943:(Allgemeines Krankenhaus), where medical students received their training. Working without knowledge of Holmes' essay, Semmelweis noticed his ward's 16% mortality rate from fever was substantially higher than the 2% mortality rate in the Second Division, where midwifery students were trained. Semmelweis also noticed that puerperal fever was rare in women who gave birth before arriving at the hospital. Semmelweis noted that doctors in First Division performed autopsies each morning on women who had died the previous day, but the midwives were not required or allowed to perform such autopsies. He made the connection between autopsies and puerperal fever after a colleague,
2224:: "Whenever puerperal fever is rife, or when a practitioner has attended any one example of it, he should use most diligent ablution; he should even wash his hands with some disinfecting fluid, a weak solution of chlorine for instance: he should avoid going in the same dress to any other of his midwifery patients: in short, he should take all those precautions which, when the danger is understood, common sense will suggest, against his clothes or his body becoming a vehicle of contagion and death between one patient and another."
804:
42:
3404:
927:, a well-known obstetrician, who stated, "Doctors are gentlemen, and gentlemen's hands are clean." Richard Gordon states that Holmes' exhortations "outraged obstetricians, particularly in Philadelphia". In those days, "surgeons operated in blood-stiffened frock coats—the stiffer the coat, the prouder the busy surgeon", "pus was as inseparable from surgery as blood", and "Cleanliness was next to prudishness". He quotes
281:. This increases to 5% to 13% among those who have more difficult deliveries and 50% with C-sections before the use of preventive antibiotics. In 2015, these infections resulted in 17,900 deaths down from 34,000 deaths in 1990. They are the cause of about 10% of deaths around the time of pregnancy. The first known descriptions of the condition date back to at least the 5th century BCE in the writings of
1021:, contracted childbed fever after giving birth to him and died nine days later. Her infant son was also in perilous health following the birth; the adult Rousseau later wrote that "I came into the world with so few signs of life that little hope was entertained of preserving me". He was nursed back to health by an aunt. French natural philosopher
2171:
nature, and that the infection was as readily communicated as that of smallpox, or measles, and operated more speedily than any other infection, with which I am acquainted." From p. 64: "It is a disagreeable declaration for me to mention, that I myself was the means of carrying the infection to a great number of women."
865:
solution, before a delivery reduced childbed fever fatalities by 90%. Publication of his findings was not well received by the medical profession. The idea conflicted both with the existing medical concepts and with the image doctors had of themselves. The scorn and ridicule of doctors was so extreme
950:
Semmelweis began experimenting with various cleansing agents and, from May 1847, ordered all doctors and students working in the First
Division wash their hands in chlorinated lime solution before starting ward work, and later before each vaginal examination. The mortality rate from puerperal fever
2170:
On p. 63, Gordon recognized the puerperal fever as infectious: "But this disease seized such women only, as were visited, or delivered, by a practitioner, or taken care of by a nurse, who had previously attended patients affected with the disease. In short, I had evident proofs of its infectious
919:
and controversially concluded that puerperal fever was frequently carried from patient to patient by physicians and nurses; he suggested that clean clothing and avoidance of autopsies by those aiding birth would prevent the spread of puerperal fever. Holmes quoted Dr. James
Blundell as stating,
653:
Antibiotics have been used to prevent and treat these infections—however, the misuse of antibiotics is a serious problem for global health. It is recommended that guidelines be followed that outline when it is appropriate to give antibiotics and which antibiotics are most effective.
755:
Puerperal infections in the 18th and 19th centuries affected, on average, 6 to 9 women in every 1,000 births, killing two to three of them with peritonitis or sepsis. It was the single most common cause of maternal mortality, accounting for about half of all deaths related to
842:, and women were subjected to crowding, frequent vaginal examinations, and the use of contaminated instruments, dressings, and bedding. It was common for a doctor to deliver one baby after another, without washing his hands or changing clothes between patients.
920:"... in my own family, I had rather that those I esteemed the most should be delivered unaided, in a stable, by the mangerside, than that they should receive the best help, in the fairest apartment, but exposed to the vapors of this pitiless disease."
795:, which over the same period had declined but has seen a rise in last decade worldwide especially in Asia with smaller outbreaks in US and Canada. UK had reported 12,906 cases between September 2015 and April 2016 which is the largest outbreak since 1969.
881:(1752–1799) warned that the disease was transmitted from one case to another by midwives and doctors. Gordon wrote, "It is a disagreeable declaration for me to mention, that I myself was the means of carrying the infection to a great number of women."
849:
in 1646. Hospitals throughout Europe and
America consistently reported death rates between 20% and 25% of all women giving birth, punctuated by intermittent epidemics with up to 100% fatalities of women giving birth in childbirth wards.
330:(blood poisoning) or other illnesses, especially when her resistance has been lowered by long labour or severe bleeding. Puerperal infection is most common on the raw surface of the interior of the uterus after separation of the
931:
on that era: "There was no object in being clean. Indeed, cleanliness was out of place. It was considered to be finicking and affected. An executioner might as well manicure his nails before chopping off a head".
732:
The number of cases of puerperal sepsis per year shows wide variations among published literature—this may be related to different definitions, recordings etc. Globally, bacterial infections are the cause of 10% of
2712:
2634:
2619:
309:
greater than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), chills, low abdominal pain, and possibly bad-smelling vaginal discharge. It usually occurs after the first 24 hours and within the first ten days following delivery.
740:
In the United States, puerperal infections are believed to occur in between 1% and 8% of all births. About three die from puerperal sepsis for every 100,000 births. The single most important risk factor is
257:
around the time of surgery. Treatment of established infections is with antibiotics, with most people improving in two to three days. In those with mild disease, oral antibiotics may be used; otherwise
1286:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
285:. These infections were a very common cause of death around the time of childbirth starting in at least the 18th century until the 1930s when antibiotics were introduced. In 1847, Hungarian physician
522:
A temperature rise above 38 °C (100.4 °F) maintained over 24 hours or recurring during the period from the end of the first to the end of the 10th day after childbirth or abortion. (ICD-10)
820:
1234:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
2323:
From p. 104: Speaking of a physician in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Meigs said: "He is a gentlemen who is scrupulously careful of his personal appearance, … But a gentleman's hands are clean."
1394:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
484:
PPD 2–3: endometritis ( the most common cause ) risk factors include emergency cesarean section, prolonged membrane rupture, prolonged labor, and multiple vaginal examinations during labor.
2705:
1648:
951:
in the division fell from 18% in May 1847 to less than 3% in June–November of the same year. While his results were extraordinary, he was treated with skepticism and ridicule (see
1876:
Saving
Mothers' Lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer – 2003–2005. The Seventh Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom
2698:
3431:
3409:
498:
PPD 5–6: septic pelvic thrombophlebitis risk factors include emergency cesarean section, prolonged membrane rupture, prolonged labor, and diffuse difficult vaginal childbirth.
752:
deaths associated with genital tract sepsis per 100,000 pregnancies was 0.40–0.85. In 2003–2005, genital tract sepsis accounted for 14% of direct causes of maternal death.
1902:
764:
in killing women of childbearing age. A rough estimate is that about 250,000–500,000 died from puerperal fever in the 18th and 19th centuries in
England and Wales alone.
1074:
mother and younger sister perished from this condition, explaining the character's animosity towards his nephew Fred and also his poor relationship with his own father.
834:
Hospitals for childbirth became common in the 17th century in many
European cities. These "lying-in" hospitals were established at a time when there was no knowledge of
689:
Management: multiple agent IV antibiotics to cover polymicrobial organisms: clindamycin, gentamicin, addition of ampicillin if no response, no cultures are necessary.
1602:
903:
solution and changes of clothing for obstetric attendants "to prevent the practitioner becoming a vehicle of contagion and death between one patient and another."
2963:
1828:
1698:
1874:
366:
of the infecting organism, the resistance of the invaded tissues, and the general health of the woman. Organisms commonly producing this infection are
745:. The number of maternal deaths in the United States is about 13 in 100,000. They make up about 11% of pregnancy-related deaths in the United States.
3305:
1212:
891:, London, wrote in 1842: "Wherever puerperal fever is rife, or when a practitioner has attended any one instance of it, he should use most diligent
546:
776:
that women in childbed were prone to fevers, the distinct name, "puerperal fever" appears in historical records only from the early 18th century.
2239:
2144:
1957:
The debate about when this term first emerged is presented by Irvine Loudon, The tragedy of childbed fever, Oxford
University Press, 2000, p. 8.
827:
From the 1600s through the mid-to-late 1800s, the majority of childbed fever cases were caused by the doctors themselves. With no knowledge of
2181:
270:
and gentamicin in those who have had a C-section. In those who are not improving with appropriate treatment, other complications such as an
2427:
1628:
819:
handwash in 1847 marked by vertical line. Rates for Dublin maternity hospital, which had no pathological anatomy, is shown for comparison (
791:. Another reason appears to be a lessening of the virulence or invasiveness of Streptococcus pyogenes. This organism is also the cause of
277:
In 2015, about 11.8 million maternal infections occurred. In the developed world about 1% to 2% develop uterine infections following
2443:
Colebrook, L; Kenny, M (June 6, 1936). "Treatment of Human
Puerperal Infections, and of Experimental Infections in Mice, with Prontosil".
1458:
1353:
1692:
952:
1922:
392:, which flourish in devitalized tissues such as may be present after long and injurious labour and unskilled instrumental delivery;
2038:
1899:
2943:
2910:
2471:
1935:
1884:
1854:
1731:
1489:
1452:
1376:
1347:
1198:
1156:
857:
noticed that women giving birth at home had a much lower incidence of childbed fever than those giving birth in the doctor's
1599:
989:
866:
that
Semmelweis moved from Vienna and, following a breakdown, was eventually committed to a mental asylum, where he died.
3436:
2958:
2461:
1031:
3361:
3216:
3143:
2838:
2314:
On the Nature, Signs, and Treatment of Childbed Fevers: In a Series of Letters Addressed to the Students of His Class
2299:
2256:
2221:
2208:
928:
737:—this is more common in low income countries but is also a direct cause of maternal deaths in high-income countries.
702:
Management: antibiotics for cellulitis, open and drain wound, saline-soaked packing twice a day, secondary closure.
289:
decreased death from the disease in the First Obstetrical Clinic of Vienna from nearly 20% to 2% through the use of
3388:
3009:
2747:
2333:
2283:
674:
1687:
2890:
1821:
884:
705:
439:
207:
98:
2233:
994:
Elite status was no protection against postpartum infections, as the deaths of several English queens attest.
322:
has a large bare surface, which is prone to infection. Infection may be limited to the cavity and wall of her
3092:
1775:
525:
Oral temperature of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or more on any two of the first ten days postpartum. (USJCMW)
249:
Due to the risks following caesarean section, it is recommended that all women receive a preventive dose of
3441:
3376:
3159:
3004:
878:
711:
Management: IV heparin for 7–10 days at rates sufficient to prolong the PTT to double the baseline values.
1185:
815:
in Vienna in 1823 (vertical line) was correlated to the incidence of fatal childbed fever there. Onset of
3172:
2690:
3283:
3082:
3056:
2792:
2738:
888:
3320:
3310:
3228:
3128:
2108:
1870:
912:
160:
2846:
2649:
2185:
634:
463:
222:
among others. Most infections involve a number of types of bacteria. Diagnosis is rarely helped by
175:
greater than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), chills, lower abdominal pain, and possibly bad-smelling
1231:
3245:
3167:
2925:
2358:
1022:
940:
670:
423:
400:
235:
223:
2434:
National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science, December 8, 1999 (revised October 27, 2003).
2424:
2318:
1481:
3366:
3340:
3118:
2938:
2933:
2905:
2882:
2782:
2109:""The contagiousness of childbed fever": a short history of puerperal sepsis and its treatment"
1083:
924:
537:), is no longer favored as a diagnostic category. Instead, contemporary terminology specifies:
368:
179:. It usually occurs after the first 24 hours and within the first ten days following delivery.
50:
1721:
1442:
1337:
846:
708:: persistent wide fever swings despite antibiotics, usually normal abdominal or pelvic exams.
3325:
2777:
2237:"The contagiousness of childbed fever: a short history of puerperal sepsis and its treatment"
2165:
1018:
203:
1746:
1002:, died of puerperal fever one week after giving birth to a daughter, who also died. Her son
3335:
3204:
3099:
2920:
2895:
999:
862:
812:
319:
294:
1505:
Anderson BL (April 2014). "Puerperal group A streptococcal infection: beyond Semmelweis".
35:
Puerperal fever, childbed fever, maternal sepsis, maternal infection, puerperal infections
8:
3371:
3315:
3209:
3138:
3123:
3104:
2953:
2767:
2678:
2638:
2352:
1941:
1026:
869:
Semmelweis was not the only doctor ignored after sounding a warning about this issue: in
780:
474:
2050:
262:
antibiotics are recommended. Common antibiotics include a combination of ampicillin and
3345:
3300:
3275:
3240:
3087:
3077:
2772:
2535:
2406:
2312:
2136:
2124:
2089:
2001:
1968:
1803:
1574:
1549:
1530:
1474:
1418:
1393:
1310:
1285:
1258:
1233:
773:
638:
455:
406:
389:
231:
71:
2581:
2064:
Wyklicky H, Skopec M (1983). "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, the prophet of bacteriology".
1409:
1301:
1249:
861:. His investigation discovered that washing hands with an antiseptic, in this case a
564:(uncontrolled and uncontained multiplication of microbes throughout the blood stream).
3250:
3222:
3182:
3177:
3112:
2986:
2787:
2762:
2730:
2585:
2556:
2527:
2467:
2398:
2159:
2128:
2081:
2006:
1988:
1931:
1880:
1850:
1795:
1727:
1640:
1579:
1522:
1485:
1448:
1423:
1372:
1343:
1315:
1263:
1232:
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016).
1204:
1194:
1152:
1066:
995:
966:
944:
742:
603:
459:
286:
199:
176:
94:
59:
2643:
2539:
2410:
2140:
2093:
1822:"WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal peripartum infections"
1807:
1534:
1391:
1283:
783:. The decline may be partly attributed to improved environmental conditions, better
3133:
3072:
2804:
2577:
2568:
Calhoun BC, Brost B (June 1995). "Emergency management of sudden puerperal fever".
2519:
2390:
2120:
2073:
1996:
1980:
1787:
1569:
1561:
1514:
1413:
1405:
1305:
1297:
1253:
1245:
1071:
1046:
936:
854:
808:
803:
492:
488:
394:
362:(inflammation of the abdominal lining). The severity of the illness depends on the
278:
219:
102:
2381:
Raju TN (1999). "Ignác Semmelweis and the etiology of fetal and neonatal sepsis".
1984:
1187:
WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal peripartum infections
947:, died of sepsis after accidentally cutting his hand while performing an autopsy.
3288:
3255:
3044:
3029:
2809:
2654:
2431:
2287:
2243:
1906:
1791:
1662:
1606:
1518:
1061:
1050:
692:
470:
435:
227:
2510:
Chaim W, Burstein E (August 2003). "Postpartum infection treatments: a review".
3383:
3293:
3189:
3049:
3038:
2978:
2856:
2547:
French L (August 2003). "Prevention and treatment of postpartum endometritis".
1011:
858:
734:
621:
2523:
2077:
54:(red-stained spheres) is responsible for many cases of severe puerperal fever.
3425:
3265:
3235:
2968:
2851:
1992:
1918:
977:
959:
828:
792:
609:
579:
506:
373:
2628:
2209:"Lectures on the principles and practice of physic: Diseases of the abdomen"
686:: moderate fever, exquisite uterine tenderness, minimal abdominal findings.
633:
A number of other conditions can cause fevers following delivery including:
3260:
3194:
2560:
2531:
2402:
2132:
2010:
1799:
1583:
1526:
1427:
1319:
1267:
1208:
1054:
1041:
1036:
1007:
962:, and published his findings in 1860, but his discovery was again ignored.
839:
761:
724:
Management: antibiotics for cellulitis, open and drain abscess if present.
683:
661:
568:
542:
419:
347:
211:
106:
2720:
2589:
2394:
2085:
1644:
1565:
667:
Management: pulmonary exercises, ambulation (deep breathing and walking).
342:
of any part of the genital tract. By whatever portal, they can invade the
3199:
2948:
2900:
2833:
2814:
2799:
2493:
1600:
The Global Incidence of Puerperal Sepsis Protocol for a Systematic Review
1392:
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (17 December 2014).
1367:"Cover of Hacker & Moore's Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology".
896:
788:
784:
657:
642:
615:
597:
591:
550:
478:
451:
431:
359:
343:
339:
327:
290:
282:
267:
259:
243:
168:
120:
89:
41:
2611:
939:
was appointed assistant lecturer in the First Obstetric Division of the
571:
is a polymicrobial infection. It frequently includes organisms such as
2819:
2726:
1284:
GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (8 October 2016).
1003:
974:
835:
779:
The death rate for women giving birth decreased in the 20th century in
757:
585:
573:
443:
381:
355:
335:
263:
254:
250:
239:
164:
64:
2277:
1151:(24th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. 2014. pp. Chapter 37.
2863:
2722:
2673:
1629:"Bacteriologic Findings of Post-Cesarian Endometritis in Adolescents"
970:
923:
Holmes' conclusions were ridiculed by many contemporaries, including
680:
Management: antibiotics as per culture sensitivity (cephalosporine).
557:
427:
363:
156:
2023:
Loudon I. "Deaths in childbed from the eighteenth century to 1935".
560:(contained multiplication of microbes) or possibly life-threatening
442:. Septic risk factors for each condition are listed in order of the
2757:
900:
874:
816:
714:
696:
502:
385:
331:
215:
110:
2039:"The Childbed Fever Mystery and the Meaning of Medical Journalism"
495:, prolonged labor, and multiple vaginal examinations during labor.
230:
may be required. Other causes of fever following delivery include
3062:
892:
772:
Although it had been recognized from as early as the time of the
377:
271:
469:
PPD 1–2: urinary tract infections risk factors include multiple
3066:
2623:
845:
The first recorded epidemic of puerperal fever occurred at the
561:
358:(inflammation of connective tissue), and pelvic or generalized
351:
323:
183:
2336:(1983). "Disastrous Motherhood: Tales from the Vienna Wards".
3025:
2996:
2829:
718:
306:
172:
2964:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
1547:
1369:
Hacker & Moore's essentials of obstetrics and gynecology
660:: mild to moderate fever, no changes or mild rales on chest
1747:
Definition of "infection" from several medical dictionaries
76:
Fever, lower abdominal pain, bad-smelling vaginal discharge
1966:
1847:
Childbed fever. A scientific biography of Ignaz Semmelweis
2317:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Blanchard and Lea. p.
1550:"Medicine in stamps-Ignaz Semmelweis and Puerperal Fever"
418:
Causes (listed in order of decreasing frequency) include
1967:
Basetti S, Hodgson J, Rawson TM, Majeed A (2017-08-11).
487:
PPD 4–5: wound infection risk factors include emergency
1554:
Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association
1371:(6 ed.). Elsevier Canada. 2015. pp. 276–290.
748:
In the United Kingdom from 1985 to 2005, the number of
2357:. London, England: Cassell and Company, Ltd. pp.
2161:
A Treatise on the Epidemic Puerperal Fever of Aberdeen
695:: persistent spiking fever despite antibiotics, wound
202:(C-section), the presence of certain bacteria such as
3432:
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
2459:
1776:"Breast Pain: Engorgement, Nipple Pain, and Mastitis"
1723:
Diagnostic Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology E-Book
811:
presented evidence to demonstrate that the advent of
553:(inflammation of the membrane lining of the abdomen).
226:
of the vagina or blood. In those who do not improve,
2601:
2365:
2174:
831:, doctors did not believe hand washing was needed.
446:day (PPD) on which the condition generally occurs.
2570:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
2351:Treves F (1923). "Ch. 2: The Old Receiving Room".
2326:
2164:. London, England: G.G. and J. Robinson. pp.
1969:"Scarlet fever: a guide for general practitioners"
1473:
798:
545:(inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus),
3306:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
1548:Ataman AD, Vatanoğlu-Lutz EE, Yıldırım G (2013).
3423:
2057:
2425:"Childbed fever: a nineteenth-century mystery,"
2340:. London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 43–46 .
1045:. Other notables include African-American poet
958:He did the same work in St. Rochus hospital in
549:(inflammation of the veins of the uterus), and
2100:
2063:
1193:. World Health Organization. 2015. p. 1.
2706:
2509:
2261:The New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine
2184:. www.general-anaesthesia.com. Archived from
2182:"Treatise on the Epidemic of Puerperal Fever"
1335:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
2567:
2271:
1844:
1719:
1227:
1225:
556:the severity of the infection: less serious
238:, infections of an abdominal incision or an
2254:
1930:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 6.
1595:
1593:
1279:
1277:
871:Treatise on the Epidemic of Puerperal Fever
2713:
2699:
2257:"On the contagiousness of puerperal fever"
1693:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1165:
40:
2000:
1726:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 430.
1573:
1417:
1331:
1329:
1309:
1257:
1222:
1086:, a traditional practice after childbirth
628:
595:, and may also include organisms such as
182:The most common infection is that of the
2546:
2466:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 54.
2354:The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences
2106:
1626:
1590:
1504:
1440:
1274:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
802:
505:risk factors include nipple trauma from
1900:CEMACH: Saving Mothers' Lives 2003–2005
1849:. Transaction Publishers. p. 100.
1447:. New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. p. 153.
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1049:(1784), British housekeeping authority
1017:Suzanne Barnard, mother of philosopher
171:. Signs and symptoms usually include a
3424:
2417:
2350:
2332:
2206:
2157:
2036:
1917:
1773:
1471:
1385:
1360:
1326:
1035:, died ten days after giving birth to
980:and hence a cure for puerperal fever.
887:(1792–1882), Professor of Medicine at
645:and surgical incisions, among others.
404:(inhabitants of the lower bowel); and
2944:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2911:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2694:
2310:
2280:The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever
1869:
1758:
1701:from the original on 22 February 2016
917:The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever
305:Signs and symptoms usually include a
300:
3010:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
2380:
2374:
1667:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1097:
990:List of women who died in childbirth
906:
823:). His efforts were futile, however.
677:tenderness, positive urine culture.
84:Typically multiple types of bacteria
1761:Blueprint Obstetrics and Gynecology
518:Puerperal fever is diagnosed with:
326:, or it may spread beyond to cause
13:
2959:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
2503:
2125:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb05004.x
1780:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
1720:Crum CP, Lee KR, Nucci MR (2011).
1032:Vindication of the Rights of Woman
717:: unilateral, localized erythema,
541:the specific target of infection:
14:
3453:
3217:Pain management during childbirth
3144:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2597:
2512:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
2235:The Medical Journal of Australia.
1339:DC Dutta's Textbook of Obstetrics
1057:in 1916 died of puerperal fever.
1006:had two wives who died this way,
529:Puerperal fever (from the Latin
186:and surrounding tissues known as
3403:
3402:
3389:Sexual activity during pregnancy
2460:Sue Bale, Vanessa Jones (2006).
2147:from the original on 2006-12-03.
2113:The Medical Journal of Australia
1834:from the original on 2016-03-06.
1651:from the original on 2013-11-03.
1461:from the original on 2016-03-04.
1356:from the original on 2015-12-08.
1218:from the original on 2016-02-07.
983:
376:(inhabitants of the skin and of
2486:
2453:
2437:
2344:
2304:
2292:
2248:
2227:
2200:
2151:
2030:
2017:
1960:
1951:
1911:
1893:
1863:
1838:
1814:
1767:
1752:
1740:
1713:
1680:
1655:
1620:
1611:
1541:
1498:
1342:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 432.
727:
699:or fluctuance, wound drainage.
413:
2891:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
2549:Current Women's Health Reports
1973:London Journal of Primary Care
1465:
1444:Manual of perinatal infections
1434:
706:Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis
440:septic pelvic thrombophlebitis
266:following vaginal delivery or
208:premature rupture of membranes
99:premature rupture of membranes
1:
3093:Prelabor rupture of membranes
2582:10.1016/S0889-8545(21)00185-6
1985:10.1080/17571472.2017.1365677
1924:The Tragedy of Childbed Fever
1845:Carter KC, Carter BR (2005).
1480:. New York: Dekker. pp.
1410:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
1302:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1250:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1090:
873:(1795), ex-naval surgeon and
648:
3372:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3023:Maternal care related to the
3005:Gestational thrombocytopenia
2371:Gordon, Richard (1983) p. 44
2207:Watson (February 18, 1842).
1792:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000153
1519:10.1097/aog.0000000000000175
513:
477:during labor, and untreated
318:After childbirth, a woman's
7:
3173:Cephalopelvic disproportion
1774:Berens PD (December 2015).
1077:
10:
3458:
3437:Health issues in pregnancy
3284:Breastfeeding difficulties
3083:Constriction ring syndrome
3057:Braxton Hicks contractions
2213:The London Medical Gazette
2043:McGill Journal of Medicine
1627:Berenson AB (April 1990).
1070:, it is implied that both
987:
767:
338:organisms may also affect
3397:
3354:
3321:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
3311:Pubic symphysis diastasis
3274:
3158:
3022:
2995:
2977:
2919:
2881:
2872:
2828:
2746:
2737:
2664:
2605:
2524:10.1517/14656566.4.8.1297
2496:'s "The Age of Rousseau".
2078:10.1017/S0195941700059762
1749:– Retrieved on 2021-07-07
1688:"Urinary Tract Infection"
1633:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1507:Obstetrics and Gynecology
913:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
760:, and was second only to
313:
161:female reproductive tract
134:
126:
116:
88:
80:
70:
58:
48:
39:
31:
26:
2847:Gestational hypertension
2107:De Costa CM (Nov 2002).
635:urinary tract infections
464:obstructive lung disease
236:urinary tract infections
214:, manual removal of the
3246:Umbilical cord prolapse
3168:Amniotic fluid embolism
2926:dermatoses of pregnancy
2383:Journal of Perinatology
2338:Great Medical Disasters
2278:Oliver Wendell Holmes:
2255:Holmes OW (1842–1843).
1039:, who grew up to write
941:Vienna General Hospital
889:King's College Hospital
673:: high fever, malaise,
671:Urinary tract infection
473:during labor, multiple
424:urinary tract infection
401:Clostridium perfringens
198:. Risk factors include
196:postpartum endometritis
3362:Concomitant conditions
3341:Postpartum thyroiditis
3119:Circumvallate placenta
2939:Impetigo herpetiformis
2934:Gestational pemphigoid
2906:Hyperemesis gravidarum
2839:hypertensive disorders
1879:. CEMACH. p. 97.
1336:Hiralal Konar (2014).
1084:Postpartum confinement
1053:, and American author
973:was effective against
953:Response to Semmelweis
925:Charles Delucena Meigs
895:." Watson recommended
824:
629:Differential diagnosis
390:anaerobic streptococci
369:Streptococcus pyogenes
274:should be considered.
51:Streptococcus pyogenes
3331:Postpartum infections
3326:Postpartum depression
2395:10.1038/sj.jp.7200155
2298:(Holmes, 1842–1843),
1566:10.5152/jtgga.2013.08
1476:A history of medicine
1019:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
806:
799:"The Doctor's Plague"
787:care, and the use of
454:risk factors include
204:group B streptococcus
145:Postpartum infections
27:Postpartum infections
3336:Postpartum psychosis
3205:Obstetrical bleeding
3100:Obstetrical bleeding
2921:Integumentary system
2896:Gestational diabetes
2875:related to pregnancy
2873:Other, predominantly
1947:on 11 February 2012.
1296:(10053): 1459–1544.
1244:(10053): 1545–1602.
929:Sir Frederick Treves
863:calcium hypochlorite
813:pathological anatomy
475:vaginal examinations
295:calcium hypochlorite
155:, are any bacterial
3442:Infectious diseases
3316:Postpartum bleeding
3139:Placental abruption
3124:Monochorionic twins
2954:Prurigo gestationis
2049:(1). Archived from
1441:Walvekar V (2005).
1149:Williams Obstetrics
1037:her second daughter
1027:Mary Wollstonecraft
998:, queen consort of
847:Hôtel-Dieu de Paris
781:developed countries
192:postpartum metritis
3346:Puerperal mastitis
3301:Breast engorgement
3088:Monoamniotic twins
3078:Chorionic hematoma
2665:External resources
2463:Wound care nursing
2430:2009-04-16 at the
2286:2007-02-03 at the
2242:2006-12-03 at the
2119:(11–12): 668–671.
2037:Caplan CE (1995).
1905:2008-05-21 at the
1605:2008-12-17 at the
1472:Magner LN (1992).
1023:Émilie du Châtelet
825:
807:In his 1861 book,
774:Hippocratic corpus
639:breast engorgement
456:general anesthesia
407:Clostridium tetani
334:(afterbirth), but
301:Signs and symptoms
232:breast engorgement
3419:
3418:
3377:Thyroid disorders
3367:Diabetes mellitus
3251:Uterine inversion
3183:Shoulder dystocia
3178:Obstructed labour
3154:
3153:
3018:
3017:
2987:Chorea gravidarum
2763:Ectopic pregnancy
2688:
2687:
2473:978-0-7234-3344-6
2311:Meigs CD (1854).
2158:Gordon A (1795).
1937:978-0-19-820499-2
1886:978-0-9533536-8-2
1856:978-1-4128-0467-7
1733:978-1-4557-0895-6
1697:. 17 April 2015.
1491:978-0-8247-8673-1
1454:978-81-8061-472-9
1404:(9963): 117–171.
1378:978-1-4557-7558-3
1349:978-93-5152-067-2
1200:978-92-4-154936-3
1158:978-0-07-179893-8
1067:A Christmas Carol
996:Elizabeth of York
967:Leonard Colebrook
945:Jakob Kolletschka
907:Hygienic measures
743:caesarean section
460:cigarette smoking
384:, and many other
287:Ignaz Semmelweiss
200:caesarean section
177:vaginal discharge
142:
141:
95:Caesarean section
21:Medical condition
3449:
3406:
3405:
3241:Postmature birth
3229:Placenta accreta
3134:Placenta praevia
3129:Placenta accreta
3073:Chorioamnionitis
2883:Digestive system
2879:
2878:
2805:Fetal resorption
2793:Rudimentary horn
2750:abortive outcome
2744:
2743:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2564:
2543:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2457:
2451:
2441:
2435:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2252:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2220:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2188:on July 20, 2008
2178:
2172:
2169:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1940:. Archived from
1929:
1921:(9 March 2000).
1915:
1909:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1624:
1618:
1617:Carter (2005):98
1615:
1609:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1479:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1192:
1182:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1047:Phillis Wheatley
937:Ignaz Semmelweis
879:Alexander Gordon
855:Ignaz Semmelweis
809:Ignaz Semmelweis
535:male child (boy)
493:membrane rupture
489:cesarean section
395:Escherichia coli
388:eruptions); the
279:vaginal delivery
220:prolonged labour
188:puerperal sepsis
147:, also known as
103:prolonged labour
44:
24:
23:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3393:
3350:
3294:Cracked nipples
3289:Low milk supply
3270:
3256:Uterine rupture
3150:
3045:Oligohydramnios
3030:amniotic cavity
3024:
3014:
2991:
2973:
2924:
2915:
2874:
2868:
2837:
2824:
2810:Molar pregnancy
2749:
2733:
2719:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2660:
2659:
2614:
2600:
2518:(8): 1297–313.
2506:
2504:Further reading
2501:
2500:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2458:
2454:
2450:(1): 1279–1286.
2442:
2438:
2432:Wayback Machine
2423:Christa Colyer.
2422:
2418:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2349:
2345:
2331:
2327:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2288:Wayback Machine
2276:
2272:
2253:
2249:
2244:Wayback Machine
2232:
2228:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2156:
2152:
2105:
2101:
2062:
2058:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2018:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1927:
1916:
1912:
1907:Wayback Machine
1898:
1894:
1887:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1772:
1768:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1607:Wayback Machine
1598:
1591:
1546:
1542:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1470:
1466:
1455:
1439:
1435:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1350:
1334:
1327:
1282:
1275:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1201:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1166:
1159:
1146:
1145:
1098:
1093:
1080:
1062:Charles Dickens
1051:Isabella Beeton
992:
986:
909:
801:
770:
735:maternal deaths
730:
693:Wound infection
651:
631:
516:
471:catheterization
436:wound infection
416:
316:
303:
228:medical imaging
206:in the vagina,
153:puerperal fever
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3455:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3384:Maternal death
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Fetal distress
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3050:Polyhydramnios
3047:
3039:amniotic fluid
3034:
3032:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2979:Nervous system
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2857:HELLP syndrome
2849:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2748:Pregnancy with
2741:
2735:
2734:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:article/796892
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2631:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:Classification
2599:
2598:External links
2596:
2595:
2594:
2565:
2544:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2485:
2472:
2452:
2436:
2416:
2389:(4): 307–310.
2373:
2364:
2343:
2325:
2303:
2291:
2270:
2247:
2226:
2199:
2173:
2150:
2099:
2072:(5): 367–370.
2066:Infect Control
2056:
2053:on 2012-07-07.
2029:
2027:1986; 30: 1–41
2016:
1959:
1950:
1936:
1910:
1892:
1885:
1873:, ed. (2007).
1862:
1855:
1837:
1813:
1766:
1751:
1739:
1732:
1712:
1679:
1654:
1639:(4): 627–629.
1619:
1610:
1589:
1540:
1513:(4): 874–882.
1497:
1490:
1464:
1453:
1433:
1384:
1377:
1359:
1348:
1325:
1273:
1221:
1199:
1164:
1157:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1076:
1025:died in 1749.
1012:Catherine Parr
985:
982:
908:
905:
859:maternity ward
800:
797:
769:
766:
729:
726:
721:, tenderness.
675:costovertebral
650:
647:
630:
627:
622:Staphylococcus
566:
565:
554:
547:metrophlebitis
527:
526:
523:
515:
512:
511:
510:
499:
496:
485:
482:
467:
415:
412:
315:
312:
302:
299:
149:childbed fever
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
92:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3454:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3266:Uterine atony
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Preterm birth
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2969:Stretch marks
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:Pre-eclampsia
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2721:Pathology of
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2576:(2): 357–67.
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2489:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2192:September 15,
2187:
2183:
2177:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:(4): 902–14.
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1759:Callaghan T.
1755:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1668:
1664:
1663:"Atelectasis"
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1493:
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1483:
1478:
1477:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
984:Notable cases
981:
979:
978:streptococcus
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
960:Pest, Hungary
956:
954:
948:
946:
942:
938:
933:
930:
926:
921:
918:
914:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:Thomas Watson
882:
880:
877:obstetrician
876:
872:
867:
864:
860:
856:
853:In the 1800s
851:
848:
843:
841:
837:
832:
830:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
796:
794:
793:scarlet fever
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
765:
763:
759:
753:
751:
746:
744:
738:
736:
725:
722:
720:
716:
712:
709:
707:
703:
700:
698:
694:
690:
687:
685:
681:
678:
676:
672:
668:
665:
663:
659:
655:
646:
644:
640:
636:
626:
624:
623:
618:
617:
612:
611:
610:Lactobacillus
606:
605:
600:
599:
594:
593:
588:
587:
582:
581:
580:Streptococcus
576:
575:
570:
563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
538:
536:
532:
524:
521:
520:
519:
508:
507:breastfeeding
504:
500:
497:
494:
490:
486:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
411:
409:
408:
403:
402:
397:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:staphylococci
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:genital tract
311:
308:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:vaginal exams
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
66:
63:
61:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
16:Human disease
3408:
3401:
3330:
3261:Vasa praevia
3221:
3195:Locked twins
3111:
3061:
3037:
2783:Interstitial
2672:
2648:
2633:
2618:
2573:
2569:
2555:(4): 274–9.
2552:
2548:
2515:
2511:
2492:Quoted from
2488:
2477:. Retrieved
2462:
2455:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2419:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2367:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2313:
2306:
2294:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2234:
2229:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:the original
2176:
2160:
2153:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2051:the original
2046:
2042:
2032:
2024:
2019:
1979:(5): 77–79.
1976:
1972:
1962:
1953:
1942:the original
1923:
1913:
1895:
1875:
1865:
1846:
1840:
1816:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1742:
1722:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1691:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1657:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1613:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1475:
1467:
1443:
1436:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1368:
1362:
1338:
1293:
1289:
1241:
1237:
1186:
1148:
1065:
1059:
1055:Jean Webster
1042:Frankenstein
1040:
1030:
1029:, author of
1016:
1008:Jane Seymour
993:
964:
957:
949:
934:
922:
916:
910:
883:
870:
868:
852:
844:
840:epidemiology
833:
826:
778:
771:
762:tuberculosis
754:
749:
747:
739:
731:
728:Epidemiology
723:
713:
710:
704:
701:
691:
688:
684:Endometritis
682:
679:
669:
666:
662:auscultation
656:
652:
632:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
569:Endometritis
567:
543:endometritis
534:
530:
528:
517:
491:, prolonged
420:endometritis
417:
414:Risk factors
405:
399:
393:
367:
348:lymph system
317:
304:
276:
248:
195:
191:
187:
181:
152:
148:
144:
143:
130:11.8 million
107:malnutrition
90:Risk factors
49:
18:
3200:Nuchal cord
2949:Linea nigra
2901:Hepatitis E
2834:proteinuria
2815:Miscarriage
2800:Embryo loss
2778:Heterotopic
2494:Will Durant
2222:From p. 806
2025:Med History
1560:(1): 35–9.
897:handwashing
789:antibiotics
785:obstetrical
658:Atelectasis
643:atelectasis
616:Escherichia
598:Gardnerella
592:Bacteroides
551:peritonitis
479:bacteriuria
452:atelectasis
432:atelectasis
360:peritonitis
344:bloodstream
340:lacerations
328:septicaemia
291:handwashing
283:Hippocrates
268:clindamycin
260:intravenous
251:antibiotics
244:atelectasis
210:, multiple
169:miscarriage
121:Antibiotics
32:Other names
3426:Categories
3210:Postpartum
3105:Antepartum
2820:Stillbirth
2731:puerperium
2729:, and the
2727:childbirth
2572:(review).
2551:(review).
2514:(review).
2479:2009-08-05
2267:: 503–530.
2219:: 801–808.
1091:References
1004:Henry VIII
988:See also:
975:haemolytic
915:published
875:Aberdonian
836:antisepsis
821:view rates
758:childbirth
649:Management
586:Mycoplasma
574:Ureaplasma
501:PPD 7–21:
444:postpartum
382:carbuncles
356:cellulitis
336:pathogenic
264:gentamicin
255:ampicillin
240:episiotomy
165:childbirth
163:following
157:infections
65:Obstetrics
3276:Puerperal
2864:Eclampsia
2768:Abdominal
2739:Pregnancy
2723:pregnancy
2674:eMedicine
1993:1757-1472
1072:Scrooge's
1000:Henry VII
971:Prontosil
965:In 1935,
935:In 1844,
911:In 1843,
604:Chlamydia
558:infection
514:Diagnosis
428:pneumonia
364:virulence
350:to cause
224:culturing
127:Frequency
117:Treatment
60:Specialty
3410:Category
3223:placenta
3113:placenta
2773:Cervical
2758:Abortion
2561:12844449
2540:26781321
2532:12877638
2428:Archived
2411:29047987
2403:10685244
2334:Gordon R
2284:Archived
2240:Archived
2145:Archived
2141:12164328
2133:12463995
2094:25830725
2011:29081840
1919:Loudon I
1903:Archived
1829:Archived
1808:13006527
1800:26512442
1699:Archived
1649:Archived
1603:Archived
1584:24592068
1535:24685091
1527:24785617
1459:Archived
1428:25530442
1354:Archived
1320:27733281
1268:27733282
1213:Archived
1209:26598777
1078:See also
1064:' novel
901:chlorine
893:ablution
817:chlorine
715:Mastitis
697:erythema
503:mastitis
386:pustular
332:placenta
253:such as
216:placenta
111:diabetes
72:Symptoms
3063:chorion
2788:Ovarian
2655:D011645
2590:7651676
2300:p. 510.
2086:6354955
2002:5649319
1871:Lewis G
1645:2314783
1575:3881728
1419:4340604
1311:5388903
1259:5055577
969:showed
768:History
450:PPD 0:
378:pimples
272:abscess
159:of the
3067:amnion
2588:
2559:
2538:
2530:
2470:
2445:Lancet
2409:
2401:
2139:
2131:
2092:
2084:
2009:
1999:
1991:
1934:
1883:
1853:
1806:
1798:
1730:
1705:7 July
1672:7 July
1643:
1582:
1572:
1533:
1525:
1488:
1484:–258.
1451:
1426:
1416:
1398:Lancet
1375:
1346:
1318:
1308:
1290:Lancet
1266:
1256:
1238:Lancet
1207:
1197:
1155:
1147:"37".
750:direct
619:, and
589:, and
562:sepsis
462:, and
438:, and
352:sepsis
324:uterus
314:Causes
242:, and
218:, and
184:uterus
138:17,900
135:Deaths
81:Causes
3355:Other
3160:Labor
3026:fetus
2997:Blood
2836:, and
2830:Edema
2536:S2CID
2407:S2CID
2137:S2CID
2090:S2CID
1945:(PDF)
1928:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1825:(PDF)
1804:S2CID
1695:(CDC)
1531:S2CID
1216:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
899:with
829:germs
719:edema
307:fever
293:with
194:, or
173:fever
3028:and
2650:MeSH
2639:9-CM
2586:PMID
2557:PMID
2528:PMID
2468:ISBN
2399:PMID
2361:–57.
2194:2011
2168:–64.
2129:PMID
2082:PMID
2007:PMID
1989:ISSN
1932:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1796:PMID
1728:ISBN
1707:2021
1674:2021
1641:PMID
1580:PMID
1523:PMID
1486:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1424:PMID
1373:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1316:PMID
1264:PMID
1205:PMID
1195:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1010:and
531:puer
398:and
346:and
151:and
2644:672
2635:ICD
2629:O85
2620:ICD
2578:doi
2520:doi
2448:227
2391:doi
2319:104
2121:doi
2117:177
2074:doi
1997:PMC
1981:doi
1788:doi
1570:PMC
1562:doi
1515:doi
1511:123
1482:257
1414:PMC
1406:doi
1402:385
1306:PMC
1298:doi
1294:388
1254:PMC
1246:doi
1242:388
1060:In
955:).
838:or
167:or
3428::
3065:/
2832:,
2725:,
2677::
2653::
2642::
2627::
2624:10
2584:.
2574:22
2534:.
2526:.
2405:.
2397:.
2387:19
2385:.
2359:56
2263:.
2259:.
2217:29
2215:.
2211:.
2166:63
2143:.
2135:.
2127:.
2115:.
2111:.
2088:.
2080:.
2068:.
2045:.
2041:.
2005:.
1995:.
1987:.
1975:.
1971:.
1827:.
1802:.
1794:.
1784:58
1782:.
1778:.
1690:.
1665:.
1647:.
1637:75
1635:.
1631:.
1592:^
1578:.
1568:.
1558:14
1556:.
1552:.
1529:.
1521:.
1509:.
1457:.
1422:.
1412:.
1400:.
1396:.
1352:.
1328:^
1314:.
1304:.
1292:.
1288:.
1276:^
1262:.
1252:.
1240:.
1236:.
1224:^
1211:.
1203:.
1167:^
1099:^
1014:.
664:.
641:,
637:,
625:.
613:,
607:,
601:,
583:,
577:,
533:,
458:,
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426:,
422:,
410:.
380:,
372:;
354:,
297:.
246:.
234:,
190:,
109:,
105:,
101:,
97:,
2923:/
2714:e
2707:t
2700:v
2637:-
2622:-
2612:D
2592:.
2580::
2563:.
2553:3
2542:.
2522::
2516:4
2482:.
2413:.
2393::
2321:.
2265:1
2196:.
2123::
2096:.
2076::
2070:4
2047:1
2013:.
1983::
1977:9
1889:.
1859:.
1810:.
1790::
1763:.
1736:.
1709:.
1676:.
1586:.
1564::
1537:.
1517::
1494:.
1430:.
1408::
1381:.
1322:.
1300::
1270:.
1248::
1161:.
509:.
481:.
466:.
430:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
