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make them, or in other words for lacking normative standards. While some ethical pragmatists may have avoided the distinction between normative and descriptive truth, the theory of pragmatic ethics itself does not conflate them any more than science conflates truth about its subject matter with
244:
current opinion about it; in pragmatic ethics as in science, "truth emerges from the self-correction of error through a sufficiently long process of inquiry". A normative criterion that many pragmatists emphasize is the degree to which the process of social learning is
106:
Much as it is appropriate for scientists to act as though a hypothesis were true despite expecting future inquiry to supplant it, ethical pragmatists acknowledge that it can be appropriate to practice a variety of other normative approaches (e.g.
86:
can advance science, and thus future generations can refine or replace (at least some of) their accepted hypotheses. Similarly, ethical pragmatists think that norms, principles, and moral criteria are likely to be improved as a result of
909:
Keulartz, Jozef; Korthals, Michiel; Schermer, Maartje; Swierstra, Tsjalling (2002). "Pragmatism in action: themes, tasks and tools". In
Keulartz, Jozef; Korthals, Michiel; Schermer, Maartje; Swierstra, Tsjalling (eds.).
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whereby the viability of any existing moral approach would be diminished by the destruction of all alternative approaches. Dean theorized that humans take diverse approaches to morality, and such
676:
119:), yet acknowledge the need for mechanisms that allow people to advance beyond such approaches, a freedom for discourse which does not take any such theory as assumed. Thus, aimed at
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Hopster, Jeroen K. G.; Arora, Chirag; Blunden, Charlie; Eriksen, Cecilie; Frank, Lily E.; Hermann, Julia S.; Klenk, Michael; O'Neill, Elizabeth R. H.; Steinert, Steffen (July 2022).
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standard. Ethical pragmatists can maintain that their endeavor, like inquiry in science, is objective on the grounds that it converges towards something objective (a thesis called
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1406:
Keith, Heather E. (2014). "Beyond fixed ends and limited moral community: Aristotle, Dewey, and contemporary applications in ethics". In Kirby, Christopher C. (ed.).
1852:
Preti, Alan A. (2018). "Developing habits of moral reflection: Dewey, moral inquiry, and practical ethics". In
Englehardt, Elaine E.; Pritchard, Michael S. (eds.).
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740:
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It allows that a moral judgment may be accepted in one age of a given society, even though it will cease to be accepted after that society
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as an analogy for pragmatic ethics, likening the gradual change of ethical norms to the reconstruction of a ship at sea by its sailors.
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In Tim Dean's account, moral ecology is a variation of pragmatic ethics that additionally supposes that morality evolves like an
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853:
Hertzke, Allen D.; McRorie, Chris (1998). "The concept of moral ecology". In Lawler, Peter
Augustine; McConkey, Dale (eds.).
153:, as failing to be objective, but pragmatists object to this critique on grounds that the same could be said of science, yet
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2158:
Welchman, Jennifer (2005). "Virtue ethics and human development: a pragmatic approach". In
Gardiner, Stephen Mark (ed.).
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1024:
278:, such as protecting a degree of moral diversity. The term "moral ecology" has been used since at least 1985 to imply a
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It does not hold any known moral criteria as beyond potential for revision. Pragmatic ethics may be misunderstood as
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that may be involved in an ethical issue or situation, without suppressing the conflicts between such values.
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the hypothesis, in the sense that they act as though the hypothesis were true; nonetheless, they think that
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against a wider range of situations and environments, which makes moral diversity a natural consequence of
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on the greatest happiness of the greatest number, pragmatists concentrate on coexistence and cooperation".
158:
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1481:
951:
Kroll, Barry M. (Autumn 1997). "Arguing about public issues: what can we learn from practical ethics?".
3324:
2312:
2202:
1818:
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917:
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On inductive and hypothetico-deductive methods and their relation to pragmatist metamethodology, see:
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Toward better problems: new perspectives on abortion, animal rights, the environment, and justice
1764:
1752:
1718:
1408:
Dewey and the ancients: essays on
Hellenic and Hellenistic themes in the philosophy of John Dewey
1310:
3008:
2609:
2561:
916:. The library of environmental, agricultural, and food ethics. Vol. 3. Dordrecht; Boston:
837:
283:
245:
3388:
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3308:
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2626:
2621:
2516:
1411:
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667:
625:
308:
30:
3505:
2645:
2635:
2616:
2594:
2556:
2494:
2406:
2369:
2124:
1550:
1135:
313:
287:
275:
215:, noted that pragmatic ethics emphasizes the complexity of problems and the many different
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112:
3169:
8:
3581:
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831:
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2589:
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2489:
2334:
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1918:
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1757:"Empirical approaches to problems of injustice: Elizabeth Anderson and the pragmatists"
1646:
1049:
968:
858:
685:
655:
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is an example of the improvement of moral judgments through moral inquiry and advocacy.
83:
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2104:
2086:
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2004:
1994:
1965:
1955:
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Schwartz, Robert (2020). "Pragmatic constructivism: values, norms, and obligations".
1926:
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180:(or may already be rejected in another society). The change in moral judgments about
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of pragmatic ethics supplements the practice of other normative approaches with what
120:
95:
981:
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It focuses on society, rather than on lone individuals, as the entity that achieves
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2016:
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41:
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1538:
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1419:
989:
925:
274:, and ethical practice should therefore include strategies analogous to those of
205:
2197:
Welchman, Jennifer (2010). "Dewey's moral philosophy". In
Cochran, Molly (ed.).
487:
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59:
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1294:
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1007:
943:
886:"Pistols, pills, pork and ploughs: the structure of technomoral revolutions"
876:
845:
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2801:
2735:
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2506:
2304:
1806:
1641:
1340:. Routledge studies in American philosophy. Vol. 6. London; New York:
1305:(2009). "A pragmatic justification of morality". In Voorhoeve, Alex (ed.).
1161:
1057:
249:
170:
162:
2338:
2036:
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1349:
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523:
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705:
253:
51:
33:
in 1902, before his major works on pragmatic ethics were published).
689:
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1210:. The middle works of John Dewey, 1899–1924. Vol. 14. Carbondale:
1203:
1176:. The middle works of John Dewey, 1899–1924. Vol. 12. Carbondale:
1169:
827:
783:
The Baltic
International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
651:
601:
588:
193:
75:
55:
44:
26:
2307:(2002). "Holistic pragmatism, ethics, and Rawls's theory of justice".
1904:
1893:
The undiscovered Dewey: religion, morality, and the ethos of democracy
972:
759:
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3372:
3104:
3084:
2983:
2893:
2866:
2846:
2791:
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2469:
1943:
1759:. In Dieleman, Susan; Rondel, David; Voparil, Christopher J. (eds.).
1653:
1377:
Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: casting light or shadow
1341:
1244:. The later works of John Dewey, 1925–1953. Vol. 7. Carbondale:
279:
271:
197:
21:
1942:. Routledge studies in American philosophy. Vol. 20. New York:
1756:
1140:
Beyond objectivism and relativism: science, hermeneutics, and praxis
671:
192:
LaFollette based his account of pragmatic ethics in the writings of
3490:
3455:
3089:
3074:
2998:
2993:
2958:
2948:
2861:
2796:
2770:
1511:. SUNY series in American philosophy and cultural thought. Albany:
677:
Proceedings and
Addresses of the American Philosophical Association
643:
143:
1581:
Pragmatism without foundations: reconciling realism and relativism
710:
Habits of the heart: individualism and commitment in
American life
3114:
3003:
2968:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2826:
2816:
908:
493:
481:
469:
181:
88:
67:
63:
196:, but he also found aspects of pragmatic ethics in the texts of
3099:
3040:
2973:
2898:
2775:
2385:
2201:. Cambridge companions to philosophy. Cambridge, UK; New York:
1981:. Advances in business ethics research. Vol. 6. New York:
1979:
Business ethics education and the pragmatic pursuit of the good
1940:
Pragmatic perspectives: constructivism beyond truth and realism
1410:. Bloomsbury studies in American philosophy. London; New York:
672:"Moral bias and corrective practices: a pragmatist perspective"
79:
47:
1817:. Cambridge handbooks in philosophy. Cambridge, UK; New York:
833:
Human nature and conduct: an introduction to social psychology
628:(October 1991). "John Stuart Mill and experiments in living".
134:
Pragmatic ethics also differs from other normative approaches
3079:
3069:
71:
1478:
Making morality: pragmatist reconstruction in ethical theory
586:(1983). "Scientific progress and Peircean utopian realism".
3341:
3119:
3035:
2881:
2876:
2836:
1509:
Pragmatist ethics: a problem-based approach to what matters
1375:
Johnson, Craig E. (2020). "Pragmatism: ethics as inquiry".
696:
529:
883:
535:
517:
3045:
2354:
2309:
A philosophy of culture: the case for holistic pragmatism
101:
1545:
Life without principles: reconciling theory and practice
439:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
382:
380:
16:
Theory of normative philosophical ethics and meta-ethics
2119:(2013). "Pragmatic ethics". In LaFollette, Hugh (ed.).
988:. Blackwell philosophy guides. Oxford, UK; Malden, MA:
547:
1648:
Truth, politics, morality: pragmatism and deliberation
1273:
John Dewey and moral imagination: pragmatism in ethics
1854:
Ethics across the curriculum—pedagogical perspectives
741:"Moral reasoning, moral pluralism, and the classroom"
377:
146:. In Dewey's words, "all conduct is ... social".
1612:
Everyday morality: an introduction to applied ethics
451:
343:
341:
227:
Pragmatic ethics has been criticized for conflating
891:
Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy
365:
326:
211:Barry Kroll, commenting on the pragmatic ethics of
2074:
2020:
1645:
1542:
427:
1069:. Philosophy and science. Vol. 2. Montréal:
499:
338:
3563:
559:
402:
1725:. American philosophy series. Bloomington, IN:
353:
62:in much the way they have attained progress in
1067:Theories of scientific method: an introduction
852:
541:
239:make moral judgments rather than the way they
2370:
1815:The Cambridge handbook of evolutionary ethics
913:Pragmatist ethics for a technological culture
3317:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
1800:"American pragmatism, evolution, and ethics"
1723:John Dewey's ethics: democracy as experience
2377:
2363:
1976:
1444:
1126:. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab,
1064:
979:
421:
396:
252:focus on moral duties and obligations and
1773:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190459239.003.0005
1134:
899:
794:
2196:
2157:
2121:The international encyclopedia of ethics
1937:
1686:
1614:(4th ed.). Australia; Belmont, CA:
1575:
1537:
1112:
738:
666:
624:
445:
371:
332:
20:
3349:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
2115:
2069:
2015:
1374:
1301:
1270:
582:
433:
3564:
2269:
2235:
1890:
1797:
1751:
1717:
1689:Ethical habits: a Peircean perspective
1610:Martin, Mike W. (2007). "Pragmatism".
1609:
1506:
1014:
347:
102:Contrast with other normative theories
2358:
2303:
1851:
1640:
1475:
1405:
1335:
1236:
1202:
1168:
1065:Nola, Robert; Sankey, Howard (2007).
986:The Blackwell guide to ethical theory
950:
855:Community and political thought today
826:
457:
408:
1038:
803:
773:
565:
553:
505:
359:
3365:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2243:. Ethics and action. Philadelphia:
1691:. American philosophy. Lanham, MD:
1379:(7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
1123:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13:
2277:(4th ed.). Oxford; New York:
1513:State University of New York Press
1246:Southern Illinois University Press
1212:Southern Illinois University Press
1178:Southern Illinois University Press
1105:
25:Pragmatic ethics was discussed by
14:
3598:
58:believe that some societies have
3546:
3545:
2199:The Cambridge companion to Dewey
1144:University of Pennsylvania Press
259:
138:, according to Hugh LaFollette:
131:called "experiments in living".
2023:Ethical norms, particular cases
1977:Schweigert, Francis J. (2016).
1071:McGill–Queen's University Press
776:"Evolution and moral diversity"
748:Philosophy of Education Archive
235:, as describing the way people
3333:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
2703:Value monism – Value pluralism
2275:A 21st century ethical toolbox
2133:10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee256
1338:Toward a pragmatist metaethics
714:University of California Press
414:
54:. Ethical pragmatists such as
1:
2211:10.1017/CCOL9780521874564.009
1120:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
984:. In LaFollette, Hugh (ed.).
901:10.1080/0020174X.2022.2090434
812:University of New South Wales
708:; Tipton, Steven M. (2008) .
575:
292:frequency-dependent selection
222:
3397:On the Genealogy of Morality
3357:Critique of Practical Reason
1866:10.1007/978-3-319-78939-2_10
1507:Liszka, James Jakób (2021).
1420:10.5040/9781472594228.ch-008
1174:Reconstruction in philosophy
926:10.1007/978-94-010-0301-8_20
804:Dean, Tim (September 2014).
7:
1482:Vanderbilt University Press
1017:"What is pragmatic ethics?"
807:Evolution and moral ecology
297:
10:
3603:
3325:A Treatise of Human Nature
2384:
2313:Princeton University Press
2203:Cambridge University Press
2160:Virtue ethics, old and new
1891:Rogers, Melvin L. (2009).
1819:Cambridge University Press
1118:"Dewey's moral philosophy"
918:Kluwer Academic Publishers
542:Hertzke & McRorie 1998
424:, pp. 80–183, 312–336
263:
3541:
3448:
3293:
3059:
2784:
2713:
2575:
2450:
2392:
2321:10.1515/9781400825356.153
2172:10.7591/9781501724275-009
1991:10.1007/978-3-319-33402-8
1897:Columbia University Press
1827:10.1017/9781316459409.004
1445:LaFollette, Hugh (2007).
980:LaFollette, Hugh (2000).
965:10.1080/07350199709389083
739:Benjamin, Martin (2005).
246:deliberatively democratic
2676:Universal prescriptivism
2164:Cornell University Press
2083:Cornell University Press
2029:Cornell University Press
1952:10.4324/9780429199233-12
1753:Pappas, Gregory Fernando
1727:Indiana University Press
1719:Pappas, Gregory Fernando
1687:Massecar, Aaron (2016).
1583:(2nd ed.). London:
1336:Heney, Diana B. (2016).
1277:Indiana University Press
1271:Fesmire, Steven (2003).
1208:Human nature and conduct
810:(Ph.D. thesis). Sydney:
796:10.4148/biyclc.v7i0.1775
704:; Sullivan, William M.;
319:
66:. Scientists can pursue
2465:Artificial intelligence
2279:Oxford University Press
2245:Temple University Press
1798:Pearce, Trevor (2017).
1765:Oxford University Press
1311:Oxford University Press
1307:Conversations on ethics
1021:american-philosophy.org
2127:. pp. 4009–4020.
1761:Pragmatism and justice
1447:The practice of ethics
1114:Anderson, Elizabeth S.
1015:Liszka, James (2005).
838:Henry Holt and Company
668:Anderson, Elizabeth S.
626:Anderson, Elizabeth S.
422:Nola & Sankey 2007
34:
3389:The Methods of Ethics
2627:Divine command theory
2622:Ideal observer theory
2125:John Wiley & Sons
2037:10.7591/9781501717352
1662:10.4324/9780203162286
1412:Bloomsbury Publishing
1350:10.4324/9781315641553
1136:Bernstein, Richard J.
1079:10.4324/9781315711959
309:Good reasons approach
159:hypothetico-deductive
94:Martin Benjamin used
31:University of Chicago
24:
3506:Political philosophy
2315:. pp. 153–177.
2205:. pp. 166–186.
2166:. pp. 142–156.
1946:. pp. 126–143.
1860:. pp. 147–163.
1763:. Oxford; New York:
1652:. London; New York:
1551:Blackwell Publishing
1476:Lekan, Todd (2003).
1414:. pp. 151–166.
1383:. pp. 153–156.
1313:. pp. 157–178.
1309:. Oxford; New York:
992:. pp. 400–419.
920:. pp. 247–264.
494:Keulartz et al. 2002
482:Keulartz et al. 2002
470:Keulartz et al. 2002
314:Moral constructivism
276:ecosystem management
186:abolition of slavery
113:deontological ethics
3476:Evolutionary ethics
3437:Reasons and Persons
3413:A Theory of Justice
2567:Uncertain sentience
2077:Norms and practices
2055:10.7591/j.ctv1nhprk
1811:Richards, Robert J.
1275:. Bloomington, IN:
1128:Stanford University
556:, pp. 219–220.
518:Hopster et al. 2022
266:Evolutionary ethics
3471:Ethics in religion
3466:Descriptive ethics
3301:Nicomachean Ethics
2101:10.7591/j.ctt7v7hf
1821:. pp. 43–57.
1767:. pp. 81–96.
1050:Ticknor and Fields
982:"Pragmatic ethics"
774:Dean, Tim (2012).
602:10.1007/BF00166389
584:Almeder, Robert F.
530:Bellah et al. 2008
229:descriptive ethics
178:morally progresses
84:future generations
60:progressed morally
35:
3559:
3558:
3526:Social philosophy
3511:Population ethics
3501:Philosophy of law
3481:History of ethics
2964:Political freedom
2641:Euthyphro dilemma
2432:Suffering-focused
2311:. Princeton, NJ:
2117:Wallace, James D.
2071:Wallace, James D.
2017:Wallace, James D.
1923:10.7312/roge14486
1905:10.7312/roge14486
1616:Thomson Wadsworth
1549:. Cambridge, MA:
1480:. Nashville, TN:
1381:SAGE Publications
1040:Mill, John Stuart
861:. pp. 1–26.
760:10.47925/2005.023
698:Bellah, Robert N.
670:(November 2015).
448:, pp. 27–41.
121:social innovation
29:(pictured at the
3594:
3587:Ethical theories
3577:Normative ethics
3549:
3548:
3496:Moral psychology
3441:
3433:
3425:
3421:Practical Ethics
3417:
3409:
3405:Principia Ethica
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3309:Ethics (Spinoza)
3305:
2944:Moral imperative
2402:Consequentialism
2379:
2372:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2300:
2266:
2232:
2193:
2154:
2112:
2080:
2066:
2026:
2012:
1973:
1934:
1887:
1848:
1804:
1794:
1748:
1714:
1683:
1651:
1637:
1606:
1577:Margolis, Joseph
1572:
1548:
1539:Margolis, Joseph
1534:
1503:
1472:
1441:
1402:
1371:
1332:
1298:
1267:
1233:
1199:
1165:
1142:. Philadelphia:
1131:
1100:
1061:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1023:. Archived from
1011:
976:
947:
905:
903:
880:
849:
823:
800:
798:
780:
770:
768:
762:. Archived from
745:
735:
693:
663:
621:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
437:
431:
425:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
375:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
336:
330:
233:normative ethics
202:John Stuart Mill
184:that led to the
167:Peircean realism
129:John Stuart Mill
109:consequentialism
38:Pragmatic ethics
3602:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3537:
3444:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3289:
3062:
3055:
2979:Self-discipline
2939:Moral hierarchy
2887:Problem of evil
2832:Double standard
2822:Culture of life
2780:
2709:
2656:Non-cognitivism
2571:
2446:
2388:
2383:
2353:
2331:
2289:
2271:Weston, Anthony
2255:
2237:Weston, Anthony
2221:
2182:
2143:
2123:. Hoboken, NJ:
2093:
2047:
2001:
1983:Springer-Verlag
1962:
1915:
1876:
1858:Springer-Verlag
1837:
1802:
1783:
1737:
1703:
1693:Lexington Books
1672:
1626:
1595:
1585:Continuum Books
1561:
1523:
1492:
1461:
1451:Wiley-Blackwell
1430:
1391:
1360:
1321:
1287:
1256:
1222:
1188:
1154:
1108:
1106:Further reading
1103:
1089:
1030:
1028:
1000:
990:Wiley-Blackwell
953:Rhetoric Review
936:
869:
857:. Westort, CT:
778:
766:
743:
724:
702:Madsen, Richard
578:
573:
572:
564:
560:
552:
548:
540:
536:
528:
524:
516:
512:
504:
500:
492:
488:
480:
476:
468:
464:
456:
452:
444:
440:
432:
428:
419:
415:
407:
403:
397:LaFollette 2000
395:
378:
370:
366:
358:
354:
346:
339:
331:
327:
322:
300:
286:gives humanity
268:
262:
225:
206:Martha Nussbaum
163:epistemological
161:science is our
104:
40:is a theory of
17:
12:
11:
5:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3521:Secular ethics
3518:
3516:Rehabilitation
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3381:Utilitarianism
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Existentialist
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2636:Constructivism
2633:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2610:Non-naturalism
2607:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2437:Utilitarianism
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2352:
2351:
2329:
2301:
2287:
2267:
2253:
2233:
2219:
2194:
2180:
2162:. Ithaca, NY:
2155:
2141:
2113:
2092:978-0801447198
2091:
2081:. Ithaca, NY:
2067:
2045:
2027:. Ithaca, NY:
2013:
1999:
1974:
1960:
1935:
1913:
1888:
1874:
1849:
1835:
1795:
1781:
1749:
1735:
1715:
1701:
1684:
1670:
1638:
1625:978-0495007081
1624:
1618:. p. 30.
1607:
1593:
1573:
1559:
1535:
1521:
1504:
1490:
1473:
1459:
1449:. Malden, MA:
1442:
1428:
1403:
1389:
1372:
1358:
1333:
1319:
1303:Gibbard, Allan
1299:
1285:
1268:
1254:
1234:
1220:
1200:
1186:
1166:
1152:
1132:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1087:
1062:
1036:
1012:
998:
977:
959:(1): 105–119.
948:
934:
906:
881:
867:
850:
824:
801:
771:
769:on 2019-07-16.
736:
722:
694:
664:
644:10.1086/293367
622:
596:(3): 253–280.
579:
577:
574:
571:
570:
558:
546:
534:
532:, p. 284.
522:
510:
498:
496:, p. 263.
486:
484:, p. 253.
474:
472:, p. 252.
462:
460:, p. 108.
450:
438:
426:
413:
401:
376:
364:
352:
337:
324:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
311:
306:
304:Applied ethics
299:
296:
261:
258:
224:
221:
213:Anthony Weston
190:
189:
174:
147:
103:
100:
96:Neurath's boat
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3599:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Moral courage
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:Good and evil
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Family values
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Quasi-realism
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:Environmental
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Particularism
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:White, Morton
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2288:9780190621155
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2220:9780521874564
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2142:9781405186414
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2000:9783319334004
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1961:9781138049116
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1914:9780231144865
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1875:9783319789385
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1836:9781107132955
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:Ruse, Michael
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1782:9780190459246
1778:
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1736:9780253351401
1732:
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1702:9781498508544
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1663:
1659:
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1649:
1643:
1642:Misak, Cheryl
1639:
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1600:
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1594:9780826491374
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1528:
1524:
1522:9781438485874
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1462:
1460:9780631219446
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1429:9781472510556
1425:
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1413:
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1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:9781544351643
1386:
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1361:
1359:9781138189492
1355:
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1322:
1320:9780199215379
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1088:9780773533448
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1027:on 2008-11-20
1026:
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1005:
1001:
999:9780631201182
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987:
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868:9780275960964
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723:9780520254190
719:
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23:
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3530:
3486:Human rights
3429:After Virtue
3155:Schopenhauer
2929:Moral agency
2802:Common sense
2698:Universalism
2666:Expressivism
2646:Intuitionism
2617:Subjectivism
2562:Terraforming
2537:Professional
2421:
2308:
2274:
2240:
2198:
2159:
2120:
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1978:
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1895:. New York:
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1029:. Retrieved
1025:the original
1020:
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836:. New York:
832:
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764:the original
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712:. Berkeley:
709:
706:Swidler, Ann
681:
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549:
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508:, p. 9.
501:
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434:Almeder 1983
429:
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367:
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328:
284:polymorphism
269:
254:utilitarians
240:
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210:
191:
171:C. S. Peirce
169:named after
166:
135:
133:
124:
105:
93:
37:
36:
18:
3304:(c. 322 BC)
3170:Kierkegaard
2989:Stewardship
2766:Rousseauian
2683:Rationalism
2595:Cognitivism
2542:Programming
2517:Meat eating
2490:Engineering
1238:Dewey, John
1204:Dewey, John
1170:Dewey, John
828:Dewey, John
638:(1): 4–26.
348:Liszka 2005
52:meta-ethics
3582:Pragmatism
3572:Metaethics
3566:Categories
3200:Bonhoeffer
2909:Immorality
2852:Eudaimonia
2812:Conscience
2807:Compassion
2693:Skepticism
2688:Relativism
2605:Naturalism
2585:Absolutism
2557:Technology
2407:Deontology
2339:j.ctt7sttr
2330:0691096562
2297:1001807497
2254:0877229473
2181:0801443458
2046:0801432138
1970:1099272725
1884:1028210172
1671:0415140358
1560:0631195025
1531:1240773915
1491:0826514200
1399:1123184465
1286:0253342333
1153:0812279069
1048:. Boston:
1045:On liberty
1031:2011-07-01
935:1402009879
820:1031063481
589:Erkenntnis
576:References
458:Kroll 1997
409:Dewey 1922
288:resilience
264:See also:
223:Criticisms
194:John Dewey
151:relativist
76:hypothesis
56:John Dewey
27:John Dewey
3461:Casuistry
3373:Either/Or
3280:Korsgaard
3275:Azurmendi
3240:MacIntyre
3180:Nietzsche
3110:Augustine
3105:Confucius
3085:Aristotle
3061:Ethicists
3019:Intrinsic
2984:Suffering
2894:Happiness
2867:Free will
2847:Etiquette
2792:Authority
2736:Epicurean
2731:Confucian
2726:Christian
2661:Emotivism
2485:Discourse
2422:Pragmatic
2394:Normative
2347:123154931
2273:(2018) .
2229:495996820
2151:712926703
2109:228372045
2009:945949279
1944:Routledge
1931:226360283
1845:986237281
1791:960762185
1745:177008090
1711:933590267
1654:Routledge
1603:144612699
1579:(2007) .
1438:879032785
1368:934677272
1342:Routledge
1329:294886662
1264:769152067
1240:(1985) .
1206:(1988) .
1172:(1982) .
1116:(2019) .
1097:144602109
1042:(1863) .
754:: 23–36.
732:154697787
684:: 21–47.
660:170339697
618:120899446
566:Dean 2012
554:Dean 2014
506:Dean 2014
360:Mill 1863
280:symbiosis
272:ecosystem
248:: "while
198:Aristotle
155:inductive
70:into the
42:normative
3551:Category
3491:Ideology
3456:Axiology
3285:Nussbaum
3235:Frankena
3230:Anscombe
3220:Williams
3175:Sidgwick
3095:Valluvar
3090:Diogenes
3075:Socrates
2999:Theodicy
2994:Sympathy
2959:Pacifism
2949:Morality
2862:Fidelity
2842:Equality
2797:Autonomy
2785:Concepts
2746:Feminist
2721:Buddhist
2651:Nihilism
2590:Axiology
2547:Research
2480:Computer
2475:Business
2263:24872093
2239:(1992).
2190:57392881
2073:(2009).
2063:34283678
2019:(1996).
1856:. Cham:
1813:(eds.).
1755:(2017).
1721:(2008).
1680:41548164
1644:(2000).
1634:70200202
1569:32968697
1541:(1996).
1500:50643701
1469:64594298
1295:51342459
1230:21962471
1196:40166885
1138:(1983).
1008:41645965
944:50803266
894:: 1–33.
877:38732164
846:14779049
830:(1922).
690:43661501
610:20010883
298:See also
144:morality
125:practice
3449:Related
3195:Tillich
3160:Bentham
3135:Spinoza
3130:Aquinas
3115:Mencius
3029:Western
3004:Torture
2969:Precept
2924:Loyalty
2919:Liberty
2914:Justice
2827:Dignity
2817:Consent
2761:Kantian
2751:Islamic
2714:Schools
2600:Realism
2532:Nursing
2527:Medical
2512:Machine
2452:Applied
1162:9684514
1058:4458249
859:Praeger
652:2381719
182:slavery
89:inquiry
68:inquiry
64:science
3440:(1984)
3432:(1981)
3424:(1979)
3416:(1971)
3408:(1903)
3400:(1887)
3392:(1874)
3384:(1861)
3376:(1843)
3368:(1820)
3360:(1788)
3352:(1785)
3344:(1780)
3336:(1759)
3328:(1740)
3320:(1726)
3312:(1677)
3270:Taylor
3255:Parfit
3250:Singer
3225:Mackie
3100:Cicero
3041:Virtue
2974:Rights
2899:Honour
2756:Jewish
2552:Sexual
2460:Animal
2442:Virtue
2386:Ethics
2345:
2337:
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2261:
2251:
2227:
2217:
2188:
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2149:
2139:
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2007:
1997:
1968:
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1929:
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1242:Ethics
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631:Ethics
616:
608:
241:should
217:values
204:, and
123:, the
115:, and
80:accept
48:ethics
3532:Index
3294:Works
3265:Adams
3260:Nagel
3215:Dewey
3210:Rawls
3190:Barth
3185:Moore
3150:Hegel
3125:Xunzi
3080:Plato
3070:Laozi
3051:Wrong
3024:Japan
3014:Value
3009:Trust
2904:Ideal
2771:Stoic
2522:Media
2507:Legal
2335:JSTOR
2097:JSTOR
2051:JSTOR
1919:JSTOR
1805:. In
1803:(PDF)
969:JSTOR
779:(PDF)
767:(PDF)
744:(PDF)
686:JSTOR
656:S2CID
648:JSTOR
614:S2CID
606:JSTOR
320:Notes
231:with
74:of a
72:truth
3245:Hare
3205:Foot
3165:Mill
3145:Kant
3140:Hume
3120:Mozi
3036:Vice
2954:Norm
2882:Evil
2877:Good
2837:Duty
2577:Meta
2500:Land
2427:Role
2412:Care
2343:OCLC
2325:ISBN
2293:OCLC
2283:ISBN
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2249:ISBN
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2005:OCLC
1995:ISBN
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994:ISBN
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930:ISBN
873:OCLC
863:ISBN
842:OCLC
816:OCLC
728:OCLC
718:ISBN
157:and
78:and
50:and
3046:Vow
2776:Tao
2470:Bio
2317:doi
2207:doi
2168:doi
2129:doi
2033:doi
1987:doi
1948:doi
1901:doi
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1823:doi
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