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and were likely omnivores, consuming plants, meat, and fruit but not hard abrasive foods like nuts and tubers. In 2009, scientists formally announced and published their findings on Ardi. Ardi has certain human features—including smaller diamond-shaped canines and some evidence of upright walking—and
753:
Semitic speakers of
Ethiopia – their origin is generally obscured. By the first millennium BCE, the group was split into two branches: the northern plateau region and the central part of the country. The group consists of seven ethnic clusters with varying characteristics (such as size, customs, and
796:, and Koma. The second phase of Nilotic migration took place in the first millennium BCE. They are marked by cattle raising, millet cultivation, and dualistic social organization. Their settlement constitutes the western periphery of Ethiopia. The Nilotic represents two tribes, known as
757:
Omotic speakers in southwest
Ethiopia – they practiced hoe cultivation of cereal grains and tubers, and are known for their ritual monarchy. The Omotic is considered the most diversified society, being divided into fifty subgroups with distinct languages and
376:, hoes, and grinding stones. This suggests that by the late third millennium BC, rudimentary agriculture commenced in many parts of western Ethiopia. There is evidence of stone hand tools, blade instruments, and drawings in the limestone caves found in
707:. Also, independent linguistic analysis shows the presence of Semitic speakers in Ethiopia in at least 2000 BCE. Linguistic and cultural fission of proto-Ethiopians occurred in this period. Proto–Ethiopians are classified into five stable groups:
741:
were split among two dozen tribes. These people practiced hoe cultivation of cereal grains and tubers, and terraced agriculture advanced for ancient times. They, along with neighboring people in northern
780:
of Sudan migrated to
Greater Ethiopia in different phases. Pre-Nilotes arrived in Ethiopia about the third millennium BCE. They were mostly agriculturalists who developed the cultivation of
172:
in 1963. There, he recognized that the exposed layered rock on the bank of a flood-prone river represented a fossil record dating back 1.7 million years. French paleoanthropologist
730:" and occupied northwestern Ethiopia. Their culture and language are thought to be spoken within an enclave. They are known for the plow cultivation of cereal grains.
1376:
261:") fossil in the Middle Awash area of Ethiopia, dating to 4.4 million years ago. Subsequently, 100 fossil specimens of Ardi were uncovered. These hominins lived in
341:(small stone blades) and the Hargeistan (long obsidian bladelet). Humans associated with these cultures were semblance of "Afro-Mediterranean", while there is no
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165:
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683:. Inconclusive research suggests the Afroasiatic superfamily began to diffuse by 13,000 BCE, a period of Omotic slight migration southward.
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395:(6200–3000 BCE). The development of plough-based agriculture may imply the domestication of cattle around the same time. By the
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The split between proto-Cushitic and proto-Omotic began by the fourth or fifth millennium BCE, and proto-Semitic separated to
676:(previously considered a branch of Cushitic), and speculated that the Afroasiatic homeland might be in southwestern Ethiopia.
1900:
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fossils aged 1.5 million – 1.7 million years have been uncovered at the site, as well as cranial fragments of early
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244:. Ethiopians refer to the fossil as "Dinqnesh". Lucy weighed about 60 pounds and stood three and a half feet tall.
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emerged. Archeological discoveries in the country's sites have garnered specific fossil evidence of early human
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surmised
Afroasiatic people in Ethiopia were attributed to North Africa, specifically from the Sahara to the
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in 9000 BCE, there were at least two bladelet-making archeological cultures in
Greater Ethiopia: the
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1231:"Obsidian from the northern sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift: implications for archeology"
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129:—defined by new ethnic, cultural, and linguistic identities—emerged around 2000–1000 BCE.
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has the site of oldest fossil of human bones believed to be 195,000 years old along with
101:(4.4 million years ago). Human settlements in present-day Ethiopia began at least in the
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sfn error: no target: CITEREFGish,_Steven;_Thay,_Winnie;_Latif,_Zawiah_Abdul2016 (
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in the third millennium BCE; these languages probably originated from the
Eastern
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One of the most prominent and precursor excavations in
Ethiopia was conducted by
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1996:
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314:. Recently, Yohannes has also found fossil specimens of human ancestors in the
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Plural
Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates
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Negash, Agazi; Alene, Mulugeta; Asrat, Asfawossen; Nash, Barbara (May 2021).
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systems with classes recruited through a fixed cycle of grades and intervals.
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conducted a systematic expedition of the site between 1965 and 1995. Several
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Linguistic analysis indicates that proto-Ethiopians spoke Hamito-Semitic or
1159:"The Upper Pleistocene and Early Holocene Prehistory of the Horn of Africa"
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941:"Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia"
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The early inhabitants of
Ethiopia began domesticating grains during the
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and yams. Today, they are settled in western parts of
Ethiopia namely
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until their successors. Rock paintings of human and animal figures in
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140:
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1419:
1305:"Contemporary Stone Tools in Ethiopia: Implications for Archaeology"
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488:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Detailed map of Afroasiatic languages in Africa and the Middle East
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took place in the third millennium BCE. Ethnolinguistic groups of
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373:
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365:
1076:
Gish, Steven; Thay, Winnie; Latif, Zawiah Abdul (2016-12-15).
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381:
143:. The skull remains are 40,000 older than in Herto, Ethiopia.
672:. Harold Fleming proposed including a sixth language group,
1654:
695:. Gover Hudson hypothesized that proto–Semitic migrated to
258:
352:
It is unclear whether or not these people transitioned to
906:
Prehistory and the Study of Social Structures of the Past
247:
Between 1992 and 1994, a team led by paleoanthropologist
1133:
Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society
816:"Some Questions on the Economic Prehistory of Ethiopia"
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1208:
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16:
Occurrence and people throughout Ethiopian prehistory
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Gish, Steven; Thay, Winnie; Latif, Zawiah Abdul 2016
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711:
Northern Cushites – known by the ancient Greeks as "
1205:
1057:
The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
726:
Central Cushites – they spoke the dialect cluster "
546:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
939:Mcdougall, I.; Brown, H.; Fleagle, G. (Feb 2005).
2290:
1150:
934:
932:
733:Eastern Cushites – they lived southwest of the
290:In 2000, scientists led by paleoanthropologist
226:excavated a 3.2-million-year-old early female
156:One of the earliest stone tools discovered in
1497:
1075:
306:discovered fossils of a 5.2-million-year-old
1378:Sub-Saharan Africa: An Environmental History
929:
402:
1102:
447:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1504:
1490:
1302:
854:
624:Learn how and when to remove this message
606:Learn how and when to remove this message
504:Learn how and when to remove this message
294:discovered a veiled 3.3-million-year-old
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
873:
855:Pankhurst, Richard (February 14, 2001).
761:
635:
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266:is said to descend from the predecessor
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222:In 1974, American paleoanthropologist
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1404:"Afroasiatic: The Horizon and beyond"
1401:
310:family, 15 mi (24 km) from
1082:. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC.
995:
993:
544:adding citations to reliable sources
515:
453:
412:
321:
18:
302:". Searches continued in 2001 when
195:were excavated in the southwestern
13:
1351:"Prehistoric Cultural Development"
807:
81:is considered the area from which
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1163:The African Archaeological Review
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723:in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea.
428:This section has multiple issues.
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364:illustrate the domestication of
199:area and have been dated to the
23:
1395:
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1296:
1222:
1136:. University of Chicago Press.
531:needs additional citations for
436:or discuss these issues on the
286:", discovered in 2000 (3.3 myo)
48:check for citation inaccuracies
1130:Levine, Donald N. (May 2000).
1123:
1096:
1069:
1045:
1020:
874:Finneran, Niall (2007-11-08).
820:The Journal of African History
814:Simoons, Frederick J. (1965).
1:
1235:Journal of Quaternary Science
1000:Briggs, Philip (2018-12-10).
922:
1353:. 2021-11-24. Archived from
1309:Journal of Field Archaeology
1303:Gallagher, James P. (1977).
1030:. 2021-11-29. Archived from
203:, around 200,000 years ago.
95:(3.2 million years ago) and
7:
1670:Federal Democratic Republic
1408:The Jewish Quarterly Review
1402:Hodge, Carleton T. (1983).
877:The Archaeology of Ethiopia
484:the claims made and adding
217:National Museum of Ethiopia
191:Between 1967 and 1974, the
10:
2320:
1157:Brandt, Steven A. (1986).
1103:Slikkerveer (2013-10-28).
406:
349:population in the region.
296:Australopithecus afarensis
280:Australopithecus afarensis
272:, found in the same area.
229:Australopithecus afarensis
212:Australopithecus afarensis
92:Australopithecus afarensis
83:anatomically modern humans
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903:Wilding, Richard (1976).
857:The Ethiopians: A History
832:10.1017/s0021853700005296
784:and tuberous plants like
746:, are known for distinct
403:Ethnolinguistic diffusion
168:at the Stone Age site of
89:, including the hominins
1692:War in Somalia (2006–09)
1375:Maddox, Gregory (2006).
769:distribution in today's
737:. Their dialects of the
1079:Ethiopia: Third Edition
1028:"Pre-Historic Ethiopia"
1006:. Bradt Travel Guides.
304:Yohannes Haile-Selassie
107:agricultural revolution
2020:Industrial development
1934:National Defense Force
1675:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
1053:"Ardipithecus ramidus"
773:
739:East Cushitic language
641:
555:"Prehistoric Ethiopia"
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1714:Territorial evolution
1609:Italo-Ethiopian wars
886:10.4324/9780203821183
771:Ethiopia–Sudan border
767:Nilo-Saharan language
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646:Afroasiatic languages
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251:discovered the first
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127:Nilo-Saharan speakers
2299:Prehistoric Ethiopia
2243:World Heritage Sites
2180:Water and sanitation
1605:Menelik's Expansions
540:improve this article
409:Afroasiatic homeland
328:Neolithic Revolution
308:Ardipithecus ramidus
269:Ardipithecus kadabba
254:Ardipithecus ramidus
111:Afroasiatic speakers
98:Ardipithecus ramidus
1357:on 24 November 2021
1247:2021JQS....36..664N
1034:on 29 November 2021
968:10.1038/nature03258
960:2005Natur.433..733M
859:. Wiley-Blackwell.
748:social organization
292:Zeresenay Alemseged
148:Archeological finds
2040:Telecommunications
1954:Army of the Empire
1635:Italian occupation
1590:Ethiopian–Adal War
1548:Kingdom of Wolaita
1175:10.1007/BF01117035
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1939:Ground Forces
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1580:Zagwe dynasty
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1475:, p. 31.
1474:
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1462:
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1109:. Routledge.
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701:Bab-el-Mandeb
698:
694:
691:and over the
690:
686:
685:I.M Diakonoff
682:
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663:
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607:
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567:
564:
560:
557: –
556:
552:
551:Find sources:
545:
541:
535:
534:
529:This article
527:
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517:
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479:
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467:This article
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170:Melka Kunture
167:
166:Gerard Dekker
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158:Melka Kunture
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32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2138:Human rights
2091:Demographics
2081:Architecture
2050:Trade unions
1850:Constitution
1640:World War II
1568:regnal lists
1532:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1381:. ABC-CLIO.
1377:
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:the original
1345:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1279:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1132:
1125:
1105:
1098:
1078:
1071:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1047:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1022:
1002:
951:
947:
905:
876:
856:
823:
819:
775:
705:South Arabia
678:
643:
620:
602:
593:
583:
576:
569:
562:
550:
538:Please help
533:verification
530:
500:
491:
468:
444:
437:
431:
430:Please help
427:
390:
351:
332:
307:
295:
289:
282:baby named "
279:
267:
257:(nicknamed "
252:
246:
242:Awash Valley
232:(nicknamed "
227:
221:
210:
190:
185:Homo sapiens
183:
179:Homo erectus
177:
163:
96:
90:
77:
62:
56:January 2023
53:
38:that do not
34:may contain
33:
2025:Land reform
2015:Foreign aid
1987:Agriculture
1916:Foreign aid
1765:Earthquakes
1630:World War I
1533:Prehistoric
1473:Levine 2000
1461:Levine 2000
1449:Levine 2000
1217:Levine 2000
826:(1): 1–13.
754:lifestyle).
360:region and
333:During the
316:Afar Region
193:Omo remains
2293:Categories
2218:Literature
2121:Healthcare
1999:(currency)
1896:Parliament
1862:Government
1702:Tigray War
1665:Ogaden War
1645:Revolution
1361:2022-04-23
1062:2022-04-26
1038:2022-04-23
923:References
689:Nile Delta
681:Asia Minor
652:after its
566:newspapers
478:improve it
433:improve it
407:See also:
197:Omo Kibish
105:, and the
87:succession
2304:Neolithic
2155:Languages
2096:Education
2055:Transport
2005:Companies
1944:Air Force
1906:Elections
1867:President
1798:Governors
1760:Volcanoes
1745:Mountains
1724:Geography
1660:Civil War
1428:0021-6682
1329:0093-4690
1271:233600844
1263:0267-8179
1199:162763229
1183:0263-0338
1169:: 41–82.
915:220076226
848:162726534
840:0021-8537
758:cultures.
697:West Asia
596:June 2022
494:June 2022
482:verifying
439:talk page
378:Dire Dawa
374:hand axes
249:Tim White
160:(1.7 myo)
141:Omo River
36:citations
2278:Category
2233:Religion
2170:Polygamy
2126:Maternal
2035:Taxation
1926:Military
1838:Politics
1517:articles
1513:Ethiopia
1191:25130464
1003:Ethiopia
976:15716951
713:Blemmyes
670:Cushitic
384:via the
358:Hararghe
119:Cushitic
113:(namely
79:Ethiopia
42:the text
2262:Outline
2208:Cuisine
2195:Culture
2131:Women's
2106:Famines
2069:Society
2045:Tourism
1975:Economy
1891:Council
1855:history
1810:Woredas
1793:Regions
1737:Geology
1613:1887–89
1558:Emperor
1525:History
1436:1454381
1243:Bibcode
984:1454595
956:Bibcode
782:sorghum
721:Red Sea
699:across
666:Semitic
580:scholar
476:Please
370:pottery
362:Eritrea
347:Negroid
343:Khoisan
240:in the
115:Semitic
46:Please
2238:Sports
2165:People
2116:Health
2010:Energy
1820:Kebele
1815:Cities
1750:Rivers
1623:Second
1515:
1434:
1426:
1385:
1337:529396
1335:
1327:
1269:
1261:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1140:
1113:
1086:
1010:
982:
974:
948:Nature
913:
892:
863:
846:
838:
798:Anyuak
715:" or "
674:Omotic
668:, and
662:Berber
650:Sahara
582:
575:
568:
561:
553:
366:cattle
312:Aramis
236:") in
137:Kibish
125:) and
123:Omotic
121:, and
40:verify
2269:Index
2228:Music
2223:Media
2185:Women
1997:Birr
1992:Banks
1805:Zones
1775:Fauna
1770:Flora
1755:Lakes
1618:First
1432:JSTOR
1333:JSTOR
1267:S2CID
1195:S2CID
1187:JSTOR
980:S2CID
944:(PDF)
844:S2CID
794:Gumuz
790:Berta
786:enset
744:Kenya
703:into
587:JSTOR
573:books
382:Sudan
300:Selam
284:Selam
238:Hadar
2212:wine
2143:LGBT
2111:Flag
1959:Navy
1884:list
1872:list
1655:Derg
1563:list
1424:ISSN
1383:ISBN
1325:ISSN
1290:help
1259:ISSN
1179:ISSN
1138:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1008:ISBN
972:PMID
911:OCLC
890:ISBN
861:ISBN
836:ISSN
802:Nuer
800:and
776:The
728:Agaw
717:Beja
559:news
345:and
259:Ardi
234:Lucy
2203:Art
1416:doi
1317:doi
1251:doi
1171:doi
964:doi
952:433
882:doi
828:doi
542:by
480:by
215:at
2295::
1430:.
1422:.
1412:74
1410:.
1406:.
1331:.
1323:.
1311:.
1307:.
1265:.
1257:.
1249:.
1239:36
1237:.
1233:.
1207:^
1193:.
1185:.
1177:.
1165:.
1161:.
1055:.
992:^
978:.
970:.
962:.
950:.
946:.
931:^
909:.
888:.
842:.
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804:.
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1173::
1167:4
1146:.
1119:.
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1065:.
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966::
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884::
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830::
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570:·
563:·
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501:(
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474:.
449:)
445:(
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69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
50:.
44:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
