Powers of the president of Singapore

1178:: the Jobs Credit scheme, which provided employers with financial assistance to pay employees' salaries; and the Special Risk-Sharing Initiative, which helped mid-sized companies to obtain credit. The president gave in-principle approval 11 days later on 21 January. During this time, the Government briefed him and the Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA), and the CPA considered the request and provided the president with its recommendation. Subsequently, at a press conference on 17 February, the president explained that when the Prime Minister had broached the subject informally on 10 January, he had agreed at that stage to give every consideration to the proposal as he and the CPA were already aware of the prevailing financial crisis and how it was impacting the country. He commented that he was not an Executive President and that the Executive was really the Government. It was for them to find solutions to the nation's problems and come out with proposals: "As to whether the proposals were right or wrong, we don't micro-manage Government. And it's for the Government in power to determine what is to be done." However, "f they came with scatterbrained proposals I would have said no." Eventually, the Government drew just $ 4 billion, all of which was returned to the reserve pot in 2011. 1386:, among other things, authorizes the Minister for Home Affairs to make an order directing that a person be detained for up to two years at a time if the president is satisfied that the detention is necessary to prevent the person from acting in a manner prejudicial to the security of Singapore or the maintenance of public order or essential services. A detained person is entitled to make representations to an advisory board made up of a chairman appointed by the president who is or has been, or is qualified to be, a Supreme Court Judge, and two other members appointed by the president after consulting with the Chief Justice. An advisory board must consider the representations and make recommendations to the president within three months from the date of detention. If an advisory board recommends that a detainee be released, and the government authority on whose advice or order the person was detained disagrees with the board's recommendation, the president has a personal discretion as to whether the person should continue to be detained. The president's power in this area is restricted by the requirement that the board must recommend the detainee's release; if further detention is recommended, the president has no power to direct otherwise. 1720:

During the 2011 presidential election, Ho Kwon Ping suggested that while the president's "hard powers" are his constitutional duties, he also exercises soft power which manifests in three domains. At the private level, the president may consult the prime minister on certain issues; at the bureaucratic level, the president may take an "activist, inquisitive" role towards civil servants; and most contentiously, in the public domain, it is up to the people (whose mandate confers such soft powers upon the elected president) to decide how much of a voice the president should have. Ho later clarified his stance, explaining his point was that "by virtue of being directly elected, the Elected President (EP) will possess the popular mandate to speak out on issues, so long as they are not politically partisan views". Thio Li-ann expressed a preference for calling it "influence" rather than soft power which is an "imprecise term". She said it is "influence comes not from the Constitution but from the symbolism of the office of the head of state".

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circumventing or curtailing his discretionary powers. In this case, the Cabinet may also advise the president to refer to the Tribunal the question of whether the bill indeed has this effect. If the Tribunal rules that the bill does not have this effect, the president is deemed to have assented to the bill on the day immediately following the day when the Tribunal pronounces its opinion in open court. On the other hand, if the Tribunal decides to the contrary and the Government wishes to push the amendment through in the face of the president's opposition to it, the Prime Minister may opt to submit the bill to the electorate. If the bill is supported at a national referendum by not less than two-thirds of the total number of votes cast, the president is deemed to have assented to the bill on the day immediately following the day when the results of the referendum have been published in the

1507:

referred to in Article 5(2A), and specifically to any bill seeking to amend Article 22H to restrict the application of the president's powers under that Article to non-constitutional bills. In a judgment delivered on 20 April 1995, the Tribunal held that even though Article 5(2A) was not in force, the Government's intent in including it as part of the Constitution had to be considered. Looking at it in this way, it was clear that Article 5(2A) was intended to deal with bills seeking to amend the Constitution, while Article 22H covered only ordinary bills. Therefore, the president had no power under Article 22H to withhold his assent to any bill seeking to amend the Constitution, and in particular any of the provisions referred to Article 5(2A).

1590:, he argued that voters elect the president for the purpose of enabling him to exercise the discretionary powers granted to him under the Constitution, which means the president's accountability to the electorate is restricted to these matters. He then raised the argument that since Article 21(1) states that the president shall, "in the exercise of his functions under this Constitution or any other written law, act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or of a Minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet", it would be unconstitutional for the president to speak on his own volition in the absence of Cabinet's advice. He also said that the president's constitutional position is similar to that of the 1195:

billion (in March 2022; for the financial support of the nation's Covid-19 public health expenditure contained within the 2022 Annual Budget). In 2020, the President described the pandemic as a "very exceptional circumstance" that necessitated the emergency use of past reserves, in order to "take care of the people in terms of health and safety... and ensure that they continue to have income", as the pandemic gave rise to " a situation where our own survival and existence are at stake." Nevertheless, the cumulative draw on past reserves over the two financial years of 2020 and 2021 was up to $ 42.9 billion, lower than the approved draw of $ 52 billion that was originally agreed on for financial year 2020.

1037:

company's directors. The president may also ask any Minister, senior officer of a ministry or a government department, CEO and members of the governing board of a statutory board, and directors of any Government company to furnish information concerning the reserves of the Government, a statutory board or a Government company. At a meeting with the Accountant-General in August 1996, the president, having been given a list of the Government's physical assets, had commented that the monetary value of the assets should have been stated. The Accountant-General had then stated it would take 56 (not 52) man-years to value the properties.

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bill or a bill seeking to amend the Constitution. Article 22H deals with attempts to alter the president's powers by introducing an ordinary bill. If this occurs, the president may exercise personal discretion to withhold assent to the bill. The Cabinet may, if it wishes, advise the president to refer to the Constitution Tribunal the question whether the bill in fact has the effect of circumventing or curtailing his discretionary powers. If the Tribunal determines that the bill does not have that effect, the president is deemed to have assented to the bill on the day following the day when the Tribunal's opinion is pronounced

1610:

is in line with the views expressed in Parliament in 1999 by Goh Chok Tong on Ong Teng Cheong's press conference. Goh said: "We should not regard it as unusual for the President to publicly acknowledge differences between him and the Government. It shows the independence of the presidency in the two areas in which he is vested with custodial powers, and this will help future presidents". Also, in response to NMP Zulkifli bin Baharudin, who had inquired about the legitimacy of the president's actions, PM Goh stated that it was for the president to choose the means to communicate these issues to Singaporeans.

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president by the Constitution. At that time, Article 5(2A) provided that the president could prevent Parliament from passing a bill seeking to amend certain specified clauses of the Constitution, including those dealing with the president's powers, unless it had been supported by not less than two-thirds of the votes cast at a national referendum. However, as Article 5(2A) was not yet in force, a question arose as to whether the Government was entitled to amend the Constitution in a way that circumvented or curtailed the president's discretionary powers, or whether Article 22H prohibited this entirely.

4468: 1672:, a body that advises the president in the exercise of many of his or her discretionary powers. Such a message or address must also have received the approval of the Government. Ho wrote, "Ireland's directly elected but largely ceremonial president is explicitly compelled to get government approval for speeches on specific formal occasions, but is otherwise free to speak his mind. And Irish presidents have taken to TV interviews and radio talk shows to expound their views on many subjects, so long as they do not directly criticise the government." 969: 1489:

practice of consulting the President on any amendment which affects his powers, and informing Parliament of the President's view in the Second Reading speech. With one exception, in practice, the President has supported all the amendments which affected his powers. Over the last two decades, we have fine-tuned and improved the system of the Elected President in many ways. ... If after five years, no further major changes are necessary, we will consider entrenching the provisions concerning the President's custodial powers.

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derived from its current reserves (that is, reserves accumulated by the Government during its current term of office) returns to current reserves. If no certification is made, at least 50% of the NII of the financial year derived from past reserves has to be classified as past reserves. These changes, however, do not apply to the NII earned by specified statutory boards and Government companies. Their NII is considered as part of normal income and is excluded from the president's scrutiny.

19: 1374:, which must recommend to the president whether the order should be confirmed, cancelled or varied in some way. The president is required to consider the council's recommendations and to decide whether the order should be cancelled or confirmed, and if confirmed whether any variations are necessary. He is required to act in accordance with Cabinet's advice on the matter, unless this conflicts with the council's recommendation, in which case he may exercise personal discretion. 1537: 1750:

persuaded the Government to reappoint Council of Presidential Advisers members for shorter terms. Nathan has also commented favourably on his relationship with the Government, saying that he queried decisions and that senior members of the Government "showed deference" to him. Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong has mentioned that he and Nathan had frequent meetings in which the president would comment on matters and he would consider his views.

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Minister, however, will only give due weight to the president's opinions and advice if "the president has had substantial experience, is wise, knowledgeable and is trusted and respected by the PM". If the president is one who "commands little or no respect from the PM", then his influence would likely be "limited". However, the president must keep these discussions confidential, or risk losing the confidence of the Prime Minister.

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president will result in politicization of the office. While the existence and extent of the president's soft power have not been officially recognized, such power has been acknowledged as not insignificant. The president is the "voice of the people", and serves a function as a check and balance against the executive government. As such, the presence of such soft powers makes the president more than merely a ceremonial figurehead.

1684:, as the Constitution explicitly vests power to run the Government in the Prime Minister and his Cabinet and makes them accountable to Parliament. "roblems would arise as to how the differences can be resolved and who would be held responsible for the outcome", and "f the EP takes sides on political issues, the institution will inevitably become politicised, and with the high risk that it would be diminished as a result". 1328:

powers as regards the appointment or revocation of appointment of the chairman, members or CEO of specified statutory boards and the directors or CEOs of Government companies, and his decisions in this respect may be overruled by Parliament in the same manner as decisions relating to the key office holders referred to above. This constitutional amendment reduced the power of the president to veto executive appointments.

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Cheong's significant contributions as Singapore's first elected President. He took his job seriously. He has helped us to test the powers and workings of the new institution, and iron out ambiguities in the powers of the President vis-à-vis the Government. ... Most important of all, he has demonstrated that the two-key system to safeguard Singapore's reserves and key public sector appointments can be made to work.

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group or institution, or a leader or member of such a group or institution to do so. Such an order may restrain the person from addressing or advising any religious group or institution or any of its members, or making any statement or causing any statement to be made concerning or affecting relations between that religious group or institution and the Government or any other religious group or institution.

802:(CEO), or the Government company's chairman of the board of directors and the CEO, as to whether the budget is likely to draw upon past reserves. If so, the president may exercise personal discretion to disapprove the budget. If he approves the budget even though he is of the opinion that the budget is likely to draw upon past reserves, the decision and opinion must be published in the 1204:

result and the public service will collapse". For this reason, the Constitution provides that the president, acting in his discretion, may refuse to make an appointment to any of a number of key offices, or to revoke an appointment if he does not concur with the authority on whose advice he is required by law to act. The offices are:

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reserves were being drawn upon did not arise unless ownership of a piece of property was about to be transferred. In addition, a revaluation would lead to unnecessary expense since much state land would remain as such, and the value of each piece of land depended on planning and zoning restrictions which the Government could change.

338:; chairman of DBS Group Peter Seah Lim Huat and former managing director at Ernst & Young Advisory Mildred Tan-Sim Beng Mei. The two alternate members were vice-chairman of the Singapore Business Federation and ExxonMobil Asia-Pacific chairman and managing director Gan Seow Kee and PAVE executive director Sudha Nair. 1398:

may seek the president's assent to inquire or carry out investigations regarding information received about the conduct of any person, or any allegation or complaint made against any person. The president is permitted to proceed with the investigations, notwithstanding the Prime Minister's refusal to

1366:

The Minister may also make a restraining order against a person other than those mentioned above who has committed or is attempting to commit an act causing feelings of enmity, hatred, ill-will or hostility between different religious groups; or who is inciting, instigating or encouraging a religious

1140:

The Government does not expect the President to agree with it on every issue where he exercises custodial powers. That from time to time the two should hold different opinions on these issues is healthy, and to be expected. ... I would like to place on record before this House President Ong Teng

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from the disposal of investments, which are regarded as investment adjustments. Since the Constitution provides that the president has only custodial powers over past reserves, these powers do not extend to NII as they are accumulated during the current term of office of the Government, even when the

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clearly influenced the issuance of the 1999 white paper by the Government which set out guidelines for interaction between the two institutions on matters relating to the nation's past reserves. The office of the president may also have some influence in developing the law. For example, S. R. Nathan

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However, Shanmugam expressed the view that where an issue concerns the discretionary powers that the president is explicitly endowed with, such as fiscal reserves and appointment of key public holders, it is appropriate for the president to speak up publicly even without the Cabinet's sanction. This

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This provision, however, was not immediately brought into force when enacted, as the Government stated at the time that a grace period of at least four years was needed for modifications and refinements to the Elected President scheme to resolve unforeseen problems that arose upon implementation. As

1344:

The Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act authorizes the Minister for Home Affairs to make a restraining order for up to two years against a person in a position of authority in, or a member of, any religious group or institution where the Minister is satisfied that the person is attempting to commit

1194:

granted approval for the government of the day to draw S$ 21 billion (in April 2020; for the Resilience and Solidarity Budgets), S$ 31 billion (in May 2020; for the Fortitude Budget), S$ 11 billion (in March 2021; for the Covid-19 Resilience Package contained within the 2021 Annual Budget), and S$ 6

1036:

To exercise his constitutional functions, the president is entitled to request information about the Government which is available to the Cabinet, and about the statutory boards and Government companies listed in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution which is available to the board's members or the

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companies are now allowed to transfer their surpluses either to the Government or to each other without the president's scrutiny. A new Article 148I was also added, enabling the Government to transfer its past reserves to any statutory boards and Government companies without the president's consent.

764:

As the fiscal guardian for the nation's past reserves (that is, reserves not accumulated by the Government during its current term of office), the president's concurrence is required for a number of financial transactions that the Government may wish to enter into. A guarantee may only be given or a

1766:

Most of the arguments that the president does not possess soft power stem from a strict interpretation of the Constitution and what are regarded as the traditional roles of the president. First, unless the Constitution states otherwise, the default position is that when exercising his functions the

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expressed his opinion in a Facebook posting that read: "he president must be seen not as a figurehead but as somebody the people can look to for support for some of the issues, national problems and so on. ... I would like to play a much bigger role to engage Singaporeans and have them come to

843:

Initially, the president had the power to disapprove transactions that were likely to draw on reserves, including all transfers of funds from the Government, and from statutory boards and Government companies specified in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution, to any other entity within or outside

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against the government by increasing their discretionary powers. The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1991 granted the president certain executive functions to block attempts by the government of the day to draw down past reserves that it had not accumulated, and to approve

84:

to invest moneys belonging to it; and the borrowing of money, the giving of any guarantee or the raising of any loan by the Government if in the president's opinion the bill is likely to draw on reserves not accumulated by the government during its current term of office. In addition, the president

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Letter and Note by UK Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to King Edward VIII, 4 December 1936 [UK National Archives reference no. PREM 1/451, declassified 1 January 2003; Annex A to the speech by Minister for Foreign Affairs and Law, Mr K. Shanmugam, at the Institute of Policy Studies Forum on the

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Constitution, Arts. 22(3) and (4). The Legislature can pass a law requiring the President to act after consultation with, or on the recommendation of, any person or body of persons other than the Cabinet in the exercise of his functions other than those exercisable in his personal discretion or in

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does not carry its typical meaning of mere opinion or suggestion. The president is obliged to follow the Cabinet's advice. Thus, the president does not have any liberty to exercise soft power. Furthermore, it has been argued that since the president is elected to exercise the powers defined in the

1605:

in which it was stated that "Ministers are willing to give an experienced Monarch who thoroughly understands and has always strictly observed constitutional limitations, a discretion to what he would say, and are content to take full responsibility knowing well that the Monarch will say nothing of

1327:

As a result of changes to the Constitution effected in 1996, Parliament may overrule the president's decision with a resolution passed by not less than two-thirds of all elected MPs if he refuses to make or revoke an appointment contrary to the CPA's recommendation. The president exercises similar

1087:

The president informed Government that he had been told that net investment income (NII) should be classified as current reserves, though he was not certain as he was not an accountant. The Government, having taken the Attorney-General's advice on the matter, said that NII was correctly treated as

959:

The president's scope of scrutiny over Singapore's net investment income (NII) derived from both current and past reserves depends on whether such NII is considered "past reserves". The Constitution was amended in 2001 to state that all the NII in a financial year certified by the Government to be

1719:

is used, in contrast with hard or coercive powers such as military power, to describe a new means of international influence by "attraction" – "the ability of a country to structure a situation so that other countries develop preferences or define their interests in ways consistent with its own".

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In 1996, Article 5A was inserted into the Constitution and Article 22H was amended; these changes clarified the situation by providing different procedures for circumventing or curtailing the president's discretionary power, depending on whether the Government seeks to do so by way of an ordinary

1362:

A restraining order can prevent a person from addressing orally or in writing any congregation, parish or group of worshippers or members of any religious group or institution on any subject, restrain him or her from assisting or contributing to any publication produced by any religious group, or

1040:

The Minister for Finance explained that his Ministry had asked the Attorney-General to advise it as to whether such a valuation was necessary. The Attorney-General's Chambers subsequently stated that the Constitution did not require Government property to be revalued, as the issue of whether past

185:

granted approval for the government of the day to draw S$ 21 billion in April 2020—for the Resilience and Solidarity Budgets, S$ 31 billion (in May 2020; for the Fortitude Budget), S$ 11 billion (in March 2021; for the Covid-19 Resilience Package contained within the 2021 Annual Budget), and S$ 6

1518:

On the other hand, Article 5A deals with attempts to alter the president's power by amending the Constitution itself. When the provision is brought into force, the president will also be able to decline to assent to a bill seeking to amend the Constitution that has a direct or indirect effect of

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any question as to the effect of any constitutional provision. President Ong Teng Cheong then referred to the Tribunal, which consisted of three Supreme Court judges, the issue of whether he had the power under Article 22H(1) to withhold assent to any bill seeking to amend any of the provisions

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The original Article 22H of the Constitution provided the president with personal discretion to withhold assent to any bill (other than a bill to which Article 5(2A) applies) which provided directly or indirectly for the circumvention or curtailment of the discretionary powers conferred upon the

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in the year of expenditure. The Board's operating surplus of $ 23 million had been computed on the basis of annual depreciation of $ 11 million being charged against the year's income. Hence, no drawdown on past reserves was required. The president expressed concern that accrual accounting would

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argued that such a change would make it too easy for a rogue government to circumvent the constitutional safeguards since "national security" was "such a wide thing that it would be possible to fit any sort of handouts within the rubric". The Government's response was that since it was the prime

825:

The president may withhold assent to any Supply Bill, Supplementary Supply Bill or Final Supply Bill for any financial year if in his opinion the estimates of revenue and expenditure, supplementary estimates or statement of excess are likely to lead to a drawing on past reserves. However, if his

287:

After amendments to the Constitution took effect in 2017, the CPA was enlarged. The CPA now consists of eight full members (three appointed at the personal discretion of the president, three on the advice of the prime minister, one on the advice of the chief justice, and one on the advice of the

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can only properly embody the dignified element of the constitution if he or she is separated from the actual exercise of power, as the latter is virtually always controversial. Therefore, if the president exercises soft power, he would inevitably take sides and politicize his office. This would

1203:

A 1988 White Paper issued by the Government stated that the success of Singapore could be attributed to the stable public sector, and that its stability might be diluted if an irresponsible government made key appointments based on considerations other than merit as "nepotism and corruption may

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became Singapore's first directly elected president. During his term of office, some differences arose between him and the Government concerning the extent of his discretionary fiscal powers. At a press conference on 16 July 1999, the president announced he would not be seeking re-election, and

477:

Concurring with Parliament to authorize expenditure by resolution approving estimates containing a vote on account before passing of a Supply law for a particular year, or by resolution approving a vote of credit because of magnitude or indefinite character of any service or in circumstances of

1732:

The arguments for the existence of the president's soft power include his influence in policy-making and his involvement in non-political affairs. Opponents of the idea that such soft powers exist rely on a strict interpretation of the Constitution, arguing that the usage of soft powers by the

1488:

Our clear and stated intention is to refine the scheme and to iron out the issues that can arise in the light of experience, before we bring the entrenchment provisions into operation and entrench the rules. ... While we have delayed entrenching the scheme, we have, over the years, made a

852:

The Constitution was further amended in 2002, allowing a transfer or proposed transfer of reserves between statutory boards upon the passing of a resolution by the statutory board to add those reserves to its past reserves. Finally, following amendments in 2004, statutory boards and Government

50:

or of a minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet. In addition, the president is required to consult the Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA) when performing some of their functions. In other cases, the president may consult the CPA if they wish to but is not bound to do so.

209:

stated that the president's ability to speak freely is limited to those matters that, according to the Constitution, they exercises discretionary powers over. They should not act as a political centre distinct from the government. A difference of opinion also exists over whether the president

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has stated that "the quality of the advice given by the President ... would depend on the quality of the person giving the advice". He referred to the president's ability to speak to the Prime Minister in private – in this way he may be able to influence policy to some extent. The Prime

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billion in March 2022—for the financial support of the nation's Covid-19 public health expenditure contained within the 2022 Annual Budget. In 2020, President Halimah described the pandemic as a "very exceptional circumstance" that necessitated the emergency use of past reserves, in order to

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of $ 23 million. Although the intention was for the excess of $ 4 million to be funded out of the Board's accumulated surpluses, because a general election was due in 1997 the Board's accumulated surpluses would become past reserves and require the president's approval to be drawn upon. The

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by S. R. Nathan. Nathan also acted as patron of and supported various charity organizations by attending fund-raising and volunteer appreciation events. This may be seen as a convention allowing the president to engage in charitable or community welfare work without government objection.

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an imposed sentence, penalty or forfeiture. In the case of death sentences, the president must call for reports made to him by the judge who tried the case and the Chief Justice or other presiding judge of the appellate court which heard the appeal in the matter to be forwarded to the

389:

Withholding of concurrence to guarantee or loan given or raised by Government; and withholding of assent to bill for borrowing of money, giving of guarantee or raising of loan by the Government if likely to draw on reserves not accumulated by Government during current term of office

1108:

NII stems from the investment of past reserves that are themselves "locked up". Nonetheless, the Government would take into consideration a suggestion from the president and the CPA to lock away half of the NII derived from past reserves as past reserves. In 2001, as indicated

869:) a statutory board the budgets of which were under the president's scrutiny. They were removed from lists of statutory boards and Government companies in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution in 1994 and 1998 respectively. The change of status of POSB allowed for its sale to 2731:, entitled Supply Act 2009: Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Gazette Notification No. 628/2009 dated 13 March 2009) and Supplementary Supply (FY 2008) Act 2009: Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Gazette Notification No. 629/2009 dated 13 March 2009): see 3722: 234:

positions. The government concluded that a constitutional safeguard was necessary to preserve both the integrity of the public service, as well as Singapore's national reserves which should be prevented from falling into the hands of a future irresponsible government.

85:

may withhold assent to any Supply Bill, Supplementary Supply Bill or Final Supply Bill for any financial year if in his opinion the estimates of revenue and expenditure, supplementary estimates or statement of excess are likely to lead to a drawing on past reserves.

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acting under the general authority of the Cabinet. In addition, the president is required to consult the Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA) when performing some of his functions. In other cases, he may consult the CPA if he wishes to but is not bound to do so.

79:

and state-owned companies that draw on their past reserves. The president also possesses personal discretion to withhold assent to any bill in Parliament providing directly or indirectly for the direct or indirect variation, changing or increase in powers of the

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halfway through his term. In addition, he claimed not to have been informed about "some ministerial procedures" as he had learned of the sale of the assets of the Post Office Savings Bank, a statutory board the reserves of which he was supposed to protect, to

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to draw $ 4.9 billion from past financial reserves to meet current budget expenditure, the first time it had done so. The sum was used to fund the Government's Resilience Package consisting of two schemes aimed at preserving jobs and businesses during the

942:

authorized by the president and with the recommendation of the Authority's board of directors. Following a 2007 amendment to the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act, the president's approval was no longer required. The reason for the change cited by the

806:. Similarly, statutory boards and Government companies are bound to inform the president of financial transactions that are likely to draw on past reserves, and the president has personal discretion as to whether such transactions should be approved. 797:

Before the start of its financial year, every statutory board and the board of directors of every Government company must present its budget for that financial year to the president, together with a declaration by the statutory board's chairman and

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4.9 billion from past financial reserves to meet current budget expenditure, the first time it had done so. The sum was used to fund the government's Resilience Package consisting of two schemes aimed at preserving jobs and businesses during the

2087:), in force on 30 November 1991 except for ss. 7 and 16 which came into force on 1 February 1991 and s. 3 which was not brought into force and was subsequently repealed by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) 1996 ( 1563:, promised to be the "conscience of the people" and commented that for controversial issues such as the building of casinos the president's views should be taken into consideration and that he should be allowed to air them in public. Candidate 1606:

which his Ministers would not approve". Shanmugam posed the question: "If the purpose is to influence the Government, would the best approach be to go public, or would it be to speak to the Prime Minister – as is generally done?"

1723:

The degree and effectiveness of such power has been the subject of much debate, with varying opinions among academics, politicians, presidential candidates, the public, and most importantly even between Presidents and the Cabinet.

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Disapproval of proposed transactions of specified statutory boards and Government companies, or Government itself, likely to draw on reserves accumulated by board, company or Government before Government's current term of office

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the borrowing of money, the giving of any guarantee or the raising of any loan by the Government if in the president's opinion the bill is likely to draw on reserves not accumulated by the Government during its current term of

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The Government has so far only appeared to implicitly endorse, and not oppose, two categories of soft power: the president's private influence in politics, and his public involvement in non-political affairs. Minister for Law

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Nevertheless, the cumulative draw on past reserves over the two financial years of 2020 and 2021 was up to $ 42.9 billion, lower than the approved draw of $ 52 billion that was originally agreed on for financial year 2020.

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from the newspapers instead of being informed first. He mentioned: " said that my statements, and his rebuttal in parliament, were probably a good thing. They showed the transparency of the system. I stand by what I said."

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Directing that any bill seeking to amend specified clauses of the Constitution shall not be passed by Parliament unless supported at national referendum by not less than two-thirds of total number of votes cast by electors

74:

of the day to draw down past reserves that it did not accumulate. Thus, a guarantee may only be given or a loan raised by the government if the president concurs, and their approval is also needed for budgets of specified

1008:

his "disappointment" that the Government had changed its treatment of NII so as not to require him to approve the use of past reserves to finance its package of cost-cutting measures aimed at combating the effects of the

1795:. The former element is represented by the Cabinet which makes and executes policies, while the latter, represented by the monarchy, has little effective power but serves as a symbol around which citizens can unite. The 1437:

Article 5(2A) of the Constitution allows the president to direct that any bill seeking to amend certain important clauses of the Constitution shall not be passed by Parliament unless it has been supported at a national

1120:

Finally, the Government disagreed with the president that it had changed the way it treated NII. Furthermore, it had not been necessary to ask him to sanction the use of past reserves for its financial packages and the

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Article 5(2A) itself, and Article 5A which confers discretion on the president to withhold assent to a bill seeking to amend the Constitution that provides for the circumvention or curtailment of his discretionary

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opined that if the president were to be involved in public discussions, "it is not clear how he would implement his views, and how he would be held accountable". More importantly, there would be a tension in the

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that these sums would be added to past reserves. This effectively excluded such transfers from the president's scrutiny while at the same time adding another safeguard in the form of the Minister's undertaking.

262:

The office of the president is one of Singapore's most heavily altered institutions, and it is still being re-made today. As of 2007, almost one-third of all the constitutional amendments since Singapore became

2430:

Constitution, 5th Sch., as amended by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Act 1994 (No. 17 of 1994) and Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) 1998 (

926:

minister and Cabinet's job to decide whether Singapore goes to war, they must have the full powers to execute such a decision and Singapore cannot risk a tussle between the prime minister and the president.

3809: 1659:

argued that because of the mandate given to the president as a result of being directly elected by the people, the president can be "the moral voice of the nation and the people". Ho compared this to the

1371: 1263: 950:

was that since the range of new securities and assets was getting wider and more complex, this made it "very cumbersome" for the president to have to approve every new recommendation for such purchases.

3627: 844:

that group. In 1994, the Constitution was amended to allow statutory boards and Government companies to transfer their reserves to the Government, provided that the Minister for Finance gave a written

1617:, there will be various consequences. The Constitution provides a procedure for Parliament to remove the president from office on various grounds, including intentional violation of the Constitution. 3330: 3781: 292:) and two alternate members (one appointed at the personal discretion of the president, and one on the advice of the prime minister in consultation with the chief justice and chairman of the 1079:"allow a profligate Government to hide its lavish spending under the guise of capital expenditures". The Government disagreed, taking the view that accrual accounting was well established. 1424:

Attorney-General. The reports, along with the Attorney-General's opinion on the case, are then forwarded to Cabinet which then advises the president as to whether to exercise his powers.

408:

if estimates of revenue and expenditure, supplementary estimates or statement of excess likely to lead to drawing on reserves not accumulated by Government during current term of office

1779:

Secondly, the president serves the important symbolic function of representing the nation. The relationship between the Cabinet and the president may be compared with that between the

826:

decision to do so is contrary to the CPA's recommendation, the refusal to concur may be overridden by a Parliamentary resolution passed by not less than two-thirds of all the elected

619:

Cancelling or confirming restriction order under Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act, if Cabinet's advice contrary to recommendation of Presidential Council for Religious Harmony

584:

Withholding of assent to bill seeking to circumvent or curtail President's discretionary powers, whether this proposes to amend the Constitution or relates to ordinary legislation

142:, was marked by differences between him and the government concerning the extent of his discretionary fiscal powers. Discussions culminated in the Government issuing a non-binding 3751: 1457:

provisions dealing with the president in Chapter 1 of Part V, and Article 93A which confers jurisdiction on the Supreme Court to determine questions relating to the validity of a

917:

When proposed in Parliament, the change was met with strong criticism from legislators that the provision was so wide that it was open to abuse by unscrupulous politicians.

1753:

The president also exercises soft power by championing good causes. Examples include the creation of the President's Star Charity by Ong Teng Cheong, and the launch of the

1968: 1269:

the chairman and members of an advisory board constituted to determine if a person should continue to be placed in preventive detention without trial for security reasons;

909:... any liability or proposed transaction which the Prime Minister and the Minister responsible for defence, on the recommendations of the Permanent Secretary to the 2220:

Constitution, Art. 37B(2). If a member vacates his seat prematurely, the replacement appointee serves out the remainder of the term, rather than a fresh six-year term.

1559:, sparked off the debate by saying that the president should be entitled to do so as the president "represents the views of the people". Similarly, another candidate, 1063: 4295:

Safeguarding Financial Assets and the Integrity of the Public Services: The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Bill [Cmd. 11 of 1990]

3331:"The President's role and powers: Shanmugam: He represents the whole country, is above the fray on political issues, acts on Cabinet's advice, exercises 'soft power'" 1352:

carrying out activities to promote a political cause, or a cause of any political party while, or under the guise of, propagating or practising any religious belief;

2833: 1935: 1207: 546:

Appointing chairman and members of advisory board constituted to determine if person should continue to be preventively detained without trial for security reasons

3820: 3408: 2289: 2749: 1851: 1640:

suggested that like the Irish President, the president of Singapore should be able to speak freely on matters as long as he/she does not directly criticize the

873:

to be effected without the president having to be informed of the matter. Although both ST Engineering and DBS Bank (parent of POSB Bank) are freely traded as

3638: 1551:

The issue of whether the president has power to speak up publicly on issues that he may have with the Government without Cabinet approval surfaced during the

4103: 4004: 3515: 3471: 3235: 3201: 3359: 3348: 3280: 2637:

The Principles for Determining and Safeguarding the Accumulated Reserves of the Government and the Fifth Schedule Statutory Boards and Government Companies

1134:

The Principles for Determining and Safeguarding the Accumulated Reserves of the Government and the Fifth Schedule Statutory Boards and Government Companies

148:

The Principles for Determining and Safeguarding the Accumulated Reserves of the Government and the Fifth Schedule Statutory Boards and Government Companies

2668: 299:

Full members serve six-year terms, and are staggered into three groups with one group's term expiring every two years in an arrangement similar to the US

275:

The powers of the president are divided into those he may exercise in his own discretion, and those he must exercise in accordance with the advice of the

4160: 3790: 1822: 987:

referred to what he termed a "long list" of problems he had experienced when trying to protect the nation's past reserves. In particular, he mentioned:

3160: 1503: 116:(MP) who, in their personal judgment, is likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs. The president has certain powers of oversight over the 1363:

prevent him from holding office in an editorial board or a committee of a publication of any religious group without the Minister's prior permission.

267:

in 1965 consisted of changes to the president's office. Approximately half of the amendments implemented were to alter the president's fiscal powers.

264: 2777: 1879: 4042:

Issues Raised by President Ong Teng Cheong at his Press Conference on 16th July 1999 (Statements by the Prime Minister and Minister for Finance)

2572:

Issues Raised by President Ong Teng Cheong at his Press Conference on 16th July 1999 (Statements by the Prime Minister and Minister for Finance)

4394: 3024:

Constitution, Art. 22G. The Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau's powers of investigation derive from the Prevention of Corruption Act (

790: 463:

expected to be earned on assets so equivalent amount may be excluded from reserves not accumulated by Government during current term of office

327: 1676: 4056: 1411:

offenders, or accomplices who provide information leading to the conviction of principal offenders in crimes. He may also grant offenders a

3316: 1572:, who was eventually elected president, took a more conservative view and stated that the president ought to work within the Constitution. 1358:

exciting disaffection against the president or the Government while, or under the guise of, propagating or practising any religious belief.

1399:

consent, by concurring with the Director. This is one of the few instances where the president's power is not limited by some other body.

2750:"President Halimah assents to draw on $ 21 billion from past reserves for historic Resilience and Solidarity Budgets | The Straits Times" 1852:"President Halimah assents to draw on $ 21 billion from past reserves for historic Resilience and Solidarity Budgets | The Straits Times" 3762: 1331:

The president appoints as Prime Minister an MP who, in his personal judgment, is likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs.

230:

from funding spending from national reserves. There were also no safeguards against the government appointing unsuitable persons to key

2527: 944: 2925:

Constitution, Arts. 22A and 22C, as amended by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1996 (No. 41 of 1996).

1256: 4058:

Speech by Minister for Foreign Affairs and Law, Mr K Shanmugam, at the Institute of Policy Studies Forum on the Elected Presidency

3318:

Speech by Minister for Foreign Affairs and Law, Mr K Shanmugam, at the Institute of Policy Studies Forum on the Elected Presidency

4255: 3342: 2260: 1587: 1580: 769:

of Parliament or is made under one of eight specified statutes. The president's approval is also needed for budgets of specified

4467: 773:

and Government companies that draw on their past reserves. The statutory boards that come under the president's purview are the

4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 3728: 2234: 1552: 1442:

by not less than two-thirds of the total number of votes cast by the electors. The clauses which Article 5(2A) applies to are:

1395: 653: 248: 199: 117: 2382:

Constitution, Arts. 22B and 22D, as amended by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) 1994 (

1668:

states that before addressing the nation on any matter of national or public importance, the Irish president must consult the

4351: 4324: 4263: 4240: 4221: 4092: 2491: 2466: 2047: 525: 311: 293: 289: 97: 2916:

Constitution, Art. 22(2), as amended by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1996 (No. 41 of 1996).

532:) if the president does not concur with the advice or recommendation of a relevant authority that he is required to consult 3956: 2714:"Concerns about economy go back to mid-2008: President makes public for first time his decision to allow use of reserves", 2122: 1647:

In the lead-up to the 2011 presidential election, in addition to the views expressed by the candidates and the Government,

1595: 1465: 256: 125: 2805: 2669:"'I had a job to do' whether the Government liked it or not, says ex-President Ong – extended interview with Roger Mitton" 2012:

Constitutional Amendments to Safeguard Financial Assets and the Integrity of the Public Services [Cmd. 10 of 1988]

1907: 4476: 1476:

of early 2014, Article 5(2A) had still not been brought into force. On 21 October 2008, in response to a question by NMP

1458: 827: 157:

of the day to draw down past reserves that it did not accumulate, during economic downturns. In 2009, in response to the

4274:

Report of the Select Committee on the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Bill (Bill No. 23/90)

3398: 4387: 2408:

Constitution, Arts. 22B(8) and (9), as amended by the Constitution of Republic of Singapore (Amendment) 2004 (

1792: 1317: 817:

the direct or indirect variation, changing or increase in powers of the CPF Board to invest moneys belonging to it; and

529: 105: 101: 2834:"Budget 2021: $ 11b to support three-pronged approach to help Singapore bounce back from Covid-19 | The Straits Times" 2196: 1936:"Budget 2021: $ 11b to support three-pronged approach to help Singapore bounce back from Covid-19 | The Straits Times" 198:

Whether the president may speak publicly on issues without the government's approval was discussed heavily during the

3946: 3839: 2421:

Constitution, Art. 148I, inserted by the Constitution of Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2004 (No. 12 of 2004).

2103: 1681: 1383: 1175: 1099:

earned from investing the Government's reserves, less expenses on investment and debt servicing. It does not include

300: 252: 158: 121: 3172:

The amendments were effected by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1996 (No. 41 of 1996).

1028:

made ministerial statements in Parliament on 17 August 1999 explaining the Government's views on the points raised.

4557: 4547: 1776:" posited by proponents would appear to be undermined by soft power, which has an unspecified and ambiguous scope. 1569: 1307: 203: 4114: 4022: 3783:

IPS Forum on Elected Presidency: Friday, 5 August 2011, 4.00pm–6.00pm, Orchard Hotel: Tommy Koh's Prepared Remarks

3526: 3482: 3370: 3243: 2550:

Constitution, Art. 142(2), as amended by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) 2001 (

770: 753: 423: 280: 242:

of the president, thus making the president directly accountable to its citizens, and enabling them to serve as a

76: 4037: 4016: 3291: 3210: 3060: 2567: 2453:

Kevin Tan (1997), "The Presidency in Singapore: Constitutional Developments", in Kevin Tan; Lam Peng Er (eds.),

1969:"President Halimah Yacob approves Budget, including $ 6b draw on reserves to battle Covid-19 | The Straits Times" 1648: 1295: 1212: 1018: 935: 910: 786: 757: 614:

No, but must consider recommendations of advisory board considering detainee's representations against detention

456: 174:. Eventually, the government drew just $ 4 billion, all of which was returned to the national reserves in 2011. 3604: 3202:"Tan Kin Lian: President should speak up publicly: Tan Cheng Bock also reiterates president is not a figurehead" 202:. While some presidential candidates and members of the public suggested that the president has power to do so, 4552: 2778:"Second withdrawal of $ 31 billion from Singapore's reserves to cushion coronavirus impact | The Straits Times" 2678: 1880:"Second withdrawal of $ 31 billion from Singapore's reserves to cushion coronavirus impact | The Straits Times" 1784: 1591: 1187: 1005:

a disagreement regarding whether net investment income (NII) should be treated as current or past reserves; and

918: 243: 178: 70:

by its citizens. The amendment conferred on the president certain executive functions to block attempts by the

4175: 4139: 3137:

Gary Leonard Low; Chia Jin Chong Daniel (1995), "Tribunal's Findings on the Powers of the Elected President",

2395:

Constitution, Art. 22B(9), as amended by the Constitution of Republic of Singapore (Amendment) 2002 (

2140: 1664:

who, like the Singapore president, is directly elected by the people but plays a largely ceremonial role. The

752:

The president has personal discretion as to whether to approve budgets or financial transactions of specified

4380: 4187:

Wan, Wai Yee (1994), "Recent Changes to the Westminster System of Government and Government Accountability",

3216: 1780: 1502:

To resolve the issue, Article 100 was inserted into the Constitution to enable the president to refer to the

1249: 778: 710:

Referring question as to effect of provision of Constitution to tribunal of Supreme Court judges for opinion

521: 93: 3605:"Hard facts about 'soft power': Government 'not obliged' to listen to President who challenges its policies" 1128:

Following discussions between the president and the Government, in 1999 the Government issued a non-binding

3848: 999: 774: 372: 81: 1767:

president has to act according to the advice of the Cabinet. In the context of the Constitution, the word

1427: 4334:

Tan, Kevin Y L (2009), "State and Institution Building through the Singapore Constitution 1965–2005", in

4062: 3899: 3287: 3056: 2201: 1576: 1010: 972: 500: 109: 1355:

carrying out subversive activities under the guise of propagating or practising any religious belief; or

1151:

magazine, during which he reiterated that he had only been given an incomplete list of the Government's

3628:"Shanmugam: Quality is what counts: He clarifies remarks on president's influence made at Friday forum" 3338: 3065:

speech during the Third Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Bill

1669: 1303: 1233: 1222: 517: 188:"take care of the people in terms of health and safety... and ensure that they continue to have income" 89: 4041: 3701: 3683: 3112: 3084: 3064: 2571: 2531: 1464:

Articles 65 and 66, which mandate the dissolution of Parliament every five years and the holding of a

3936: 3132: 2071: 1993: 1823:"FROM THE ARCHIVES: There was a time when Singapore had to dip into its reserves | The Straits Times" 1451: 1236:

are among the office holders whose appointments and dismissals must be concurred in by the president.

1122: 568: 223: 55: 247:

changes to key Civil Service positions. The president also had certain powers of oversight over the

2290:"Ex-NMP Mildred Tan, veteran social worker Sudha Nair sworn in to Council of Presidential Advisers" 1754: 998:

an "unpleasant" encounter in which he had felt compelled to withhold approval of the budget of the

897:

A provision, Article 151A, that was inserted into the Constitution in 1994 removed the president's

765:

loan raised by the Government if the president concurs, whether the transaction is authorized by a

656:

for investigation to take place even if Prime Minister refuses consent for Director to investigate

3684:

speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill

3113:

speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill

2510:), s. 23(1)(m), as amended by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (Amendment) 2007 ( 913:

and the Chief of Defence Force, certify to be necessary for the defence and security of Singapore.

341:

The CPA conducts proceedings in private, and its members are required to take an oath of secrecy.

4277: 4213: 4066: 3438: 3322: 2067: 2016: 1665: 1641: 1129: 886: 799: 231: 227: 171: 154: 143: 113: 71: 63: 296:). The president also has discretion to appoint one of the members of the council as chairman. 131:

Under the Singapore Armed Forces Act, the president has the authority to raise and maintain the

4457: 4403: 2806:"President Halimah Yacob approves Budget, including $ 11b draw on reserves | The Straits Times" 1908:"President Halimah Yacob approves Budget, including $ 11b draw on reserves | The Straits Times" 1773: 1544: 1288: 132: 39: 27: 4151: 3087: 2534: 2152: 1049:

In December 1996, the CPA informed the president that for 1997 the CPF Board had budgeted for

88:

The president is also empowered to approve changes to key political appointments, such as the

3979: 3867: 2733:

Jeremy Au Yong (13 March 2009), "President gives formal approval for draw on past reserves",

1349:

causing feelings of enmity, hatred, ill-will or hostility between different religious groups;

404:

Withholding of assent to Supply Bill, Supplementary Supply Bill or Final Supply Bill for any

135:(SAF). The president also has the power to form, disband or amalgamate units within the SAF. 3724:

Transcript of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's Press Conference on the Presidential Election

1471:

other provisions in the Constitution which authorize the president to act in his discretion.

4298:, Singapore: Printed for the Government of Singapore by Singapore National Printers, 1990, 2697:

Zakir Hussain (23 January 2009), "A Budget first: Govt to draw $ 4.9b from past reserves",

1661: 1652: 1633: 602:

Withholding of concurrence in relation to the detention of person under law passed against

276: 47: 4368:

Official website of Istana Singapore: Office of the President of the Republic of Singapore

1181: 42:

may exercise at their own discretion, and those they must exercise in accordance with the

8: 1050: 810: 3566: 2639:, Singapore: Printed for the Government of Singapore by the Government Printers, 1999, 2563: 1428:

Preventing certain constitutional amendments and circumvention or curtailment of powers

939: 878: 845: 838: 809:

In addition, the president possesses personal discretion to withhold his assent to any

725: 323: 43: 23: 2727:. The President's formal approval was signified in two notifications published in the 2443:

Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Act 1994 (No. 17 of 1994).

963: 516:

Refusing to make or revoke an appointment to specified key offices (for instance, the

4347: 4320: 4299: 4281: 4259: 4236: 4217: 4147: 4140:"Under Lock and Key: The Evolving Role of the Elected President as a Fiscal Guardian" 4088: 4012: 3910: 3844: 3706: 2888: 2810: 2782: 2754: 2699: 2640: 2487: 2462: 2148: 2141:"Under Lock and Key: The Evolving Role of the Elected President as a Fiscal Guardian" 2063: 2043: 2020: 1912: 1884: 1856: 1827: 1614: 1219: 1058: 59: 968: 628:

No, but must consider recommendations of Presidential Council for Religious Harmony

238:

The government took the view that the safeguards could be achieved by providing the

4422: 4233:

Shared Responsibilities, Unshared Power: The Politics of Policy-making in Singapore

3988: 3876: 3558: 1215: 1054: 882: 794: 766: 693: 315: 166: 1692: 881:, both the companies have large percentages of equity being continuously owned by 330:; founder, chairman and CEO of Ho Bee Group Chua Thian Poh; Bank of Singapore CEO 4437: 3974: 3862: 3584:

Ho Kwon Ping (23 July 2011), "Elected presidency: Navigating uncharted waters ",

3276: 3108: 2206: 1788: 1746: 1598: 1481: 1412: 1112:, the Government amended the Constitution to redefine how NII should be treated. 992: 983: 782: 748: 689: 555:

No, but must consult Chief Justice before appointing members other than chairman

335: 239: 139: 67: 1791:

has drawn a distinction between the "efficient" and "dignified" elements of the

1164: 865:) was formerly a Government company and the Post Office Savings Bank (POSB, now 4252:

The Elected Presidency as a Safeguard for Official Reserves: What is at Stake?

3895: 3549: 3096: 1564: 1416: 1299: 1229: 1096: 874: 862: 856: 460: 2722:

Chua Mui Hoong (20 February 2009), "Turning of the second key went smoothly",

1125:

as it had enough budget surpluses built up within its current term of office.

4541: 4452: 4293: 4285: 3609: 2644: 2523: 2010: 1796: 1629: 1512: 1191: 1025: 975: 947: 331: 319: 182: 4303: 3914: 2024: 892: 18: 4442: 4052: 4000: 3467: 3387:

Goh Chok Tong, Ministerial Statement (17 August 1999), cols. 2031 and 2061.

3312: 2657:

Goh Chok Tong, Ministerial Statement (17 August 1999), cols. 2034 and 2042.

1738: 1656: 1637: 1583: 1556: 1420: 1228:

during a bilateral maritime exercise in 2007. The Chiefs of the Air Force,

1170: 1104: 1100: 1067: 206: 162: 4372: 4161:"Constitutionalism in Times of Economic Strife: Developments in Singapore" 3992: 3880: 1536: 4432: 4417: 4335: 4076: 3817:

The Straits Times (reproduced on the Institute of Policy Studies website)

3759:

The Straits Times (reproduced on the Institute of Policy Studies website)

3635:

The Straits Times (reproduced on the Institute of Policy Studies website)

3080: 2138: 2031: 1602: 1560: 1477: 1152: 922: 405: 1389: 371:

Withholding of assent to bill varying, changing or increasing powers of

4427: 4084: 4033: 3570: 3544: 2039: 1715: 1710: 1702: 1697: 1439: 1182:

Repeated continued use of financial powers during the COVID-19 pandemic

1109: 1062:

Government explained that the CPF Board's accounts were prepared on an

1021: 756:

and Government companies that are likely to draw on past reserves. The

670:

Appointing two members of CPA, and a member of the council as chairman

603: 422:

Withholding of concurrence and approval to appointments and budgets of

211: 58:

was amended to transform the office of president, which was previously

3960: 3940: 2507: 2126: 1997: 1613:

Without elaborating, Shanmugam pointed out that if the president acts

4343: 4316: 4048:(17 August 1999), vol. 70, cols. 2018–2061 ("Ministerial Statement"). 3950: 3909:(3rd ed.), London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., pp. 1–88, 3900:"The Cabinet [ch. 2]; The Monarchy [ch. 3]" 3747: 3136: 3025: 2458: 2107: 2083:

Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) 1991 (

1243:

Chief Justice, Judges and Judicial Commissioners of the Supreme Court

1136:. Speaking in Parliament on 17 August 1999, the Prime Minister said: 954: 929: 866: 426:

and Government companies specified in Fifth Schedule to Constitution

307: 4340:

Evolution of a Revolution: Forty Years of the Singapore Constitution

3562: 2623:

Richard Hu, Ministerial Statement (17 August 1999), cols. 2028–2029.

2614:

Richard Hu, Ministerial Statement (17 August 1999), cols. 2025–2027.

2605:

Richard Hu, Ministerial Statement (17 August 1999), cols. 2021–2025.

2596:

Richard Hu, Ministerial Statement (17 August 1999), cols. 2019–2021.

1186:

In response to the economic crisis that occurred as a result of the

1145:

Six months after his term of office ended, Ong gave an interview to

839:

Transfer of surpluses from statutory boards and Government companies

177:

In response to the economic crisis that occurred as a result of the

4447: 2673: 2184:

See Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2016.

1727: 1540: 1157: 1147: 1093: 1089: 1075: 964:

Differences between Government and first directly elected President

870: 760:, photographed here in September 2009, is one such statutory board. 1531: 1169:

In January 2009, the Government requested approval from President

622:

Arts. 21(2)(h), 22I; Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act, s. 12.

3404: 2175:

respect of the Constitution has made other provision: Art. 21(5).

314:, and the other full members were former Government minister and 192:" a situation where our own survival and existence are at stake." 1761: 1625: 1402: 3543: 2578:(17 August 1999), vol. 70, col. 2018 ("Ministerial Statement"). 1408: 995:

to provide him with a list of the Government's physical assets;

685: 4313:

Managing Political Change in Singapore: The Elected Presidency

2455:

Managing Political Change in Singapore: The Elected Presidency

991:

that the Accountant-General had informed him it would take 52

833: 1370:

Once a restraining order is made, it must be referred to the

1165:

First use of financial powers during financial crisis of 2008

1071: 1419:

from the execution of any sentence; and wholly or partially

857:

Removal of Singapore Technologies and POSB from Constitution

4367: 2452: 1407:

Subject to Cabinet's advice, the president is empowered to

1323:

the Director of the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau.

898: 4254:, Singapore: Times Academic Press in association with the 3400:

President can only speak and act as advised by the Cabinet

3088:

Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill

2874: 2872: 2677:, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 28–29, archived from 1272:

the Chairman and members of the Public Service Commission;

3699: 2261:"New member of Council of Presidential Advisers sworn in" 1432: 893:

Removal of veto powers over defence and security measures

2337:

Constitution, Arts. 22A(3), 22C(3) and the 5th Schedule.

2029: 1800:

undermine the traditional role played by the president.

1198: 1002:(CPF Board) as it would have drawn on its past reserves; 791:

Government of Singapore Investment Corporation Pte. Ltd.

2869: 2235:"Appointments to Council of Presidential Advisers made" 1339: 3789:, Institute of Policy Studies, para. 9, archived from 608:

Arts. 21(2)(g), 151(4); Internal Security Act, s. 13A

3015:

Constitution, Arts. 21(2)(g) and 151(4); ISA, s. 13A.

1390:

Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau investigations

3360:"Participants grill candidates on role of president" 2346:

Constitution, Arts. 21(2)(e), 21(2)(f), 22B and 22D.

813:

in Parliament providing directly or indirectly for:

306:

As of 17 February 2022, the Chairman of the CPA was

3682:

Richard Hu Tsu Tau (Minister for Finance),

2631: 2629: 217: 161:, the government requested approval from President 138:The term of office of the first elected president, 3977:(July 1996), "The Monarchy and the Constitution", 3865:(July 1996), "The Monarchy and the Constitution", 3161:Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal 1504:Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal 955:Changes in the definition of net investment income 930:Changes to the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act 901:powers over "any defence and security measure". A 4111:The Straits Times (reproduced on the SMU website) 3523:The Straits Times (reproduced on the SMU website) 3479:The Straits Times (reproduced on the SMU website) 3367:The Straits Times (reproduced on the SMU website) 303:, while alternate members serve four-year terms. 4539: 4046:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report 3688:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report 3598: 3596: 3117:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report 3092:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report 3069:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report 2626: 2576:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report 2539:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report 2535:Monetary Authority of Singapore (Amendment) Bill 2486:, Singapore: Talisman Publications, p. 91, 2194: 1728:Arguments supporting the existence of soft power 1526: 3861: 3720: 3275: 2979:Constitution, Arts. 21(2)(h), 22I; MRHA, s. 12. 1594:, quoting a letter of 4 December 1963 from the 1532:Views of presidential candidates and Government 3894: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3233: 2732: 2721: 1045:Withholding of approval for CPF Board's budget 675: 661: 643: 624: 610: 593: 575: 537: 507: 483: 468: 446: 431: 413: 395: 380: 4388: 3700:Elgin Toh; Zuraidah Ibrahim (7 August 2011), 3593: 2696: 2481: 1762:Arguments against the existence of soft power 1403:Granting of pardons, reprieves and remissions 4081:Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore 4051: 3690:(12 January 2001), vol. 72, cols. 1300–1302. 3583: 3466: 3328: 3311: 3307: 3305: 2685:Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore 2666: 2036:Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore 1345:or has committed any of the following acts: 692:for offences or execution of sentences, and 4402: 3807: 3602: 3513: 3502: 3453: 3257:Wong, "President should speak up publicly". 2894:referred to in Arts. 111(2)(a), (b) or (c). 2484:An Introduction to Singapore's Constitution 834:Changes to the president's financial powers 4395: 4381: 3625: 3357: 3199: 1586:. In a speech at a forum organized by the 1575:The controversy drew sharp rebuttals from 1372:Presidential Council for Religious Harmony 1264:Presidential Council for Religious Harmony 559: 491: 363: 26:, the official residence of the president 4235:, Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 4208:Chan, Helena HM (1995), "The Executive", 3937:Constitution of the Republic of Singapore 3847:, 2 S.L.R. 1189 at 1272, para. 180, 3779: 3746: 3450:Irish Constitution, Arts. 13.7.2° and 3°. 3396: 3302: 3133:Constitution of the Republic of Singapore 3071:(3 January 1991), vol. 56, cols. 722–723. 2506:Monetary Authority of Singapore Act ( 2258: 1994:Constitution of the Republic of Singapore 789:, while the Government companies are the 251:and decisions of the Executive under the 120:and decisions of the Executive under the 3973: 3283:Elected Presidency on 5 August 2011] 3181:Constitution, Arts. 22H(1), (2) and (3). 2283: 2281: 1691: 1624: 1535: 1377: 1275:members of the Legal Service Commission; 1257:Presidential Council for Minority Rights 1206: 967: 747: 567:Withholding of consent to a request for 393:Arts. 21(2)(c) and (d), 144 (1) and (2) 17: 4074: 3810:"The parameters of presidential powers" 3085:speech during the Second Reading of the 2541:(12 February 2007), vol. 82, col. 1248. 2532:speech during the Second Reading of the 2118: 2116: 1190:(which began in early 2020), President 1116:Government's change in treatment of NII 885:, a state holding company owned by the 334:; former Singtel group chief executive 226:contained no provisions preventing the 4540: 4310: 4280:by Singapore National Printers, 1990, 4249: 3961:Cap. 167A, 2001 Rev. Ed. 3752:"Demystifying the presidential office" 3157:Constitutional Reference No. 1 of 1995 3135: (1992 Reprint), Art. 22H(1): see 2831: 2127:Cap. 167A, 2001 Rev. Ed. 2099: 2097: 2019:by Singapore National Printers, 1988, 1933: 1493: 1433:Article 5(2A) – the sleeping provision 1396:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau 728:and promulgating emergency ordinances 654:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau 249:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau 118:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau 4376: 4168:National Taiwan University Law Review 3951:Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed. 3356:. For the candidates' responses, see 3209:The Straits Times (reproduced on the 3026:Cap. 241, 1993 Rev. Ed. 2508:Cap. 186, 1999 Rev. Ed. 2278: 2228: 2226: 2195:Derrick A. Paulo (18 February 2009), 2108:Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed. 1199:Powers relating to key office holders 528:, the Chief of Defence Force and the 493:Powers relating to key office holders 444:Arts. 21(2)(f), 22B(7), 22D(6), 148G 153:The president grants attempts by the 4524:Powers of the president of Singapore 4207: 4104:"Don't politicise role of President" 3957:Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act 3516:"Don't politicise role of President" 3119:(21 October 2008), vol. 85, col. 532 3094:(20 October 2008), vol. 85, col. 369 2803: 2775: 2123:Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act 2113: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1905: 1877: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1340:Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act 1313:members of the Armed Forces Council; 345:Powers exercisable by the president 257:Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act 126:Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act 36:powers of the president of Singapore 4333: 4186: 4158: 4137: 4101: 3612:(reproduced on the AsiaOne website) 2287: 2259:Baharudin, Hariz (8 January 2021). 2094: 1966: 1083:Definition of net investment income 938:(MAS) could only purchase and sell 743: 429:Arts. 21(2)(e), 22A, 22B, 22C, 22D 13: 4311:Tan, Kevin ; Lam, Peng Er (1997), 4250:Low, Linda; Toh, Mun Heng (1989), 4230: 4144:Singapore Journal of Legal Studies 4126: 3999: 3721:Lee Hsien Loong (19 August 2011), 2832:Khalik, Salma (16 February 2021). 2747: 2373:Constitution, Arts. 148A and 148D. 2232: 2223: 2165:Constitution, Arts. 21(1) and (2). 2145:Singapore Journal of Legal Studies 1934:Khalik, Salma (16 February 2021). 1849: 1793:Constitution of the United Kingdom 673:Arts. 21(2)(i), 37B(1)(a) and (2) 524:, the chairman and members of the 14: 4569: 4361: 4138:Lee, Yvonne C L (December 2007), 3840:Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney-General 3321:, Ministry of Law, archived from 3266:Leong, "Candidates cross swords". 3234:Leong Wee Keat (24 August 2011), 2857:1988 White Paper, p. 2, para. 11. 2193:Constitution, Art. 37B. See also 2062:Prior to 1991, the president was 1953: 1810: 375:to invest moneys belonging to it 322:; former Government minister and 108:. The president also appoint the 38:are divided into those which the 4466: 3887: 3854: 3831: 3801: 3773: 3740: 3714: 3693: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3619: 3411:from the original on 28 May 2012 2139:Yvonne C L Lee (December 2007), 2074: (1980 Reprint), Art. 17(1). 1308:Digital and Intelligence Service 1262:the chairman and members of the 1255:the chairman and members of the 1066:. Thus, capital expenditure was 652:Concurring with Director of the 218:Grant of powers to the president 4017:Singapore Management University 3941:1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint 3577: 3537: 3493: 3444: 3432: 3423: 3390: 3381: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3240:Today (reproduced on AsiaViews) 3227: 3211:Singapore Management University 3193: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3150: 3126: 3102: 3074: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2897: 2881: 2860: 2851: 2825: 2797: 2769: 2741: 2707: 2690: 2683:, excerpted in Tan & Thio, 2660: 2651: 2617: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2557: 2544: 2528:Minister for Trade and Industry 2517: 2500: 2475: 2446: 2437: 2424: 2415: 2402: 2389: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2252: 2214: 2187: 2178: 2168: 2159: 2132: 2077: 1998:1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint 1649:Singapore Management University 1334: 1213:Republic of Singapore Air Force 1057:27 million, which exceeded its 945:Minister for Trade and Industry 936:Monetary Authority of Singapore 787:Monetary Authority of Singapore 758:Monetary Authority of Singapore 190:, as the pandemic gave rise to 3967: 3930: 3837:Constitution, Art. 21(1): see 3808:Thio Li-ann (11 August 2011), 3329:Teh Shi Ning (6 August 2011), 2804:Tham, Yuen-C (16 March 2021). 2667:Roger Mitton (10 March 2000), 2288:Lim, Min Zhang (3 June 2021). 2056: 2003: 1986: 1927: 1906:Tham, Yuen-C (16 March 2021). 1899: 1871: 1843: 1772:Constitution, the concept of " 1620: 1188:COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore 919:Nominated Member of Parliament 793:, MND Holdings Pte. Ltd., and 359:Whether CPA must be consulted 179:COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore 96:, chairman and members of the 30:, photographed in January 2009 1: 4276:, Singapore: Printed for the 4210:The Legal System of Singapore 4113:, p. A25, archived from 4102:Wan, Wai Yee (21 July 2011), 4021:, p. A27, archived from 3925: 3819:, p. A31, archived from 3761:, p. A21, archived from 3603:Lediati Tan (2 August 2011), 3525:, p. A25, archived from 3481:, p. A27, archived from 3429:Constitution, Art. 22L(3)(a). 3358:Tessa Wong (20 August 2011), 2015:, Singapore: Printed for the 1967:Ong, Justin (23 March 2022). 1781:Cabinet of the United Kingdom 1687: 1527:Public expressions of opinion 1088:current income, as it is the 1070:over the useful life of each 779:Housing and Development Board 4174:(3): 115–139, archived from 4005:"Soft powers of a president" 3655:Shanmugam, paras. 22 and 35. 3626:Tessa Wong (8 August 2011), 3514:Wan Wai Yee (21 July 2011), 3472:"Soft powers of a president" 3369:, p. A6, archived from 3215:, p. A6, archived from 2776:Tham, Yuen-C (26 May 2020). 1878:Tham, Yuen-C (26 May 2020). 1000:Central Provident Fund Board 903:defence and security measure 861:Singapore Technologies (now 775:Central Provident Fund Board 736: 733: 730: 718: 715: 712: 704: 701: 698: 678: 672: 664: 658: 646: 636: 627: 621: 613: 607: 596: 586: 578: 572: 554: 551: 548: 540: 534: 510: 504: 486: 480: 471: 465: 449: 443: 434: 428: 416: 410: 398: 392: 383: 377: 373:Central Provident Fund Board 356:Whether personal discretion 82:Central Provident Fund Board 7: 4346:, pp. 50–78 at 68–71, 4256:Institute of Policy Studies 4131: 4083:(3rd ed.), Singapore: 3893:Bogdanor, p. 411. See also 3780:Tommy Koh (5 August 2011), 3547:(Fall 1990), "Soft Power", 3397:Amy Yeong (6 August 2011), 3343:Institute of Policy Studies 3200:Tessa Wong (28 July 2011), 3111: (Prime Minister), 2038:(3rd ed.), Singapore: 1588:Institute of Policy Studies 1011:1997 Asian Financial Crisis 353:Provisions of Constitution 10: 4574: 4342:, London; New York, N.Y.: 3046:Constitution, Art. 22P(2). 3037:Constitution, Art. 22P(1). 2878:Constitution, Art. 151(2). 2748:Ho, Grace (9 April 2020). 2364:Constitution, Art. 144(2). 2328:Constitution, Art. 144(1). 2319:Constitution, Art. 37H(1). 2310:Constitution, Art. 37J(1). 1850:Ho, Grace (9 April 2020). 1675:In response, SMU academic 1553:2011 presidential election 795:Temasek Holdings Pte. Ltd. 455:Concurring with advice of 200:2011 presidential election 4518: 4475: 4464: 4410: 4338:; Tan, Kevin Y L (eds.), 3499:Constitution, Art. 24(2). 3236:"Candidates cross swords" 2934:Constitution, Art. 25(1). 2866:Constitution, Art. 22(1). 2233:Ho, Grace (3 June 2020). 2197:"All the President's men" 934:Before 30 June 2007, the 724:Issuing Proclamations of 569:dissolution of Parliament 526:Public Service Commission 312:Public Service Commission 310:, former Chairman of the 294:Public Service Commission 290:Public Service Commission 270: 224:Constitution of Singapore 98:Public Service Commission 56:Constitution of Singapore 4201: 3907:The English Constitution 2461:, pp. 52–87 at 67, 1803: 1581:Foreign Affairs Minister 1568:talk to the president". 4558:Presidents of Singapore 4548:Government of Singapore 4404:Presidents of Singapore 4278:Government of Singapore 4231:Ho, Khai Leong (2003), 4159:Tan, Kevin Y L (2009), 3729:Prime Minister's Office 3439:Constitution of Ireland 2961:MRHA, ss. 9(1) and (2). 2943:MRHA, ss. 8(1) and (3). 2687:(3rd ed.), pp. 426–428. 2587:Constitution, Art. 22F. 2355:Constitution, Art. 22E. 2017:Government of Singapore 1696:US political scientist 1666:Constitution of Ireland 1284:the Accountant-General; 1074:and not indicated as a 1024:and the Prime Minister 887:Government of Singapore 800:chief executive officer 172:Global Financial Crisis 159:Global Financial Crisis 4477:Presidential elections 4458:Tharman Shanmugaratnam 3557:(80): 153–171 at 168, 3190:Constitution, Art. 5A. 2482:Kevin Y L Tan (2005), 2072:Singapore Constitution 2028:("1988 White Paper"); 1706: 1700:, who coined the term 1644: 1596:British Prime Minister 1548: 1491: 1318:Commissioner of Police 1289:Chief of Defence Force 1237: 1218:on the flight deck of 1143: 979: 915: 761: 573:Arts. 21(2)(b), 65(3) 530:Commissioner of Police 133:Singapore Armed Forces 106:commissioner of Police 102:chief of Defence Force 31: 4553:Politics of Singapore 3980:Parliamentary Affairs 3947:Internal Security Act 3875:(3): 407–422 at 414, 3868:Parliamentary Affairs 3845:[2011] SGCA 9 2104:Internal Security Act 1755:President's Challenge 1695: 1628: 1539: 1486: 1480:, the Prime Minister 1459:presidential election 1452:fundamental liberties 1384:Internal Security Act 1378:Internal Security Act 1210: 1138: 1032:Access to information 982:On 1 September 1993, 971: 907: 828:Members of Parliament 751: 411:Arts. 21(2)(c), 148A 253:Internal Security Act 122:Internal Security Act 21: 4189:Singapore Law Review 4087:, pp. 420–431, 4038:Minister for Finance 3673:Shanmugam, para. 22. 3664:Shanmugam, para. 19. 3139:Singapore Law Review 3061:Minister for Defence 2838:www.straitstimes.com 2568:Minister for Finance 2042:, pp. 420–426, 1973:www.straitstimes.com 1940:www.straitstimes.com 1774:political legitimacy 1682:separation of powers 1662:president of Ireland 1653:Banyan Tree Holdings 1634:President of Ireland 1394:The Director of the 1281:the Auditor-General; 1019:Minister for Finance 659:Arts. 21(2)(i), 22G 457:Minister for Finance 378:Arts. 21(2)(c), 22E 114:Member of Parliament 48:Cabinet of Singapore 4344:Routledge-Cavendish 4034:Hu, Richard Tsu Tau 4015:(reproduced on the 3993:10.1093/pa/49.3.407 3881:10.1093/pa/49.3.407 3826:on 29 December 2013 3341:(reproduced on the 3279:(4 December 1936), 3055:Goh Chok Tong ( 2681:on 10 February 2001 2512:No. 13 of 2007 2432:No. 36 of 1998 2410:No. 12 of 2004 2397:No. 24 of 2002 2384:No. 17 of 1994 2292:. The Straits Times 2209:on 19 February 2009 2089:No. 41 of 1996 1651:(SMU) Chairman and 1494:Articles 5A and 22H 1051:capital expenditure 911:Ministry of Defence 535:Arts. 21(2)(i), 22 505:Arts. 21(2)(a), 25 350:Presidential power 346: 222:Prior to 1991, the 4216:, pp. 22–29, 3702:"Son of Singapore" 3159:1 S.L.R.(R) 803, 2729:Government Gazette 2718:, 18 February 2009 2564:Richard Hu Tsu Tau 2552:No. 2 of 2001 2147:: 290–322 at 291, 2085:No. 5 of 1991 2064:indirectly elected 1831:. 16 February 2015 1707: 1645: 1615:unconstitutionally 1549: 1547:from 2011 to 2017. 1521:Government Gazette 1294:the Chiefs of the 1238: 1176:financial downturn 1022:Richard Hu Tsu Tau 980: 879:Singapore Exchange 804:Government Gazette 762: 459:on long-term real 344: 324:Keppel Corporation 60:indirectly elected 32: 4533: 4532: 4353:978-0-415-43862-9 4326:978-0-415-15632-5 4265:978-981-00-1014-0 4242:978-981-210-218-8 4223:978-0-409-99789-7 4214:Butterworths Asia 4120:on 2 January 2014 4094:978-981-236-795-2 4055:(5 August 2011), 4028:on 6 January 2014 4013:The Straits Times 3644:on 6 January 2014 3586:The Straits Times 3532:on 2 January 2014 3488:on 6 January 2014 3376:on 4 January 2013 3354:on 2 January 2013 3325:on 24 August 2012 3315:(5 August 2011), 3246:on 6 January 2014 3222:on 6 January 2014 2811:The Straits Times 2783:The Straits Times 2755:The Straits Times 2735:The Straits Times 2724:The Straits Times 2716:The Straits Times 2700:The Straits Times 2493:978-981-05-2969-7 2468:978-0-415-15632-5 2265:The Straits Times 2239:The Straits Times 2049:978-981-236-795-2 1913:The Straits Times 1885:The Straits Times 1857:The Straits Times 1828:The Straits Times 1570:Tony Tan Keng Yam 1555:. One candidate, 1278:the Chief Valuer; 1220:dock landing ship 1059:operating surplus 777:(CPF Board), the 741: 740: 591:), 21(2)(c), 22H 66:, into an office 4565: 4470: 4423:Benjamin Sheares 4397: 4390: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4356: 4329: 4306: 4288: 4268: 4245: 4226: 4196: 4182: 4180: 4165: 4154: 4121: 4119: 4108: 4097: 4075:Tan, Kevin Y L; 4070: 4065:, archived from 4029: 4027: 4009: 3995: 3975:Bogdanor, Vernon 3919: 3917: 3904: 3891: 3885: 3883: 3858: 3852: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3814: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3788: 3777: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3756: 3750:(15 June 2011), 3744: 3738: 3736: 3735:on 25 April 2012 3731:, archived from 3718: 3712: 3710: 3707:The Sunday Times 3697: 3691: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3637:, archived from 3632: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3545:Joseph S Nye Jr. 3541: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3520: 3511: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3476: 3464: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3364: 3355: 3353: 3347:, archived from 3335: 3326: 3309: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3290:, archived from 3273: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3247: 3242:, archived from 3231: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3206: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3145:: 212–227 at 213 3130: 3124: 3106: 3100: 3083: (NMP), 3078: 3072: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2895: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2745: 2739: 2737: 2726: 2719: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2647: 2633: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2561: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2521: 2515: 2504: 2498: 2496: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2406: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2230: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2210: 2205:, archived from 2191: 2185: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2136: 2130: 2120: 2111: 2101: 2092: 2081: 2075: 2060: 2054: 2052: 2027: 2007: 2001: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1964: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1819: 1709:First coined by 1670:Council of State 1603:King Edward VIII 1466:general election 1250:Attorney-General 1153:immovable assets 883:Temasek Holdings 875:public companies 771:statutory boards 754:statutory boards 744:Financial powers 639:not yet in force 589:not yet in force 522:Attorney-General 478:unusual urgency 424:statutory boards 365:Financial powers 347: 343: 316:Temasek Holdings 288:chairman of the 204:Minister for Law 94:attorney-general 77:statutory boards 68:directly elected 4573: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4529: 4514: 4471: 4462: 4438:Ong Teng Cheong 4406: 4401: 4364: 4354: 4327: 4292: 4272: 4266: 4243: 4224: 4204: 4181:on 17 July 2011 4178: 4163: 4134: 4129: 4127:Further reading 4117: 4106: 4095: 4069:on 7 April 2012 4063:Ministry of Law 4025: 4007: 4003:(7 July 2011), 3970: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3902: 3892: 3888: 3863:Vernon Bogdanor 3859: 3855: 3849:Court of Appeal 3836: 3832: 3823: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3765: 3754: 3745: 3741: 3719: 3715: 3698: 3694: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3641: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3601: 3594: 3582: 3578: 3563:10.2307/1148580 3542: 3538: 3529: 3518: 3512: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3485: 3474: 3470:(7 July 2011), 3465: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441:, Art. 12.2.1°. 3437: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3362: 3351: 3333: 3310: 3303: 3294: 3288:Ministry of Law 3277:Stanley Baldwin 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3155: 3151: 3131: 3127: 3109:Lee Hsien Loong 3107: 3103: 3079: 3075: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2746: 2742: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2695: 2691: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2562: 2558: 2549: 2545: 2522: 2518: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2407: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2286: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2137: 2133: 2121: 2114: 2102: 2095: 2082: 2078: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2030:Kevin Y L Tan; 2009: 2008: 2004: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1965: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1876: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1848: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1821: 1820: 1811: 1806: 1789:Vernon Bogdanor 1764: 1747:Ong Teng Cheong 1730: 1690: 1623: 1599:Stanley Baldwin 1592:British Monarch 1534: 1529: 1496: 1482:Lee Hsien Loong 1468:thereafter; and 1435: 1430: 1405: 1392: 1380: 1342: 1337: 1201: 1184: 1167: 984:Ong Teng Cheong 966: 957: 932: 895: 859: 841: 836: 783:JTC Corporation 746: 499:Appointing the 461:rates of return 336:Chua Sock Koong 273: 240:direct election 220: 140:Ong Teng Cheong 12: 11: 5: 4571: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4400: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4363: 4362:External links 4360: 4359: 4358: 4352: 4331: 4325: 4308: 4290: 4270: 4264: 4247: 4241: 4228: 4222: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4184: 4156: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4099: 4093: 4072: 4049: 4031: 4019:(SMU) website) 3997: 3987:(3): 407–422, 3969: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3944: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3896:Walter Bagehot 3886: 3853: 3830: 3800: 3796:on 2 June 2012 3772: 3768:on 8 June 2012 3739: 3713: 3692: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3618: 3614:, pp. 6–7 3592: 3576: 3550:Foreign Policy 3536: 3501: 3492: 3452: 3443: 3431: 3422: 3389: 3380: 3339:Business Times 3301: 3297:on 27 May 2012 3268: 3259: 3250: 3226: 3213:(SMU) website) 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3149: 3125: 3101: 3073: 3057:Prime Minister 3048: 3039: 3030: 3017: 3008: 3006:ISA, s. 12(1). 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2952:MRHA, s. 8(2). 2945: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2896: 2880: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2824: 2796: 2768: 2740: 2706: 2689: 2659: 2650: 2625: 2616: 2607: 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711: 707: 706: 703: 700: 697: 681: 680: 677: 674: 671: 667: 666: 663: 660: 657: 649: 648: 645: 642: 635: 630: 629: 626: 623: 620: 616: 615: 612: 609: 606: 599: 598: 595: 592: 585: 581: 580: 577: 574: 571: 564: 563: 557: 556: 553: 550: 547: 543: 542: 539: 536: 533: 513: 512: 509: 506: 503: 501:Prime Minister 496: 495: 489: 488: 485: 482: 479: 474: 473: 470: 467: 464: 452: 451: 448: 445: 442: 437: 436: 433: 430: 427: 419: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406:financial year 401: 400: 397: 394: 391: 386: 385: 382: 379: 376: 368: 367: 361: 360: 357: 354: 351: 272: 269: 219: 216: 110:prime minister 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4570: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4536: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4453:Halimah Yacob 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4386: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4318: 4315:, Singapore: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4212:, Singapore: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 4001:Ho, Kwon Ping 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3804: 3792: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3613: 3611: 3610:The New Paper 3606: 3599: 3597: 3588:, p. A47 3587: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3540: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3496: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3426: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3384: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3308: 3306: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3218: 3214: 3212: 3203: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3129: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2988:ISA, s. 8(1). 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2893: 2891: 2884: 2875: 2873: 2863: 2854: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2785: 2784: 2779: 2772: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2725: 2717: 2710: 2702: 2701: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524:Lim Hng Kiang 2520: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2464: 2460: 2457:, Singapore: 2456: 2449: 2440: 2433: 2427: 2418: 2411: 2405: 2398: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2370: 2361: 2352: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2291: 2284: 2282: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2217: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2190: 2181: 2171: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2006: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1874: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1797:head of state 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630:Mary McAleese 1627: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1524: 1522: 1516: 1514: 1513:in open court 1508: 1505: 1500: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1332: 1329: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1225:Harpers Ferry 1221: 1217: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1196: 1193: 1192:Halimah Yacob 1189: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1101:capital gains 1098: 1095: 1091: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:accrual basis 1060: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1026:Goh Chok Tong 1023: 1020: 1012: 1007: 1004: 1001: 997: 994: 990: 989: 988: 985: 977: 976:Goh Chok Tong 974: 970: 961: 952: 949: 948:Lim Hng Kiang 946: 941: 937: 927: 924: 920: 914: 912: 906: 904: 900: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 854: 850: 847: 831: 829: 819: 816: 815: 814: 812: 807: 805: 801: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 759: 755: 750: 727: 723: 722: 709: 708: 696:of sentences 695: 691: 687: 683: 682: 669: 668: 655: 651: 650: 640: 637:Arts. 5(2A) ( 632: 631: 618: 617: 605: 601: 600: 590: 583: 582: 570: 566: 565: 562: 558: 545: 544: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518:Chief Justice 515: 514: 502: 498: 497: 494: 490: 476: 475: 466:Art. 142(1A) 462: 458: 454: 453: 439: 438: 425: 421: 420: 407: 403: 402: 388: 387: 374: 370: 369: 366: 362: 358: 355: 352: 349: 348: 342: 339: 337: 333: 332:Bahren Shaari 329: 325: 321: 320:S. Dhanabalan 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 297: 295: 291: 285: 282: 278: 268: 266: 260: 258: 254: 250: 245: 241: 236: 233: 232:Civil Service 229: 225: 215: 213: 208: 205: 201: 196: 193: 189: 184: 183:Halimah Yacob 180: 175: 173: 168: 164: 160: 156: 151: 149: 145: 141: 136: 134: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 90:Chief Justice 86: 83: 78: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 54:In 1991, the 52: 49: 45: 41: 37: 29: 25: 20: 16: 4535: 4523: 4522: 4443:S. R. Nathan 4339: 4336:Thio, Li-ann 4312: 4294: 4273: 4251: 4232: 4209: 4192: 4188: 4176:the original 4171: 4167: 4143: 4115:the original 4110: 4080: 4077:Thio, Li-ann 4067:the original 4057: 4053:K. Shanmugam 4045: 4023:the original 4011: 3984: 3978: 3906: 3889: 3872: 3866: 3856: 3851:(Singapore). 3838: 3833: 3821:the original 3816: 3803: 3791:the original 3782: 3775: 3763:the original 3758: 3742: 3733:the original 3723: 3716: 3705: 3695: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3639:the original 3634: 3621: 3608: 3585: 3579: 3554: 3548: 3539: 3527:the original 3522: 3495: 3483:the original 3478: 3468:Ho Kwon Ping 3446: 3434: 3425: 3413:, retrieved 3399: 3392: 3383: 3371:the original 3366: 3349:the original 3337: 3323:the original 3317: 3313:K. Shanmugam 3292:the original 3281: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3244:the original 3239: 3229: 3217:the original 3208: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3076: 3068: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2970:MRHA, s. 11. 2966: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2904: 2899: 2889: 2883: 2862: 2853: 2841:. Retrieved 2837: 2827: 2815:. Retrieved 2809: 2799: 2787:. Retrieved 2781: 2771: 2759:. 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Nathan 152: 147: 137: 130: 87: 53: 35: 33: 28:of Singapore 15: 4433:Wee Kim Wee 4418:Yusof Ishak 4146:: 290–322, 3968:Other works 3963:) ("MRHA"). 3931:Legislation 3327:; see also 3081:Thio Li-ann 2997:ISA, s. 11. 2720:; see also 2296:17 February 2270:27 February 2129:) ("MRHA"). 2032:Thio Li-ann 1713:, the term 1677:Wan Wai Yee 1621:Other views 1561:Tan Jee Say 1478:Thio Li-ann 1454:in Part IV; 1130:white paper 1068:depreciated 923:Walter Woon 846:undertaking 265:independent 144:white paper 4542:Categories 4428:Devan Nair 4085:LexisNexis 3953:) ("ISA"). 3926:References 3415:10 January 2905:ex officio 2903:Excluding 2890:ex officio 2887:Excluding 2110:) ("ISA"). 2068:Parliament 2040:LexisNexis 1745:President 1716:soft power 1711:Joseph Nye 1703:soft power 1698:Joseph Nye 1688:Soft power 1642:Government 1440:referendum 1216:Super Puma 940:securities 767:resolution 694:remissions 604:subversion 587:Arts. 5A ( 481:Art. 148B 228:government 212:soft power 210:exercises 155:government 72:government 64:Parliament 4317:Routledge 4286:212400288 4195:: 297–332 3748:Tommy Koh 2645:226180358 2459:Routledge 1296:Air Force 1132:entitled 993:man-years 867:POSB Bank 731:Art. 150 726:Emergency 713:Art. 100 699:Art. 22P 690:reprieves 326:chairman 318:chairman 308:Eddie Teo 150:(1999). 146:entitled 40:president 4448:Tony Tan 4304:39716236 4132:Articles 4079:(2010), 4040:), " 3915:60724447 3898:(1882), 3860:Compare 3409:archived 3345:website) 2907:members. 2843:26 April 2817:26 April 2789:26 April 2761:26 April 2674:Asiaweek 2570:), " 2034:(2010), 2025:83381201 1992:Now the 1978:26 April 1945:26 April 1919:26 April 1891:26 April 1863:26 April 1835:26 April 1785:monarchy 1783:and the 1655:founder 1541:Tony Tan 1413:reprieve 1158:DBS Bank 1148:Asiaweek 1094:dividend 1090:interest 1076:lump sum 871:DBS Bank 785:and the 281:minister 279:or of a 255:and the 165:to draw 124:and the 104:and the 4152:1139305 4044:", 3571:1148580 3405:AsiaOne 3063:), 2892:members 2574:", 2530:), 2244:29 July 2153:1139305 1447:powers; 1417:respite 1310: ; 877:on the 830:(MPs). 821:office. 686:pardons 277:Cabinet 46:of the 4350: 4323: 4302: 4284: 4262: 4239: 4220: 4150: 4091: 4036: ( 3959: ( 3949: ( 3939: ( 3913: 3686:, 3569: 3115:, 3090:, 3067:, 2643: 2566: ( 2537:, 2526: ( 2490: 2465: 2151: 2125: ( 2106: ( 2046: 2023: 1996: ( 1769:advice 1484:said: 1409:pardon 1105:losses 1097:income 921:(NMP) 520:, the 301:Senate 271:Powers 92:, the 44:advice 24:Istana 4202:Books 4179:(PDF) 4164:(PDF) 4118:(PDF) 4107:(PDF) 4026:(PDF) 4008:(PDF) 3903:(PDF) 3843: 3824:(PDF) 3813:(PDF) 3794:(PDF) 3787:(PDF) 3766:(PDF) 3755:(PDF) 3642:(PDF) 3631:(PDF) 3567:JSTOR 3530:(PDF) 3519:(PDF) 3486:(PDF) 3475:(PDF) 3374:(PDF) 3363:(PDF) 3352:(PDF) 3334:(PDF) 3295:(PDF) 3220:(PDF) 3205:(PDF) 2202:Today 1804:Notes 1636:when 1421:remit 1320:; and 1110:above 1072:asset 244:check 4510:2023 4505:2017 4500:2011 4495:2005 4490:1999 4485:1993 4411:List 4348:ISBN 4321:ISBN 4300:OCLC 4282:OCLC 4260:ISBN 4237:ISBN 4218:ISBN 4148:SSRN 4089:ISBN 3911:OCLC 3417:2013 3059:and 2845:2022 2819:2022 2791:2022 2763:2022 2641:OCLC 2488:ISBN 2463:ISBN 2298:2022 2272:2021 2246:2020 2149:SSRN 2044:ISBN 2021:OCLC 1980:2022 1947:2022 1921:2022 1893:2022 1865:2022 1837:2022 1579:and 1450:the 1382:The 1316:the 1306:and 1304:Navy 1300:Army 1287:the 1248:the 1241:the 1234:Navy 1232:and 1230:Army 1223:USS 1092:and 1017:The 899:veto 811:bill 688:and 676:Yes 662:Yes 644:Yes 625:Yes 611:Yes 594:Yes 576:Yes 541:Yes 538:Yes 508:Yes 487:Yes 484:Yes 472:Yes 469:Yes 450:Yes 447:Yes 435:Yes 432:Yes 417:Yes 414:Yes 399:Yes 396:Yes 384:Yes 381:Yes 112:, a 34:The 22:The 3989:doi 3877:doi 3559:doi 3097:ff. 2066:by 1601:to 1577:Law 1415:or 1103:or 1055:S$ 1053:of 737:No 734:No 719:No 716:No 705:No 702:No 679:No 665:No 647:No 597:No 579:No 552:No 511:No 167:S$ 62:by 4544:: 4319:, 4258:, 4193:15 4191:, 4170:, 4166:, 4142:, 4109:, 4061:, 4010:, 3985:49 3983:, 3943:). 3905:, 3873:49 3871:, 3815:, 3757:, 3727:, 3704:, 3633:, 3607:, 3595:^ 3565:, 3555:80 3553:, 3521:, 3504:^ 3477:, 3455:^ 3407:, 3403:, 3365:, 3336:, 3304:^ 3286:, 3238:, 3207:, 3143:16 3141:, 3121:ff 3028:). 2871:^ 2836:. 2808:. 2780:. 2752:. 2671:, 2628:^ 2554:). 2514:). 2434:). 2412:). 2399:). 2386:). 2280:^ 2263:. 2237:. 2225:^ 2199:, 2143:, 2115:^ 2096:^ 2091:). 2070:: 2000:). 1971:. 1955:^ 1938:. 1910:. 1882:. 1854:. 1825:. 1812:^ 1787:. 1523:. 1515:. 1298:, 1211:A 889:. 781:, 259:. 214:. 128:. 100:, 4396:e 4389:t 4382:v 4357:. 4330:. 4307:. 4289:. 4269:. 4246:. 4227:. 4197:. 4183:. 4172:4 4155:. 4122:. 4098:. 4071:. 4030:. 3996:. 3991:: 3918:. 3884:. 3879:: 3828:. 3798:. 3770:. 3737:. 3711:. 3646:. 3616:. 3590:. 3574:. 3561:: 3534:. 3490:. 3420:. 3378:. 3299:. 3248:. 3224:. 3163:. 3147:. 3123:. 2847:. 2821:. 2793:. 2765:. 2738:. 2704:. 2648:. 2497:. 2472:. 2300:. 2274:. 2248:. 2211:. 2156:. 2053:. 1982:. 1949:. 1923:. 1895:. 1867:. 1839:. 1461:; 1302:, 1291:; 1266:; 1259:; 1252:; 1245:; 1013:.

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