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functions. Particularly notable is the prominent structural role of the precuneus, a region that is homologous to the highly connected posteromedial cortex in the macaque. The precuneus is involved in self-referential processing, imagery and memory, and its deactivation is associated with anaesthetic-induced loss of consciousness. An intriguing hypothesis suggests that these functional aspects can be explained on the basis of its high centrality in the cortical network.
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612:(in which the "source" circumstances of a memory are recalled) with the left inferior prefrontal cortex: here its role is postulated to be providing rich episodic contextual associations used by the prefrontal cortex to select the correct past memory. In the recollection of memories, it has been postulated that the precuneus discerns whether contextual information exists that can be useful for involving the aid of the
41:
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797:"the superior parietal and precuneate regions are poorly developed". It has been noted that "the precuneus is more highly developed (i.e. comprises a larger portion of the brain volume) in human beings than in non-human primates or other animals, has the most complex columnar cortical organization and is among the last regions to myelinate".
255:
616:. Alternatively it has a different involvement when judging the familiarity as it decides whether the processing of perceptual features would be more useful. In this way the precuneus gets involved in diverse processes such as attention, episodic memory retrieval, working memory and conscious perception.
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These clusters or modules are interlinked by specialized hub regions, ensuring that overall path lengths across the network are short. Most studies identified hubs among parietal and prefrontal regions, providing a potential explanation for their well-documented activation by many cognitive
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732:. However its involvement in the default network has been questioned. Though one of the authors raising these doubts noted "our findings in this regard should be treated as preliminary." A later study in 2012 showed that only ventral precuneus is involved in the default network.
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The precuneus has been suggested to be involved in directing attention in space both when an individual makes movements and when imaging or preparing them. It is involved in motor imagery and shifting attention between motor targets. It is also involved in
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The precuneus is involved in memory tasks, such as when people look at images and try to respond based on what they have remembered in regard to verbal questions about their spatial details. It is involved with the left prefrontal cortex in the recall of
1514:
Sadigh-Eteghad S, Majdi A, Farhoudi M, Talebi M, Mahmoudi J (2014). "Different patterns of brain activation in normal aging and
Alzheimer's disease from cognitional sight: meta analysis using activation likelihood estimation".
572:
The precuneus plays a role in itch sensations (there are many different types of itch) and their brain processing “‘We can’t pinpoint what the precuneus does in itch, but it’s uniquely activated with itch and not pain.’”
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The precuneus' role in mental imagery has been suggested to extend to that of modeling other people's views. It is activated when a person takes a third-person versus first-person visual point of view. Together with the
1460:
Lundstrom BN, Petersson KM, Andersson J, Johansson M, Fransson P, Ingvar M (2003). "Isolating the retrieval of imagined pictures during episodic memory: activation of the left precuneus and left prefrontal cortex".
1727:
Oshio R, Tanaka S, Sadato N, Sokabe M, Hanakawa T, Honda M (2010). "Differential effect of double-pulse TMS applied to dorsal premotor cortex and precuneus during internal operation of visuospatial information".
728:
that is activated during "resting consciousness" in which people do not engage intentionally in sensory or motor activity. This involvement in the default network is suggested to underlie its role in
641:). It is suggested that while the premotor area engages in the mental operation, the precuneus aids monitoring the success of that operation in terms of internally represented visual images.
832:
221:, or trauma such as gunshot wounds. This has resulted in it being "one of the less accurately mapped areas of the whole cortical surface". While originally described as homogeneous by
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Together with the prefrontal cortex, the precuneus, is more activated upon the learning of words briefly flashed when they are supraliminal (and so enter consciousness) than
1814:
Farrow TF, Zheng Y, Wilkinson ID, Spence SA, Deakin JF, Tarrier N, Griffiths PD, Woodruff PW (2001). "Investigating the functional anatomy of empathy and forgiveness".
820:
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Vogt BA, Laureys S (2005). "Posterior cingulate, precuneal and retrosplenial cortices: cytology and components of the neural network correlates of consciousness".
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It has been suggested that together with the posterior cingulate, the precuneus is "pivotal for conscious information processing". The evidence for this link with
1172:
Fletcher, P.C.; Frith, C.D.; Baker, S.C.; Shallice, T.; Frackowiak, R.S.J.; Dolan, R.J. (1995). "The Mind's Eye--Precuneus
Activation in Memory-Related Imagery".
1771:
Vogeley K, May M, Ritzl A, Falkai P, Zilles K, Fink GR (2004). "Neural correlates of first-person perspective as one constituent of human self-consciousness".
130:
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Wallentin M, Roepstorff A, Glover R, Burgess N (2006). "Parallel memory systems for talking about location and age in precuneus, caudate and Broca's region".
1146:
Foville AL. (1844). Traité complêt de l’anatomie, de la physiologie et de la pathologie du système nerveux cérébro-spinal. Paris, France: Fortin, Masson
943:
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Wenderoth N, Debaere F, Sunaert S, Swinnen SP (2005). "The role of anterior cingulate cortex and precuneus in the coordination of motor behaviour".
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Lundstrom BN, Ingvar M, Petersson KM (2005). "The role of precuneus and left inferior frontal cortex during source memory episodic retrieval".
931:
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Kawashima R, Roland PE, O'Sullivan BT (1995). "Functional anatomy of reaching and visuomotor learning: a positron emission tomography study".
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106:
2201:"Brain Gray Matter Changes Associated with Mindfulness Meditation in Older Adults: An Exploratory Pilot Study using Voxel-based Morphometry"
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808:
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588:, such as reflective self-awareness, that involve rating one's own personality traits compared to those judged of other people.
2383:
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Kjaer TW, Nowak M, Kjaer KW, Lou AR, Lou HC (2001). "Precuneus-prefrontal activity during awareness of visual verbal stimuli".
1032:
Margulies DS, Vincent JL, Kelly C, Lohmann G, Uddin LQ, Biswal BB, Villringer A, Castellanos FX, Milham MP, Petrides M (2009).
1989:
Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL (2008). "The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease".
167:
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Sato, Wataru; Kochiyama, Takanori; Uono, Shota; Kubota, Yasutaka; Sawada, Reiko; Yoshimura, Sayaka; Toichi, Motomi (2015).
538:
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it has traditionally been considered a homogeneous structure and with limited distinction between it and the neighboring
2099:
Bullmore E, Sporns O (2009). "Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems".
907:
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The location of the precuneus makes it difficult to study. Furthermore, it is rarely subject to isolated injury due to
1912:
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450:. No connections exist with premotor, motor, or somatosensory areas. The areas with which it links are involved in
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imagery. (It is not though clear how these—and the functions noted below—link with the above three subdivisions.)
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Human brain dissection video (1 min). Demonstrating the location of precuneus. ("SPL" in the video, means
2950:
653:, the precuneus is activated when people make judgments that require understanding whether to act out of
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1279:"Reflective self-awareness and conscious states: PET evidence for a common midline parietofrontal core"
502:
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that requires shifting attention to different spatial locations. It is also together with the dorsal
33:
Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere. (Precuneus visible at top left.) (Anterior to the right.)
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and Ed
Bullmore have proposed that its functions link to its role as a central and well connected "
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has been located in the forward part of the precuneus with posterior areas being involved with
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blue in figure) and is connected with sensorimotor areas of the cerebral cortex such as the
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Lou HC, Luber B, Crupain M, Keenan JP, Nowak M, Kjaer TW, Sackeim HA, Lisanby SH (2004).
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Below the cerebral cortex, the precuneus is connected with the dorsalmost nuclei of the
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has established that it consists of three subdivisions which now have been confirmed by
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The precuneus seems to be a recently expanded part of the brain, as in less developed
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Boruchow IB, Hutchins GM (February 1991). "Delayed death from aortic root trauma".
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at the
University of Michigan Health System - "Cerebral Hemisphere, Medial View"
693:. Also, cerebral glucose metabolism is at its highest in these two areas during
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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including past episodes related to the self. The precuneus is also involved in
554:
530:
459:
455:
392:
328:
179:
45:
2052:"Functional connectivity mapping of the human precuneus by resting state fMRI"
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984:"The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates"
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2020:
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Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere. (Precuneus visible at top left.)
28:
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1967:
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701:. In addition, it is one of the areas of the brain most deactivated during
634:
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395:. fMRI Research upon humans finds a connection with the caudalmost part of
203:
155:
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1635:
1203:
1171:
1034:"Precuneus shares intrinsic functional architecture in humans and monkeys"
258:
Subdivisions of precuneus and posterior cingulate in the human based upon
3243:
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778:
774:
762:
740:
694:
658:
613:
1267:
Sutherland, S. 2016. When pain feels good. New
Scientist 232(3101):37-38
317:
area. Brodmann mapped it as the medial continuation of lateral parietal
143:
2216:
1390:"This sausage-shaped part of your brain causes out-of-body experiences"
850:
Boundaries of precuneus are defined by the three sulci. (shown in red)
838:
Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere. (Precuneus colored in red.)
698:
76:
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in the right precuneus and the subject's subjective happiness score.
638:
526:
510:
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682:
494:
88:
48:
MRI slice with the precuneus shown in red. (Anterior to the left.)
1513:
790:
654:
518:
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The
Boundaries of Consciousness: Neurobiology and Neuropathology
1406:
757:
Correlation of grey matter volume and subjective happiness score
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1865:. The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences.
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478:
298:
218:
175:
1899:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 150. pp. 205–17.
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1648:
1225:
Mochizuki, Hideki; Kakigi, Ryusuke (2015). "Itch and brain".
777:
based intervention was found to correlate with a significant
761:
A positive relationship has been found between the volume of
637:
mental operations (such as in a modified form of the game of
591:
Electrical stimulation of the anterior portion can induce an
340:
64:
1988:
1031:
724:
It has been suggested to be the 'core node' or 'hub' of the
267: Blue: Sensorimotor Anterior Region and its connections
40:
1856:
949:
Precuneus highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images
669:
Precuneus is thought to be related to response inhibition.
332:
1813:
477:
yellow in figure). This connects with visual areas in the
343:(parallel fMRI research has also been done upon monkeys).
2144:"The structural neural substrate of subjective happiness"
1557:
937:
Precuneus highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
2141:
1726:
1331:"Parietal cortex and representation of the mental Self"
925:
Precuneus highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
289:
The precuneus is located on the inside between the two
225:, it is now appreciated to contain three subdivisions.
1863:
1104:
Cavanna AE (2007). "The precuneus and consciousness".
584:
has linked the precuneus to the processes involved in
1770:
1328:
814:
Precuneus of left cerebral hemisphere (shown in red).
3497:Some categorizations are approximations, and some
2198:
1945:
735:
470:This occurs along the parieto-occipital fissure (
273: Green: Cognitive/Associative Central Region
3511:
1613:
747:" hub between parietal and prefrontal regions.
1224:
2098:
1859:"Effect of eye dominance on cognitive control"
1857:Marakshina J, Vartanov A, Buldakova N (2018).
981:
2272:
1276:
1387:
681:comes from the effects of its disruption in
182:). The precuneus is bounded in front by the
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1027:
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1023:
1021:
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977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
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430:green in figure) and is connected with the
237:
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2199:Kurth F, Luders E, Wu B, Black DS (2014).
1103:
488:
39:
27:
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2175:
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2010:
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1099:
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1091:
1089:
1087:
1067:
1057:
999:
501:, the central and anterior nuclei of the
423:This occurs around the precuneal sulcus (
1016:
960:
768:
253:
16:Region of the parietal lobe of the brain
2049:
1890:
1888:
1886:
913:Precuneus of right cerebral hemisphere.
242:was first used in 1868 and the English
3512:
1604:
1324:
1322:
1084:
664:
3525:Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere
2260:
716:(and so do not enter consciousness).
356:This occurs around the margin of the
279: Yellow: Visual Posterior Region
1883:
1517:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
800:
419:Cognitive/Associative Central Region
3189:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
1319:
697:but is most reduced in them during
539:nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis
13:
1277:Kjaer TW, Nowak M, Lou HC (2002).
719:
565:. Another area has been linked to
14:
3541:
2244:
874:The area colored blue represents
2068:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.023
2050:Zhang S, Li CS (February 2012).
1828:10.1097/00001756-200108080-00029
1742:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.034
1698:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04176.x
1572:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.008
1475:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.017
1431:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.002
942:
930:
918:
906:
883:
843:
831:
819:
807:
784:
672:
509:. Other connections include the
174:. It is located in front of the
138:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
3283:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
3225:Collateral (temporal+occipital)
2192:
2135:
2092:
2043:
1982:
1939:
1850:
1807:
1764:
1720:
1677:
1642:
1551:
1507:
1453:
1400:
1388:Jon Hamilton (August 4, 2023).
1381:
781:increase within the precuneus.
736:Parietal prefrontal central hub
619:
346:
293:in the rear region between the
2871:Secondary somatosensory cortex
2563:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
1581:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-3A7E-4
1484:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-39A9-E
1270:
1261:
1218:
1165:
1149:
1140:
1:
3486:Poles of cerebral hemispheres
3220:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
1905:10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50015-3
982:Cavanna A, Trimble M (2006).
954:
525:. It also has links with the
206:processing, reflections upon
2859:Primary somatosensory cortex
1876:10.15405/epsbs.2018.11.02.43
1628:10.1016/0003-4975(91)90815-8
352:Sensorimotor Anterior Region
249:
7:
2951:Transverse occipital sulcus
548:
10:
3546:
3363:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
3184:Central (frontal+parietal)
2919:Occipital pole of cerebrum
1227:The Journal of Dermatology
503:intralaminar nuclear group
403:. No connections with the
234:quadrate lobule of Foville
178:(the upper portion of the
3494:
3473:
3455:
3425:
3392:
3296:
3251:
3242:
3207:
3176:
3165:
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3020:Transverse temporal gyrus
3012:
3003:
2959:
2911:
2902:
2883:Posterior parietal cortex
2847:
2792:
2720:
2711:
2636:
2602:
2463:
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2429:
2315:
2308:
2299:
1529:10.1016/j.jns.2014.05.066
1195:21.11116/0000-0001-A200-7
1156:Oxford English Dictionary
1118:10.1017/S1092852900021295
598:
281:(The red color shows the
262:functional connectivity.
136:
124:
112:
100:
87:
75:
63:
58:
53:
38:
26:
21:
3141:Inferior temporal sulcus
3062:Superior temporal sulcus
2745:Inferior parietal lobule
2728:Superior parietal lobule
2668:Supplementary motor area
899:Superior parietal lobule
864:parieto-occipital sulcus
707:rapid eye movement sleep
432:inferior parietal lobule
405:inferior parietal lobule
373:supplementary motor area
194:, and underneath by the
192:parieto-occipital sulcus
164:superior parietal lobule
3146:Inferior temporal gyrus
3090:Occipitotemporal sulcus
3036:Superior temporal gyrus
2929:Lateral occipital gyrus
2680:Supplementary eye field
2421:Inferior frontal sulcus
2416:Superior frontal sulcus
2021:10.1196/annals.1440.011
1785:10.1162/089892904970799
1356:10.1073/pnas.0400049101
1239:10.1111/1346-8138.12956
1059:10.1073/pnas.0905314106
576:
499:ventral lateral nucleus
489:Subcortical connections
466:Visual Posterior Region
401:superior temporal gyrus
337:functional connectivity
228:It is also known after
3407:Fimbria of hippocampus
2473:Superior frontal gyrus
2371:Inferior frontal gyrus
2325:Superior frontal gyrus
1960:10.1006/ccog.2001.0509
1663:10.1093/cercor/5.2.111
1296:10.1006/nimg.2002.1230
1186:10.1006/nimg.1995.1025
754:
647:superior frontal gyrus
593:out of body experience
286:
238:
198:. It is involved with
170:surface of each brain
162:is the portion of the
3394:Hippocampal formation
3253:Parahippocampal gyrus
3067:Middle temporal gyrus
769:Impact of mindfulness
749:
483:primary visual cortex
438:and prefrontal areas
285:and its connections.)
257:
230:Achille-Louis Foville
190:, at the rear by the
3367:Retrosplenial cortex
3215:Longitudinal fissure
3107:Medial temporal lobe
2784:Intraparietal sulcus
2644:Primary motor cortex
2541:Orbitofrontal cortex
2490:Medial frontal gyrus
2347:Middle frontal gyrus
2251:Atlas image: n1a2p12
1001:10.1093/brain/awl004
726:default mode network
651:orbitofrontal cortex
413:primary motor cortex
335:upon resting-state
301:(which contains the
295:somatosensory cortex
291:cerebral hemispheres
236:. The Latin form of
3344:Posterior cingulate
2754:Supramarginal gyrus
2160:2015NatSR...516891S
2003:2008NYASA1124....1B
1347:2004PNAS..101.6827L
1050:2009PNAS..10620069M
745:small-world network
665:Executive functions
535:superior colliculus
513:, the dorsolateral
505:, and the lateral
452:executive functions
315:posterior cingulate
307:posterior cingulate
305:). It is above the
297:and forward of the
283:posterior cingulate
3402:Hippocampal sulcus
3322:Anterior cingulate
3199:Preoccipital notch
2800:Paracentral lobule
2770:Parietal operculum
2692:Frontal eye fields
2624:Paracentral sulcus
2612:Paracentral lobule
2513:Paraolfactory area
2509:Paraterminal gyrus
2217:10.17140/NOJ-1-106
2148:Scientific Reports
869:subparietal sulcus
730:self-consciousness
627:motor coordination
586:self-consciousness
582:Functional imaging
529:areas such as the
389:parietal operculum
381:somatosensory area
369:paracentral lobule
311:Korbinian Brodmann
287:
223:Korbinian Brodmann
196:subparietal sulcus
3507:
3506:
3451:
3450:
3276:Postrhinal cortex
3271:Perirhinal cortex
3266:Entorhinal cortex
3238:
3237:
3194:Parieto-occipital
3161:
3160:
2999:
2998:
2898:
2897:
2855:Postcentral gyrus
2707:
2706:
2632:
2631:
2452:
2451:
2444:Precentral sulcus
2407:Pars triangularis
2168:10.1038/srep16891
1616:Ann. Thorac. Surg
892:
801:Additional images
795:New world monkeys
606:episodic memories
434:particularly the
409:prefrontal cortex
339:to also exist in
210:, and aspects of
152:
151:
147:
3537:
3433:Indusium griseum
3298:Cingulate cortex
3288:Prepyriform area
3249:
3248:
3174:
3173:
3054:Planum temporale
3010:
3009:
2991:Calcarine sulcus
2909:
2908:
2718:
2717:
2589:Olfactory sulcus
2575:Subcallosal area
2461:
2460:
2439:Precentral gyrus
2398:Pars opercularis
2313:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2101:Nat Rev Neurosci
2096:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2062:(4): 3548–3562.
2047:
2041:
2040:
2014:
1991:Ann N Y Acad Sci
1986:
1980:
1979:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1892:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1583:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1486:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1424:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1298:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1197:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1101:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1044:(47): 20069–74.
1029:
1014:
1013:
1003:
994:(Pt 3): 564–83.
979:
946:
934:
922:
910:
894:
893:
859:cingulate sulcus
847:
835:
823:
811:
691:vegetative state
497:, including the
476:
474:
429:
427:
366:
364:
358:cingulate sulcus
278:
272:
266:
241:
188:cingulate sulcus
144:edit on Wikidata
141:
43:
31:
19:
18:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3490:
3469:
3447:
3421:
3388:
3292:
3234:
3230:Callosal sulcus
3208:Medial/inferior
3203:
3168:
3157:
3083:Medial/inferior
3078:
3050:Wernicke's area
3024:Auditory cortex
2995:
2960:Medial/inferior
2955:
2894:
2843:
2839:Marginal sulcus
2793:Medial/inferior
2788:
2703:
2656:Premotor cortex
2628:
2598:
2457:Medial/inferior
2448:
2425:
2295:
2289:cerebral cortex
2287:Anatomy of the
2285:
2247:
2242:
2197:
2193:
2140:
2136:
2113:10.1038/nrn2575
2097:
2093:
2048:
2044:
2012:10.1.1.689.6903
1987:
1983:
1948:Conscious. Cogn
1944:
1940:
1915:
1893:
1884:
1855:
1851:
1812:
1808:
1773:J Cogn Neurosci
1769:
1765:
1725:
1721:
1682:
1678:
1647:
1643:
1612:
1605:
1556:
1552:
1512:
1508:
1458:
1454:
1422:10.1.1.326.8669
1405:
1401:
1386:
1382:
1341:(17): 6827–32.
1327:
1320:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1223:
1219:
1170:
1166:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1102:
1085:
1030:
1017:
980:
961:
957:
950:
947:
938:
935:
926:
923:
914:
911:
902:
895:
884:
879:
873:
855:marginal branch
848:
839:
836:
827:
824:
815:
812:
803:
787:
771:
759:
738:
722:
720:Default network
703:slow-wave sleep
675:
667:
631:premotor cortex
622:
601:
579:
563:episodic memory
557:concerning the
551:
515:caudate nucleus
491:
472:
471:
425:
424:
397:parahippocampus
385:Brodmann area 2
377:premotor cortex
362:
361:
349:
329:macaque monkeys
280:
276:
274:
270:
268:
264:
252:
200:episodic memory
184:marginal branch
148:
49:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3505:
3504:
3499:Brodmann areas
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3465:Insular cortex
3461:
3459:
3457:Insular cortex
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3310:Subgenual area
3306:
3304:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3257:
3255:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3171:
3169:sulci/fissures
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3095:Fusiform gyrus
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3016:
3014:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2924:Occipital gyri
2921:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2904:Occipital lobe
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2756:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2594:Orbital sulcus
2591:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2525:Straight gyrus
2522:
2521:
2520:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2400:
2386:
2384:Pars orbitalis
2377:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2245:External links
2243:
2241:
2240:
2191:
2134:
2091:
2042:
1981:
1938:
1913:
1882:
1849:
1822:(11): 2433–8.
1806:
1763:
1736:(1): 1108–15.
1719:
1686:Eur J Neurosci
1676:
1641:
1603:
1550:
1506:
1469:(4): 1934–43.
1452:
1415:(4): 1850–64.
1399:
1380:
1318:
1269:
1260:
1233:(8): 761–767.
1217:
1180:(3): 195–200.
1164:
1148:
1139:
1083:
1015:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
948:
941:
939:
936:
929:
927:
924:
917:
915:
912:
905:
903:
896:
882:
880:
872:
871:
866:
861:
851:
849:
842:
840:
837:
830:
828:
825:
818:
816:
813:
806:
802:
799:
786:
783:
770:
767:
758:
755:
737:
734:
721:
718:
674:
671:
666:
663:
621:
618:
600:
597:
578:
575:
555:mental imagery
550:
547:
531:pretectal area
490:
487:
468:
467:
460:motor planning
456:working memory
421:
420:
354:
353:
348:
345:
275:
269:
263:
251:
248:
180:occipital lobe
150:
149:
140:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
44:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3542:
3531:
3530:Parietal lobe
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3502:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3417:Rhinal sulcus
3415:
3413:
3412:Dentate gyrus
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:Superolateral
3175:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:Superolateral
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Temporal lobe
3002:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:Lingual gyrus
2982:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:Visual cortex
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Lunate sulcus
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:Superolateral
2910:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2763:Angular gyrus
2760:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:Superolateral
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Parietal lobe
2710:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2309:Superolateral
2307:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:(3): 186–98.
2106:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:(3): 356–65.
1953:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1914:9780444518514
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:(5): 817–27.
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:(1): 235–46.
1691:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:(2): 111–22.
1656:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:(4): 824–34.
1565:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:(1): 159–66.
1522:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1289:(2): 1080–6.
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:(7): 545–52.
1111:
1107:
1106:CNS Spectrums
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
959:
945:
940:
933:
928:
921:
916:
909:
904:
900:
881:
877:
876:parietal lobe
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
856:
853:
852:
846:
841:
834:
829:
822:
817:
810:
805:
804:
798:
796:
792:
785:Other animals
782:
780:
776:
766:
764:
753:
748:
746:
742:
733:
731:
727:
717:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:brain lesions
684:
680:
679:consciousness
673:Consciousness
670:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
617:
615:
611:
610:source memory
607:
596:
594:
589:
587:
583:
574:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
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500:
496:
486:
484:
480:
465:
464:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:angular gyrus
433:
418:
417:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
359:
351:
350:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:visual cortex
300:
296:
292:
284:
261:
260:resting state
256:
247:
245:
240:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
215:
213:
212:consciousness
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
145:
139:
135:
132:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
3496:
3260:
2826:
2537:Orbital gyri
2389:Broca's area
2301:Frontal lobe
2211:(1): 23–26.
2208:
2204:
2194:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2059:
2055:
2045:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1896:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1654:
1651:Cereb Cortex
1650:
1644:
1622:(2): 317–9.
1619:
1615:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1383:
1338:
1334:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1263:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1142:
1109:
1105:
1041:
1037:
991:
987:
788:
772:
760:
750:
739:
723:
711:
676:
668:
643:
635:visuospatial
633:involved in
623:
620:Visuospatial
602:
590:
580:
571:
567:visuospatial
552:
543:basis pontis
523:zona incerta
492:
469:
422:
355:
347:Subdivisions
327:research on
325:Axon tracing
323:
309:. Following
288:
243:
233:
227:
216:
204:visuospatial
159:
156:neuroanatomy
153:
107:A14.1.09.223
95:birnlex_1446
69:
3244:Limbic lobe
2293:human brain
1997:(1): 1–38.
1869:: 402–408.
1816:NeuroReport
779:grey matter
775:mindfulness
763:grey matter
741:Olaf Sporns
695:wakefulness
659:forgiveness
614:hippocampus
59:Identifiers
3514:Categories
3501:span gyri.
3167:Interlobar
2864:3, 1 and 2
2604:Precentral
2465:Prefrontal
2431:Precentral
2317:Prefrontal
2056:NeuroImage
1730:NeuroImage
1560:NeuroImage
1463:NeuroImage
1409:NeuroImage
1394:Short Wave
1283:NeuroImage
1174:NeuroImage
955:References
714:subliminal
699:anesthesia
541:, and the
521:, and the
239:praecuneus
172:hemisphere
77:NeuroNames
70:praecuneus
3481:Operculum
3029:41 and 42
2827:Precuneus
2154:: 16891.
2129:205504722
2007:CiteSeerX
1417:CiteSeerX
1160:Precuneus
773:A 6-week
639:Amidakuji
527:brainstem
511:claustrum
250:Structure
246:in 1879.
244:precuneus
160:precuneus
22:Precuneus
3443:Amygdala
3261:anterior
2235:25632405
2186:26586449
2121:19190637
2086:22116037
2029:18400922
1976:39449352
1968:11697869
1933:16186025
1844:34437619
1836:11496124
1801:17578549
1793:15200709
1758:17788847
1750:19632337
1714:25754084
1706:16029213
1590:15982902
1545:24359894
1537:24950901
1493:14683699
1447:10439632
1439:16828565
1375:15096584
1313:23923373
1305:12377180
1255:42208021
1247:26046307
1212:20334615
1126:17603406
1078:19903877
1010:16399806
793:such as
791:primates
683:epilepsy
549:Function
507:pulvinar
495:thalamus
89:NeuroLex
46:Sagittal
3474:General
2291:of the
2226:4306280
2177:4653620
2156:Bibcode
2077:3288461
2037:3167595
1999:Bibcode
1924:2679949
1671:7620288
1636:1989556
1598:8173843
1501:5953246
1343:Bibcode
1204:9343602
1134:8068770
1069:2775700
1046:Bibcode
857:of the
655:empathy
519:putamen
232:as the
219:strokes
186:of the
166:on the
54:Details
2979:Cuneus
2233:
2223:
2184:
2174:
2127:
2119:
2084:
2074:
2035:
2027:
2009:
1974:
1966:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1842:
1834:
1799:
1791:
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1748:
1712:
1704:
1669:
1634:
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1588:
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1535:
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1445:
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1396:. NPR.
1373:
1366:404216
1363:
1311:
1303:
1253:
1245:
1210:
1202:
1132:
1124:
1076:
1066:
1008:
599:Memory
537:, the
533:, the
479:cuneus
475:
473:
428:
426:
393:insula
365:
363:
341:humans
319:area 7
299:cuneus
277:
271:
265:
176:cuneus
168:medial
158:, the
3438:Uncus
3426:Other
3302:gyrus
2205:Neuro
2125:S2CID
2033:S2CID
1972:S2CID
1840:S2CID
1797:S2CID
1754:S2CID
1710:S2CID
1594:S2CID
1541:S2CID
1497:S2CID
1443:S2CID
1309:S2CID
1251:S2CID
1208:S2CID
1130:S2CID
988:Brain
142:[
131:61900
65:Latin
3520:Gyri
2848:Both
2637:Both
2231:PMID
2182:PMID
2117:PMID
2082:PMID
2025:PMID
1995:1124
1964:PMID
1929:PMID
1909:ISBN
1832:PMID
1789:PMID
1746:PMID
1702:PMID
1667:PMID
1632:PMID
1586:PMID
1533:PMID
1489:PMID
1435:PMID
1371:PMID
1301:PMID
1243:PMID
1200:PMID
1122:PMID
1074:PMID
1038:PNAS
1006:PMID
705:and
689:and
657:and
649:and
577:Self
559:self
553:The
481:and
458:and
446:and
411:nor
399:and
391:and
333:fMRI
208:self
119:5479
102:TA98
2221:PMC
2213:doi
2172:PMC
2164:doi
2109:doi
2072:PMC
2064:doi
2017:doi
1956:doi
1919:PMC
1901:doi
1871:doi
1824:doi
1781:doi
1738:doi
1694:doi
1659:doi
1624:doi
1576:hdl
1568:doi
1525:doi
1521:343
1479:hdl
1471:doi
1427:doi
1361:PMC
1351:doi
1339:101
1291:doi
1235:doi
1190:hdl
1182:doi
1114:doi
1064:PMC
1054:doi
1042:106
996:doi
992:129
387:),
154:In
126:FMA
114:TA2
82:110
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3382:30
3377:29
3372:26
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3354:31
3349:23
3337:33
3332:32
3327:24
3315:25
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3132:36
3127:35
3122:34
3117:28
3112:27
3100:37
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2934:18
2775:43
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2750:40
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