 1694: 1611: 1590: 1544: 1532: 1135: 1121: 1100: 1080: 1051: 1015: 962: 823: 579: 6007:

In Time of Storm: Revolution, Civil War and the Ethnolinguistic Issue in Finland

5131:

Jaakko Häkkinen 2009: Kantauralin ajoitus ja paikannus: perustelut puntarissa –

1539:

appear. In the southwestern part of the country, an urban settlement evolved in

8579: 8206: 8138: 8024: 7876:

ProKarelias collection of international treaties concerning independent Finland

6722: 4302: 4288: 4237: 4210:, took office. The former President of Finland, Martti Ahtisaari, received the 4196: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4151: 4143: 3961: 3957: 3922: 3902: 3894: 3871: 3849: 3379: 3359: 3255: 3187: 3128: 3059: 2919: 2708: 2507: 2412: 2396: 2368: 2356: 2202: 2074: 1939: 1905: 1735: 1309: 1217: 985:

The Battle Axe and Comb Ceramic cultures eventually merged, giving rise to the

838:

By 5300 BC, pottery was present in Finland. The earliest samples belong to the

800: 696: 692: 606: 451: 437: 409: 278: 258: 7844: 7720: 7688:

Kettunen, Pauli. "The Conceptual History of the Welfare State in Finland." in

6621: 6363: 6254:

Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution," 1945–1956

5226: 4795: 4770: 4524:"Finland's leaders back joining NATO in policy shift triggered by Ukraine war" 3826: 3806: 3692: 3547: 2727:

emphasis on ritual, with its roots in traditional peasant collective society.

2633: 2521: 1993:

revealed in the dismissal of the Bishop of Turku, Johan Terserus, who wrote a

1869: 1412: 898: 601:

and the realm of the Catholic Church from the 13th century onwards. After the

8999: 8522: 7893: 7247:

From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland Since 1809

6402: 6213:

Finland's War of Choice: The Troubled German-Finnish Alliance in World War II

6200:

Finland's War of Choice: The Troubled German-Finnish Alliance in World War II

5763: 5078:

SUOMEN ASUTUS- JA SIIRTOLAISUUSHISTORIA- PROJEKTI COMENIUS MIGRATION PROJEKTI

4804: 4207: 4081: 4076: 3980: 3969: 3938: 3918: 3910: 3355: 3140: 2781: 2764: 2740: 2570: 2387:

between Sweden and Russia, Finland was again conquered by the armies of Tsar

1943: 1894: 1782: 1758: 1739: 1559:

originally signified only the southwestern province, which has been known as

1392: 1297: 1106:

Currently the oldest known Scandinavian documents mentioning Finland are two

923:

Between 3500 and 2000 BC, monumental stone enclosures, colloquially known as

860: 827: 796: 687: 683: 532: 479: 465: 66: 50: 3594:, whose inhabitants were culturally related to the Finnish people, although 69:(1664–1724) was a German geographer and cartographer; map dated around 1730. 8300: 7788:

Lofgren, O. (1980). "Historical Perspectives on Scandinavian Peasantries".

6859:"Finland | CIA World Factbook – The best country factbook available online" 6532: 6430: 4982: 4726:

The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers

4123: 3983:

and the Soviet Union, and it also developed into one of the centres of the

3914: 3876: 3736: 3720: 3509:

in March. Fighting came to an end on 13 March 1940 with the signing of the

3486: 3411: 3132: 3051: 3002: 2863:

into the imperial army and sent conscripts away to Russian training camps.

2653: 2588: 2086: 2082: 1816: 1702: 1682: 1670: 1452: 1427: 1313: 1176: 973:

speakers. The Battle Axe, or Cord Ceramic, culture seems to have practiced

852: 755: 723: 676: 660: 567: 368: 331: 253: 38: 5136: 4943: 4139:

countries and Finland has topped many indicators of national performance.

4036:

international free trade agreements: first an associate membership in the

3551: 3421:(KASSR), a part of Russia. Most were executed in the purges of the 1930s. 2444: 1647:

in Finnish) in 1323, but that did not last long. In 1348 the Swedish king

1580: 1574: 8446: 8017: 7977: 7829: 5158:. Kieli 16. Helsinki: Helsingin yliopiston suomen kielen laitos. 111–146. 3965: 3789: 3728: 3713: 3618: 3425: 3399: 3088: 2700: 2696: 2599: 2595: 2420: 2408: 2384: 2228: 2062: 2038: 1839: 1797: 1770: 1762: 1719: 1548: 1491: 1404: 1368: 1221: 974: 965:

settled in southwestern Finland. This culture was a part of the European

848: 787: 763: 719: 679:. However, Finland remained an independent democracy in Northern Europe. 602: 85: 7490: 4922: 4263:

to join the alliance, making Finland the 31st member. On 1 March 2024,

3054:

became prime minister. The new Senate was willing to cooperate with the

2831:

The policy of Russification of Finland (1899–1905 and 1908–1917, called

2760: 1666: 1637:) guarded the eastern border of Finland. Sweden and Novgorod signed the 1502:, the only source narrating the crusade, describes that it was aimed at 682:

In the latter half of its independent history, Finland has maintained a

8007: 7960: 6973:"The President of the Republic of Finland: Curriculum vitae: Biography" 6089: 6023: 4160: 4032: 3836:

Finland retained a democratic constitution and free economy during the

3755: 3529: 3490: 3371: 3267: 2272: 1982: 1970: 1962: 1824: 1503: 1456: 876: 868: 819: 783: 664: 571: 559: 307: 236: 6682:"Population development in independent Finland – greying Baby Boomers" 5156:

Muuttuva muoto: Kirjoituksia Tapani Lehtisen 60-vuotispäivän kunniaksi

2533: 2502: 1938:

However, the high taxation, continuing wars and the cold climate (the

1865:, who developed and reformed Finland significantly in the 17th century 1111: 7872:– Publishing of medieval documents (the National Archives of Finland) 7468:

Kettunen, Pauli. "Wars, nation and the welfare state in Finland." in

5417:. Helsinki: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. pp. 155–156. 4090: 3613:. These victories helped ensure Finnish independence, and led to the 3543: 3183: 3179: 3164: 2749: 2645: 2460: 2153: 1994: 1470: 1419: 1317: 1225: 1164: 1160: 1107: 906: 884: 843: 751: 738: 734: 643:

was followed by eased economic regulations and extensive emigration.

528: 312: 93: 7596:

Neither Stalin nor Hitler : Finland during the Second World War

7108:"Russia threatens Finland and Sweden over potential NATO membership" 6750:

Pertti Haapala, and Brian Fleming, "The Fate of the Welfare State,"

5429: 5100:

Ante Aikio 2006: On Germanic-Saami contacts and Saami prehistory. –

4497: 1807:

started an era of expansion when the Swedish crown took the city of

1603: 1376: 891:

belief systems—have been found, especially in Eastern Finland, e.g.

883:) were found in other regions. Rock paintings—apparently related to 750:

If confirmed, the oldest archeological site in Finland would be the

8481: 8118: 7899: 7523:

Between East and West: Finland in international politics, 1944–1947

6461: 6347: 4355: 4269:

Defence Cooperation Agreement between Finland and the United States

4192: 4180: 4176: 4172: 3946: 3837: 3759: 3646: 3498: 3231:

From January to May 1918, Finland experienced the brief but bitter

3084: 2922:

harbor in 1893, with 509 emigrants on board on their way to America

2598:-region of eastern Finland and present-day NW Russia), stirred the 2580: 2575: 2526: 2514: 2464: 1989: 1975: 1804: 1793: 1384:

documents an early 11th-century Swedish Viking who died in Finland.

1254: 1237: 1197: 1007: 943: 888: 872: 631: 563: 241: 8101: 7003:"Former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari wins Nobel Peace Prize" 4191:

was given an inflation-targeting mandate until Finland joined the

4040:

in 1961, a full membership in 1986 and also an agreement with the

3320: 3194:). Germany and the Scandinavian countries followed without delay. 2018: 1423: 1324: 1156: 671:. In the peace settlement Finland ended up ceding a large part of 8123: 7930: 5762:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4580: 3802: 3772: 3705: 3638: 3558: 3169:

a general right of self-determination "for the Peoples of Russia"

2991: 2732: 2553: 2403:. Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the 2098: 2094: 1947: 1882: 1843: 1812: 1808: 1730: 1610:

During the 13th century, the bishopric of Turku was established.

1563:

since the 18th century. The first known mention of Finland is in

1513: 1332: 1125: 1042: 672: 121: 114: 108: 58: 54: 42: 5867:

Gassmann, Günther; Larson, Duane H.; Oldenburg, Mark W. (2001).

3219:

Finland after 1917 was bitterly divided along social lines. The

3202: 1494:, who allegedly established Swedish rule in Finland through the 1408: 8436: 6148:

An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires

6146:

James S. Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas and Nicholas C. J. Pappas,

4253: 3793: 3668: 3634: 3525: 3450: 3319:

on 16 December 1920. The new republic faced a dispute over the

2638: 2066: 1820: 1686: 1622: 951: 880: 629:

and lyrics associated with it. One product of this era was the

598: 132: 127: 46: 6939:

Köthenbürger, Marko; Sinn, Hans-Verner; Whalley, John (2006).

6086:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

3601:

Finnish forces won several decisive battles during the Soviet

3493:, with the aim of annexing Finland into the Soviet Union. The 3279:

voted to establish a constitutional monarchy to be called the

711:, and Finland eventually joined the alliance on 4 April 2023. 8386: 8128: 7007:

Finland abroad: Permanent Representation of Finland to the EU

6827:"Inflation targeting: Reflection from the Finnish experience" 6174:

The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939–1940, Volume 312

5645: 5643: 5463:

Hakkapeliittoja ja karoliineja – Kuvia Suomen sotahistoriasta

4768: 4321: 3470:

In August 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed the

3367: 3191: 3103: 2579:, a collection of traditional myths and legends which is the 2477: 2193: 2023: 1946:

were fought, taking Finnish soldiers to the battle-fields of

1931: 1923:, was founded in Turku at the proposal of Count Per Brahe by 1564: 1540: 1475: 1381: 1328: 1056: 864: 856: 815: 7426:

Ahola, Joonas & Frog with Clive Tolley (toim.). (2014).

5250: 3956:

Signing the Helsinki Accords are the West German Chancellor

2739:, emphasis on personal morality, lay participation, and the 1661:

Occasional raids and clashes between Swedes and Novgorodians

1192:

saw the expansion of land cultivation inland, especially in

969:, which have often been associated with the movement of the 778: 8133: 7514:

Dynamic Finland: The Political System and the Welfare State

5893:

Historical Dictionary of the Music and Musicians of Finland

4226: 4222: 3898: 3063: 947: 708: 700: 5640: 4111:

sophisticated market economy and high standard of living.

2776:), the Institute of Music of Helsinki University and the 2419:

being transferred to the Russian emperor. Russia assigned

8620: 7764:

Finland in World War II: History, Memory, Interpretations

6500: 6465: 5434: 4667:

War and Sacrifice: Studies in the Archaeology of Conflict

4135:

The GDP growth rate has since been one of the highest of

4023:, also participated in this activity in some places. The 3992: 3988: 3852:"), Finland developed closer co-operation with the other 1958: 1467:

from the 11th or 12th century to the early 13th century.

871:

found their way into Finnish archaeological sites, while

6675: 6673: 6671: 6431:"Former Finnish diplomat reveals she worked for the CIA" 6056:"The history of the development of statehood in Finland" 5266:

Ainiala, Terhi; Saarelma, Minna; Sjöblom, Paula (2008).

4167:

along with Austria and Sweden. Leading Finland into the

3846:

Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance

2687:

were official religions of the Finnish Grand Duchy. The

1738:

at its largest. Most of present-day Finland was part of

625:, including music and—especially—the highly distinctive 7845:

History of Finland: A selection of events and documents

6938: 6794:

Pauli Kettunen, "The Nordic Welfare State in Finland,"

6764:

Jungerstam, Susanne; Wentjärvi, Annika (6 March 2019).

6320:

Tyyne Martikainen "Partisaanisodan siviiliuhrit", 2002.

5866: 3574:

Hostilities resumed in June 1941 with the start of the

3058:, but no agreement was reached. Finland considered the 6766:"Country Portrait Finland – The Finnish Welfare State" 6257:. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p. 7. 6084:

John H. Wuorinen, "Finland's Prohibition Experiment,"

5484:(in Finnish). Porvoo: T:mi Toiset aijat. p. 790. 5265: 4214:

in 2008. President Halonen was succeeded by President

3941:(1998–2005). In 1972 Max Jakobson was a candidate for 3454:

The area controlled by Finland at its largest, in 1942

3275:

After the civil war, the parliament controlled by the

2792:

and was celebrated by critics as truly Finnish music.

2731:(1777–1852) on the other hand was a leader of the new 2602:

that later led to Finland's independence from Russia.

2208:

King Gustav III was assassinated in 1792, and his son

1203: 7579:

Civilians and military supply in early modern Finland

6668: 4998:"The Ancient Religion of the Finns — Virtual Finland" 3674:

During and in between the wars, approximately 80,000

3402:. Relations with the Soviets were improved after the 1244: 707:

in 2022, public opinion shifted in favour of joining

6628:. Helsinki: Edita Publishing Ltd. pp. 269–289. 6398:"Finland and American intelligence – Secret history" 6176:. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 114. 4278: 1781:, bishop of Turku, published his translation of the 1183: 1167:. Most of the iron of the era was produced on site. 6763: 5776:, Library of Congress Call Number DL1012 .A74 1990. 5460: 3590:from 1941 to 1944. This irredentist sentiment of a 3582:of the Soviet Union. Finland was involved with the 3489:invaded Finland on 30 November 1939, launching the 3062:with Russia to be over after the dethroning of the 2279: 7556: 7456:Communism in Finland: a history and interpretation 7360: 5637:(Helsinki: Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, 2003) 5325: 3435: 3386:in 1932 it was banned and its leaders imprisoned. 2525:Portrait of Finnish poet Elias Lönnrot who wrote " 1149: 939:region. The purpose of the enclosures is unknown. 7632: 7532: 6913: 6624:. In Aunesluoma, Juhani; Kettunen, Pauli (eds.). 6593:[Challenges in secret service research]. 5932:Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland 5524:Jyväskylän yliopiston kirjasto. Kielletyt kirjat. 4919:"National Archives Service, Finland (in English)" 3501:was defeated in numerous battles, notably at the 3482:to Finland, but the Finns refused these demands. 3446:Diplomatic history of World War II § Finland 2695:in the early 19th century. Immediately after the 2637:Front page of Vårt land (Maamme in Finnish), the 1463:. Russian chronicles indicate there were several 8997: 7761: 7577:Talvitie, Petri, and Juha-Matti Granqvist, eds. 7428:Fibula, Fabula, Fact – The Viking Age in Finland 7267: 6622:"President Urho Kekkonen of Finland and the KGB" 6122:"Lapua Movement | Finnish fascist movement" 5127: 5125: 5123: 4259:On 4 April 2023, the last NATO members ratified 4071: 2379:Grand Duchy of Finland, 75 kopek assignat (1824) 2144:demanding peace negotiations and calling of the 1957:In Middle and Eastern Finland, great amounts of 1773:became the King of Sweden. During his rule, the 1465:conflicts between Novgorod and the Finnic tribes 7511: 6943:Privatization Experiences in the European Union 6292:. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2009. p. 54 5026:The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State 3442:Military history of Finland during World War II 3250: 3020:Timeline of Independence of Finland (1917–1920) 1129: 1115: 6493:"Kylmän sodan suomalaisagentit: käsikirjoitus" 5984:Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 5022: 4029:Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance 3578:, when Finland aligned with Germany following 3389: 3050:had a small majority, and the Social Democrat 2946:Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America 2112:the lost provinces. Instead the result of the 2081:ruled the country, and the two parties of the 2034:Finland Ostrobothnia regiment uniforms in 1705 1584:In the middle is the patron saint of Finland, 1170: 737:stone axe engraved with human face found from 726:covered major part of Finland (7,500–6,000 BC) 8606: 7915: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6679: 5270:. Helsinki: Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura. 5120: 5087:. City of Helsinki. Retrieved 20 March 2008. 3419:Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 2981: 2889: 2840: 2832: 2258: 2252: 2145: 1893:. The Finnish light cavalry was known as the 1642: 1632: 1626: 1568: 1346: 770:, and it is approximately 125,000 years old. 523:begins around 9,000 BC during the end of the 500: 41:with their surrounding territories: northern 7259:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6891:. 217.71.145.20. 14 May 1996. Archived from 6798:September 2001, Vol. 26 Issue 3, pp. 225–247 5891:Ruth-Esther Hillila, and Barbara Blanchard, 5329:The Popes and the Baltic Crusades: 1147-1254 4865:Keskiajan suomen kielen dokumentoitu sanasto 4664: 4621:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4479:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4440:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2371:) The sovereign's pledge, printed in Finnish 1264:It was for a long time widely believed that 7554: 7489:Cultural interpretation of recent history. 7436: 7421:Finland in World War II § Bibliography 6706:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5598:Mar–June 2000, Vol. 25 Issue 1/2, pp. 69–86 5284:, Vasa, Scriptum, 2002, 264 pages. Series: 5107: 4722:"Hunting and Gathering in a Farmers' World" 4206:In 2000, Finland's first female president, 4183:then in power. In the economic policy, the 3979:, Finland lay in the grey zone between the 2699:, Finnish Lutheran clergy feared state-led 1988:The 17th century was an era of very strict 1705:in the Finland Proper and also the Turku's 1312:language in particular. Artifacts found in 617:emerged in the 19th century. It focused on 8613: 8599: 7922: 7908: 7830:Finnish historical documents at WikiSource 7533:Raunio, Tapio; Tiilikainen, Teija (2003). 7363:The political history of Finland 1809–1966 7349: 6914:Raunio, Tapio; Tiilikainen, Teija (2003). 6814: 6428: 5701:. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. 5479: 5412: 5359:. Princeton University Press. p. 46. 5298:Studia archaeologica universitatis Umensis 4312:Diplomatic history of World War II#Finland 3870:In 1952, Finland and the countries of the 3176:voted by the Parliament on 6 December 1917 2399:on 29 March 1809, to pledge allegiance to 2395:of occupied Finland were assembled at the 1757:hands over the Finnish Translation of the 1716:a war was fought between Sweden and Russia 1651:staged a failed crusade against Orthodox " 958:. More of the site is excavated annually. 762:. The site would be the only pre-glacial ( 667:and then invading the Soviet Union in the 646:In 1917, Finland declared independence. A 562:started in approximately 1,500 BC and the 507: 493: 7762:Kinnunen, Tiina; Kivimäki, Ville (2011). 7512:Pesonen, Pertti; Riihinen, Olavi (2004). 7382: 7339: 6811:October 1997, Vol. 20 Issue 4, pp. 146–63 6651: 6649: 6250: 6022:Vol. 32, No. 1 (March 1999), pp. 103–124 5971:European Historical Statistics, 1750–1970 5818:, March 2010, Vol. 35 Issue 1, pp. 44–64. 5664:European Historical Statistics, 1750–1970 5383:. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. 2015. p. 339. 5072:. Museovirasto. Retrieved 20 March 2008. 4972: 4962: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4794: 4639:. Finnish National Board of Antiquities. 4218:, holding office since 2012 until 2024. 3995:played their parts. The 1949 established 3821: 3351:Political violence in Finland (1918–1932) 2788:in Helsinki. It featured poetry from the 2415:until the end of 1917, with the title of 2407:on 17 September 1809, Finland remained a 2340: 1071:The oldest surviving mention of the word 7810:Contributions to the History of Concepts 7622: 7613: 7541: 7268:Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko (1984). 6720: 6626:The Cold War and the Politics of History 6591:"Salaisen palvelun tutkimuksen haasteet" 6588: 6282: 6088:vol. 163, (September 1932), pp. 216–226 5721: 5427: 4862: 4719: 4492: 4490: 4130: 4075: 4064:in 1975 and lead to the creation of the 3951: 3881: 3825: 3816: 3783: 3741: 3691: 3680: 3562:A group of Finnish soldiers operating a 3557: 3538: 3515: 3457: 3449: 3354: 3266: 3254: 3201: 3122: 3102: 3001: 2985: 2938:Finnish settlements in the United States 2910: 2814: 2759: 2644: 2632: 2543: 2532: 2520: 2501: 2454: 2443: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2238: 2152: 2037: 2029: 2017: 1868: 1857: 1749: 1729: 1665: 1597: 1579: 1469: 1398: 1387: 1375: 1367: 1248: 1063:, as well as the 12th- and 13th-century 897: 777: 729: 718: 28: 7787: 7706: 7638: 7505:Scandinavia During the Second World War 7440:Finland; its public and private economy 7358: 7346:2nd ed. 227 pages; focus is since 1900. 7244: 6619: 6165: 6109:Quarterly Journal of Studies in Alcohol 5921:Summer 2003, Vol. 27 Issue 1, pp. 48–73 5280:Viklund, K. & Gullberg, K. (red.): 5137:https://www.sgr.fi/susa/92/hakkinen.pdf 4734:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199551224.001.0001 4171:is held as the main achievement of the 1769:In 1521 the Kalmar Union collapsed and 1304:. Southwestern Finland belonged to the 635:, one of the most significant works of 14: 8998: 7502: 7318: 7288: 7231: 6646: 6171: 6045:April 2006, Vol. 54 Issue 1, pp. 64–97 5785: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 4811: 4660: 4658: 4007:authority and a police unit under the 3719:In 1947, Finland reluctantly declined 2689:Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland 1919:1640: Finland's first university, the 1877:In 1611–1632 Sweden was ruled by King 1341:Swedish-speaking population of Finland 8622:History of current European countries 8594: 7903: 7858:History of Finland: Primary Documents 7604: 7482: 7437:Frederiksen, Niels Christian (1902). 7297: 7118:from the original on 26 February 2022 7037:Tasavallan presidentti Sauli Niinistö 6688:from the original on 18 February 2010 6525: 6490: 6459: 6429:Fitsanakis, Joseph (19 August 2011). 6043:Scandinavian Economic History Review, 6020:Canadian Journal of Political Science 5694: 5653:, Fennia vol. 180: 1–2 (2002), p. 145 5352: 5246: 5244: 5133:Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 5102:Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 4844:from the original on 28 February 2014 4562:from the original on 31 December 2017 4555:KM 11708 Kiuruveden kirves; Esinekuva 4487: 3997:Finnish Security Intelligence Service 3685:Identification document and tag of a 3362:supporters beating the "red officer" 3235:. On one side there were the "white" 3010:at its largest in February–March 1918 7929: 7555:Schoolfield, George C., ed. (1998). 7414: 7136: 6918:. Taylor & Francis. p. 37. 6869:from the original on 10 January 2021 6601:from the original on 24 October 2017 6589:Tuomioja, Erkki (8 September 2009). 6570:from the original on 10 October 2022 6472:from the original on 9 November 2020 6441:from the original on 22 October 2020 6410:from the original on 23 October 2023 6378:from the original on 23 October 2023 6345: 6302:Hidden help from across the Atlantic 6128:from the original on 27 October 2020 6066:from the original on 23 October 2023 5904:Denby Richards, "Music in Finland," 5869:Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism 5611:(U.S. State Department, 1974) p. 10. 5561:Jutikkala, Eino and Pirinen, Kauko. 5482:Suomalainen ratsuväki Ruotsin ajalla 5043:from the original on 23 October 2023 4899:from the original on 5 February 2012 4775:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 4750:from the original on 1 December 2020 4701:from the original on 23 October 2023 4459:. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 369. 4420:. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 339. 4252:spokesperson threatened Finland and 3813:compensation for the war's victims. 2906: 2866: 2212:assumed the crown after a period of 7819:(Routledge, 2022) pp. 263–275. 7802:10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.001155 7616:Finland and World War II, 1939–1944 7433:(Finnish Literature Society, 2014). 7245:Jussila, Hentilä, Nevakivi (1999). 7065:. Formin.finland.fi. Archived from 6540:from the original on 11 August 2020 6507:from the original on 17 August 2020 5742: 5722:Haarmann, Harald (4 October 2016). 5442:from the original on 20 August 2022 5428:Suikkari, Riikka (19 August 2022). 5225:. 17 September 2015. Archived from 4665:Pollard, Tony; Banks, Iain (2006). 4655: 4155:parliamentary decision to join the 4011:, whose core areas of activity are 3241:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 3119:, sitting at the head of the table. 3016:Finnish Declaration of Independence 2118:creating a separate Finnish kingdom 1602:A reconstruction of a 12th-century 1204:Merovingian period: 575 AD – 800 AD 1034:Viking age period: 800 AD – 1025 AD 1031:Merovingian period: 575 AD – 800 AD 613:. The Lutheran religion dominated. 24: 7772:Journal of Modern European History 7655:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1979.tb00203.x 7581:(Helsinki University Press, 2021) 7220: 7013:from the original on 11 March 2024 6983:from the original on 11 March 2024 6754:1998, Vol. 96 Issue 2, pp. 142–149 6642:from the original on 5 March 2016. 5908:1968, Vol. 56 Issue 3, pp. 238–243 5552:Cited 14 December 2006. In Finnish 5533:Cited 14 December 2006. In Finnish 5514:Cited 14 December 2006. In Finnish 5241: 4534:from the original on 11 March 2024 4504:from the original on 14 March 2022 4371:List of prime ministers of Finland 3301: 3038:in Russia, Finland received a new 3006:The part of Finland controlled by 2656:, led pietistic revivals known as 1978:church had imported from Germany. 1245:Chronology of languages in Finland 609:, making this area the autonomous 605:in 1809, Finland was ceded to the 25: 9017: 7823: 7709:Nationalism & Ethnic Politics 7607:The Finnish Revolution, 1917–1918 7559:A History of Finland's Literature 7234:New Governments of Eastern Europe 7179:from the original on 1 March 2024 7149:from the original on 4 April 2023 7043:from the original on 3 March 2024 6526:Lehto, Mika (19 September 2018). 6159: 6111:(September 1954) 15(3) pp. 477–90 5790:. Pearson Education. p. 35. 5505:Forsius, A. Puujalka ja jalkapuu. 5353:Bagge, Sverre (9 February 2016). 5326:Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben (2007). 4643:from the original on 12 June 2011 3432:and blocking it totally in 1937. 3406:in 1920, in which Finland gained 3030:History of Finland (1917–present) 2845:('times/years of oppression') in 1969:may have been the reason for the 1965:in the tar-producing province of 1220:via Finland's southern coastline 1184:Migration period: 400 AD – 575 AD 1037:Crusade period: 1033 AD – 1300 AD 1028:Migration period: 400 AD – 575 AD 7609:. University of Minnesota Press. 7563:. University of Nebraska Press. 7354:. University of Minnesota Press. 7238:pp. 169–245 on 1917–1926; 7191: 7161: 7130: 7100: 7081: 7055: 7025: 6995: 6965: 6932: 6907: 6881: 6851: 6801: 6796:Scandinavian Journal of History, 6788: 6757: 6744: 6714: 6186: 5871:. Scarecrow Press. p. 296. 5770:source: US Library of Congress: 5757: 5596:Scandinavian Journal of History, 5543:Suomen historia: kirkon historia 5029:. Psychology Press. p. 32. 4295: 4281: 4051:Nordic Nuclear Weapons Free Zone 3863:The Finnish post-war president, 3629:and allies, having to pay large 3056:Provisional government of Russia 2823:for a demonstration against the 2804: 2280:Historical population of Finland 1498:, most often dated to 1249. The 1433:conquer and Christianize Finland 1323:The Swedish colonisation of the 766:) site so far discovered in the 473: 459: 445: 431: 417: 403: 92: 7738:Scandinavian Journal of History 7449:Scandinavian Journal of History 7274:(4th ed.). W. Söderström. 7232:Graham, Malbone W. Jr. (1927). 6613: 6582: 6552: 6519: 6484: 6453: 6422: 6390: 6339: 6331:Scandinavian Journal of History 6323: 6314: 6295: 6244: 6239:Scandinavian Journal of History 6231: 6218: 6205: 6192: 6180: 6153: 6140: 6114: 6101: 6078: 6048: 6035: 6012: 5999: 5976: 5963: 5950: 5937: 5924: 5911: 5898: 5885: 5860: 5855:Scandinavian Journal of History 5847: 5834: 5821: 5816:Scandinavian Journal of History 5804: 5779: 5715: 5688: 5669: 5656: 5627: 5620:Kimmo Katajala, "Okänd bonde" 5614: 5601: 5588: 5568: 5555: 5536: 5517: 5498: 5473: 5454: 5421: 5406: 5387: 5373: 5346: 5319: 5274: 5259: 5211: 5197: 5179: 5161: 5148: 5094: 5055: 5016: 4989: 4937: 4911: 4881: 4856: 4762: 4713: 4683: 4038:European Free Trade Association 3770:, meaning that Finland was not 3756:when the former invaded in 1939 3436:Finland in the Second World War 3098: 2778:Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra 2538:Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion 2013: 1912:1637–1640 and 1648–1654: Count 1853: 1725: 1150:Pre-Roman period: 500 BC – 1 BC 1114:, Sweden, with the inscription 1022:Pre-Roman period: 500 BC – 1 BC 879:from Finland (e.g. the area of 8030:History of independent Finland 7642:Scandinavian Political Studies 7633:Historiography and comparative 7389:. Cambridge University Press. 7359:Puntila, Lauri Aadolf (1974). 7304:. Cambridge University Press. 6491:Byman, Kai (14 October 2019). 6346:Götz, Norbert (23 June 2008). 5394:Cultures of the World: Finland 4629: 4590: 4574: 4546: 4516: 4448: 4409: 4376:List of wars involving Finland 4116:Finland fell into a depression 3330: 3178:. On 18 December (31 December 2899:For the first time in Europe, 2877:Finnish general strike of 1905 2487: 2451:and its surroundings from 1814 2022:An old drawing of the city of 1614:was the center of the cult of 1357: 942:In recent years, a dig at the 745: 582:started to gain a foothold in 13: 1: 7790:Annual Review of Anthropology 7625:Nationalism in modern Finland 7623:Wuorinen, John Henry (1931). 7535:Finland in the European Union 7525:(U of Minnesota Press, 1986) 7477:Finland and Russia, 1808–1920 7383:Singleton, Frederick (1998). 7033:"Biography of Sauli Niinistö" 6916:Finland in the European Union 6752:Historiallinen Aikakauskirja, 6386:– via www.academia.edu. 5906:American-Scandinavian Review, 5695:Kirby, David (13 July 2006). 5480:Kankaanpää, Matti J. (2016). 4581:Kristiinankaupungin Susiluola 4402: 4366:List of presidents of Finland 4084:'s funeral procession in 1986 4072:Society and the welfare state 3603:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive 3344: 3315:Finland became member of the 3087:in municipal elections, or a 2932:Canadians of Finnish ancestry 2883:was replaced by a unicameral 2168:With the interruption of the 2162:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 992: 786:(8,300 BC), the oldest-known 773: 7747:(Brill, 2012) pp. 1–46 7627:. Columbia University Press. 7344:. Columbia University Press. 7301:A concise history of Finland 6656:Growth and Equity in Finland 6251:Hanhimaki, Jussi M. (1997). 5973:(Columbia U.P., 1978) p. 47. 5844:, 1961, Issue 4, pp. 357–368 5698:A Concise History of Finland 5565:. Dorset Press, 1988, p. 108 5461:Joose Olavi Hannula (1939). 5286:Acta antiqua Ostrobotniensia 5268:Nimistötutkimuksen perusteet 5063:Tietoa Suomen esihistoriasta 4964:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003296 4695:Oulun kaupunki – www.ouka.fi 4105: 3968:and the Austrian chancellor 3779: 3654:of 1942, the leaders of the 3410:, but gave up its claims on 3310: 3251:Finland in the inter-war era 3197: 3073:Russian Constituent Assembly 2871:In 1906, as a result of the 2625:led by Hegelian philosopher 2110:botched attempt to reconquer 1712:Grand Principality of Moscow 833: 714: 675:and some other areas to the 7: 7884:Historical Atlas of Finland 7544:Journal of Military History 7485:Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf 7350:Paasivirta, Juhani (1981). 7291:Finland: A Cultural History 7137:John, Tara (4 April 2023). 6724:FINNISH AGRICUITURE IN 1990 6460:Helin, Satu (2 July 2017). 6352:Journal of Cold War Studies 6009:(HIA Book Collection, 1979) 5666:(Columbia U.P., 1978) p. 4. 5223:Swedish Assembly of Finland 4863:Heikkilä, Mikko K. (2017). 4691:"Kierikki Stone Age Centre" 4396:Timeline of Finnish history 4381:Military history of Finland 4274: 4118:caused by a combination of 4025:Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 3661:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 3550:reindeer herder, Lappland, 3495:Finnish Democratic Republic 3464:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 3390:Relations with Soviet Union 2795: 2674: 2234: 2124:young and charismatic king 1775:Swedish church was reformed 1490:It was the Swedish regent, 1438:In the early 13th century, 1435:sometime in the mid-1150s. 1268:(the western branch of the 1171:Roman period: 1 AD – 400 AD 1025:Roman period: 1 AD – 400 AD 1001: 935:), were constructed in the 705:Russian invasion of Ukraine 641:Finnish famine of 1866–1868 619:Finnish cultural traditions 10: 9022: 8285:Government-owned companies 7956:Finland under Swedish rule 7614:Wuorinen, John H. (1948). 7605:Upton, Anthony E. (1980). 7503:Nissen, Henrik S. (1983). 7483:Lewis, Richard D. (2004). 7418: 7386:A Short History of Finland 7340:Meinander, Henrik (2011). 7225: 5624:2006, Issue 4, pp. 791–801 4867:. Mediapinta. p. 44. 4339:Finland under Swedish rule 3975:Officially claiming to be 3877:Nordic-style welfare state 3439: 3348: 3287:Frederick Charles of Hesse 3212: 3027: 3013: 2982:Independence and Civil War 2925: 2873:Russian Revolution of 1905 2808: 2639:national anthem of Finland 2491: 2439: 2344: 1361: 1353:Finland under Swedish rule 1350: 1347:Finland under Swedish rule 1079:) is in the annals of the 695:in 1995, and replaced the 8977: 8929: 8891: 8628: 8545: 8427: 8357: 8348: 8296:National income agreement 8265: 8256: 8167: 8158: 8052: 8043: 7988:Golden Age of Finnish Art 7941: 7850:30 September 2005 at the 7721:10.1080/13537110008428594 6364:10.1162/jcws.2008.10.2.71 6290:Finland in the New Europe 6005:Pekka Kalevi Hamalainen, 5728:. McFarland. p. 70. 5609:Area Handbook for Finland 5548:30 September 2007 at the 5413:Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). 5068:30 September 2007 at the 4796:10.1007/s00334-017-0606-2 4601:. Gaudeamus. p. 25. 4233:On 24 February 2022, the 3909:(1956–1959), followed by 3117:Prime Minister of Finland 2735:, with its subjectivity, 2494:Finland's language strife 1934:was published in Finnish. 1925:Queen Christina of Sweden 1720:it was saved by a miracle 1253:Stone Age dwelling named 859:from Scandinavia and the 8172:Administrative divisions 7491:Excerpt and text search. 7431:Studia Fennica Historica 6721:KETTUNEN, LAURI (1991). 6661:13 November 2018 at the 6162:, pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49 5773:A Country Study: Finland 5607:William K. Carr et al., 5465:(in Finnish). Helsinki: 5191:10 February 2012 at the 5186:Suomi, Häme Ja Satakunta 4889:"Annesl Regni Francorum" 4361:List of Finnish treaties 4327:Finland–Russia relations 4250:Russian Foreign Ministry 4195:. During Prime Minister 3960:, East Germany's leader 3860:in superpower politics. 3748:Mannerheim Cross Knights 3111:of independent Finland. 3066:—although the Finns had 3044:general election in 1916 3034:In the aftermath of the 2811:Russification of Finland 2755: 2065:, including the town of 1873:Map of Finland from 1662 1411:and the construction of 1290:Paleo-European languages 1282:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 8003:Finland in World War II 7993:Independence of Finland 7835:16 January 2014 at the 7745:Finland in World War II 7665:20 October 2016 at the 7289:Kallio, Veikko (1994). 6809:West European Politics, 6770:socialnet International 6620:Rentola, Kimmo (2008). 6333:(2012) 37#4 pp 482–504 6307:29 January 2007 at the 6228:(1979) 51#2 pp. 109–123 6095:2 February 2017 at the 5857:(1977) 2#4 pp. 289–309. 5788:Nokia: the inside story 5786:Häikiö, Martti (2002). 5575:The Russian Victory at 5529:27 October 2012 at the 5142:23 October 2023 at the 5023:Rein Taagepera (1999). 4893:www.thelatinlibrary.com 4161:consultative referendum 3831:The Finno-Soviet Treaty 3788:Winter War Monument in 3607:Battle of Tali-Ihantala 3605:of 1944, including the 3472:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2819:People gathered in the 2594:people who inhabit the 1621:The strong fortress of 1528:with Novgorod in 1323. 1442:became the first known 1130: 1116: 903:Kastelli Giant's Church 703:in 2002. Following the 8671:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7870:Diplomatarium Fennicum 7774:17.4 (2019): 486–499. 7733:(Covers 1820 to 1910.) 7682:18 August 2022 at the 7379:Short popular history. 7322:The History of Finland 7319:Lavery, Jason (2006). 6947:. MIT Press. pp. 6172:Tanner, Väinö (1956). 5829:The history of Finland 5255:. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. 4669:. BRILL. p. 189. 4351:Henrik Gabriel Porthan 4148:European Economic Area 4142:Until 1991, President 4085: 4027:(Finno-Soviet Pact of 3972: 3890: 3833: 3822:Neutrality in Cold War 3797: 3751: 3697: 3689: 3571: 3555: 3546:soldiers with a local 3532: 3467: 3466:visit in Germany, 1942 3455: 3375: 3370:courthouse during the 3338:prohibition of alcohol 3272: 3264: 3210: 3155: 3120: 3011: 2999: 2998:, during the Civil war 2923: 2890: 2851:Grand Duchy of Finland 2841: 2833: 2828: 2768: 2663: 2642: 2627:Johan Vilhelm Snellman 2562: 2541: 2530: 2518: 2468: 2452: 2405:Treaty of Fredrikshamn 2380: 2372: 2360: 2347:Grand Duchy of Finland 2341:Grand Duchy of Finland 2259: 2253: 2248: 2165: 2146: 2054: 2035: 2027: 1874: 1866: 1766: 1747: 1746:, shown in dark green. 1674: 1643: 1633: 1627: 1616:Saint Henry of Uppsala 1607: 1595: 1569: 1496:Second Swedish Crusade 1487: 1415: 1396: 1385: 1373: 1372:Northern Europe in 814 1258: 1065:ecclesiastical letters 932: 920: 826:. Among finds is the 791: 742: 727: 611:Grand Duchy of Finland 70: 35:Scandinavian Peninsula 7740:37.4 (2012): 482–504. 7475:Kirby, David G., ed. 7458:(Princeton UP, 2015). 7451:12.3 (1987): 179–197. 7419:Further information: 7298:Kirby, David (2006). 7093:31 March 2008 at the 6241:(2012) 37#4 p 482–484 6060:Parliament of Finland 5682:25 March 2012 at the 5381:Muinaisuutemme jäljet 5332:. BRILL. p. 25. 5253:Muinaisuutemme jäljet 5083:5 August 2003 at the 4599:Muinaisuutemme jäljet 4457:Muinaisuutemme jäljet 4418:Muinaisuutemme jäljet 4261:Finland's application 4131:Post-Cold War history 4079: 3955: 3885: 3829: 3817:Post WW2 and Cold War 3787: 3762:. Finland signed the 3750:of Parikkala, Finland 3745: 3695: 3684: 3588:occupied East Karelia 3561: 3542: 3519: 3503:Battle of Suomussalmi 3461: 3453: 3384:a failed coup attempt 3358: 3291:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg 3285:, with German prince 3270: 3263:in his office in 1919 3258: 3206:Badge of the Finnish 3205: 3126: 3106: 3005: 2989: 2958:20th century: 159,000 2914: 2885:Parliament of Finland 2818: 2763: 2711:. The monasteries of 2648: 2636: 2547: 2536: 2524: 2505: 2458: 2447: 2417:grand duke of Finland 2401:Alexander I of Russia 2378: 2366: 2354: 2245:Burning the Brushwood 2242: 2156: 2041: 2033: 2021: 1872: 1863:Per Brahe the Younger 1861: 1753: 1733: 1679:Margaret I of Denmark 1669: 1601: 1583: 1518:Third Swedish Crusade 1473: 1402: 1391: 1379: 1371: 1252: 1232:findings of the era. 1128:with the inscription 901: 867:from Scandinavia and 840:Comb Ceramic cultures 781: 733: 722: 389:Scandinavian Airlines 204:Chronological history 67:Johann Baptist Homann 32: 8533:World Heritage Sites 7863:19 June 2006 at the 7754:22 July 2021 at the 7699:22 July 2021 at the 7675:25.1 (2020): 76–86. 7588:11 July 2021 at the 7405:A history of Finland 7342:A History of Finland 7271:A History of Finland 7114:. 25 February 2022. 6278:Subscription needed. 6226:Scandinavian Studies 5810:Michael C. Coleman, 5677:Finland People: 1990 5622:Historisk Tidskrift, 5563:A History of Finland 5510:5 March 2012 at the 5219:"Swedish in Finland" 5173:3 March 2016 at the 4248:. On 25 February, a 4242:Russian Armed Forces 4120:economic overheating 4013:counter-Intelligence 4001:SUPO, Suojelupoliisi 3987:, in which both the 3935:Wilhelm Breitenstein 3865:Juho Kusti Paasikivi 3856:and declared itself 3676:Finnish war-children 3665:President of Finland 3153:Alexander Schlichter 2767:at work in his study 2560:Robert Wilhelm Ekman 2556:in a Peasant Cottage 2429:Constitution of 1772 2285:1150: 20,000–40,000 2174:Age of Enlightenment 1448:Republic of Novgorod 1316:and the province of 1140:computer linguistics 956:Comb Ceramic culture 650:between the Finnish 595:Swedish colonisation 33:Homann's map of the 8892:States with limited 7812:13.1 (2018): 22–50. 7781:16 May 2022 at the 7518:History since 1970. 7496:1 July 2022 at the 7325:. Greenwood Press. 6680:Finland 1917–2007. 6406:. 1 December 2011. 6311:, Helsingin Sanomat 6029:21 May 2022 at the 5993:26 May 2014 at the 5986:(2003) 85#2: 67–84 5919:19th Century Music, 5842:Historisk Tidskrift 4925:on 27 February 2007 4787:2017VegHA..26..469A 4391:Politics of Finland 4386:Monarchy of Finland 4246:invasion of Ukraine 3985:East-West espionage 3764:Anti-Comintern Pact 3704:was signed between 3611:Battle of Ilomantsi 3511:Moscow Peace Treaty 3462:Marshal of Finland 3036:February Revolution 2875:and the associated 2691:was separated from 2679:During that period 2498:Finnish nationalism 2026:in the 18th century 1902:Peace of Westphalia 1403:Imagery collage of 1228:artifacts into the 1224:brought Arabic and 967:Battle Axe cultures 639:. The catastrophic 615:Finnish nationalism 525:last glacial period 18:Prehistoric Finland 9006:History of Finland 8326:Telecommunications 7966:Great Northern War 7403:Wuorinen, John H. 7069:on 16 January 2009 6977:www.presidentti.fi 6895:on 7 February 2012 6776:on 3 November 2019 5930:Edward C. Thaden, 5651:Populating Finland 5004:on 25 January 2009 4317:Early Finnish wars 4086: 4042:European Community 4003:), an operational 3973: 3891: 3842:Paris Peace Treaty 3834: 3798: 3752: 3698: 3690: 3584:Siege of Leningrad 3580:Germany's invasion 3572: 3556: 3533: 3468: 3456: 3376: 3282:Kingdom of Finland 3273: 3265: 3211: 3160:October Revolution 3156: 3121: 3012: 3000: 2924: 2901:universal suffrage 2856:February Manifesto 2829: 2825:February Manifesto 2769: 2729:Paavo Ruotsalainen 2664: 2650:Paavo Ruotsalainen 2643: 2563: 2542: 2531: 2519: 2469: 2453: 2381: 2373: 2361: 2249: 2166: 2158:Battle of Valkeala 2142:Anjala declaration 2138:victorious battles 2063:south-eastern part 2059:Great Northern War 2055: 2051:Great Northern War 2049:) was part of the 2036: 2028: 2008:Great Northern War 1887:Treaty of Stolbovo 1875: 1867: 1767: 1748: 1675: 1639:Treaty of Nöteborg 1608: 1596: 1526:Treaty of Nöteborg 1512:gained control in 1488: 1416: 1397: 1386: 1374: 1364:Early Finnish wars 1259: 1210:Merovingian period 1055:, runestones, the 1045:'s description of 921: 792: 743: 728: 637:Finnish literature 521:history of Finland 152:History by country 71: 8993: 8992: 8588: 8587: 8541: 8540: 8344: 8343: 8252: 8251: 8234:Political parties 8187:Foreign relations 8154: 8153: 7521:Polvinen, Tuomo. 7479:(Springer, 1975). 7454:Hodgson, John H. 7415:Specialty studies 7293:. Helsinki: WSOY. 7249:. Hurst & Co. 6635:978-952-10-4637-7 6211:Henrik O. Lunde, 5735:978-1-4766-2565-2 5708:978-0-521-83225-0 5491:978-952-99106-9-4 5401:978-0-761-42073-6 5366:978-0-691-16908-8 5339:978-90-04-15502-2 5036:978-0-415-91977-7 4874:978-952-236-859-1 4697:. 27 April 2021. 4466:978-952-495-363-4 4344:History of Sweden 4332:History of Russia 4235:Russian president 4212:Nobel Peace Prize 4021:national security 4017:counter-terrorism 4009:Interior Ministry 3981:Western countries 3943:Secretary-General 3687:Finnish war child 3652:Tehran Conference 3522:Aarne Juutilainen 3317:League of Nations 3233:Finnish Civil War 3215:Finnish Civil War 3208:White/Civil Guard 3184:Soviet government 3137:Grigory Petrovsky 3024:Finnish Civil War 2907:Emigration trends 2881:four-chamber Diet 2867:Democratic change 2745:Eastern Orthodoxy 2685:Eastern Orthodoxy 2623:Fennoman movement 2480:company in 1871. 2463:in the center of 2433:four-chamber Diet 2218:French Revolution 2053:during 1700–1721. 1981:The Empire had a 1952:absolute monarchy 1891:Thirty Years' War 1879:Gustavus Adolphus 1829:Treaty of Teusina 1444:bishop of Finland 1306:Nordic Bronze Age 1302:Swiderian culture 1012:Northern Crusades 987:Kiukainen culture 591:Northern Crusades 584:Southwest Finland 517: 516: 16:(Redirected from 9013: 8930:Dependencies and 8629:Sovereign states 8615: 8608: 8601: 8592: 8591: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8516:Independence Day 8506:National symbols 8355: 8354: 8263: 8262: 8165: 8164: 8057:Cities and towns 8050: 8049: 8035:Military history 8013:Continuation War 7924: 7917: 7910: 7901: 7900: 7880: 7841: 7805: 7767: 7732: 7658: 7628: 7619: 7610: 7574: 7562: 7551: 7538: 7517: 7508: 7488: 7472:(2018): 260–289. 7463:Business History 7444: 7400: 7378: 7366: 7355: 7345: 7336: 7315: 7294: 7285: 7264: 7258: 7250: 7237: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7104: 7098: 7088:Finland and NATO 7085: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6946: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6839:on 26 March 2009 6838: 6832:. 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Mitchell, 5967: 5961: 5956:Tuomo Polvinen, 5954: 5948: 5941: 5935: 5928: 5922: 5915: 5909: 5902: 5896: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5831:(2006) pp. 58–60 5825: 5819: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5783: 5777: 5766:: Text from 5761: 5760: 5755: 5740: 5739: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5692: 5686: 5673: 5667: 5662:B. R. Mitchell, 5660: 5654: 5647: 5638: 5631: 5625: 5618: 5612: 5605: 5599: 5592: 5586: 5572: 5566: 5559: 5553: 5540: 5534: 5521: 5515: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5410: 5404: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5323: 5317: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5183: 5177: 5165: 5159: 5152: 5146: 5129: 5118: 5111: 5105: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5075: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5000:. Archived from 4993: 4987: 4986: 4976: 4966: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4921:. 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Svinhufvud 3109:first government 3048:Social Democrats 2928:Finnish American 2893: 2844: 2836: 2774:Sibelius Academy 2705:Karelian Isthmus 2693:Church of Sweden 2641:, from year 1863 2592:Eastern Orthodox 2550:Kreeta Haapasalo 2461:Pohjoisesplanadi 2262: 2256: 2243:Eero Järnefelt, 2198:Saint Petersburg 2170:Gustav III's war 2160:was part of the 2149: 2071:Treaty of Nystad 2043:Battle of Gangut 1930:1642: the whole 1787:Finnish language 1691:Victual Brothers 1646: 1636: 1630: 1572: 1500:Eric's Chronicle 1331:archipelago and 1194:Southern Bothnia 1190:Migration period 1133: 1119: 1085:Finnic languages 1061:Snorri Sturluson 1059:written down by 979:animal husbandry 925:Giant's Churches 919: 824:hunter-gatherers 813: 805:Veretje cultures 768:Nordic countries 669:Continuation War 621:, folklore, and 557: 509: 502: 495: 482: 478: 477: 476: 468: 464: 463: 462: 454: 450: 449: 448: 440: 436: 435: 434: 426: 422: 421: 420: 412: 408: 407: 406: 374:Nordic countries 247:Christianization 232:Migration Period 96: 73: 72: 63:Northwest Russia 21: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9010: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8973: 8931: 8925: 8911:Northern Cyprus 8893: 8887: 8803:North Macedonia 8624: 8619: 8589: 8584: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8537: 8511:Public holidays 8423: 8340: 8248: 8212:Law enforcement 8150: 8039: 7971:The Great Wrath 7937: 7928: 7891:– slideshow by 7889:Vintage Finland 7878: 7865:Wayback Machine 7854:by Pauli Kruhse 7852:Wayback Machine 7839: 7837:Wayback Machine 7826: 7783:Wayback Machine 7756:Wayback Machine 7701:Wayback Machine 7684:Wayback Machine 7673:Interlitteraria 7667:Wayback Machine 7635: 7594:Tarkka, Jukka. 7590:Wayback Machine 7571: 7498:Wayback Machine 7423: 7417: 7397: 7375: 7333: 7312: 7282: 7252: 7251: 7228: 7223: 7221:Further reading 7218: 7217: 7207: 7205: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7182: 7180: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7152: 7150: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7119: 7112:Washington Post 7106: 7105: 7101: 7095:Wayback Machine 7086: 7082: 7072: 7070: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7046: 7044: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7016: 7014: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6986: 6984: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6872: 6870: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6815: 6806: 6802: 6793: 6789: 6779: 6777: 6762: 6758: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6699: 6698: 6691: 6689: 6678: 6669: 6663:Wayback Machine 6654: 6647: 6636: 6618: 6614: 6604: 6602: 6587: 6583: 6573: 6571: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6489: 6485: 6475: 6473: 6458: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6427: 6423: 6413: 6411: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6344: 6340: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6309:Wayback Machine 6300: 6296: 6288:Jakobson, Max. 6287: 6283: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6249: 6245: 6236: 6232: 6223: 6219: 6210: 6206: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6170: 6166: 6160:Manninen (2008) 6158: 6154: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6106: 6102: 6097:Wayback Machine 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6040: 6036: 6031:Wayback Machine 6017: 6013: 6004: 6000: 5995:Wayback Machine 5981: 5977: 5968: 5964: 5955: 5951: 5943:Steven Huxley, 5942: 5938: 5929: 5925: 5916: 5912: 5903: 5899: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5865: 5861: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5826: 5822: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5784: 5780: 5758: 5756: 5743: 5736: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5693: 5689: 5684:Wayback Machine 5674: 5670: 5661: 5657: 5649:J. Westerholm, 5648: 5641: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5615: 5606: 5602: 5593: 5589: 5573: 5569: 5560: 5556: 5550:Wayback Machine 5541: 5537: 5531:Wayback Machine 5522: 5518: 5512:Wayback Machine 5503: 5499: 5492: 5478: 5474: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5426: 5422: 5411: 5407: 5392: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5324: 5320: 5279: 5275: 5264: 5260: 5249: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5229:on 5 March 2017 5217: 5216: 5212: 5205:"Turun Sanomat" 5203: 5202: 5198: 5193:Wayback Machine 5184: 5180: 5175:Wayback Machine 5166: 5162: 5153: 5149: 5144:Wayback Machine 5130: 5121: 5112: 5108: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5085:Wayback Machine 5073: 5070:Wayback Machine 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5037: 5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4957:(2): e1003296. 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4812: 4767: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4744: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4663: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4595: 4591: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4530:. 12 May 2022. 4522: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4488: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4453: 4449: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4265:Alexander Stubb 4189:Bank of Finland 4133: 4108: 4074: 4053: 3964:, US president 3907:G.A. Gripenberg 3824: 3819: 3782: 3768:Tripartite Pact 3737:bilateral trade 3627:co-belligerents 3592:Greater Finland 3480:similar request 3476:invading Poland 3448: 3440:Main articles: 3438: 3430:Gulf of Finland 3404:Treaty of Tartu 3392: 3353: 3347: 3333: 3313: 3304: 3302:Agrarian reform 3261:K. J. Ståhlberg 3253: 3217: 3200: 3145:Isaac Steinberg 3101: 3071:settled by the 3032: 3026: 3014:Main articles: 2984: 2934: 2926:Main articles: 2909: 2869: 2813: 2807: 2798: 2758: 2752:was forbidden. 2677: 2585:Karelian people 2567:nation building 2529:" (1802 - 1884) 2500: 2490: 2449:Turku Cathedral 2442: 2349: 2343: 2336:2020: 5,531,000 2333:2015: 5,500,000 2330:2010: 5,375,000 2327:1990: 4,977,000 2324:1970: 4,598,000 2321:1950: 4,030,000 2318:1930: 3,463,000 2315:1910: 2,943,000 2312:1890: 2,380,000 2309:1870: 1,769,000 2306:1850: 1,637,000 2303:1830: 1,372,000 2282: 2237: 2222:Napoleonic wars 2210:Gustav IV Adolf 2134:parliamentarism 2016: 1856: 1796:was founded by 1779:Mikael Agricola 1755:Mikael Agricola 1728: 1707:Archipelago Sea 1695:Korsholm Castle 1689:, known as the 1649:Magnus Eriksson 1612:Turku Cathedral 1591:Missale Aboense 1565:runestone Gs 13 1545:Gulf of Bothnia 1533:Dominican order 1366: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1247: 1206: 1186: 1173: 1152: 1101:Scottish Gaelic 1081:Frankish Empire 1016:Catholic Church 1004: 995: 963:Gulf of Finland 913: 836: 807: 776: 748: 717: 580:Catholic Church 551: 513: 474: 472: 471: 460: 458: 457: 446: 444: 443: 432: 430: 429: 418: 416: 415: 404: 402: 401: 394: 393: 359: 351: 350: 349: 334: 327: 319: 318: 317: 293: 285: 284: 283: 274:Denmark–Iceland 201: 149: 139: 138: 137: 104: 61:, and parts of 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9019: 9009: 9008: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8985:European Union 8981: 8979: 8978:Other entities 8975: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8935: 8933: 8932:other entities 8927: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8897: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8878:United Kingdom 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8691:Czech Republic 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8625: 8618: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8595: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8570: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8547: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8433: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8421: 8419:Welfare system 8416: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8404: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8372:Climate change 8369: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8316:Stock exchange 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8244:Prime Minister 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8111: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8094: 8089: 8087:National parks 8084: 8082:Municipalities 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8062:Extreme points 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8025:Finlandization 8022: 8021: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7947: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7927: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7886: 7881: 7873: 7867: 7855: 7842: 7825: 7824:External links 7822: 7821: 7820: 7817:The Sámi World 7813: 7806: 7785: 7768: 7759: 7741: 7734: 7704: 7686: 7669: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7620: 7611: 7602: 7592: 7575: 7569: 7552: 7539: 7530: 7519: 7509: 7500: 7480: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7434: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7401: 7395: 7380: 7373: 7356: 7347: 7337: 7331: 7316: 7310: 7295: 7286: 7280: 7265: 7242: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7190: 7160: 7129: 7099: 7080: 7054: 7024: 6994: 6964: 6957: 6931: 6924: 6906: 6880: 6850: 6813: 6800: 6787: 6756: 6743: 6736: 6713: 6667: 6645: 6634: 6612: 6597:(in Finnish). 6581: 6551: 6536:(in Finnish). 6518: 6499:(in Finnish). 6483: 6464:(in Finnish). 6452: 6421: 6389: 6338: 6322: 6313: 6294: 6281: 6263: 6243: 6230: 6217: 6204: 6191: 6187:Trotter (2002) 6179: 6164: 6152: 6150:(1994) p. 350. 6139: 6113: 6100: 6077: 6047: 6034: 6011: 5998: 5975: 5962: 5949: 5936: 5923: 5910: 5897: 5884: 5878:978-0810839458 5877: 5859: 5846: 5833: 5827:Jason Lavery, 5820: 5803: 5796: 5778: 5741: 5734: 5725:Modern Finland 5714: 5707: 5687: 5668: 5655: 5639: 5633:Antti Kujala, 5626: 5613: 5600: 5587: 5583:Maurice Baquoi 5567: 5554: 5535: 5516: 5497: 5490: 5472: 5453: 5438:(in Finnish). 5420: 5415:Ruotsin itämaa 5405: 5386: 5372: 5365: 5345: 5338: 5318: 5273: 5258: 5240: 5210: 5196: 5178: 5160: 5147: 5135:2009;92:9–56. 5119: 5106: 5093: 5054: 5035: 5015: 4988: 4936: 4910: 4880: 4873: 4855: 4838:"Museovirasto" 4810: 4781:(5): 469–486. 4761: 4742: 4712: 4682: 4676:978-9047418924 4675: 4654: 4628: 4607: 4589: 4573: 4558:(in Finnish). 4545: 4515: 4500:. March 2022. 4486: 4465: 4447: 4426: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4303:History portal 4292: 4289:Finland portal 4276: 4273: 4238:Vladimir Putin 4216:Sauli Niinistö 4197:Paavo Lipponen 4179:government of 4165:European Union 4144:Mauno Koivisto 4132: 4129: 4107: 4104: 4073: 4070: 3962:Erich Honecker 3958:Helmut Schmidt 3927:Keijo Korhonen 3923:Ilkka Pastinen 3903:United Nations 3895:Nordic Council 3872:Nordic Council 3850:Finlandization 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3781: 3778: 3733:industrialised 3731:economy to an 3554:, Finland 1942 3507:reached Vyborg 3437: 3434: 3391: 3388: 3380:Lapua Movement 3360:Lapua Movement 3349:Main article: 3346: 3343: 3332: 3329: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3252: 3249: 3213:Main article: 3199: 3196: 3129:Vladimir Lenin 3100: 3097: 3085:equal suffrage 3060:personal union 2994:burned by the 2983: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2908: 2905: 2868: 2865: 2827:in March 1899. 2809:Main article: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2757: 2754: 2709:Ladoga Karelia 2676: 2673: 2508:Russian Empire 2489: 2486: 2441: 2438: 2413:Russian Empire 2397:Diet of Porvoo 2369:Diet of Porvoo 2357:Russian Empire 2342: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2300:1810: 863,000 2298: 2297:1790: 706,000 2295: 2294:1770: 561,000 2292: 2291:1750: 428,000 2289: 2288:1550: 300,000 2286: 2281: 2278: 2236: 2233: 2203:Russian Empire 2075:Age of Liberty 2015: 2012: 2001:In 1696–1699, 1940:Little Ice Age 1936: 1935: 1928: 1921:Academy of Åbo 1917: 1906:Swedish Empire 1855: 1852: 1736:Swedish empire 1727: 1724: 1561:Finland Proper 1482:. Painting by 1380:The runestone 1359: 1356: 1351:Main article: 1348: 1345: 1310:Proto-Germanic 1246: 1243: 1218:Constantinople 1205: 1202: 1185: 1182: 1172: 1169: 1151: 1148: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1003: 1000: 994: 991: 946:site north of 835: 832: 782:Pieces of the 775: 772: 747: 744: 716: 713: 697:Finnish markka 693:European Union 659:Union. During 607:Russian Empire 568:Finnish proper 558:. The Finnish 549:Pöljä cultures 531:cultures were 515: 514: 512: 511: 504: 497: 489: 486: 485: 484: 483: 469: 455: 441: 427: 413: 396: 395: 392: 391: 386: 381: 379:Monetary Union 376: 371: 366: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 348: 347: 346: 345: 340: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 316: 315: 310: 305: 300: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 282: 281: 279:Nordic Council 276: 271: 266: 264:Denmark–Norway 261: 256: 251: 250: 249: 244: 234: 229: 228: 227: 222: 217: 200: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 150: 145: 144: 141: 140: 136: 135: 130: 125: 118: 111: 105: 102: 101: 98: 97: 89: 88: 82: 81: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9018: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8976: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8944:Faroe Islands 8942: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8916:South Ossetia 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 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8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8347: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8306:Ship-building 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7920: 7918: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7894:Life magazine 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7692:(2019): 225+ 7691: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7626: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7570:9780803241893 7566: 7561: 7560: 7553: 7550:(1): 127–149. 7549: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7486: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7465:(2020): 1–22. 7464: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7396:9780521647014 7392: 7388: 7387: 7381: 7376: 7374:9789511013662 7370: 7365: 7364: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7332:9780313328374 7328: 7324: 7323: 7317: 7313: 7311:9780521539890 7307: 7303: 7302: 7296: 7292: 7287: 7283: 7281:9789510210260 7277: 7273: 7272: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7248: 7243: 7241: 7235: 7230: 7229: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7097:, Tomas Ries. 7096: 7092: 7089: 7084: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6960: 6958:9780262112963 6954: 6950: 6945: 6944: 6935: 6927: 6925:9780203485019 6921: 6917: 6910: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6835: 6828: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6810: 6804: 6797: 6791: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6747: 6739: 6737:951-9202-97-8 6733: 6726: 6725: 6717: 6709: 6703: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6652: 6650: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6585: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6522: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6487: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6440: 6436: 6435:Intelnews.org 6432: 6425: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6403:The Economist 6399: 6393: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6317: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6298: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6266: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6247: 6240: 6234: 6227: 6221: 6214: 6208: 6201: 6195: 6189:, pp. 234–235 6188: 6183: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6143: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5972: 5966: 5959: 5953: 5946: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5920: 5914: 5907: 5901: 5894: 5888: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5850: 5843: 5837: 5830: 5824: 5817: 5807: 5799: 5797:9780273659839 5793: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5764:public domain 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5737: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5718: 5710: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5691: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5672: 5665: 5659: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5636: 5630: 5623: 5617: 5610: 5604: 5597: 5591: 5585:, etched 1724 5584: 5580: 5579:(Hanko), 1714 5578: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5539: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5501: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5424: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5398: 5395: 5390: 5382: 5376: 5368: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5322: 5315: 5314:951-8902-91-7 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5269: 5262: 5254: 5247: 5245: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5164: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5116: 5110: 5103: 5097: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5058: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5019: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4951:PLOS Genetics 4948: 4940: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4749: 4745: 4743:9780199551224 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4659: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4624: 4618: 4610: 4608:9789524953634 4604: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4482: 4476: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4443: 4437: 4429: 4427:9789524953634 4423: 4419: 4412: 4408: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4293: 4290: 4279: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4244:to begin the 4243: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4208:Tarja Halonen 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4083: 4082:Urho Kekkonen 4078: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3970:Bruno Kreisky 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939:Marjatta Rasi 3936: 3933:(1988–1991), 3932: 3931:Klaus Törnudd 3929:(1983–1988), 3928: 3925:(1977–1983), 3924: 3921:(1972–1977), 3920: 3919:Aarno Karhilo 3917:(1965–1972), 3916: 3913:(1959–1965), 3912: 3911:Ralph Enckell 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3814: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3694: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3663:, became the 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3460: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3364:Eino Nieminen 3361: 3357: 3352: 3342: 3339: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3321:Åland Islands 3318: 3308: 3299: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3269: 3262: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3222: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141:Joseph Stalin 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2993: 2990:The ruins of 2988: 2979: 2973:1950s: 32,000 2972: 2969: 2966: 2964:1920s: 73,000 2963: 2961:1910s: 67,000 2960: 2957: 2955:1890s: 59,000 2954: 2952:1880s: 26,000 2951: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2826: 2822: 2821:Senate Square 2817: 2812: 2805:Russification 2802: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2782:Jean Sibelius 2779: 2775: 2766: 2765:Jean Sibelius 2762: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2741:social gospel 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2660: 2659:The Awakening 2655: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2571:national epic 2568: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2473: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2246: 2241: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2184:—when not in 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114:Treaty of Åbo 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2011: 2010:of 1700–21). 2009: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:Northern Wars 1941: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1904:in 1648, the 1903: 1898: 1896: 1895:Hakkapeliitat 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1871: 1864: 1860: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1783:New Testament 1780: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1760: 1759:New Testament 1756: 1752: 1745: 1741: 1740:Sweden proper 1737: 1732: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1600: 1593: 1592: 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