721:
2725:
492:
clay. These three categories can be used to consider the implications of the reoccurrence of a particular sort of pottery in different areas. Generally, the techniques that are easily visible (the first category of those mentioned above) are thus readily imitated, and may indicate a more distant connection between groups, such as trade in the same market or even relatively close settlements. Techniques that require more studied replication (i.e., the selection of clay and the fashioning of clay) may indicate a closer connection between peoples, as these methods are usually only transmissible between potters and those otherwise directly involved in production. Such a relationship requires the ability of the involved parties to communicate effectively, implying pre-existing norms of contact or a shared language between the two. Thus, the patterns of technical diffusion in pot-making that are visible via archaeological findings also reveal patterns in societal interaction.
1908:
1584:
324:
2668:
2201:
2323:) revolutionised pottery production. Newer kiln designs could fire wares to 1,050 °C (1,920 °F) to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) which enabled increased possibilities. Production was now carried out by small groups of potters for small cities, rather than individuals making wares for a family. The shapes and range of uses for ceramics and pottery expanded beyond simple vessels to store and carry to specialized cooking utensils, pot stands and rat traps. As the region developed new organizations and political forms, pottery became more elaborate and varied. Some wares were made using moulds, allowing for increased production for the needs of the growing populations. Glazing was commonly used and pottery was more decorated.
2365:
2766:
801:
974:
0.1â0.2 MPa. The high pressure leads to much faster casting rates and, hence, faster production cycles. Furthermore, the application of high pressure air through the polymeric moulds upon demoulding the cast means a new casting cycle can be started immediately in the same mould, unlike plaster moulds which require lengthy drying times. The polymeric materials have much greater durability than plaster and, therefore, it is possible to achieve shaped products with better dimensional tolerances and much longer mould life. Pressure casting was developed in the 1970s for the production of sanitaryware although, more recently, it has been applied to tableware.
45:
1541:
993:
471:
2304:
940:
166:
600:
119:
966:: This machine is for shaping wares on a rotating mould, as in jiggering and jolleying, but with a rotary shaping tool replacing the fixed profile. The rotary shaping tool is a shallow cone having the same diameter as the ware being formed and shaped to the desired form of the back of the article being made. Wares may in this way be shaped, using relatively unskilled labour, in one operation at a rate of about twelve pieces per minute, though this varies with the size of the articles being produced. Developed in the UK just after World War II by the company
275:
985:
2522:
1897:
1454:
365:
2130:
2017:
414:
2688:
590:
1402:" are also common. These are used to apply designs to articles. The litho comprises three layers: the colour, or image, layer which comprises the decorative design; the cover coat, a clear protective layer, which may incorporate a low-melting glass; and the backing paper on which the design is printed by screen printing or lithography. There are various methods of transferring the design while removing the backing-paper, some of which are suited to machine application.
2645:
1978:, and in South America during the 9,000sâ7,000s BC. The Malian finds date to the same period as similar finds from East Asia â the triangle between Siberia, China and Japan â and are associated in both regions to the same climatic changes (at the end of the ice age new grassland develops, enabling hunter-gatherers to expand their habitat), met independently by both cultures with similar developments: the creation of pottery for the storage of wild cereals (
1254:
1343:
903:. During the process of throwing, the wheel rotates while the solid ball of soft clay is pressed, squeezed and pulled gently upwards and outwards into a hollow shape. Skill and experience are required to throw pots of an acceptable standard and, while the ware may have high artistic merit, the reproducibility of the method is poor. Because of its inherent limitations, throwing can only be used to create wares with
2213:
1126:(1,830 °F) to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F); stonewares at between about 1,100 °C (2,010 °F) to 1,300 °C (2,370 °F); and porcelains at between about 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) to 1,400 °C (2,550 °F). Historically, reaching high temperatures was a long-lasting challenge, and earthenware can be fired effectively as low as 600 °C (1,112 °F), achievable in primitive
1787:
1114:, the fusing together of coarser particles in the body at their points of contact with each other. In the case of porcelain, where higher firing-temperatures are used, the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the constituents in the body are greatly altered. In all cases, the reason for firing is to permanently harden the wares, and the firing regime must be appropriate to the materials used.
2005:
1161:
871:
610:, or clay body, is the material used to form pottery. Thus a potter might prepare, or order from a supplier, such an amount of earthenware body, stoneware body or porcelain body. The compositions of clay bodies varies considerably, and include both prepared and 'as dug'; the former being by far the dominant type for studio and industry. The properties also vary considerably, and include
1595:â ash from the combustion of plant matter has been used as the flux component of glazes. The source of the ash was generally the combustion waste from the fuelling of kilns although the potential of ash derived from arable crop wastes has been investigated. Ash glazes are of historical interest in the Far East although there are reports of small-scale use in other locations such as the
1103:
2407:
decoration with natural themes. The classical Greek culture began to emerge around 1000 BC featuring a variety of well crafted pottery which now included the human form as a decorating motif. The pottery wheel was now in regular use. Although glazing was known to these potters, it was not widely used. Instead, a more porous clay slip was used for decoration. A wide
403:(AD 618â906), and considerable quantities were being exported. The modern level of whiteness was not reached until much later, in the 14th century. Porcelain was also made in Korea and in Japan from the end of the 16th century, after suitable kaolin was located in those countries. It was not made effectively outside East Asia until the 18th century.
4315:'Radiocarbon Dating Of Charcoal And Bone Collagen Associated With Early Pottery At Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China.' Boaretto E., Wu X., Yuan J., Bar-Yosef O., Chu V., Pan Y., Liu K., Cohen D., Jiao T., Li S., Gu H., Goldberg P., Weiner S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. June 2009. 16;106(24): 9595â600.
1295:
mound is completed and the ground around has been swept clean of residual combustible material, a senior potter lights the fire. A handful of grass is lit and the woman runs around the circumference of the mound touching the burning torch to the dried grass. Some mounds are still being constructed as others are already burning.
1982:), and that of small arrowheads for hunting small game typical of grassland. Alternatively, the creation of pottery in the case of the Incipient JĆmon civilisation could be due to the intensive exploitation of freshwater and marine organisms by late glacial foragers, who started developing ceramic containers for their catch.
1035:, including the handle, in a single process, and thereby eliminates the handle-fixing operation and produces a stronger bond between cup and handle. The feed to the mould die is a mix of approximately 50 to 60 per cent unfired body in powder form, together with 40 to 50 per cent organic additives composed of
960:, is used in the production of hollow-wares such as cups. Jiggering and jolleying have been used in the production of pottery since at least the 18th century. In large-scale factory production, jiggering and jolleying are usually automated, which allows the operations to be carried out by semi-skilled labour.
467:
cultural development of the societies that produced or acquired pottery. The study of pottery may also allow inferences to be drawn about a culture's daily life, religion, social relationships, attitudes towards neighbours, attitudes to their own world and even the way the culture understood the universe.
1755:
First, there must be usable clay available. Archaeological sites where the earliest pottery was found were near deposits of readily available clay that could be properly shaped and fired. China has large deposits of a variety of clay, which gave them an advantage in early development of fine pottery.
1294:
pots are positioned on and amid the branches and then grass is piled high to complete the mound. Although the mound contains the pots of many women, who are related through their husbands' extended families, each women is responsible for her own or her immediate family's pots within the mound. When a
1187:(also known as ferrous oxide or FeO) is associated with much darker colours, including black. The oxygen concentration in the kiln influences the type, and relative proportions, of these iron oxides in fired the body and glaze: for example, where there is a lack of oxygen during firing the associated
2541:
In North
Staffordshire hundreds of companies produced all kinds of pottery, from tablewares and decorative pieces to industrial items. The main pottery types of earthenware, stoneware and porcelain were all made in large quantities, and the Staffordshire industry was a major innovator in developing
1012:
body with water, is poured into a highly absorbent plaster mould. Water from the slip is absorbed into the mould leaving a layer of clay body covering its internal surfaces and taking its internal shape. Excess slip is poured out of the mould, which is then split open and the moulded object removed.
491:
The methods used to produce pottery in early Sub-Saharan Africa are divisible into three categories: techniques visible to the eye (decoration, firing and post-firing techniques), techniques related to the materials (selection or processing of clay, etc.), and techniques of molding or fashioning the
481:
It is valuable to look into pottery as an archaeological record of potential interaction between peoples. When pottery is placed within the context of linguistic and migratory patterns, it becomes an even more prevalent category of social artifact. As proposed by
Olivier P. Gosselain, it is possible
1672:
dust in the raw materials; colloquially it has been known as 'Potter's rot'. Less than 10 years after its introduction, in 1720, as a raw material to the
British ceramics industry the negative effects of calcined flint on the lungs of workers had been noted. In one study reported in 2022, of 106 UK
955:
is the operation of bringing a shaped tool into contact with the plastic clay of a piece under construction, the piece itself being set on a rotating plaster mould on the wheel. The jigger tool shapes one face while the mould shapes the other. Jiggering is used only in the production of flat wares,
216:
uses no or little clay, so falls outside these groups. Historic pottery of all these types is often grouped as either "fine" wares, relatively expensive and well-made, and following the aesthetic taste of the culture concerned, or alternatively "coarse", "popular", "folk" or "village" wares, mostly
1830:
with sand, grit, crushed shell or crushed pottery were often used to make bonfire-fired ceramics because they provided an open-body texture that allowed water and volatile components of the clay to escape freely. The coarser particles in the clay also acted to restrain shrinkage during drying, and
1437:
is used to coat the surface of pottery, usually before firing. Its purpose is often decorative though it can also be used to mask undesirable features in the clay to which it is applied. The engobe may be applied by painting or by dipping to provide a uniform, smooth, coating. Such decoration is
1324:
may be applied to the biscuit ware and the object can be decorated in several ways. After this the object is "glazed fired", which causes the glaze material to melt, then adhere to the object. Depending on the temperature schedule the glaze firing may also further mature the body as chemical and
973:
Pressure casting: Is a development of traditional slipcasting. Specially developed polymeric materials allow a mould to be subject to application external pressures of up to 4.0 MPa â so much higher than slip casting in plaster moulds where the capillary forces correspond to a pressure of around
383:
to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C (2,200 and 2,600 °F). This is higher than used for the other types, and achieving these temperatures was a long struggle, as well as realizing what materials were needed. The toughness, strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to other
338:
Stoneware is pottery that has been fired in a kiln at a relatively high temperature, from about 1,100 °C to 1,200 °C, and is stronger and non-porous to liquids. The
Chinese, who developed stoneware very early on, classify this together with porcelain as high-fired wares. In contrast,
2557:
By the late 18th century North
Staffordshire was the largest producer of ceramics in the UK, despite significant hubs elsewhere. Large export markets took Staffordshire pottery around the world, especially in the 19th century. Production had begun to decline in the late 19th century, as other
1381:
prior to firing by rubbing with a suitable instrument of wood, steel or stone to produce a polished finish that survives firing. It is possible to produce very highly polished wares when fine clays are used or when the polishing is carried out on wares that have been partially dried and contain
2406:
slightly later than the Near East, circa 5500â4500 BC. In the ancient
Western Mediterranean elaborately painted earthenware reached very high levels of artistic achievement in the Greek world; there are large numbers of survivals from tombs. Minoan pottery was characterized by complex painted
466:
Pottery is durable, and fragments, at least, often survive long after artifacts made from less-durable materials have decayed past recognition. Combined with other evidence, the study of pottery artefacts is helpful in the development of theories on the organisation, economic condition and the
433:
of the excavated site by studying the fabric of artifacts, such as their usage, source material composition, decorative pattern, color of patterns, etc. This helps to understand characteristics, sophistication, habits, technology, tools, trade, etc. of the people who made and used the pottery.
2169:
discourages eating off pottery, which probably largely accounts for this. Most traditional Indian pottery vessels are large pots or jars for storage, or small cups or lamps, occasionally treated as disposable. In contrast there are long traditions of sculpted figures, often rather large, in
1574:
is introduced to the kiln during the firing process. The high temperatures cause the salt to volatilise, depositing it on the surface of the ware to react with the body to form a sodium aluminosilicate glaze. In the 17th and 18th centuries, salt-glazing was used in the manufacture of domestic
2859:
never developed pottery. After
Europeans came to Australia and settled, they found deposits of clay which were analysed by English potters as excellent for making pottery. Less than 20 years later, Europeans came to Australia and began creating pottery. Since then, ceramic manufacturing,
1748:, and are typically the most common and important type of artifact to survive. Many prehistoric cultures are named after the pottery that is the easiest way to identify their sites, and archaeologists develop the ability to recognise different types from the chemistry of small shards.
2230:
Pottery in
Southeast Asia is as diverse as its ethnic groups. Each ethnic group has their own set of standards when it comes to pottery arts. Potteries are made due to various reasons, such as trade, food and beverage storage, kitchen usage, religious ceremonies, and burial purposes.
438:
reveals the age. Sites with similar pottery characteristics have the same culture, those sites which have distinct cultural characteristics but with some overlap are indicative of cultural exchange such as trade or living in vicinity or continuity of habitation, etc. Examples are
2056:, called The Ceramic Wars, and Japanese engineers introduced it during the Fall of the Ming dynasty's. Typically, Korean potters who settled in Arita pass on pottery techniques, Shonzui Goradoyu-go brought back the secret of its manufacture from the Chinese kilns at Jingdezhen.
876:
875:
872:
4737:
Archaeology of the United Arab
Emirates: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the U.A.E. By Daniel T. Potts, Hasan Al Naboodah, Peter Hellyer. Contributor Daniel T. Potts, Hasan Al Naboodah, Peter Hellyer. Published 2003. Trident Press Ltd.
877:
399:, the Chinese traditionally do not recognise it as a distinct category, grouping it with stoneware as "high-fired" ware, opposed to "low-fired" earthenware. This confuses the issue of when it was first made. A degree of translucency and whiteness was achieved by the
3638:'The Emergence Of Ceramic Technology And Its Evolution As Revealed With The Use Of Scientific Techniques.' Y. Maniatis. Mine to Microscope: Advances in the Study of Ancient. (ed. A.J. Shortland, I.C. Freestone and T. Rehren ) Oxbow Books, Oxford, (2009). Chapter 2.
2114:
The secret of making such porcelain was sought in the
Islamic world and later in Europe when examples were imported from the East. Many attempts were made to imitate it in Italy and France. However it was not produced outside of East Asia until 1709 in Germany.
878:
2533:
is widely known as "The Potteries" because of the large number of pottery factories or, colloquially, "Pot Banks". It was one of the first industrial cities of the modern era where, as early as 1785, two hundred pottery manufacturers employed 20,000 workers.
1310:(or bisque) refers to the clay after the object is shaped to the desired form and fired in the kiln for the first time, known as "bisque fired" or "biscuit fired". This firing results in both chemical and physical changes to the minerals of the clay body.
1085:
refers to a clay body that has been dried partially. At this stage the clay object has approximately 15% moisture content. Clay bodies at this stage are very firm and only slightly pliable. Trimming and handle attachment often occurs at the leather-hard
1289:, a firing mound is used rather than a brick or stone kiln. Unfired pots are first brought to the place where a mound will be built, customarily by the women and girls of the village. The mound's foundation is made by placing sticks on the ground, then:
1053:: There are two methods. One involves the layered deposition of soft clay body similar to fused deposition modelling (FDM), and the other uses powder binding techniques where clay body in dry powder form is fused together layer upon layer with a liquid.
1966:
fragments which have been dated as early as 14,500 BC. The term "JĆmon" means "cord-marked" in Japanese. This refers to the markings made on the vessels and figures using sticks with cords during their production. Recent research has elucidated how
2667:
1673:
pottery workers 55 per cent had at least some stage of silicosis. Exposure to siliceous dusts is reduced by either processing and using the source materials as aqueous suspension or as damp solids, or by the use of dust control measures such as
1551:
Glaze may be applied by spraying, dipping, trailing or brushing on an aqueous suspension of the unfired glaze. The colour of a glaze after it has been fired may be significantly different from before firing. To prevent glazed wares sticking to
874:
1608:
Although many of the environmental effects of pottery production have existed for millennia, some of these have been amplified with modern technology and scales of production. The principal factors for consideration fall into two categories:
1939:
have been found in China and Japan from a period between 12,000 and perhaps as long as 18,000 years ago. As of 2012, the earliest pottery vessels found anywhere in the world, dating to 20,000 to 19,000 years before the present, was found at
4293:
1362:: Perhaps the most common form of decoration, that also serves as protection to the pottery, by being tougher and keeping liquid from penetrating the pottery. Glaze may be colourless, especially over painting, or coloured and opaque.
1215:
being the usual firing method. Both the maximum temperature and the duration of firing influences the final characteristics of the ceramic. Thus, the maximum temperature within a kiln is often held constant for a period of time to
1202:
An oxygen deficient condition, called a reducing atmosphere, is generated by preventing the complete combustion of the kiln fuel; this is achieved by deliberately restricting the supply of air or by supplying an excess of fuel.
2299:
site, were hand formed from slabs, undecorated, unglazed low-fired pots made from reddish-brown clays. Within the next millennium, wares were decorated with elaborate painted designs and natural forms, incising and burnished.
1467:â a suspension of gold powder in essential oils mixed with a flux and a mercury salt extended. This can be applied by a painting technique. From the kiln, the decoration is dull and requires burnishing to reveal the full colour
980:: This is used to shape ware by pressing a bat of prepared clay body into a required shape between two porous moulding plates. After pressing, compressed air is blown through the porous mould plates to release the shaped wares.
1242:
When used as fuels, coal and wood can introduce smoke, soot and ash into the kiln which can affect the appearance of unprotected wares. For this reason, wares fired in wood- or coal-fired kilns are often placed in the kiln in
4371:
O.E. Craig, H. Saul, A. Lucquin, Y. Nishida, K. Taché, L. Clarke, A. Thompson, D.T. Altoft, J. Uchiyama, M. Ajimoto, K. Gibbs, S. Isaksson, C.P. Heron P. Jordan (18 April 2013). "Earliest evidence for the use of pottery".
300:
period to today. It can be made from a wide variety of clays, some of which fire to a buff, brown or black colour, with iron in the constituent minerals resulting in a reddish-brown. Reddish coloured varieties are called
1654:) was a significant health concern to those glazing pottery. This was recognised at least as early as the nineteenth century. The first legislation in the UK to limit pottery workers exposure to lead was included in the
1487:â consists of a solution of gold sulphoresinate together with other metal resonates and a flux. The name derives from the appearance of the decoration immediately after removal from the kiln as it requires no burnishing
2035:
which was characterized by impressions of rope on the surface of the pottery created by pressing rope into the clay before firing. Glazed Stoneware was being created as early as the 15th century BC in China. A form of
1575:
pottery. Now, except for use by some studio potters, the process is obsolete. The last large-scale application before its demise in the face of environmental clean air restrictions was in the production of salt-glazed
3019:'AMS 14C Age Of The Earliest Pottery From The Russian Far East; 1996â2002.' Derevianko A.P., Kuzmin Y.V., Burr G.S., Jull A.J.T., Kim J.C. Nuclear Instruments And Methods In Physics Research. B223â224 (2004) 735â39.
2732:
Most evidence points to an independent development of pottery in the Native American cultures, with the earliest known dates from Brazil, from 9,500 to 5,000 years ago and 7,000 to 6,000 years ago. Further north in
1092:
refers to clay bodies when they reach a moisture content at or near 0%. At that moisture content, the item is ready to be fired. Additionally, the piece is extremely fragile at this stage and must be handled with
547:â which are larger grains of clay and could be seen with the naked eye or a low-power binocular microscope. For geologists, fabric analysis means spatial arrangement of minerals in a rock. For Archaeologists, the
3139:
657:
than kaolin, but usually quite plastic. It is highly heat resistant form of clay which can be combined with other clays to increase the firing temperature and may be used as an ingredient to make stoneware type
339:
stoneware could only be produced in Europe from the late Middle Ages, as European kilns were less efficient, and the right type of clay less common. It remained a speciality of Germany until the Renaissance.
1825:
Clay: Early potters used whatever clay was available to them in their geographic vicinity. However, the lowest quality common red clay was adequate for low-temperature fires used for the earliest pots. Clay
3543:
Operations Optimization Of RAM Press Machine By Frame Assembly Techniques. Pairoj Bootpeng, Yuttapong Naksopon, Nuttawut Pebkhuntod, Pattana Charuenying, And Pakawadee Sirilar. Suranaree J. Sci. Technol.
2106:
stains used for the blue colour, and the style of painted decoration, usually based on plant shapes, were initially borrowed from the Islamic world, which the Mongols had also conquered. At the same time
763:, produced made by quenching and breaking up a glass of a specific composition. Can be used at low additions in some bodies, but common uses include as components of a glaze or enamel, or for the body of
3407:
Two Centuries of Hellenistic Pottery Homer A. Thompson. Vol. 3, No. 4, The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Fifth Report (1934), pp. 311-476. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
1351:
Painting has been used since early prehistoric times, and can be very elaborate. The painting is often applied to pottery that has been fired once, and may then be overlaid with a glaze afterwards. Many
1247:, ceramic boxes, to protect them. Modern kilns fuelled by gas or electricity are cleaner and more easily controlled than older wood- or coal-fired kilns and often allow shorter firing times to be used.
2793:
in southeastern Ghana, have revealed well-manufactured pottery decorated with channelling and impressed peigne fileté rigide dating from the early tenth millennium cal. BC. Following the emergence of
2040:
became a significant Chinese export from the Tang dynasty (AD 618â906) onwards. Korean potters adopted porcelain as early as the 14th century AD. The ceramic industry has developed greatly since the
3841:
1371:: Pottery vessels may be decorated by shallow carving of the clay body, typically with a knife or similar instrument used on the wheel. This is common in Chinese porcelain of the classic periods.
1110:
Firing produces permanent and irreversible chemical and physical changes in the body. It is only after firing that the article or material is pottery. In lower-fired pottery, the changes include
4290:
2644:
4370:
661:
Stoneware clay: Suitable for creating stoneware. Has many of the characteristics between fire clay and ball clay, having finer grain, like ball clay but is more heat resistant like fire clays.
3880:'The Successful Prevention Of Silicosis Among China Biscuit Workers In The North Staffordshire Potteries.' A. Meiklejohn. British Journal Of Industrial Medicine, October 1963; 20(4): 255â263
1077:
refers to unfired objects. At sufficient moisture content, bodies at this stage are in their most plastic form (as they are soft and malleable, and hence can be easily deformed by handling).
3617:
From Control To Uncertainty In 3d Printing With Clay. Benay GĂŒrsoy. Computing For A Better Tomorrow. Education And Research In Computer Aided Architectural Design In Europe. Pp. 21-30. 2018
3434:
Using Polymers as a Binder for Improvement of Mechanical Strength of Tableware in Isostatics Press Technology. A. Arasteh Nodeh. Iranian Chemical Engineering Journal â Vol.9 - No. 48 (2010)
2554:
and other glazing and decorating techniques. In general Staffordshire was strongest in the middle and low price ranges, though the finest and most expensive types of wares were also made.
899:
which means to twist or turn,) a ball of clay is placed in the centre of a turntable, called the wheel-head, which the potter rotates with a stick, with foot power or with a variable-speed
223:
in pottery became less popular once metal pots became available, but is still used for dishes that benefit from the qualities of pottery cooking, typically slow cooking in an oven, such as
873:
212:
and unglazed. All may also be decorated by various techniques. In many examples the group a piece belongs to is immediately visually apparent, but this is not always the case; for example
185:, which induces reactions that lead to permanent changes including increasing the strength and rigidity of the object. Much pottery is purely utilitarian, but some can also be regarded as
3327:
2059:
In contrast to Europe, the Chinese social elite used pottery extensively at table, for religious purposes, and for decoration, and the standards of fine pottery were very high. From the
1923:
Pottery may well have been discovered independently in various places, probably by accidentally creating it at the bottom of fires on a clay soil. The earliest-known ceramic objects are
2687:
668:
clay have vegetable and ferric oxide impurities which make them useful for bricks, but are generally unsatisfactory for pottery except under special conditions of a particular deposit.
836:
to ensure an even moisture content throughout the body. Air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed, or de-aired, and can be accomplished either by a machine called a vacuum
2111:, produced in Imperial factories, took the undisputed leading role in production. The new elaborately painted style was now favoured at court, and gradually more colours were added.
3041:
1766:
Third, the potter must have time available to prepare, shape and fire the clay into pottery. Even after control of fire was achieved, humans did not seem to develop pottery until a
2257:
period, and before the invention of pottery, several early settlements became experts in crafting beautiful and highly sophisticated containers from stone, using materials such as
1405:
Banding is the application by hand or by machine of a band of colour to the edge of a plate or cup. Also known as "lining", this operation is often carried out on a potter's wheel.
1365:
Crystalline glaze: acharacterised by crystalline clusters of various shapes and colours embedded in a more uniform and opaque glaze. Produced by the slow cooling of the glost fire.
4930:
History of the Staffordshire Potteries: And the Rise and Progress of the Manufacture of Pottery and Porcelain; with References to Genuine Specimens, and Notices of Eminent Potters
720:
2292:(5500â4000 BC), and the Uruk period (4000â3100 BC). By about 5000 BC pottery-making was becoming widespread across the region, and spreading out from it to neighbouring areas.
4079:
Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Arpin, Trina; Pan, Yan; Cohen, David; Goldberg, Paul; Zhang, Chi; Wu, Xiaohong (29 June 2012). "Early Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianrendong Cave, China".
2724:
1931:
is a Venus figurine, a statuette of a nude female figure dated to 29,000â25,000 BC (Gravettian industry). But there is no evidence of pottery vessels from this period. Weights
342:
Stoneware is very tough and practical, and much of it has always been utilitarian, for the kitchen or storage rather than the table. But "fine" stoneware has been important in
3503:
1759:
Second, it must be possible to heat the pottery to temperatures that will achieve the transformation from raw clay to ceramic. Methods to reliably create fires hot enough to
4167:
844:. Wedging can also help produce an even moisture content. Once a clay body has been kneaded and de-aired or wedged, it is shaped by a variety of techniques, which include:
3131:
2938:
1548:
Glaze is a glassy coating on pottery, and reasons to use it include decoration, ensuring the item is impermeable to liquids, and minimizing the adherence of pollutants.
970:, roller-heads were quickly adopted by manufacturers around the world; it remains the dominant method for producing both flatware and holloware, such as plates and mugs.
3626:'The Application Of Injection Moulding Technology In Modern Tableware Production. 'P. Quirmbach, S. Schwartz, F. Magerl. Ceramic Forum International 81(3):E24-E31, 2004
1171:
The atmosphere within a kiln during firing can affect the appearance of the body and glaze. Key to this is the differing colours of the various oxides of iron, such as
296:
Because unglazed earthenware is porous, it has limited utility for the storage of liquids or as tableware. However, earthenware has had a continuous history from the
2063:(960â1279) for several centuries, the tastes of Chinese elites favoured plain-coloured and exquisitely formed pieces; during this period porcelain was perfected in
614:
and mechanical strength before firing; the firing temperature needed to mature them; properties after firing, such as permeability, mechanical strength and colour.
2265:, and employing sand to shape and polish. Artisans used the veins in the material to maximum visual effect. Such objects have been found in abundance on the upper
4193:
2580:
followed the forms of the regions which the Arabs conquered. Eventually, however, there was cross-fertilization between the regions. This was most notable in the
1599:
in the United States. They are now limited to small numbers of studio potters who value the unpredictability arising from the variable nature of the raw material.
4215:
1974:
It appears that pottery was independently developed in Sub-Saharan Africa during the 10th millennium BC, with findings dating to at least 9,400 BC from central
2165:. Despite an extensive prehistoric record of pottery, including painted wares, little "fine" or luxury pottery was made in the subcontinent in historic times.
4881:
2777:
The oldest pottery in the world outside of east Asia can be found in Africa. In 2007, Swiss archaeologists discovered pieces of some of the oldest pottery in
1770:
was achieved. It has been hypothesized that pottery was developed only after humans established agriculture, which led to permanent settlements. However, the
617:
There can be regional variations in the properties of raw materials used for pottery, and these can lead to wares that are unique in character to a locality.
162:
Japan (10,500 BC), the Russian Far East (14,000 BC), Sub-Saharan Africa (9,400 BC), South America (9,000sâ7,000s BC), and the Middle East (7,000sâ6,000s BC).
5650:
4871:
2048:, a celadon with unique inlaying techniques, was produced. Later, when white porcelain became common and celadon fell, they created unique ceramics such as
4902:
4354:
4238:
Wu, X.; Zhang, C.; Goldberg, P.; Cohen, D.; Pan, Y.; Arpin, T.; Bar-Yosef, O. (June 29, 2012). "Early Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianren Cave, China".
3788:"Clay Sewer Pipe Manufacture. Part II â The Effect Of Variable Alumina, Silica And Iron Oxide In Clays On Some Properties Of Salt Glazes." H.G. Schurecht.
1693:
2558:
countries developed their industries, and declined notably after World War II. Employment fell from 45,000 in 1975 to 23,000 in 1991, and 13,000 in 2002.
3845:
1668:
caused by inhaling large amounts of crystalline silica dust, usually over many years. Workers in the ceramic industry can develop it due to exposure to
1334:
Pottery may be decorated in many different ways. Some decoration can be done before or after the firing, and may be undertaken before or after glazing.
309:
made impermeable pottery possible, improving the popularity and practicality of pottery vessels. Decoration has evolved and developed through history.
3063:
Roosevelt, Anna C. (1996). "The Maritime, Highland, Forest Dynamic and the Origins of Complex Culture". In Frank Salomon; Stuart B. Schwartz (eds.).
495:
Chronologies based on pottery are often essential for dating non-literate cultures and are often of help in the dating of historic cultures as well.
1907:
4441:
1876:
or trench-kilns, holes dug in the ground and covered with fuel. Holes in the ground provided insulation and resulted in better control over firing.
2487:, and from the 18th century European porcelain and other wares from a great number of producers became extremely popular, reducing Asian imports.
1583:
1013:
Slip casting is widely used in the production of sanitaryware and is also used for making other complex shaped ware such as teapots and figurines.
7139:
2145:
period. This ceramic style is also found in later Proto-Neolithic phase in nearby regions. This early type of pottery, also found at the site of
2141:
Cord-Impressed style pottery belongs to "Mesolithic" ceramic tradition that developed among Vindhya hunter-gatherers in Central India during the
6563:
5683:
4014:
3443:
Control And Automation In The Ceramic Industry Evolution. José Gustavo Mallol Gasch. Ceramic Forum International. December 2007 84 (12):E55-E57
3324:
2890:
2844:
Pottery has been found in archaeological sites across the islands of Oceania. It is attributed to an ancient archaeological culture called the
2719:
2149:, is currently the oldest known pottery tradition in South Asia, dating back to 7,000â6,000 BC. Wheel-made pottery began to be made during the
1848:
in the 5th millennium BC, and revolutionised pottery production. Earliest potter's wheel dated to the middle of the 5th millennium BC from the
3986:"Jomon Culture (Ca. 10,500-ca. 300 B.C.) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | the Metropolitan Museum of Art"
79:, is "all fired ceramic wares that contain clay when formed, except technical, structural, and refractory products". End applications include
2770:
2749:
include finely painted vessels, usually beakers, with elaborate scenes with several figures and texts. Several cultures, beginning with the
1556:
during firing, either a small part of the object being fired (for example, the foot) is left unglazed or, alternatively, special refractory "
1068:
Prior to firing, the water in an article needs to be removed. A number of different stages, or conditions of the article, can be identified:
1031:. Suited to the mass production of complex-shaped articles, one significant advantage of the technique is that it allows the production of a
59:
and other raw materials, which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard and durable form. The place where such wares are made by a
2422:
made much less use of painting, but used moulded decoration, allowing industrialized production on a huge scale. Much of the so-called red
4763:
The incised & impressed pottery style of mainland Southeast Asia: following the paths of Neolithization F Rispoli â East and West, 2007
3188:
4326:
3035:
2742:
1689:
on controlling exposure to respirable crystalline silica in potteries, and the British Ceramics Federation provide, as a free download, a
7294:
2053:
1834:
Form: In the main, early bonfire-fired wares were made with rounded bottoms to avoid sharp angles that might be susceptible to cracking.
323:
3608:
Research on The Application of Ceramic 3D Printing Technology. Bin Zhao. March 2021 Journal of Physics Conference Series 1827(1):012057
3038:
A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC
2483:
raised the market expectations of fine pottery, and European manufacturers eventually learned to make porcelain, often in the form of
1774:
is from the Czech Republic and dates to 28,000 BC, at the height of the most recent ice age, long before the beginnings of agriculture.
951:: These operations are carried out on the potter's wheel and allow the time taken to bring wares to a standardized form to be reduced.
2821:
has been long recognized, although the details remain controversial and awaiting further research, and no consensus has been reached.
5768:
2200:
1493:â an old method of gold decoration. It was made by rubbing together gold leaf, sugar and salt, followed by washing to remove solubles
177:
Pottery is made by forming a clay body into objects of a desired shape and heating them to high temperatures (600â1600 °C) in a
5133:
4799:
3374:
2994:
293:. They were hand formed and undecorated. Earthenware can be fired as low as 600 °C, and is normally fired below 1200 °C.
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5151:
3511:
1481:
prior to application of the gold. The process demands great skill and is used for the decoration only of ware of the highest class.
5268:
3669:
4139:
425:
The study of pottery can help to provide an insight into past cultures. Fabric analysis (see section below), used to analyse the
3910:
2753:, made terracotta sculpture, and sculptural pieces of humans or animals that are also vessels are produced in many places, with
1951:
in southern China, dated from 16,000 BC, and those found in the Amur River basin in the Russian Far East, dated from 14,000 BC.
1865:, a popular method for shaping irregular shaped articles. It was first practised, to a limited extent, in China as early as the
821:
Glazing and decorating. (this can be undertaken prior to firing. Also, additional firing stages after decoration may be needed.)
3989:
3553:"Novel Approach To Injection Moulding." M.Y.Anwar, P.F. Messer, H.A. Davies, B. Ellis. Ceramic Technology International 1996.
5187:
4024:
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6485:
4670:
4632:
4594:
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921:. The body is pressed into the mould by a porous die through which water is pumped at high pressure. The fine, free flowing
459:
is a good example of use of fabric analysis in identifying a differentiated culture which was earlier thought to be typical
4508:
743:
Chamotte, also called grog, is fired clay which it is crushed, and sometimes then milled. Helps attenuate drying shrinkage.
5624:
3699:
1523:
is applied on top of the already fired, glazed surface, and then fixed in a second firing at a relatively low temperature.
1274:
firing, wares are removed from the kiln while hot and smothered in ashes, paper or woodchips which produces a distinctive
289:
The earliest forms of pottery were made from clays that were fired at low temperatures, initially in pit-fires or in open
1019:: This is a shape-forming process adapted for the tableware industry from the method long established for the forming of
917:
Granulate pressing: a highly automated technique of shaping by pressing clay body in a semi-dry and granulated form in a
511:
from prehistory, scientists learned that during high-temperature firing, iron materials in clay record the state of the
7078:
6556:
4839:
4190:
2124:
680:
It is common for clays and other raw materials to be mixed to produce clay bodies suited to specific purposes. Various
4212:
3452:
Reference Document On Best Available Techniques In The Ceramic Manufacturing Industry. European Commission August 2007
3425:
Forming Techniques - for the Self-Reliant Potter. Henrik Norsker, James Danisch. Vieweg+1991.Teubner Verlag Wiesbaden
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369:
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4702:
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is found throughout sites of Oceania. The relationship between Lapita pottery and Plainware is not altogether clear.
1674:
1449:
Gold: Decoration with gold is used on some high quality ware. Different methods exist for its application, including:
4875:
2071:
of the Song period to use it. The traditional Chinese category of high-fired wares includes stoneware types such as
6943:
6350:
3105:
2765:
2471:
earthenware, and fine faience continued to be made until around 1800 in various countries, especially France, with
2955:
1777:
Fourth, there must be a sufficient need for pottery in order to justify the resources required for its production.
7134:
3762:"The Fast Firing Of Biscuit Earthenware Hollow-Ware In a Single-Layer Tunnel Kiln." Salt D.L. Holmes W.H. RP737.
1882:: Pit fire methods were adequate for simple earthenware, but other pottery types needed more sophisticated kilns.
131:
1803:
Methods of forming: Hand-shaping was the earliest method used to form vessels. This included the combination of
1690:
539:â composed of grains of less than 0.02 mm grains which can be seen using the high-powered microscopes or a
5688:
4718:
2434:, near Basel, Switzerland, have revealed a pottery production site in use from the 1st to the 4th century AD.
1849:
1130:. The time spent at any particular temperature is also important, the combination of heat and time is known as
856:
solid balls of clay or some combination of these. Parts of hand-built vessels are often joined with the aid of
146:
figurine discovered in the Czech Republic dating back to 29,000â25,000 BC. However, the earliest known pottery
17:
2745:(2000 BC â AD 200). These cultures did not develop the stoneware, porcelain or glazes found in the Old World.
6549:
5761:
3659:
Sutton, W.H. Microwave Processing of Ceramics â An Overview. MRS Online Proceedings Library 269, 3â20 (1992).
2408:
1928:
1771:
800:
143:
5511:
4986:
2588:. Middle Eastern nations imported stoneware and later porcelain from China. China imported the minerals for
2430:
was produced in modern Germany and France, where entrepreneurs established large potteries. Excavations at
1686:
1655:
674:: An extremely plastic clay which can be added in small quantities to short clay to increase the plasticity.
7423:
6749:
5693:
5614:
3650:'The Firing Of Clay-Based Ceramics.' W. H. Holmes. Science Progress. Vol. 60, No. 237 (Spring 1972), pg. 98
3048:, SWI swissinfo.ch â the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), 18 January 2007
914:
Press moulding: a simple technique of shaping by manually pressing a lump of clay body into a porous mould.
540:
1122:
As a rough guide, modern earthenwares are normally fired at temperatures in the range of about 1,000
3480:
2738:
1682:
350:
and the West, and continues to be made. Many utilitarian types have also come to be appreciated as art.
2153:
Period II (5,500â4,800 BC) and Merhgarh Period III (4,800â3,500 BC), known as the ceramic Neolithic and
5792:
2706:
2205:
38:
7111:
2334:
achieved a level of technical competence and sophistication, not seen until the later developments of
5668:
5619:
5324:
2870:
2480:
2445:, and most medieval wares were coarse and utilitarian, as the elites ate off metal vessels. Painted
2355:
2248:
1665:
512:
460:
452:
6824:
1382:
little water, though wares in this condition are extremely fragile and the risk of breakage is high.
7428:
6416:
5754:
5015:"Bosumpra revisited: 12,500 years on the Kwahu Plateau, Ghana, as viewed from "On top of the hill""
3936:'Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control." W.Ryan & C.Radford. Pergamon Press. 1987
2597:
2476:
2095:
2009:
1822:
could be high, perhaps in the region of 900 °C (1,650 °F), and were reached very quickly.
1500:
123:
2635:
1732:, part of past pre-literate cultures. Therefore, much of this history can only be found among the
1540:
992:
6937:
6802:
6744:
6027:
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2226:
used for burial, topped with two figures representing the journey of the soul into the afterlife.
837:
96:
5054:"Human interactions with tropical environments over the last 14,000 years at Iho Eleru, Nigeria"
570:
Its decorations, such as patterns, colors of patterns, slipped (glazing) or unslipped decoration
7169:
6856:
5728:
5589:
4754:
The pottery trail from Southeast Asia to remote Oceania, MT Carson, H Hung, G Summerhayes, 2013
2856:
2403:
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1499:
decoration is applied, by a number of techniques, onto ware before it is glazed, an example is
948:
841:
833:
654:
484:
430:
44:
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939:
6586:
6069:
5673:
5298:
4529:
Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Volume 49, Dr. A. M. Ghatage, Page 303â304
4435:
4039:
Glenn C. Nelson, Ceramics: A Potter's Handbook,1966, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., p. 251
2754:
2446:
2419:
2359:
2254:
1856:
1795:
963:
2584:. Trade between China and Islam took place via the system of trading posts over the lengthy
2411:
for different uses developed early and remained essentially unchanged during Greek history.
1927:
figurines such as those discovered at DolnĂ VÄstonice in the modern-day Czech Republic. The
7418:
7152:
6505:
6074:
5579:
5539:
5456:
5451:
5065:
4391:
4249:
4151:
4088:
3470:'Sanitaryware Technology'. Domenico Fortuna. Gruppo Editoriale Faenza Editrice S.p.A. 2000.
2500:
2484:
2331:
2295:
Pottery making began in the 7th millennium BC. The earliest forms, which were found at the
2108:
1955:
1628:
1374:
724:
A section cut-through of ball mill, which are widely used to mill raw materials for pottery
611:
599:
2986:
1004:: This is suited to the making of shapes that cannot be formed by other methods. A liquid
848:
Hand-building: This is the earliest forming method. Wares can be constructed by hand from
470:
8:
5922:
5840:
5137:
4791:
3946:
3569:"Injection Moulding Of Porcelain Pieces." A. Odriozola, M.Gutierrez, U.Haupt, A.Centeno.
2925:'Standard Terminology Of Ceramic Whitewares And Related Products.' ASTM C 242â01 (2007.)
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3219:"Pots, Words and the Bantu Problem: On Lexical Reconstruction and Early African History"
274:
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5629:
5584:
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5393:
5115:
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5034:
4958:
Aileen Dawson, ""The Growth of the Staffordshire Ceramic Industry", in Freestone, Ian,
4423:
4381:
4348:
4273:
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4120:
3775:"New And Latest Biscuit Firing Technology". Porzellanfabriken Christian Seltmann GmbH.
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was heavily influenced by Greek pottery and often imported Greek potters and painters.
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1624:
1567:
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1016:
918:
771:
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76:
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4163:
3889:'A Case Of Silicosis In The Ceramic Sector. Y. Yurt, M. Turk. EJMI. 2018; 2(1): 50â52
2813:. In later periods, a relationship of the introduction of pot-making in some parts of
1059:
of ceramic tableware has been developed, though it has yet to be fully commercialised.
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385:
118:
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4542:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone age to the 12th century
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4104:
4020:
3311:
3177:
3070:
2551:
2512:
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2240:
2157:. Pottery, including items known as the ed-Dur vessels, originated in regions of the
2037:
1873:
1841:
1815:
1808:
1632:
1620:
1478:
1388:
is an ancient form of decorating ceramics that was first developed in Ancient Greece.
1306:
1149:
1127:
1036:
922:
888:
849:
731:
5278:
4277:
4124:
4019:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 40.
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3260:
1751:
Before pottery becomes part of a culture, several conditions must generally be met.
165:
7413:
7368:
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5026:
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4407:
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4302:
4257:
4200:
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3911:
Cancer warning: The type of dust linked to a higher risk of lung cancer â 'harmful'
3737:
3378:
3291:
3238:
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2880:
2678:
2604:
2415:
2377:
2277:
2103:
2076:
2068:
2021:
1995:
1991:
1855:
Moulds were used to a limited extent as early as the 5th and 6th century BC by the
1827:
1473:â a form of gold decoration developed in the early 1860s at the English factory of
1415:, is produced by partially blending clays of differing colours. In Japan the term "
282:
5030:
4656:
The Cambridge World History: Volume 2, A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCEâ500 CE
3282:
Gosselain, Olivier P. (2000), "Materializing Identities: An African Perspective",
2383:
Europe's oldest pottery, dating from circa 6700 BC, was found on the banks of the
2032:
1968:
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7195:
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6520:
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1723:
1703:
1697:
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1005:
984:
904:
882:
A potter using a potter's wheel describes his materials (in Romanian and English)
857:
737:
474:
6816:
6000:
4772:
Sa-huỳnh Related Pottery in Southeast Asia WG Solheim â Asian Perspectives, 1959
3867:
2028:
1959:
1446:
decoration a layer of engobe is scratched through to reveal the underlying clay.
1419:" is used, whilst in China, where such things have been made since at least the
7372:
7299:
7219:
7072:
6926:
6480:
6401:
6054:
5723:
5559:
5077:
4959:
4781:
The Kulanay pottery complex in the Philippines WG Solheim â Artibus Asiae, 1957
3707:
3534:. Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals. 1994.
3394:"Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control." W.Ryan & C.Radford.
3110:
2785:
in the central region of Mali, dating to at least 9,400 BC. Excavations in the
2674:
2530:
2521:
2472:
2384:
2351:
2216:
2102:(1271â1368) dispersing artists and craftsmen across its large empire. Both the
1999:
1948:
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1819:
1760:
1646:
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1395:
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861:
607:
31:
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5093:
3827:"Glaze From Wood Ashes And Their Colour Characteristics." Y-S. Han, B-H. Lee.
3741:
3295:
3234:
1453:
507:
test can be used to provide an estimate of the date of last firing. Examining
364:
7407:
7124:
6500:
6411:
6292:
6277:
6161:
5810:
5698:
5609:
5599:
5549:
5085:
4108:
3461:
An Introduction To The Technology Of Pottery. Paul Rado. Pergamon Press. 1969
3218:
3069:. Cambridge, England New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 264â349.
2790:
2786:
2746:
2677:
bowl with couple in a garden, around 1200. These wares are the first to use
2630:
One major emphasis in ceramic development in the Muslim world was the use of
2504:
2335:
2219:
2191:
2171:
2088:
1814:
Firing: The earliest method for firing pottery wares was the use of bonfires
1707:
1535:
1510:
1359:
1321:
1275:
1020:
908:
482:
to understand ranges of cross-cultural interaction by looking closely at the
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306:
209:
147:
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appearance. This technique is also used in Malaysia in creating traditional
578:
456:
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7344:
7330:
7324:
7213:
7201:
7043:
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6841:
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4116:
3898:
2427:
2327:
2320:
2289:
2154:
2099:
2060:
2016:
1979:
1962:, currently has the oldest pottery in Japan. Excavations in 1998 uncovered
1941:
1900:
1866:
1514:
1420:
1145:
1081:
1001:
934:
926:
783:
701:
413:
400:
4336:. Robert Selkirk. pp. 44â49. Archived from the original on 2006-04-23
3243:
2453:, became a luxury for late medieval elites, and was adapted in Italy into
1560:" are used as supports. These are removed and discarded after the firing.
1265:. Much of the earliest pottery would have been fired in a similar fashion.
589:
55:
is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with
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Likewise, Arabic art contributed to a lasting pottery form identified as
2589:
2442:
2438:
2423:
2316:
2158:
2134:
2084:
2052:. Japan's white porcelain was influenced by potters kidnapped during the
2045:
1963:
1932:
1916:
1879:
1862:
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1571:
1474:
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104:
100:
84:
4403:
4016:
Advancement in Ancient Civilizations: Life, Culture, Science and Thought
3303:
1818:. Firing times might be short but the peak-temperatures achieved in the
1430:
567:
How pottery was made e.g. material, design such as shape and style, etc.
7336:
7287:
7157:
7083:
6895:
6811:
6530:
6239:
6214:
6181:
6093:
5985:
5980:
5927:
5917:
5905:
5890:
5875:
5830:
5781:
5468:
5441:
5388:
5283:
5180:
Discovering Our Past: A Brief Introduction to Archaeology Third Edition
3801:"Dictionary Of Ceramics." Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition.
3264:
for a recent discussion of the issues, and links to further literature.
3252:
3132:"Art & Architecture Thesaurus Full Record Display (Getty Research)"
2963:
2860:
mass-produced pottery and studio pottery have flourished in Australia.
2838:
2651:
2616:
2547:
2543:
2468:
2450:
2339:
2146:
2142:
1924:
1496:
1258:
634:
302:
139:
112:
92:
5860:
4411:
3972:
The Emergence of Pottery: Technology and Innovation in Ancient Society
1253:
6899:
6670:
6572:
6525:
6515:
6490:
6396:
6340:
6335:
6325:
6267:
6254:
6234:
6224:
6176:
6151:
6146:
6123:
6079:
6042:
5995:
5880:
5865:
5713:
5501:
5496:
5463:
5446:
5378:
5363:
2895:
2834:
2830:
2806:
2782:
2608:
2585:
2258:
2175:
2080:
2064:
2049:
1804:
1767:
1616:
1592:
1443:
1434:
1408:
1342:
1271:
1220:
the wares to produce the maturity required in the body of the wares.
1141:
1111:
1040:
977:
853:
775:
671:
650:
640:
448:
376:
359:
332:
328:
318:
305:, especially when unglazed or used for sculpture. The development of
297:
279:
228:
205:
201:
155:
135:
108:
80:
4614:
684:
techniques are often utilised before mixing the raw materials, with
7350:
7099:
7089:
6908:
6903:
6753:
6633:
6443:
6438:
6421:
6381:
6355:
6171:
6166:
6141:
6108:
6037:
5932:
5885:
5845:
5604:
5574:
5431:
5368:
5353:
5338:
4917:
Patterns of Labour â Work and Social Change in the Pottery Industry
4386:
3343:
Ruth M. Home, "Ceramics for the Potter", Chas. A. Bennett Co., 1952
2905:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2655:
2624:
2612:
2496:
2455:
2166:
2150:
1439:
1232:
1131:
764:
746:
697:
244:
213:
4291:"Harvard, BU researchers find evidence of 20,000-year-old pottery"
1791:
159:
7354:
7270:
7232:
7180:
6959:
6885:
6874:
6807:
6784:
6647:
6475:
6330:
6310:
6209:
6032:
6022:
5990:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5820:
5718:
5594:
3375:"Why On Earth Do They Call It Throwing? | Contractor Quotes"
2900:
2810:
2508:
2464:
2296:
2285:
2270:
2262:
2223:
2072:
1872:
Transition to kilns: The earliest intentionally constructed were
1368:
1353:
1123:
503:, allows the sources of clay to be accurately identified and the
444:
418:
389:
290:
248:
224:
220:
178:
151:
2212:
1935:
or fishing-nets are a very common use for the earliest pottery.
7317:
7274:
7185:
7015:
7011:
6930:
6653:
6628:
6614:
6463:
6287:
5912:
5895:
5569:
5174:
Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
3176:, Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages, 2013, Routledge,
2845:
2778:
2593:
2392:
2373:
2204:
15th-century Vietnamese Chu Dau blue-white porcelain dish with
2041:
2004:
1845:
1794:
pottery vessel reconstructed from fragments (10,000â8,000 BC),
1786:
1669:
1244:
1047:. The technique is not as widely used as other shaping methods.
711:
630:
508:
236:
170:
88:
5273:
3842:"Stoke Museums â Health Risks in a Victorian Pottery Industry"
1903:
pottery fragments, radiocarbon dated to circa 18,000 BC, China
1356:
change colour when fired, and the painter must allow for this.
1223:
Kilns may be heated by burning combustible materials, such as
1211:
Firing pottery can be done using a variety of methods, with a
1160:
929:
a high-solids content slip. Granulate pressing, also known as
767:, when it usually mixed with larger quantities of quartz sand.
7225:
7207:
6970:
6890:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6624:
6619:
6012:
5957:
5855:
3947:"Is Pottery Clay Eco-Friendly? â or is it Costing the Earth?"
2802:
2750:
2516:
2388:
1947:
Other early pottery vessels include those excavated from the
1936:
1912:
1741:
1412:
864:
find hand-building more conducive for one-of-a-kind works of
832:
Before being shaped, clay must be prepared. This may include
665:
417:
Archaeologist cleaning an early mediaeval pottery sherd from
396:
347:
343:
232:
4494:
The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia
2475:
and several other centres. In the 17th century, imports of
2288:
period (7000â6500 BC), the Halaf period (6500â5500 BC), the
2269:, in what is today eastern Syria, especially at the site of
603:
Removing a filter cake of porcelain body from a filter press
375:
Porcelain is made by heating materials, generally including
7117:
6676:
6665:
6433:
6391:
6244:
5850:
5835:
5735:
5554:
5358:
5348:
4576:
3924:"The Pottery (Health and Welfare) Special Regulations 1950"
3066:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
2798:
2728:
Earthenware effigy of the Sun God. Maya culture, 500â700 CE
2631:
2087:
had a lower status, though they were acceptable for making
1975:
1286:
1262:
1228:
1224:
1212:
1137:
1009:
779:
760:
754:
621:
380:
182:
56:
1763:
did not develop until late in the development of cultures.
3728:
Goldner, Janet (Spring 2007). "The women of Kalabougou".
3595:"Injection Moulding Technology In Tableware Production."
2402:
The early inhabitants of Europe developed pottery in the
1679:
The Pottery (Health and Welfare) Special Regulations 1950
1102:
1032:
865:
797:
The production of pottery includes the following stages:
563:. Analysis is done to examine the following 3 in detail:
429:, is important part of archaeology for understanding the
3058:
3056:
3054:
1756:
Many countries have large deposits of a variety of clay.
1199:
in the raw materials and cause it to be reduced to FeO.
158:
and pre-Neolithic pottery artifacts have been found, in
5052:
Cerasoni, Jacopo NiccolĂČ; et al. (17 March 2023).
1394:, also called litho, although the alternative names of
6571:
4078:
3868:"Timeline â History of Occupational Safety and Health"
2611:. Unique Islamic forms were also developed, including
5651:
Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery
4615:
Gwen Robbins Schug; Subhash R. Walimbe (2016-04-13).
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3159:
3157:
3051:
2437:
Pottery was hardly seen on the tables of elites from
1239:. The use of microwave energy has been investigated.
1183:) which is associated with brown-red colours, whilst
714:, an important role is to attenuate drying shrinkage.
217:
undecorated, or simply so, and often less well-made.
5269:
Stoke-on-Trent Museums â Ceramics Collections Online
4237:
3582:"Injection Moulding Of Cups With Handles." U.Haupt.
3362:
Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control.
996:
De-moulding a large vase after it has been slip cast
688:
being effectively universal for non-clay materials.
5192:Barnett, William & Hoopes, John (Eds.) (1995).
4213:"Remnants of an Ancient Kitchen Are Found in China"
4140:"Oldest pottery hints at cooking's ice-age origins"
3565:
3563:
1677:. These have been mandated by legislation, such as
891:: In a process called "throwing" (coming from the
196:Pottery is traditionally divided into three types:
154:, China, which date back to 18,000 BC. Other early
5776:
5182:. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.
3267:
3154:
2284:and can be divided into four periods, namely: the
2276:The earliest history of pottery production in the
1714:, disposal of rejected ware and fuel consumption.
1603:
4065:
4063:
2600:, which they then exported to the Islamic world.
770:Various others at low levels of addition such as
624:. Some different types used for pottery include:
7405:
5178:Ashmore, Wendy & Sharer, Robert J., (2000).
4901:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4694:Paradise Rediscovered: The Roots of Civilisation
4353:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3560:
2161:and have been found in a number of sites in the
1270:In a Western adaptation of traditional Japanese
584:
5215:Pottery in the Making: World Ceramic Traditions
4964:Pottery in the Making: World Ceramic Traditions
3106:"The Food & Wine Guide to Clay Pot Cooking"
3015:
3013:
3011:
2801:around 11,900 BP and in the Bosumpra region of
653:: A clay having a slightly lower percentage of
107:periods, pottery often means only vessels, and
4060:
4042:
3834:
3390:
3388:
2891:Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas
2769:Faience lotiform chalice. Egypt 1070â664 BCE (
2720:Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas
2650:Bowl painted on slip under transparent glaze (
2623:, which led to the development of the popular
2525:Handpainted bone china cup. England, 1815â1820
1316:is the final stage of some pottery making, or
1023:and some metal components. It has been called
6557:
5762:
5299:
5196:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
4652:
4538:
4191:"Chinese pottery may be earliest discovered."
3416:New Zealand Potter. Vol. 30 No. 1 1988, pp. 7
3364:Ryan w. & Radford C. Pergamon Press. 1987
1740:. Because pottery is so durable, pottery and
1563:Some specialised glazing techniques include:
1411:: named after its resemblance to the mineral
804:Clay body being extruded from a de-airing pug
740:, can enhance the fired properties of a body.
4577:Peter Bellwood; Immanuel Ness (2014-11-10).
4490:
4440:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3974:, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995, p. 19
3790:The Journal of the American Ceramic Society.
3779:/Ber.DKG 87, No. 1/2, pp. E33âE34, E36. 2010
3211:
3209:
3008:
1477:. The glazed surface is etched with diluted
647:clay, which may contain some organic matter.
392:within the body at these high temperatures.
4659:. Cambridge University Press. p. 470.
4366:
4364:
3385:
3284:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
1837:Glazing: the earliest pots were not glazed.
1503:. Can be applied by a number of techniques.
190:
6564:
6550:
5769:
5755:
5306:
5292:
4884:. Archived from the original on 2019-12-28
2805:soon after, ceramics later arrived in the
2307:Earthenware Ubaid jar. c. 5,300â4,700 BCE.
1728:A great part of the history of pottery is
1615:Effects on workers: Notable risks include
111:figurines of the same material are called
5101:
5045:
5019:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
4697:. Interactive Publications. p. 104.
4653:Barker, Graeme; Goucher, Candice (2015).
4385:
3281:
3242:
3206:
3062:
1191:(CO) will readily react with oxygen in Fe
956:such as plates, but a similar operation,
5313:
5231:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5051:
4580:The Global Prehistory of Human Migration
4497:(2007 ed.). Springer. p. 407.
4361:
4137:
4009:
3697:
3646:
3644:
3022:
2953:
2941:, Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus
2764:
2723:
2542:new varieties of ceramic bodies such as
2520:
2363:
2302:
2211:
2199:
2128:
2015:
2003:
1906:
1895:
1891:
1785:
1702:Environmental concerns include off-site
1582:
1539:
1452:
1341:
1252:
1159:
1101:
991:
983:
938:
869:
799:
719:
691:Examples of non-clay materials include:
598:
593:Preparation of clay for pottery in India
588:
469:
412:
363:
322:
273:
164:
117:
99:and laboratory ware. In art history and
43:
5478:
4545:. Pearson Education India. p. 76.
4491:D. Petraglia, Michael (26 March 2007).
4231:
3970:William K. Barnett and John W. Hoopes,
3727:
3634:
3632:
3216:
2984:
2962:. University of Houston. Archived from
2956:"No. 359: The Dolni Vestonice Ceramics"
2954:Lienhard, John H. (November 24, 1989).
2949:
2947:
2054:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592â1598)
1587:Ash glazed jar from 9th century, Japan.
933:, is widely used in the manufacture of
14:
7406:
5213:Freestone, Ian, Gaimster, David R.M.,
5012:
4690:
4621:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 350.
4583:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 250.
4324:
3334:, cambridge.org, accessed 10 July 021.
2376:shape, between 470 and 460 BC, by the
2067:, although it was the only one of the
1377:: The surface of pottery wares may be
581:is a good example of fabric analysis.
6545:
5750:
5287:
5217:, 1997, British Museum Publications,
4984:
4618:A Companion to South Asia in the Past
4186:
4184:
3641:
3142:from the original on 22 December 2017
2582:Chinese influences on Islamic pottery
2538:(1730â1795) was the dominant leader.
2449:from Spain, developing the styles of
2319:sometime between 6,000 and 4,000 BC (
2098:was probably a product of the Mongol
2031:has a long history of development of
643:: An extremely plastic, fine grained
395:Although porcelain was first made in
384:types of pottery, arises mainly from
3629:
3318:
3099:
3097:
2978:
2944:
2170:terracotta; this continues with the
1886:
1744:of pottery survive for millennia at
1457:Burnishing a plate's gold decoration
757:. A key raw material for bone china.
5013:Watson, Derek J. (2 October 2017).
4511:from the original on 1 January 2014
4003:
3814:"Ash Glaze Research." C. Metcalfe.
3315:for further discussion and sources.
1859:and more extensively by the Romans.
1658:, with further introduced in 1899.
1656:Factories Act Extension Act in 1864
1638:Effects on the general environment.
1509:, is applied on the surface of the
852:, combining flat slabs of clay, or
637:because it was first used in China.
620:The main ingredient of the body is
138:, with ceramic objects such as the
30:For the band of the same name, see
24:
6573:Chronology of the Neolithic period
5264:Pottery manufacture in recent past
5166:
5134:"Aboriginal Culture: Introduction"
4840:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
4181:
3573:Vidrio 35, No. 2, 1996. pp. 103â07
2125:Pottery in the Indian subcontinent
1944:in the Jiangxi province of China.
1831:hence reduce the risk of cracking.
535:, which consists of 2 things, the
518:
25:
7440:
5257:
4327:"The Oldest Pottery in the World"
3951:Pottery Tips by the Pottery Wheel
3094:
2848:. Another form of pottery called
2561:
2490:
2181:
2133:A potter with his pottery wheel,
1175:(also known as ferric oxide or Fe
988:Filling a plaster mould with slip
561:firing temperature and conditions
388:and the formation of the mineral
27:Craft of making objects from clay
6351:Bronze and brass ornamental work
5144:
5126:
5006:
4997:
4978:
4969:
4952:
4939:
4922:
4909:
4864:
4325:Kainer, Simon (September 2003).
3599:13, No. 54, 2003. pp. 94, 96â97.
3203:Cooper (2010), pp. 72â79, 160â79
3103:
2939:"terracottas (sculptural works)"
2697:); Gaming pieces. 12th century,
2686:
2666:
2643:
2020:Group of 13th-century pieces of
1781:
559:in the clay body as well as the
551:of pottery entails the study of
368:Contemporary porcelain plate by
5229:Pottery Analysis â A Sourcebook
5152:"History of Australian Pottery"
4855:
4846:
4831:
4822:
4813:
4802:from the original on 2019-04-22
4784:
4775:
4766:
4757:
4748:
4731:
4711:
4684:
4673:from the original on 2020-07-28
4646:
4635:from the original on 2021-07-01
4608:
4597:from the original on 2020-07-28
4570:
4559:from the original on 2020-12-14
4532:
4523:
4484:
4475:
4466:
4457:
4448:
4318:
4309:
4284:
4206:
4170:from the original on 2019-10-20
4131:
4072:
4051:
4033:
3992:from the original on 2011-09-06
3977:
3964:
3939:
3930:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3883:
3874:
3860:
3821:
3808:
3795:
3782:
3769:
3756:
3721:
3691:
3662:
3653:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3589:
3576:
3547:
3537:
3525:
3496:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3401:
3377:. June 12, 2019. Archived from
3367:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3197:
3166:
3083:from the original on 2019-12-07
2997:from the original on 2010-03-11
2395:. These sites are known as the
1604:Health and environmental issues
126:service, for the America market
4719:American Philosophical Society
3792:Volume 6. Issue 6, pp. 717â29.
3557:, London, 1995. pp. 95â96, 98.
3223:The Journal of African History
3124:
2932:
2919:
1117:
633:, is sometimes referred to as
408:
263:
13:
1:
5031:10.1080/0067270X.2017.1393925
4454:Barnett & Hoopes 1995:211
4164:10.1016/S0262-4079(12)61728-X
3913:, express.co.uk, 12 July 2022
3844:. 7 July 2012. Archived from
2912:
2741:(3500â2000 BC), and into the
2159:Saraswati River / Indus River
2118:
1329:
1155:
937:and, increasingly, of plates.
792:
734:, an alternative to feldspar.
585:Clay bodies and raw materials
258:
7390:Historical Ancient Near East
5615:Northern Black Polished Ware
4792:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
3510:. 2000-11-21. Archived from
2985:Diamond, Jared (June 1998).
2960:The Engines of Our Ingenuity
2619:and specialized glazes like
2234:
1985:
1337:
1025:Porcelain Injection Moulding
541:scanning electron microscope
353:
312:
103:, especially of ancient and
7:
5544:
4985:Ridge, Mian (29 May 2002).
4882:"Deutsches Museum: History"
4872:"Deutsches Museum: History"
4691:Cahill, Michael A. (2012).
3983:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2863:
2797:in the Ounjougou region of
2794:
2713:
1683:Health and Safety Executive
10:
7445:
7298:
5227:Rice, Prudence M. (1987).
5078:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106153
4947:Wedgwood: The First Tycoon
4138:Marshall, Michael (2012).
3803:The Institute Of Minerals.
3555:Sterling Publications Ltd.
2824:
2717:
2707:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2565:
2494:
2349:
2253:Around 8000 BC during the
2238:
2185:
2122:
1989:
1971:was used by its creators.
1850:CucuteniâTrypillia culture
1724:Ceramic art § History
1721:
1717:
1544:Spraying glaze onto a vase
1533:
1529:
1325:physical changes continue.
1250:Niche techniques include:
1206:
827:
357:
331:storage jar, with partial
316:
267:
39:Potteries (disambiguation)
36:
29:
7386:
7376:
7343:
7314:
7310:
7253:
7199:
7168:
7143:
7122:
7110:
7076:
7065:
7054:
7036:
7019:
7004:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6963:
6948:
6935:
6919:
6907:
6889:
6880:
6867:
6854:
6828:
6815:
6800:
6783:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6603:
6579:
6364:
6301:
6253:
6200:
6132:
5956:
5801:
5788:
5659:
5643:
5520:
5477:
5407:
5332:Base minerals, and glazes
5331:
5325:Glossary of pottery terms
5322:
5210:. London: Watts & Co.
4481:Cooper (2010), pp. 160â62
4334:Current World Archaeology
3818:No. 202. 2003. pp. 48â50.
3742:10.1162/afar.2007.40.1.74
3235:10.1017/S002185370700254X
2871:Glossary of pottery terms
2760:
2356:Pottery of ancient Greece
2345:
2249:Pottery of ancient Cyprus
1675:Local exhaust ventilation
1666:occupational lung disease
1299:
1097:
1063:
579:Six fabrics of Kalibangan
461:Indus Valley civilisation
457:six fabrics of Kalibangan
453:Painted Grey Ware culture
278:Earthenware jar from the
134:, originating before the
5521:Processes and decoration
5244:Pottery Through the Ages
5194:The Emergence of Pottery
5003:Nelson (1966), pp. 23â26
4852:Cooper (2010), pp. 36â37
4828:Cooper (2010), pp. 20â24
4819:Cooper (2010), pp. 19â20
2654:), 9th or 10th century,
2598:blue and white porcelain
2550:, as well as pioneering
2477:Chinese export porcelain
2096:blue and white porcelain
2083:. Painted wares such as
2010:blue-and-white porcelain
1929:Venus of DolnĂ VÄstonice
1257:Pottery firing mound in
809:Preparing the clay body.
573:Evidence of type of use.
193:before or after firing.
144:Venus of DolnĂ VÄstonice
124:Chinese export porcelain
6938:Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
6803:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
6745:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
6486:Painting in HĂ€lsingland
5172:ASTM Standard C 242-01
4262:10.1126/science.1218643
4101:10.1126/science.1218643
3586:No. 2, 1998, pp. 48â51.
3584:International Ceramics.
3296:10.1023/A:1026558503986
3172:Crabtree, Pamela, ed.,
2737:, dates begin with the
2660:National Museum of Iran
2592:from the Islamic ruled
2330:period in Mesopotamia,
2094:The arrival of Chinese
1685:in the UK has produced
949:Jiggering and jolleying
488:of ceramic production.
285:China, 3300 to 2000 BCE
132:oldest human inventions
7170:Linear Pottery culture
5206:Childe, V.G., (1951).
4539:Upinder Singh (2008).
3829:Korean Ceramic Society
3532:Dictionary Of Ceramics
3508:Ceramic industries.com
3217:Bostoen, Koen (2007),
2993:. Discover Media LLC.
2876:History of ceramic art
2857:Indigenous Australians
2774:
2755:Moche portrait vessels
2729:
2526:
2463:. Both of these were
2404:Linear Pottery culture
2380:
2308:
2227:
2209:
2176:Panchmura, West Bengal
2138:
2024:
2013:
1920:
1904:
1799:
1629:dangerous sound levels
1597:Catawba Valley Pottery
1588:
1545:
1458:
1347:
1297:
1266:
1168:
1107:
997:
989:
944:
883:
805:
725:
708:temperature of bodies.
604:
594:
513:Earth's magnetic field
497:Trace-element analysis
478:
431:archaeological culture
422:
372:
335:
327:15th-century Japanese
286:
174:
169:The pottery market in
130:Pottery is one of the
127:
49:
6587:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
5684:Pre-conquest Americas
4960:Gaimster, David R. M.
4057:Nelson (1966), p. 251
3674:Brothers-handmade.com
3597:Ceramic World Review.
3571:Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram.
3504:"Ceramicindustry.com"
2773:from eight fragments)
2768:
2727:
2524:
2447:Hispano-Moresque ware
2420:Ancient Roman pottery
2367:
2360:Ancient Roman pottery
2311:The invention of the
2306:
2255:Pre-pottery Neolithic
2215:
2203:
2132:
2019:
2008:Chinese Ming dynasty
2007:
1910:
1899:
1892:Beginnings of pottery
1796:Tokyo National Museum
1789:
1621:heavy metal poisoning
1586:
1543:
1456:
1346:Hand painting a vase.
1345:
1292:
1256:
1163:
1105:
995:
987:
942:
881:
803:
723:
602:
592:
473:
416:
367:
326:
277:
168:
121:
97:electrical insulators
95:and industry such as
71:). The definition of
47:
7153:Tepe Muhammad Djafar
6506:Pressed flower craft
4861:Cooper (2010), p. 42
4472:Cooper (2010), p. 79
4463:Cooper (2010), p. 75
4069:Cooper (2010), p. 16
3700:"Labu Sayong, Perak"
3670:"History of Pottery"
3381:on February 3, 2007.
3174:Medieval Archaeology
3163:Cooper (2010), p. 54
3104:Heck, Mary-Frances.
2501:Staffordshire figure
2485:soft-paste porcelain
2338:with Corinthian and
2109:Jingdezhen porcelain
1956:Odai Yamamoto I site
1772:oldest known pottery
1746:archaeological sites
1501:blue and white wares
1140:can be monitored by
1106:A modern tunnel kiln
925:body is prepared by
664:Common red clay and
477:following excavation
449:Sothi-Siswal culture
189:. An article can be
48:Hand building a jar.
37:For other uses, see
7424:Types of production
5923:Spinning (textiles)
5841:Friendship bracelet
5409:Main types, by body
5279:Ceramics everywhere
5274:UK Pottery Resource
5070:2023iSci...26j6153C
4404:10.1038/nature12109
4396:2013Natur.496..351C
4254:2012Sci...336.1696W
4156:2012NewSc.215Q..14M
4093:2012Sci...336.1696W
4087:(6089): 1696â1700.
2817:with the spread of
2636:decorative tilework
2481:Japanese equivalent
2461:Italian Renaissance
2196:Philippine ceramics
2188:Vietnamese ceramics
1958:, belonging to the
1852:in western Ukraine.
1712:hazardous materials
1521:On-glaze decoration
1507:In-glaze decoration
1423:, they are called "
964:Roller-head machine
527:is also called the
208:. All three may be
150:were discovered in
6857:Egyptian Neolithic
5661:History of pottery
5585:Black and red ware
5479:Forming techniques
5158:on March 17, 2012.
5140:on March 16, 2015.
4966:(1997), pp 200â205
4296:2017-07-28 at the
4248:(6089): 1696â700.
4225:The New York Times
4218:2017-03-15 at the
4196:2012-10-06 at the
3330:2021-07-11 at the
3191:2018-10-10 at the
3044:2012-03-06 at the
2966:on January 9, 2010
2927:ASTM International
2815:Sub-Saharan Africa
2795:pottery traditions
2775:
2757:among the finest.
2730:
2596:to decorate their
2527:
2381:
2309:
2228:
2210:
2163:Indus Civilization
2139:
2025:
2014:
2012:dish with a dragon
1921:
1911:Pottery bowl from
1905:
1800:
1696:2023-04-19 at the
1625:indoor air quality
1589:
1546:
1459:
1438:characteristic of
1348:
1267:
1169:
1150:pyrometric devices
1108:
1057:Injection moulding
1017:Injection moulding
998:
990:
945:
884:
806:
749:, produced by the
726:
682:mineral processing
605:
595:
505:thermoluminescence
501:neutron activation
479:
441:black and red ware
423:
373:
336:
287:
175:
128:
77:ASTM International
50:
7401:
7400:
7396:
7395:
7256:Pottery Neolithic
7079:Pottery Neolithic
7068:Pottery Neolithic
7057:Pottery Neolithic
7039:Pottery Neolithic
7022:Pottery Neolithic
7007:Pottery Neolithic
6987:Pottery Neolithic
6966:Pottery Neolithic
6951:Pottery Neolithic
6830:Initial Neolithic
6596:Pottery Neolithic
6539:
6538:
6429:Hardstone carving
6377:Balloon modelling
5891:Ribbon embroidery
5744:
5743:
5620:Painted Grey Ware
5533:biscuit porcelain
5246:, Penguin, 1959,
5208:Man Makes Himself
5188:978-0-07-297882-7
4721:(vol. 85, 1942).
4026:978-1-4766-4075-4
3352:Home, 1952, p. 16
3184:, 9781135582982,
3076:978-0-521-63075-7
2552:transfer printing
2513:Midwinter Pottery
2397:Yelshanka culture
2282:Pottery Neolithic
2241:Levantine pottery
2206:Islamic geometric
2038:Chinese porcelain
1887:History by region
1816:pit fired pottery
1691:guidance booklet.
1633:over-illumination
1479:hydrofluoric acid
1008:, made by mixing
968:Service Engineers
943:Jiggering a plate
879:
732:Nepheline syenite
549:"fabric analysis"
545:"clay inclusions"
485:chaßne opératoire
427:fabric of pottery
63:is also called a
16:(Redirected from
7436:
7365:
7308:
7251:
7243:Hajji Firuz Tepe
7166:
7108:
7002:
6922:Neolithic Europe
6917:
6852:
6798:
6789:Tell Abu Hureyra
6781:
6736:
6700:
6644:Sinjar Mountains
6611:
6606:
6605:
6598:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6543:
6542:
6511:Qing handicrafts
6316:Chemical milling
5771:
5764:
5757:
5748:
5747:
5427:Egyptian faience
5417:Asbestos-ceramic
5308:
5301:
5294:
5285:
5284:
5242:Savage, George,
5160:
5159:
5154:. Archived from
5148:
5142:
5141:
5136:. Archived from
5130:
5124:
5123:
5105:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4967:
4956:
4950:
4943:
4937:
4926:
4920:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4900:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4879:
4874:. Archived from
4868:
4862:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4844:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4746:
4735:
4729:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4439:
4431:
4389:
4380:(7445): 351â54.
4368:
4359:
4358:
4352:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4307:
4303:The Boston Globe
4288:
4282:
4281:
4235:
4229:
4210:
4204:
4201:Associated Press
4188:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4058:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4011:Haarmann, Harald
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3981:
3975:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3838:
3832:
3831:41. No. 2. 2004.
3825:
3819:
3812:
3806:
3799:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3777:Ceram.Forum Int.
3773:
3767:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3706:. Archived from
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3676:. Archived from
3666:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3639:
3636:
3627:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3580:
3574:
3567:
3558:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3278:
3265:
3263:
3246:
3213:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3060:
3049:
3033:
3020:
3017:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2987:"Japanese Roots"
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2881:Chinese ceramics
2743:Formative period
2690:
2679:overglaze enamel
2670:
2647:
2605:Hispano-Moresque
2441:times until the
2416:Etruscan pottery
2378:Altamura Painter
2332:Halafian pottery
2278:Fertile Crescent
2077:Longquan celadon
2069:Five Great Kilns
2022:Longquan celadon
1996:Japanese pottery
1992:Chinese ceramics
1844:was invented in
880:
738:Calcined alumina
704:which lower the
515:at that moment.
283:Majiayao culture
136:Neolithic period
122:An 18th-century
21:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7429:Utility vessels
7404:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7371:
7363:
7362:
7353:
7340:
7334:
7320:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7293:
7286:
7285:
7277:
7273:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7249:
7241:
7231:
7223:
7217:
7212:
7211:
7205:
7200:
7194:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7183:
7176:
7173:(5500â4500 BC)
7172:
7164:
7149:(6000â4800 BC)
7148:
7144:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7116:
7106:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7071:
7060:
7050:Tell el-'Oueili
7047:
7042:
7029:
7025:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6995:(7000â5000 BC)
6994:
6990:
6969:
6958:
6956:Tell Sabi Abyad
6954:
6941:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6915:
6902:
6898:
6884:
6882:Tell Sabi Abyad
6877:
6873:
6871:
6864:
6860:
6850:
6845:(8500â8000 BC)
6844:
6840:
6832:
6823:
6819:
6810:
6806:
6796:
6791:
6787:
6779:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6734:
6728:
6698:
6685:
6668:
6659:
6646:
6627:
6609:
6599:
6591:
6590:
6582:
6581:
6575:
6570:
6540:
6535:
6521:Straw marquetry
6360:
6297:
6273:Enamelled glass
6249:
6196:
6128:
5952:
5797:
5784:
5778:Decorative arts
5775:
5745:
5740:
5729:list of potters
5655:
5639:
5516:
5473:
5403:
5327:
5318:
5312:
5260:
5169:
5167:Further reading
5164:
5163:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5050:
5046:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4983:
4979:
4975:Dawson, 200â201
4974:
4970:
4957:
4953:
4944:
4940:
4927:
4923:
4915:Richard Whipp,
4914:
4910:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4837:D. W. Anthony.
4836:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4805:
4803:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4736:
4732:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4689:
4685:
4676:
4674:
4667:
4651:
4647:
4638:
4636:
4629:
4613:
4609:
4600:
4598:
4591:
4575:
4571:
4562:
4560:
4553:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4512:
4505:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4433:
4432:
4369:
4362:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4298:Wayback Machine
4289:
4285:
4236:
4232:
4220:Wayback Machine
4211:
4207:
4198:Wayback Machine
4189:
4182:
4173:
4171:
4136:
4132:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4008:
4004:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3969:
3965:
3956:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3826:
3822:
3813:
3809:
3800:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3774:
3770:
3761:
3757:
3726:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3696:
3692:
3683:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3594:
3590:
3581:
3577:
3568:
3561:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3396:Pergamon Press.
3393:
3386:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3332:Wayback Machine
3325:Fabric Analysis
3323:
3319:
3279:
3268:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:Wayback Machine
3171:
3167:
3162:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3111:Food & Wine
3102:
3095:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3061:
3052:
3046:Wayback Machine
3036:Simon Bradley,
3034:
3023:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2998:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2886:Korean ceramics
2866:
2827:
2819:Bantu languages
2763:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2691:
2682:
2671:
2662:
2648:
2578:Islamic pottery
2574:
2572:Persian pottery
2568:Islamic pottery
2566:Main articles:
2564:
2536:Josiah Wedgwood
2519:
2495:Main articles:
2493:
2432:Augusta Raurica
2409:range of shapes
2362:
2350:Main articles:
2348:
2267:Euphrates river
2251:
2245:Persian pottery
2237:
2198:
2184:
2127:
2121:
2002:
1990:Main articles:
1988:
1919:, 7100â5800 BC.
1894:
1889:
1784:
1726:
1720:
1704:water pollution
1698:Wayback Machine
1606:
1538:
1532:
1386:Terra Sigillata
1340:
1332:
1302:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1189:carbon monoxide
1182:
1178:
1173:iron(III) oxide
1158:
1120:
1100:
1066:
905:radial symmetry
870:
840:or manually by
830:
795:
587:
521:
519:Fabric analysis
475:Terracotta Army
463:(IVC) culture.
411:
362:
356:
321:
315:
272:
266:
261:
85:decorative ware
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7442:
7432:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7399:
7398:
7394:
7393:
7388:Succeeded by:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7375:
7366:
7359:
7358:
7348:
7342:
7328:
7322:
7313:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:Kul Tepe Jolfa
7297:
7291:
7279:
7268:
7264:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7236:
7229:
7220:Hadji Muhammed
7198:
7192:
7178:
7174:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7142:
7137:
7121:
7114:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7075:
7073:Sang-i Chakmak
7064:
7053:
7035:
7032:Sha'ar HaGolan
7018:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6962:
6947:
6934:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6893:
6888:
6879:
6866:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6827:
6814:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6782:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6769:
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6449:Leatherworking
6446:
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6409:
6404:
6402:Egg decorating
6399:
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5724:Studio pottery
5721:
5716:
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5706:
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5696:
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5669:Ancient Greece
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5590:Blue and white
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5528:Biscuit firing
5524:
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5512:Wheel throwing
5509:
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5259:
5258:External links
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5044:
5025:(4): 437â517.
5005:
4996:
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4938:
4921:
4908:
4878:on 2016-07-07.
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3873:
3859:
3848:on 7 July 2012
3833:
3820:
3816:Ceramic Review
3807:
3794:
3781:
3768:
3764:Ceram Research
3755:
3720:
3698:Malaxi Teams.
3690:
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3290:(3): 187â217,
3266:
3244:1854/LU-446281
3229:(2): 173â199,
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2718:Main article:
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2672:
2665:
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2649:
2642:
2563:
2562:Arabic pottery
2560:
2531:Stoke-on-Trent
2492:
2491:United Kingdom
2489:
2473:Nevers faience
2387:in the middle
2352:Minoan pottery
2347:
2344:
2313:potter's wheel
2236:
2233:
2217:Late Neolithic
2183:
2182:Southeast Asia
2180:
2172:Bankura horses
2120:
2117:
2027:In Japan, the
2000:Korean pottery
1987:
1984:
1949:Yuchanyan Cave
1893:
1890:
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1842:potter's wheel
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1775:
1768:sedentary life
1764:
1757:
1722:Main article:
1719:
1716:
1710:, disposal of
1647:lead poisoning
1644:Historically,
1642:
1641:
1640:
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1636:
1605:
1602:
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1600:
1581:
1580:
1554:kiln furniture
1534:Main article:
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1396:transfer print
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1185:iron(II) oxide
1180:
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915:
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901:electric motor
889:potter's wheel
885:
862:studio potters
829:
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358:Main article:
355:
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317:Main article:
314:
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268:Main article:
265:
262:
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75:, used by the
32:Pottery (band)
26:
18:Pottery firing
9:
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2:
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7147:
7141:
7140:Umm Dabaghiya
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6733:
6732:
6727:
6726:Early Pottery
6697:
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6501:Private press
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6412:Faux painting
6410:
6408:
6407:Engraved gems
6405:
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6293:Stained glass
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6278:Glass etching
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5811:Banner-making
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5289:
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5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5253:
5252:9789120063317
5249:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:0-226-71118-8
5234:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5223:0-7141-1782-X
5220:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5202:1-56098-517-8
5199:
5195:
5191:
5189:
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5181:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5139:
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5117:
5113:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5064:(3): 106153.
5063:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5009:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4987:"Gone to pot"
4981:
4972:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4948:
4945:Brian Dolan,
4942:
4935:
4931:
4928:Simeon Shaw,
4925:
4918:
4912:
4904:
4898:
4883:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4842:
4841:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4801:
4797:
4796:Metmuseum.org
4793:
4787:
4778:
4769:
4760:
4751:
4745:
4744:1-900724-88-X
4741:
4734:
4728:
4727:1-4223-7221-9
4724:
4720:
4717:Proceedings,
4714:
4706:
4704:9781921869488
4700:
4696:
4695:
4687:
4672:
4668:
4666:9781316297780
4662:
4658:
4657:
4649:
4634:
4630:
4628:9781119055471
4624:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4596:
4592:
4590:9781118970591
4586:
4582:
4581:
4573:
4558:
4554:
4552:9788131716779
4548:
4544:
4543:
4535:
4526:
4510:
4506:
4504:9781402055614
4500:
4496:
4495:
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4203:. 2009-06-01.
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4144:New Scientist
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3724:
3710:on 2012-11-04
3709:
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3701:
3694:
3680:on 2013-06-01
3679:
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3544:21(2):105-109
3540:
3533:
3528:
3514:on 2011-07-08
3513:
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3236:
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3228:
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3210:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:google books
3183:
3182:1-135-58298-X
3179:
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2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:Kwahu Plateau
2788:
2787:Bosumpra Cave
2784:
2780:
2772:
2771:reconstructed
2767:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:Maya ceramics
2744:
2740:
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2505:Royal Doulton
2502:
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2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2426:of the Early
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2375:
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2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
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2336:Greek pottery
2333:
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2314:
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2298:
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2232:
2225:
2221:
2220:Manunggul Jar
2218:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2192:Thai ceramics
2189:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2168:
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2136:
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2074:
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2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2044:dynasty, and
2043:
2039:
2034:
2033:JĆmon pottery
2030:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1969:JĆmon pottery
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
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1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:An Incipient
1788:
1782:Early pottery
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
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1731:
1725:
1715:
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1709:
1708:air pollution
1705:
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1676:
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1667:
1663:
1659:
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1631:and possible
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1536:Ceramic glaze
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1147:
1146:thermocouples
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1021:thermoplastic
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935:ceramic tiles
932:
931:dust pressing
928:
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913:
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909:vertical axis
906:
902:
898:
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890:
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850:coils of clay
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745:
742:
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707:
706:vitrification
703:
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582:
580:
572:
569:
566:
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564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:"clay matrix"
534:
530:
526:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
489:
487:
486:
476:
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
436:Carbon dating
432:
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420:
415:
406:
404:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
386:vitrification
382:
378:
371:
366:
361:
351:
349:
345:
340:
334:
330:
325:
320:
310:
308:
307:ceramic glaze
304:
299:
294:
292:
284:
281:
276:
271:
256:
254:
251:and types of
250:
246:
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199:
194:
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157:
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149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
120:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:sanitary ware
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
40:
33:
19:
7387:
7254:
7100:Mehrgarh III
7077:
7066:
7055:
7037:
7020:
7005:
6985:
6981:Teppe Zagheh
6976:Chogha Bonut
6964:
6949:
6936:
6920:
6855:
6842:Nanzhuangtou
6833:
6829:
6825:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
6817:Göbekli Tepe
6801:
6757:(10,500 BC)
6743:
6729:(18,000 BC)
6469:Glass mosaic
6387:Bone carving
6229:
6187:Wood carving
6182:Wood burning
6157:Chip carving
6114:Scrapbooking
6099:Papier-mùché
6065:Papercutting
6018:Iris folding
6006:Photomontage
6001:Papier collé
5966:Altered book
5826:Cross-stitch
5674:Ancient Rome
5644:Conservation
5580:Black-figure
5507:Slip casting
5502:RAM pressing
5408:
5317:and claywork
5314:
5243:
5228:
5214:
5207:
5193:
5179:
5173:
5156:the original
5146:
5138:the original
5128:
5061:
5057:
5047:
5022:
5018:
5008:
4999:
4991:The Guardian
4990:
4980:
4971:
4963:
4954:
4946:
4941:
4929:
4924:
4916:
4911:
4886:. Retrieved
4876:the original
4866:
4857:
4848:
4838:
4833:
4824:
4815:
4804:. Retrieved
4795:
4786:
4777:
4768:
4759:
4750:
4733:
4713:
4693:
4686:
4675:. Retrieved
4655:
4648:
4637:. Retrieved
4617:
4610:
4599:. Retrieved
4579:
4572:
4561:. Retrieved
4541:
4534:
4525:
4513:. Retrieved
4493:
4486:
4477:
4468:
4459:
4450:
4436:cite journal
4377:
4373:
4338:. Retrieved
4333:
4320:
4311:
4301:
4286:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4223:
4208:
4172:. Retrieved
4150:(2872): 14.
4147:
4143:
4133:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4015:
4005:
3994:. Retrieved
3979:
3971:
3966:
3955:. Retrieved
3953:. 2020-07-14
3950:
3941:
3932:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3846:the original
3836:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3810:
3802:
3797:
3789:
3784:
3776:
3771:
3763:
3758:
3736:(1): 74â79.
3733:
3730:African Arts
3729:
3723:
3712:. Retrieved
3708:the original
3703:
3693:
3682:. Retrieved
3678:the original
3673:
3664:
3655:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3570:
3554:
3549:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3516:. Retrieved
3512:the original
3507:
3498:
3487:. Retrieved
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3395:
3379:the original
3369:
3361:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3320:
3287:
3283:
3226:
3222:
3199:
3173:
3168:
3144:. Retrieved
3135:
3126:
3115:. Retrieved
3109:
3085:. Retrieved
3065:
3037:
2999:. Retrieved
2990:
2980:
2970:September 4,
2968:. Retrieved
2964:the original
2959:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2829:
2828:
2776:
2731:
2629:
2602:
2575:
2556:
2540:
2529:The city of
2528:
2454:
2436:
2428:Roman Empire
2413:
2401:
2385:Samara River
2382:
2372:vase in the
2328:Chalcolithic
2325:
2321:Ubaid period
2310:
2294:
2290:Ubaid period
2275:
2252:
2229:
2208:decorations.
2155:chalcolithic
2140:
2113:
2100:Yuan dynasty
2093:
2061:Song dynasty
2058:
2029:JĆmon period
2026:
1980:pearl millet
1973:
1960:JĆmon period
1953:
1946:
1942:Xianren Cave
1922:
1901:Xianren Cave
1867:Tang dynasty
1761:fire pottery
1750:
1727:
1701:
1678:
1661:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1607:
1568:Salt-glazing
1562:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1515:glost firing
1490:
1484:
1470:
1464:
1424:
1421:Tang dynasty
1416:
1399:
1378:
1333:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1293:
1279:
1249:
1241:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1201:
1170:
1136:
1121:
1109:
1089:
1082:Leather-hard
1080:
1072:
1067:
1045:plasticisers
1028:
1024:
1002:Slip casting
978:RAM pressing
967:
957:
952:
930:
927:spray drying
896:
831:
824:
796:
784:wollastonite
690:
679:
619:
616:
606:
596:
576:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:
499:, mostly by
494:
490:
483:
480:
465:
426:
424:
405:
401:Tang dynasty
394:
374:
341:
337:
295:
288:
219:
195:
176:
129:
72:
68:
64:
60:
52:
51:
7419:Ceramic art
7135:Halaf-Ubaid
7090:Mehrgarh II
7062:Chogha Mish
6944:'Ain Ghazal
6872:(7500â5500)
6862:Nabta Playa
6661:Mesopotamia
6496:Pietra dura
6459:Micromosaic
6392:Doll making
6346:Silversmith
6263:Cameo glass
6220:Earthenware
6192:Woodturning
6104:Pop-up book
6089:Papermaking
5976:Calligraphy
5971:Bookbinding
5901:Rug hooking
5871:Needlepoint
5851:Lace-making
5816:Canvas work
5635:Sea pottery
5422:Earthenware
5394:Salt glazed
5384:Lead-glazed
5344:China stone
3852:23 February
3481:"DGM-E.pdf"
2739:Archaic Era
2735:Mesoamerica
2693:Chess set (
2681:decoration.
2675:mina'i ware
2621:tin-glazing
2590:Cobalt blue
2443:Renaissance
2439:Hellenistic
2424:Samian ware
2317:Mesopotamia
2280:starts the
2135:British Raj
2085:Cizhou ware
2046:Goryeo ware
1964:earthenware
1917:Mesopotamia
1863:Slipcasting
1738:archaeology
1730:prehistoric
1593:Ash glazing
1577:sewer-pipes
1572:common salt
1513:before the
1491:Mussel Gold
1485:Bright Gold
1475:Mintons Ltd
1392:Lithography
1318:glost fired
1314:Glaze fired
1280:labu sayung
1237:electricity
1166:bottle kiln
1118:Temperature
1051:3D printing
893:Old English
751:calcination
686:comminution
645:sedimentary
553:clay matrix
525:"clay body"
409:Archaeology
270:Earthenware
264:Earthenware
253:baked beans
241:jollof rice
198:earthenware
187:ceramic art
113:terracottas
105:prehistoric
101:archaeology
7408:Categories
7315:Gian Hasan
7239:Yarim Tepe
7158:Tepe Sialk
7084:Lahuradewa
6909:Mehrgarh I
6896:Ganj Dareh
6878:(7000 BC)
6869:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
6865:(7500 BC)
6812:Tell Aswad
6531:Wall decal
6454:Miniatures
6372:Assemblage
6240:Terracotta
6215:Bone china
6094:Paper toys
6060:Papercraft
5986:Cast paper
5981:Cardmaking
5928:String art
5918:Shoemaking
5906:Rug making
5876:Needlework
5831:Embroidery
5821:Crocheting
5782:handicraft
5630:Red-figure
5625:Rang Mahal
5540:Burnishing
5469:Terracotta
5457:soft-paste
5452:hard-paste
5442:Jasperware
5399:Tin-glazed
5389:Lustreware
5094:9806331324
4888:2021-12-31
4806:2019-04-26
4677:2019-10-21
4639:2020-06-04
4601:2020-06-04
4563:2020-06-04
4412:10454/5947
4387:1510.02343
4340:2016-09-27
4174:2019-05-10
3996:2011-09-15
3957:2022-05-10
3714:2010-09-04
3704:Malaxi.com
3684:2010-09-04
3518:2010-09-04
3489:2010-09-04
3117:2022-01-26
3087:2019-10-17
3001:2010-07-10
2913:References
2839:Micronesia
2809:region of
2652:polychrome
2617:lusterware
2548:jasperware
2544:bone china
2469:tin-glazed
2451:Al-Andalus
2391:region of
2370:red-figure
2340:Attic ware
2239:See also:
2186:See also:
2147:Lahuradewa
2143:Mesolithic
2123:See also:
2119:South Asia
1925:Gravettian
1687:guidelines
1497:Underglaze
1375:Burnishing
1330:Decorating
1276:carbonised
1259:Kalabougou
1156:Atmosphere
1142:pyrometers
1128:pit firing
1041:lubricants
923:granulated
793:Production
753:of animal
635:china clay
612:plasticity
557:inclusions
543:, and the
303:terracotta
259:Main types
140:Gravettian
93:technology
7295:Tepe Sabz
7027:Yarmukian
6992:Peiligang
6927:Franchthi
6900:Chia Jani
6671:Khuzistan
6526:Taxidermy
6516:Scrimshaw
6491:Pargeting
6417:Grotesque
6397:Dollhouse
6341:Goldsmith
6336:Jewellery
6326:Engraving
6283:Glassware
6268:Chip work
6235:Stoneware
6225:Porcelain
6177:Marquetry
6152:Carpentry
6147:Cabinetry
6124:Wallpaper
6050:Embossing
6043:Moneygami
5996:Decoupage
5881:Patchwork
5866:Millinery
5714:Delftware
5565:Pit fired
5464:Stoneware
5447:Porcelain
5437:Ironstone
5379:Ash glaze
5364:Kaolinite
5120:256747182
5086:2589-0042
5039:165755536
4843:. P. 149.
4349:cite news
4109:0036-8075
3899:Silicosis
3312:140312489
3136:Getty.edu
2896:Delftware
2850:Plainware
2835:Melanesia
2831:Polynesia
2807:Iho Eleru
2783:Ounjougou
2609:Andalucia
2586:Silk Road
2259:alabaster
2235:West Asia
2081:Guan ware
2065:Ding ware
2050:Buncheong
1986:East Asia
1933:for looms
1874:pit-kilns
1857:Etruscans
1734:artifacts
1662:Silicosis
1617:silicosis
1471:Acid Gold
1465:Best gold
1444:sgraffito
1435:clay slip
1409:Agateware
1379:burnished
1272:Raku ware
1112:sintering
1074:Greenware
958:jolleying
953:Jiggering
776:limestone
700:, act as
672:Bentonite
651:Fire clay
641:Ball clay
421:, Poland.
360:Porcelain
354:Porcelain
333:ash glaze
329:stoneware
319:Stoneware
313:Stoneware
298:Neolithic
280:Neolithic
229:cassoulet
206:porcelain
202:stoneware
191:decorated
181:, pit or
156:Neolithic
91:, and in
81:tableware
69:potteries
7369:Badarian
7351:Khazineh
7112:Faiyum A
6904:Ali Kosh
6754:Mureybet
6634:Anatolia
6481:Ornament
6444:Lapidary
6439:Lath art
6422:Gargoyle
6382:Beadwork
6356:Ironwork
6172:Intarsia
6167:Fretwork
6162:ĂbĂ©niste
6142:Bentwood
6119:Stamping
6109:Quilling
6055:Marbling
6038:Kirigami
6028:Kamikiri
5933:Tapestry
5886:Quilting
5846:Knitting
5736:Tilework
5605:Kakiemon
5575:Slipware
5560:Painting
5497:Pinching
5492:Moulding
5432:Fritware
5369:Petuntse
5354:Feldspar
5339:Bone ash
5112:36843842
5058:iScience
4897:cite web
4800:Archived
4671:Archived
4633:Archived
4595:Archived
4557:Archived
4515:26 March
4509:Archived
4420:23575637
4294:Archived
4278:37666548
4270:22745428
4216:Archived
4194:Archived
4168:Archived
4125:37666548
4117:22745428
4013:(2020).
3990:Archived
3901:, nhs.uk
3750:57567441
3328:Archived
3304:20177420
3261:31956178
3189:Archived
3146:30 April
3140:Archived
3081:Archived
3042:Archived
2995:Archived
2991:Discover
2906:Majolica
2864:See also
2714:Americas
2703:fritware
2699:Nishapur
2695:Shatrang
2673:Persian
2656:Nishapur
2625:maiolica
2613:fritware
2497:Wedgwood
2479:and its
2456:maiolica
2167:Hinduism
2151:Mehrgarh
1828:tempered
1805:pinching
1694:Archived
1652:plumbism
1440:slipware
1427:" wares.
1354:pigments
1235:, or by
1132:heatwork
1090:Bone-dry
854:pinching
834:kneading
772:dolomite
765:fritware
747:Bone ash
698:Feldspar
533:"fabric"
291:bonfires
245:kedjenou
214:fritware
173:, Niger.
142:culture
109:sculpted
67:(plural
7414:Pottery
7355:Susiana
7312:Amuq D
7282:Hassuna
7271:Hacilar
7267:Amuq C
7261:Merimde
7233:Susiana
7228:14â12)
7196:Hassuna
7191:
7181:Hacilar
7177:Amuq B
7146:Samarra
6960:Bouqras
6886:Bouqras
6875:Hacilar
6836:Pottery
6808:Jericho
6785:Jericho
6760:
6652:Middle
6648:Assyria
6476:Netsuke
6331:Etching
6311:Andiron
6230:Pottery
6210:Azulejo
6202:Ceramic
6070:Chinese
6033:Origami
6023:Jianzhi
5991:Collage
5948:Weaving
5943:Tie-dye
5938:Tatting
5861:Macrame
5836:Felting
5803:Textile
5793:History
5719:Faience
5704:Islamic
5595:Celadon
5550:Glazing
5487:Coiling
5315:Pottery
5103:9950523
5066:Bibcode
4962:(eds),
4949:(2004).
4932:(1900)
4919:(1990).
4428:3094491
4392:Bibcode
4250:Bibcode
4241:Science
4152:Bibcode
4089:Bibcode
4081:Science
3253:4501038
2901:Faience
2825:Oceania
2811:Nigeria
2789:on the
2701:glazed
2509:Mintons
2465:faience
2459:in the
2326:In the
2297:Hassuna
2286:Hassuna
2271:Bouqras
2263:granite
2224:Palawan
2089:pillows
2073:Ru ware
1809:coiling
1798:, Japan
1718:History
1623:, poor
1530:Glazing
1425:marbled
1417:neriage
1369:Carving
1338:Methods
1307:Biscuit
1245:saggars
1207:Methods
1037:binders
897:thrawan
860:. Some
842:wedging
828:Shaping
812:Shaping
658:bodies.
531:or the
529:"paste"
445:redware
419:Chodlik
390:mullite
379:, in a
249:cazuela
225:biryani
221:Cooking
179:bonfire
152:Jiangxi
148:vessels
73:pottery
65:pottery
53:Pottery
7373:Naqada
7341:19â18
7321:19â17
7318:Mersin
7278:22â20
7275:Mersin
7210:19â15)
7186:Mersin
7016:Dimini
7012:Sesklo
6931:Sesklo
6821:ĂayönĂŒ
6750:Gesher
6654:Tigris
6639:Khabur
6629:Levant
6615:Europe
6594:
6592:
6585:
6583:
6464:Mosaic
6321:Enamel
6288:Mirror
6080:Slavic
6075:Jewish
5913:Sewing
5896:Carpet
5709:Persia
5570:Saggar
5545:Firing
5250:
5235:
5221:
5200:
5186:
5118:
5110:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5037:
4934:online
4742:
4725:
4701:
4663:
4625:
4587:
4549:
4501:
4426:
4418:
4374:Nature
4276:
4268:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4023:
3748:
3310:
3302:
3259:
3251:
3180:
3073:
2846:Lapita
2779:Africa
2761:Africa
2594:Persia
2576:Early
2515:, and
2393:Russia
2374:krater
2368:Greek
2358:, and
2346:Europe
2247:, and
2194:, and
2137:(1910)
2104:cobalt
2042:Goryeo
1998:, and
1937:Sherds
1846:Europe
1742:shards
1681:. The
1670:silica
1664:is an
1442:. For
1431:Engobe
1300:Stages
1098:Firing
1086:state.
1064:Drying
818:Firing
815:Drying
712:Quartz
702:fluxes
655:fluxes
631:Kaolin
509:sherds
455:. The
377:kaolin
370:SĂšvres
237:tagine
210:glazed
171:Boubon
61:potter
7378:Ubaid
7345:Ubaid
7337:Gawra
7331:Ubaid
7325:Ubaid
7288:Gawra
7226:Eridu
7214:Ubaid
7208:Eridu
7202:Ubaid
7189:24â22
7125:Halaf
7044:Ubaid
6971:Jarmo
6891:Jarmo
6735:10000
6699:11000
6692:China
6687:India
6682:Indus
6625:Syria
6620:Egypt
6365:Other
6303:Metal
6255:Glass
6013:Decal
5958:Paper
5856:Lucet
5694:Korea
5689:Japan
5679:China
5610:Malwa
5600:Jorwe
5116:S2CID
5035:S2CID
4424:S2CID
4382:arXiv
4330:(PDF)
4274:S2CID
4121:S2CID
3805:1994.
3746:S2CID
3484:(PDF)
3308:S2CID
3300:JSTOR
3257:S2CID
3249:JSTOR
2803:Ghana
2751:Olmec
2517:Spode
2414:Fine
2389:Volga
2222:from
1913:Jarmo
1880:Kilns
1792:JĆmon
1558:spurs
1511:glaze
1413:agate
1400:decal
1360:Glaze
1322:glaze
1138:Kilns
1093:care.
1027:, or
919:mould
907:on a
895:word
666:shale
397:China
348:Japan
344:China
233:daube
160:JĆmon
7364:3800
7307:4500
7284:Late
7250:4800
7165:5200
7118:Amuq
7107:5600
7001:6000
6916:6500
6851:7000
6797:8000
6780:9000
6677:Iran
6666:Iran
6434:Inro
6245:Tile
6134:Wood
5780:and
5699:Maya
5555:Kiln
5374:Slip
5359:Frit
5349:Clay
5248:ISBN
5233:ISBN
5219:ISBN
5198:ISBN
5184:ISBN
5108:PMID
5090:OCLC
5082:ISSN
4903:link
4740:ISBN
4723:ISBN
4699:ISBN
4661:ISBN
4623:ISBN
4585:ISBN
4547:ISBN
4517:2007
4499:ISBN
4442:link
4416:PMID
4355:link
4266:PMID
4113:PMID
4105:ISSN
4021:ISBN
3854:2022
3398:1987
3280:See
3215:See
3178:ISBN
3148:2018
3071:ISBN
2972:2010
2855:The
2837:and
2799:Mali
2634:and
2632:tile
2570:and
2546:and
2079:and
1976:Mali
1954:The
1840:The
1820:fire
1807:and
1433:: a
1398:or "
1320:. A
1287:Mali
1263:Mali
1231:and
1229:coal
1225:wood
1218:soak
1213:kiln
1148:and
1043:and
1010:clay
1006:slip
887:The
858:slip
782:and
780:talc
761:Frit
755:bone
622:clay
608:Body
577:The
555:and
523:The
451:and
381:kiln
204:and
183:kiln
57:clay
7290:20
6658:Low
5098:PMC
5074:doi
5027:doi
4408:hdl
4400:doi
4378:496
4258:doi
4246:336
4160:doi
4148:215
4097:doi
4085:336
3738:doi
3292:doi
3239:hdl
3231:doi
2781:at
2607:in
2467:or
2315:in
2261:or
2174:in
1736:of
1285:In
1233:gas
1033:cup
1029:PIM
866:art
838:pug
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