History of Portugal

3781: 3986: 3806: 1324: 1529: 4963:, the justice minister, the revolution immediately targeted the Catholic Church: churches were plundered, convents were attacked and clergy were harassed. Scarcely had the provisional government been installed when it began devoting its entire attention to an anti-religious policy, in spite of the disastrous economic situation. On 10 October – five days after the inauguration of the Republic – the new government decreed that all convents, monasteries and religious orders were to be suppressed. All residents of religious institutions were expelled and their goods confiscated. The Jesuits were forced to forfeit their Portuguese citizenship. 1579: 4622: 1560: 1544: 2558: 3071: 2404:, brought most of the Visigothic kingdom under Muslim occupation in a seven-year campaign. The Visigothic resistance to this invasion was ineffective, though sieges were required to sack a couple of cities. This is in part because the ruling Visigoth population is estimated at a mere 1 to 2% of the total population. On one hand this isolation is said to have been 'a reasonably strong and effective instrument of government'; on the other, it was highly 'centralised to the extent that the defeat of the royal army left the entire land open to the invaders. The resulting 4135: 1514: 4611: 3967:, while Dutch privateers sacked Portuguese ships in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Beginning with a major Spanish–Portuguese military operation in 1625, this trend was reversed, and it laid the foundations for the recovery of remaining Dutch-controlled areas. The other smaller, less developed areas were recovered in stages and relieved of Dutch piracy in the next two decades by local resistance and Portuguese expeditions. After the dissolution of the Iberian Union in 1640, Portugal would re-establish its authority over some lost territories of the 3894: 4600: 2469: 5232: 5188: 1680: 4992:, preserved its dominance, largely due to a brand of clientelist politics inherited from the monarchy. In view of these tactics, a number of opposition forces were forced to resort to violence in order to enjoy the fruits of power. There are few recent studies of this period of the Republic's existence, known as the 'old' Republic. Nevertheless, an essay by Vasco Pulido Valente should be consulted (1997a), as should the attempt to establish the political, social, and economic context made by M. Villaverde Cabral (1988). 4490: 1591: 5582: 2358: 5734: 2532: 3560: 5653:-12 average in 1970 to 70% in 2000, which nonetheless represented an approach to the Western European standards of living without precedents in the previous centuries. Concurrent with the economic development, the Third Republic also witnessed major improvements in health, education, infrastructure, housing and welfare. However, as of 2019, Portugal still has not converged with the most advanced economies of Central and Northern Europe, as the economy has been stagnant since the early 2000s. 1899: 1335: 62: 4188: 5551:) in Asia before independence could be granted. The massive exodus of the Portuguese military and citizens from Angola and Mozambique, would prompt an era of chaos and severe destruction in those territories after independence from Portugal in 1975. From May 1974 to the end of the 1970s, over a million Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique) left those territories as destitute refugees – the 1672: 11165: 5846: 1291: 491: 10660: 5163:

simply cheered the Republic in 1910, hoping that the new political situation would repair the monarchy's flaws (government instability, financial crisis, economic backwardness and civic anomie), the conclusion to be drawn, in the 1920s, was that the remedy for national maladies called for much more than the simple removal of the king....The First Republic collapsed and died as a result of the confrontation between raised hopes and meager deeds.

5073: 3664: 9341:, "Nos anos 60 e até 1973 teve lugar, provavelmente, o mais rápido período de crescimento económico da nossa História, traduzido na industrialização, na expansão do turismo, no comércio com a EFTA, no desenvolvimento dos sectores financeiros, investimento estrangeiro e grandes projectos de infra-estruturas. Em consequência, os indicadores de rendimentos e consumo acompanham essa evolução, reforçados ainda pelas remessas de emigrantes.", 5317: 1503: 5298:, but in practice Salazar collaborated with the British and sold them rubber and tungsten. In late 1943, he allowed the Allies to establish air bases in the Azores to fight German U-boats. Moreover, Salazar helped Spain avoid German control. However, as tungsten was a major product of Portugal, it was also sold to Germany until June 1944, when the threat of a German attack on Portugal was minimal. Salazar worked to regain control of 3358: 1891: 2174: 10351: 1782:, waged relentless war against the Romans, defeating several successive Roman generals, until he was assassinated in 140 BC by traitors bought by the Romans. Viriatus has long been hailed as the first truly heroic figure in proto-Portuguese history. Nonetheless, he was responsible for raids into the more settled Romanized parts of Southern Portugal and Lusitania that involved the victimization of the inhabitants. 10300: 4812:, thereby linking its colonies from the north of Africa to the far south. This diplomatic clash led to several waves of protest and prompted the downfall of the Portuguese government. The 1890 British Ultimatum was considered by Portuguese historians and politicians at that time to be the most outrageous and infamous action of the British against her oldest ally. It is considered directly responsible for the 3327: 9285: 1212: 4967:

schools and prohibit the wearing of the cassock. In addition, the ringing of church bells to signal times of worship was subjected to certain restraints, and the public celebration of religious feasts was suppressed. The government also interfered in the running of seminaries, reserving the right to appoint professors and determine curricula. This whole series of laws authored by

2520: 5726:) definitively led to the end of such economic growth period. Portugal lost suddenly and chaotically its African possessions and from May 1974 to the end of the 1970s, over a million Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique) left those territories and arrived at metropolitan Portugal as destitute refugees – the 2408:, which may have indeed caught Tariq completely by surprise, would have aided the Muslim conquest immensely. Indeed, it may have been equally welcome to the Hispano-Roman peasants who – as D.W. Lomax claims – were disillusioned by the prominent legal, linguistic and social divide between them and the 'barbaric' and 'decadent' Visigoth royalty. 5212:

sheet by Armando Malheiro da Silva (2000) identifies three main interpretations. For some historians the First Republic was a progressive and increasingly democratic regime. For others it was essentially a prolongation of the liberal and elitist regimes of the 19th century. A third group chooses to highlight the regime's revolutionary, Jacobin and dictatorial nature.

5138:' left a deep wound among political elites and public opinion. There could be no greater demonstration of the essential fragility of the Republic's institutions and proof that the regime was democratic in name only, since it did not even admit the possibility of the rotation in power characteristic of the elitist regimes of the nineteenth century. 3172:, the Left-Handed, laid siege to Ceuta and attempted to coordinate forces in Morocco and attract aid and assistance for the effort from Tunis. The Muslim attempt to retake Ceuta was ultimately unsuccessful and Ceuta remained the first part of the new Portuguese Empire. Further steps were taken that soon expanded the Portuguese Empire much further. 9537: 5694:: starting in the early 1960s, Portugal entered in a period of robust economic growth and structural modernization, owing to a liberalization of the economy and the rise of a new elite (which was developmental, technocratic and politically liberal). As an expression of such economic opening, in 1960 Portugal was one of the 2781:, united and annexed Garcia's kingdom in 1071 as well. They agreed to split it among themselves; however, Sancho was killed by a noble the next year. Alfonso took Castile for himself and Garcia recovered his kingdom of Portugal and Galicia. In 1073, Alfonso VI gathered all power, and beginning in 1077, styled himself 5757:-monitored bailouts (from 1977–1979 and from 1983–1985). However, despite an overall crisis from 1973 to 1985, there were some years of very high economic growth, and reforms were enacted that allowed to improve standards of living and level of development, such as the construction of a true Social Security scheme, 5480:. This period was marked by political turmoil, violence, and instability, and the nationalization of industries. Portugal was polarized between the conservative north, with its many independent small farmers, and the radical south, where communists helped peasants seize control of large estates. Finally, in the 5804:

Some indicators can be provided to illustrate the major socio-economic development Portugal endured in the Third Republic. Portuguese GDP per capita was at 54% of the average of Northern and Central European countries in 1975 (up from 38% in 1960, owing to the remarkable growth in the 1960s and early

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Despite its overall failure, the First Republic endowed twentieth-century Portugal with an insurpassable and enduring legacy – a renewed civil law, the basis for an educational revolution, the principle of separation between State and Church, the overseas empire (only brought to an end

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as a unique opportunity to achieve a number of goals: putting an end to the twin threats of a Spanish invasion of Portugal and of foreign occupation of the African colonies and, at the internal level, creating a national consensus around the regime and even around the party. These domestic objectives

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A republican constitution was approved in 1911, inaugurating a parliamentary regime with reduced presidential powers and two chambers of parliament. The Republic provoked important fractures within Portuguese society, notably among the essentially monarchist rural population, in the trade unions, and

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The First Republic was intensely anti-clerical. It was secularist and followed the liberal tradition of disestablishing the powerful role that the Catholic Church once held. Historian Stanley Payne points out, "The majority of Republicans took the position that Catholicism was the number one enemy of

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left the strongest lasting cultural legacy in what is today Portugal, Galicia and western fringes of Asturias. According to Dan Stanislawski, the Portuguese way of living in regions North of the Tagus is mostly inherited from the Suebi, in which small farms prevail, distinct from the large properties

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The Visigothic civil war began in 577, in which Miro intervened. Later, in 583, he also organized an unsuccessful expedition to reconquer Seville. During the return from this failed campaign Miro died, thereby ending the prominence of the Suebi in Hispanic politics, and in two years the kingdom would

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There are few global and up-to-date studies of this turbulent third phase of the Republic's existence. Nevertheless, much has been written about the crisis and fall of the regime and the 28 May movement. The First Republic continues to be the subject of an intense debate. A historiographical balance

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A series of anti-Catholic laws and decrees followed each other in rapid succession. On 3 November, a law legalizing divorce was passed and then there were laws to recognize the legitimacy of children born outside wedlock, authorize cremation, secularize cemeteries, suppress religious teaching in the

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to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law on all classes of Portuguese society, from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's

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that the Church began to play an important part within the state. Since the Visigoths did not learn Latin from the local people, they had to rely on Catholic bishops to continue the Roman system of governance. The laws established during the Visigothic monarchy were thus made by councils of bishops,

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in Morocco in 1578; this defeat led to the death of King Sebastian and the imprisonment of much of the high nobility, which had to be ransomed at great cost. This eventually led to a small interruption in Portugal's 800-year-old independence by way of a 60-year dynastic union with Spain between 1580

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were held in official health facilities, while by 1985 such number had risen to 96% and by 2000 it was close to 100%. According to a political analyst, "almost all health data transport Portugal from the Third World to the First in two decades". In 1970, only 3.8% of teenagers were enrolled in high

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The regime retained its characteristic traits: censorship, corporateness, with a market economy dominated by a handful of economical groups, continuous surveillance and intimidation of several sectors of society through the use of a political police and techniques instilling fear (such as arbitrary

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In 1484, Portugal officially rejected Columbus' idea of reaching India from the west, because it was seen as unfeasible. Some historians have claimed that the Portuguese had already performed fairly accurate calculations concerning the size of the world and therefore knew that sailing west to reach

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During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal became a leading European power that ranked with England, France and Spain in terms of economic, political and cultural influence. Though not dominant in European affairs, Portugal did have an extensive colonial trading empire throughout the world backed

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A new round of elections on 29 January 1922 inaugurated a fresh period of stability: the PRP once again emerged from the contest with an absolute majority. Discontent with this situation had not, however, disappeared. Numerous accusations of corruption, and the manifest failure to resolve pressing

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Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal's "enlightenment" and economic progress, while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism

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Suebi-Visigothic arts and architecture, in particular sculpture, had shown a natural continuity with the Roman period. With the Reconquista, new artistic trends took hold, with Galician-Asturian influences more visible than the Leonese. The Portuguese group was characterized by a general return to

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Currently, historians and archaeologists generally agree that northern Portugal between the Minho and the Douro rivers kept a significant share of its population, a social and political Christian area that until the late 9th century had no acting state powers. However, in the late 9th century, the

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Roman rule brought geographical mobility to the inhabitants of Portugal and increased their interaction with the rest of the world as well as internally. Soldiers often served in different regions and eventually settled far from their birthplace, while the development of mining attracted migration

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They seemed to represent, to conservative forces, the last bastion of 'order' against the 'chaos' that was taking over the country. Links were established between conservative figures and military officers, who added their own political and corporative demands to the already complex equation. The

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within a few years, large parts of the key economic forces, intellectuals, opinion-makers and middle classes changed from left to right, trading the unfulfilled utopia of a developing and civic republicanism for notions of "order," "stability" and "security". For many who had helped, supported or

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were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo showed no mercy and prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy and ensured the victory of the minister against his enemies.

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after the Japanese had seized it. Also, he admitted several thousand Jewish refugees during the war. Lisbon, maintaining air connections with Britain and the U.S., became a hotbed of spies of several war parties and served as the base for the International Red Cross in its distribution of relief

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regime (particularly in the first 30 years), but the modernization of the economy and development of the country still started in the last years of the regime, with a period of strong growth from 1961 to 1973. However, the gap between Portugal and most of Western Europe was still abysmal by the

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By the mid-1920s the domestic and international scenes began to favour another authoritarian solution, wherein a strengthened executive might restore political and social order. Since the opposition's constitutional route to power was blocked by the various means deployed by the PRP to protect

3230:. The trip marked the beginning of the Portuguese exploration of Africa. Before this event, very little was known in Europe about what lay beyond the cape. At the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th, those who tried to venture there became lost, which gave birth to legends of 1300:

The Celtic presence in Portugal is traceable, in broad outline, through archaeological and linguistic evidence. They dominated much of northern and central Portugal; but in the south, they were unable to establish their stronghold, which retained its non-Indo-European character until the Roman

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to single-party governments, internal dissent within the PRP, the party's almost non-existent internal discipline, and its desire to group together and lead all republican forces made any government's task practically impossible. Many different formulas were attempted, including single-party

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narrations and the interpretation of the archaeological remains throughout the northern half of Portugal and Galicia, it is possible to infer that there was a matriarchal society, with a military and religious aristocracy probably of the feudal type. The figures of maximum authority were the

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On 13 November 1460, Prince Henry the Navigator died. He had been the leading patron of maritime exploration by Portugal and immediately following his death, exploration lapsed. Henry's patronage had shown that profits could be made from the trade that followed the discovery of new lands.

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arrived in Portugal around 35,000 years ago, spreading and roaming the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies and although they did not establish prosperous settlements, they did form organized societies. Neolithic Portugal experimented with

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in 1975), and a strong symbolic culture whose materializations (the national flag, the national anthem and the naming of streets) nobody has dared to alter and which still define the present-day collective identity of the Portuguese. The Republic's prime legacy was indeed that of memory.

2508:. For the next several centuries, much of the Iberian Peninsula remained under Umayyad rule. Much of the populace was allowed to remain Christian, and many of the lesser feudal rulers worked out deals where they would submit to Umayyad rule in order to remain in power. They would pay a 5805:

1970s) more or less the same level it was 10 years later (owing to the crisis), from when it rose from 55% in 1985 to a virtually unprecedented 70% in 2000. In 1970, there were 94 physicians by 100,000 inhabitants, while in 1990 there were 281, and in 2011 there were 405. In 1970,

3468:); nine chaplains; and some 1,200 men. From Cape Verde, they sailed southwest across the Atlantic. On 22 April 1500, they caught sight of land in the distance. They disembarked and claimed this new land for Portugal. This was the coast of what later became the Portuguese colony of 3932:, the capital of Brazil; in 1630, they seized Pernambuco in northern Brazil. A treaty of 1654 returned Pernambuco to Portuguese control, however. Both the English and the Dutch continued to aspire to dominate both the Atlantic slave trade and the spice trade with the Far East. 5142:

social concerns wore down the more visible PRP leaders while making the opposition's attacks more deadly. At the same time, moreover, all political parties suffered from growing internal factionalism, especially the PRP itself. The party system was fractured and discredited.

4180:. Impressed by British economic success he had witnessed while ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the 1312:) was prolific in Portugal and modern Galicia. This culture, together with the surviving elements of the Atlantic megalithic culture and the contributions that come from the more Western Mediterranean cultures, ended up in what has been called the Cultura Castreja or 4528:

Thus he returned to Portugal but left his son Pedro in charge of Brazil. When the Portuguese Government attempted the following year to return the Kingdom of Brazil to subordinate status, his son Pedro, with the overwhelming support of the Brazilian elites, declared

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chieftain (chefe tribal), of military type and with authority in his Castro or clan, and the druid, mainly referring to medical and religious functions that could be common to several castros. The Celtic cosmogony remained homogeneous due to the ability of the

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and advancing westwards. They became a threat to the Suebian rule. After the death of Remismund in 469 a dark period set in, where virtually all written texts and accounts disappear. This period lasted until 550. The only thing known about this period is that

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were not met, since participation in the conflict was not the subject of a national consensus and since it did not therefore serve to mobilise the population. Quite the opposite occurred: existing lines of political and ideological fracture were deepened by

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however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year, and his son Joseph I of Portugal was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Maria Anna's approval, he appointed Melo as

5570:, after an agreement in 1986, was returned to Chinese sovereignty in 1999. Portugal applied international pressure to secure East Timor's independence from Indonesia, as East Timor was still legally a Portuguese dependency, and recognized as such by the 3584:

By the 16th century, the two million people who lived in the original Portuguese lands ruled a vast empire with many millions of inhabitants in the Americas, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. From 1514, the Portuguese had reached China and Japan. In the

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After 1815, the Portuguese expanded their trading ports along the African coast, moving inland to take control of Angola and Mozambique. The slave trade was abolished in 1836, in part because many foreign slave ships were flying the Portuguese flag. In

4946:(PRP) and claimed that the PRP had turned the republican regime into a de facto dictatorship. This vision clashes with an older interpretation of the First Republic as a progressive and increasingly democratic regime that presented a clear contrast to 2304:(Vitiza) acted as doge (they would later become kings in Toledo). These two became known as the 'vitizians', who headquartered in the northwest and called on the Arab invaders from the South to be their allies in the struggle for power in 711. King 5022:("Decemberism"), aroused a strong interest among historians, largely as a result of the elements of modernity that it contained. António José Telo has made clear the way in which this regime predated some of the political solutions invented by the 1738:

Mining was the primary factor that made the Romans interested in conquering the region: one of Rome's strategic objectives was to cut off Carthaginian access to the Iberian copper, tin, gold, and silver mines. The Romans intensely exploited the

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were among the oldest Portuguese-founded port cities in its African territories. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there.

2325:, at that time resident in Hispania, shows a rather pacific initial settlement, the newcomers working their lands or serving as bodyguards of the locals. Another Germanic group that accompanied the Suebi and settled in Gallaecia were the 9640:

In 1985 (cell A207), Portugal had a GDP per capita of $ 8,306 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell Q207) while EU-12 countries had a GDP per capita of $ 14,9960 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell N207). Thus, Portuguese GDP per capita was 55.3% of EU-12

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In 2000 (cell A222), Portugal had a GDP per capita of $ 13,922 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell Q222) while EU-12 countries had a GDP per capita of $ 20,131 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell N222). Thus, Portuguese GDP per capita was 69.2% of EU-12

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In 1975 (cell A197), Portugal had a GDP per capita of $ 6,517 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell Q197) while EU-12 countries had a GDP per capita of $ 12,158 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell N197). Thus, Portuguese GDP per capita was 53.6% of EU-12

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In 1970 (cell A197), Portugal had a GDP per capita of $ 5,473 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell Q197) while EU-12 countries had a GDP per capita of $ 10,853 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell N197). Thus, Portuguese GDP per capita was 50.4% of EU-12

2435:(the northern regions) remained unsubdued. Until the Berber revolt in the 730s, al-Andalus was treated as a dependency of Umayyad North Africa. Subsequently, links were strained until the caliphate was overthrown in the late 740s. The 10119: 5713:

reform). However, the new wealth acquired from the 1960–73 growth was unevenly distributed, and the 1960s were also marked by mass emigration. The April 25, 1974, revolution happened when this growth period was fading, owing to the

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to the south. The Suebi and the Visigoths were the Germanic tribes who had the most lasting presence in the territories corresponding to modern Portugal. As elsewhere in Western Europe, there was a decline in urban life during the

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apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. By 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the

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gave his prime minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758,

3826:, as captain general of his army. The duke was 73 years old and ill at the time, but Fernando mustered his forces, estimated at 20,000 men, in Badajoz, and in June 1580 crossed the Spanish-Portuguese border and moved towards 3214:

objected to any Portuguese claim to them. Castile began its own conquest of the Canaries in 1402. Castile expelled the last Portuguese from the Canary islands in 1459, and they eventually became part of the Spanish Empire.

4656:(Peter V) modernized the country during his short reign (1853–1861). Under his reign, roads, telegraphs, and railways were constructed and improvements in public health advanced. His popularity increased when, during the 5690:, Portugal remained behind. As such, by 1960 the Portuguese GDP per capita was only 38% of the EC-12 average, and Portugal was one of the most backward countries in Europe. However, things started to change in the late 5199:

itself, it turned to the army for support. The political awareness of the armed forces had grown during the war, and many of their leaders had not forgiven the PRP for sending them to a war they did not want to fight.

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En resumen se puede considerar que el pueblo visigodo – sin diferenciar la población civil de la militar – representó de un uno a un dos por ciento sobre la totalidad de la población de

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in 1581. With these titles, the Duke of Alba represented the Spanish monarch in Portugal and was second in hierarchy only after King Philip in Portugal. He held both titles until his death in 1582. The Portuguese and

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Economic development was one of the major objectives of the Carnation Revolution and it was widely perceived that the new democracy would have the same unfortunate fate of the previous democratic regimes in Portugal

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outbreak of 1853–1856, he visited hospitals handing out gifts and comforting the sick. Pedro's reign was short, as he died of cholera in 1861, after a series of deaths in the royal family, including his two brothers

3916:. The joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of a separate foreign policy, and the enemies of Spain became the enemies of Portugal. England had been an ally of Portugal since the Treaty of Windsor in 1386, but 7601: 7105: 5638:) if, like them, it failed to provide economic development and decent standards of living to its citizens. Relative to Western Europe, Portugal remained stagnant (and thus poor and underdeveloped) for most of the 5207:

enjoyed the support of most army units and even of most political parties. As had been the case in December 1917, the population of Lisbon did not rise to defend the Republic, leaving it at the mercy of the army.

2149:(457–459) reunified the kingdom. He was assassinated after a failed Roman-Visigothic conspiracy. Although the conspiracy did not achieve its true purposes, the Suebian Kingdom was again divided between two kings: 1845:

that was exported by Roman trade routes to the entire empire. Business transactions were facilitated by coinage and the construction of an extensive road network, bridges and aqueducts, such as Trajan's bridge in

3019:. In an effort of solidification and centralization of royal power the monarchs of this dynasty also ordered the compilation, organization and publication of the first three compilations of laws in Portugal: the 4712:

of 1884, Portuguese territories in Africa had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the

4556:, claimed the throne in protest. After a proposal for Miguel and Maria to marry failed, Miguel seized power as King Miguel I, in 1828. In order to defend his daughter's rights to the throne, Pedro launched the 5781:) to the early 2000s. In 1991, GDP per capita surpassed the 1973 level (relative to EEC) and by 2000 it had achieved 70% of the EU-12 average, which nonetheless constituted an approach to the Western European 5107:

It was during this restoration of the 'old' republic that an attempted reform was carried out in order to provide the regime with greater stability. In August 1919 a conservative president was elected –

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of León, Galicia and Asturias. After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up its realms, King Alfonso III named Vímara Peres as its first count. Since the rule of Count

5112:(whose Evolutionist party had come together in wartime with the PRP to form a flawed, because incomplete, Sacred Union) – and his office was given the power to dissolve parliament. Relations with the 4898: twice – first on 14 June 1892, and then again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, angry protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. His second and youngest son, 5809:

in Portugal was 55.5 per 1,000 live births (in France it was 18.2). Infant mortality rate declined to 10.9 in 1990 and 2.5 in 2010 (by which time, it was one of lowest in the world). In 1970, only 37% of

4067:, outside Lisbon. After Afonso's death, Pedro came to the throne as King Pedro II. Pedro's reign saw the consolidation of national independence, imperial expansion, and investment in domestic production. 6571:"Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature. Edited by Barry Cunliffe and John T. Koch. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2010. 384 pages. ISBN 978-1842174104" 2741:

played a very important role in this process. Mozarabic architecture was found in the south, in Lisbon and beyond, while in the Christian realms Galician-Portuguese and Asturian architecture prevailed.

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to reinstall his daughter and establish a constitutional monarchy in Portugal. The war ended in 1834, with Miguel's defeat, the promulgation of a constitution, and the reinstatement of Queen Maria II.

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Map of Spain and Portugal showing the conquest of Hispania from 220 B.C. to 19 B.C. and provincial borders. It is based on other maps; the territorial advances and provincial borders are illustrative.

1642:. Several works of engineering, such as baths, temples, bridges, roads, circuses, theatres, and layman's homes are preserved throughout the country. Coins, sarcophagi, and ceramics are also numerous. 2927:, almost 250 years later. Portugal's land boundaries have been notably stable for the rest of the country's history. The border with Spain has remained almost unchanged since the 13th century. The 3338:

the Indies would require a far longer journey than navigating to the east. However, this continues to be debated. Thus began a long-lasting dispute that eventually resulted in the signing of the

4090:. Disregarding traditional Portuguese institutions of governance, John V acted as an absolute monarch, nearly depleting the country's tax revenues on ambitious architectural works, most notably 5503:

gained control of parliament in 1987 and 1991 while the Socialist Party and its allies succeeded in the 1991 presidential election to retain the presidency for its popular leader Mario Soares.

2605:. He planned to use the Cantabrian Mountain range as a place of refuge and protection from the invaders and as a springboard to reconquer lands from the Moors. After defeating the Moors in the 2321:, became the capital of the Suebi. Apart from cultural and some linguistic traces, the Suebians left the highest Germanic genetic contribution of the Iberian Peninsula in Portugal and Galicia. 5088:

The vacuum of power created by Sidónio Pais's murder on 14 December 1918 led the country to a brief civil war. The monarchy's restoration was proclaimed in the north of Portugal (known as the

4934:. As a result, it is difficult to attempt a global synthesis of the republican period in view of the important gaps that still persist in our knowledge of its political history. As far as the 5286:. Opposition parties were tolerated to an extent, but they were also controlled, limited, and manipulated, with the result that they split into factions and never formed a united opposition. 4112:

during the gold rush of the 18th century at 600,000. This represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies in the Americas during colonial times. From 1709,

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This is clearly shown by the fact that regular PRP victories at the ballot box did not lead to stable government. Between 1910 and 1926, there were forty-five governments. The opposition of

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by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline Downtown of Lisbon still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions: they represent the world's first

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on 13 February 1919. This military victory allowed the PRP to return to government and to emerge triumphant from the elections held later that year, having won the usual absolute majority.

3849:. This battle ended in a decisive victory for the Spanish army, both on land and sea. Two days later, the Duke of Alba captured Lisbon, and on 25 March 1581, Philip II of Spain was crowned 2296:

Under the Visigoths, Gallaecia was a well-defined space governed by a doge of its own. Doges at this time were related to the monarchy and acted as princes in all matters. Both 'governors'

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Despite the natural disaster, Lisbon's population suffered no epidemics and within less than one year the city was being rebuilt. The new Lisbon downtown was designed to resist subsequent

3479:

in 1453. Accordingly, Cabral turned away from exploring the coast of the new land of Brazil and sailed southeast, back across the Atlantic and around the Cape of Good Hope. Cabral reached

5797:: public debt (historically below or in average to that of Europe and Germany) shot up from 68% of GDP in 2007 to 126% in 2012, which was one of the factors that led to a 78-billion-euro 5037:

A move was made to abolish traditional political parties and to alter the existing mode of national representation in parliament (which, it was claimed, exacerbated divisions within the

1304:

Modern archaeology and research shows a Portuguese root to the Celts in Portugal and elsewhere. During that period and until the Roman invasions, the Castro culture (a variation of the

2847:

took control of the county upon his death. The city of Braga, the unofficial Catholic centre of the Iberian Peninsula, faced new competition from other regions. Lords of the cities of

3238:

were officially recognized as Castilian by the pope – earlier they had been recognized as Portuguese; in 1438, the Portuguese were defeated in a military expedition to

1528: 813:. These explanations, would require the pre-Roman language of the area to have been a branch of Q-Celtic, which is not generally accepted because the region's pre-Roman language was 5645:

mid-1970s. Overall, the Third Republic gave continuity to the growth started in the 1960s and was marked by a major socio-economic development (particularly until the early 2000s).

2765:, who gained the Galician title, which included Portugal, after the 1065 partition of the Leonese realms. The battle resulted in Nuno Mendes' death and the declaration of Garcia as 9653: 5819:

was 26% in 1970 (by comparison, in Spain it was 9%s) and declined to 11% in 1990 and 5% in 2010. In housing, major improvements happened: in 1970 only 47% of households had piped

4097:

Owing to his craving for international diplomatic recognition, John also spent large sums on the embassies he sent to the courts of Europe, the most famous being those he sent to

5150:

governments, coalitions, and presidential executives, but none succeeded. Force was clearly the sole means open to the opposition if the PRP wanted to enjoy the fruits of power.

2705:(Grand Duke of the Portuguese), the Portuguese counts started using the title of duke, indicating even larger importance and territory. The region became known simultaneously as 4981: 3731:. Japan, accidentally reached by three Portuguese traders in 1542, soon attracted large numbers of merchants and missionaries. In 1522, one of the ships in the expedition that 9117: 9441: 5123:

These were held on 10 July 1921, with victory going, as was usually the case, to the party in power. However, Liberal government did not last long. On 19 October a military

4138: 4129: 8175:

Marqués de Pidal. Marqués de Miraflores. Salvá, Miguel. Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España. Academia de la Historia. Tomo XL. Madrid. 1862. p. 230.

11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 4580:, north of Australia. The Portuguese successfully introduced Catholicism and the Portuguese language into their colonies, while most settlers continued to head to Brazil. 2003:

organizations, which were fostered by the Suebi in the fifth century and adopted by the Visigoths afterwards. Although the Suebi and Visigoths were initially followers of

5056:

and leftist republicans. Sidónio Pais also attempted to restore public order and to overcome some of the rifts of the recent past, making the republic more acceptable to

4231:

and fires. De Melo survived by a stroke of luck and immediately embarked on rebuilding the city, with his famous quote: "What now? We bury the dead and feed the living."

3025: 2308:(Rodrigo) was killed while opposing this invasion, thus becoming the last Visigothic king of Iberia. From the various Germanic groups who settled in western Iberia, the 1758:

While the south of what is now Portugal was relatively easily occupied by the Romans, the conquest of the north was achieved only with difficulty due to resistance from

9716: 9563: 9090: 5601:: approximately 580,000 of Portugal's 9.8 million citizens in 1981. This opened new paths for the country's future just as others closed. In 1986, Portugal entered the 5052:), and the attribution of a mobilising function to the leader. The state carved out an economically interventionist role for itself while, at the same time, repressing 4052: 5117: 3935:

The Dutch intrusion into Brazil was long-lasting and troublesome to Portugal. The Dutch captured the entire coast except that of Bahia and much of the interior of the

10039: 3904:

After the 16th century, Portugal gradually saw its wealth and influence decrease. Portugal was officially an autonomous state, but in actuality, the country was in a

5053: 7776: 5100:, coordinated the struggle against the monarchists by loyal army units and armed civilians. After a series of clashes the monarchists were definitively chased from 4788:

was delivered to Portugal on 11 January of that year, an attempt to force the retreat of Portuguese military forces in the land between the Portuguese colonies of

3881:

until 1583, and he continued to seek to recover the throne actively until his death in 1595. Impostors claimed to be King Sebastian in 1584, 1585, 1595 and 1598. "

3780: 1785:

The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula was complete two centuries after the Roman arrival, when they defeated the remaining Cantabri, Astures and Gallaeci in the

4032:

did not accept the new king; rather, they maintained their allegiance to Philip IV and Spain. The Portuguese Restoration War ended the sixty-year period of the

644:

and the beginning of the Portuguese Restoration War led by John IV in 1640. Spain's disastrous defeat in its attempt to conquer England in 1588 by means of the

6681:

actual, introduciendo en esta región la cultura de las urnas, una variante de las Urnenfelder que evolucionaría después en la cultura de los castros o castreña

5398: 3845:. In late August, the Duke of Alba defeated António's force, a ragtag army assembled in a hurry and composed mainly of local peasants, and freed slaves at the 2969:

The new ruling dynasty would proceed to push Portugal to the limelight of European politics and culture, creating and sponsoring works of literature, like the

680: 4985: 14168: 7814: 9746: 561:

in the north of what is now Portugal. Following the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes controlled the territory between the 5th and 8th centuries, including the

4548:, his status as a Brazilian monarch was seen as an impediment to holding the Portuguese throne by both nations. Pedro abdicated in favour of his daughter, 9060:

Thus among the 580,000 Portuguese enumerated in the 1981 census who had lived in the African colonies prior to 1975, 60 percent had been born in Portugal.

10559: 10152: 5127:

was carried out during which – and apparently against the wishes of the coup's leaders – a number of prominent conservative figures, including

4483: 4418: 3380:

in 1487, the richness of India was now accessible. Indeed, the cape takes its name from the promise of rich trade with the east. Between 1498 and 1501,

13245: 13235: 13225: 13220: 13205: 13190: 13175: 13160: 13145: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12970: 12942: 12937: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12134: 12129: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11441: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11373: 6838: 4938:

is concerned, a number of valuable studies have been made, first among which ranks Vasco Pulido Valente's polemical thesis. This historian posited the

4160:, was fond of De Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian field marshal 7362: 6059: 4482:, now governed by Spain. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental state, the 4680:

At the height of European colonialism in the 19th century, Portugal had already lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia.

2411:

The Visigothic territories included what is today Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar, and the southwestern part of France known in ancient times as

2077:. Subsequently, this new king started to print coins under his own name, becoming the first of the Germanic kings to do so, and then was baptised to 648:

was also a factor, as Portugal had to contribute ships for the invasion. Further setbacks included the destruction of much of its capital city in an

9803: 6191: 5823:

and 68% had access to electricity. Historical data shows that in 1991, 86% of households had piped water supply and 98% had access to electricity.

4326: 3291:

Accordingly, when exploration commenced again, private merchants led the way in attempting to stretch trade routes further down the African coast.

7512: 3928:

led to invasions of many countries in Asia and competition for commercial interests in Japan, Africa and South America. In 1624, the Dutch seized

3536:

was engaged to improve Portuguese trade with the far east. Accordingly, he sailed to East Africa. Several small Islamic states along the coast of

3206:

were discovered and these uninhabited islands were colonized by the Portuguese in 1445. Portuguese expeditions may have attempted to colonize the

6912: 5777:

were leading forces in a new period of robust economic growth and socio-economic development which would last (though with a short crisis around

7088: 2801:. Its territories, consisting largely of mountains, moorland and forests, were bounded on the north by the Minho River, and on the south by the 1294: 9023: 7761: 6600: 4388:, captured the city, and threatened to advance on Lisbon. The arrival of a force of British troops helped the Portuguese army commanded by the 3494:

in India in September 1500. Here they traded for pepper and opened European sea trade with the empires of the east. No longer would the Muslim

2589:

nobles. Pelagius called for the remnant of the Christian Visigothic armies to rebel against the Moors and re-group in the unconquered northern

6722: 5454:

of April 25, 1974, an effectively bloodless left-wing military coup, installed the "Third Republic" and implemented broad democratic reforms.

3773:, then became king. Henry I died a mere two years later, on 31 January 1580. The death of the latter, without any appointed heirs, led to the 10338: 10311: 9962: 7004: 4216:

tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.

3475:

The real goal of the expedition was to open sea trade to the empires of the east. Trade with the east had effectively been cut off since the

1578: 519: 5120:

government (the Liberal party being the result of the postwar fusion of Evolutionists and Unionists) to prepare the forthcoming elections.

4980:

in the Church. Even the PRP had to endure the secession of its more moderate elements, who formed conservative republican parties like the

3823: 1559: 11124: 9686: 8450: 8293:

John Huxtable Elliott. España en Europa: Estudios de historia comparada: escritos seleccionados. Universitat de València. 2002. pp. 79–80.

6104:

Actas do III Congreso Internacional Sobre a Cultura Celta: Os Celtas da Europa Atlántica. 15, 16 e 17 de Abril de 2011. Narón. pp. 537–546

5393:

started. Some 122,000 Africans died in the conflict. Portugal, during this period, was never an outcast, and was a founding member of the

5158:

Historians have emphasized the failure and collapse of the republican dream by the 1920s. Sardica summarizes the consensus of historians:

2097:, taking many prisoners and several important cities, but failed to consolidate his conquest over the territory and didn't even come near 14573: 11146: 10073: 8363: 6387: 5859: 5015: 4505: 4290:

for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, furthering

3842: 3412: 3091: 1301:

conquest. In southern Portugal, some small, semi-permanent commercial coastal settlements were also founded by Phoenician-Carthaginians.

9661: 7303: 5709:(which actually was only built after the April 25, 1974, revolution), with reforms in health (Gonçalves Ferreira reform) and education ( 3809: 3483:

on the east coast of Africa in July 1500. In 1505, a Portuguese fort was established here and the land around the fort later formed the

6543: 5798: 5698:

founding member states. Such remarkable growth period allowed the Portuguese GDP per capita to reach 56% of the EC-12 average by 1973.

4475: 3912:

remained independent inasmuch as it was one of the key administrative units of the Castilian monarchy, legally on equal terms with the

3802:, lacked support from the clergy and most of the nobility, but was acclaimed as king in Santarém and in some other towns in June 1580. 1612: 1543: 1276: 1146: 688: 263: 83: 9180: 7188: 14161: 10379: 9043: 5116:, restored by Sidónio Pais, were preserved. The president used his new power to resolve a crisis of government in May 1921, naming a 4959:

individualistic middle-class radicalism and must be completely broken as a source of influence in Portugal." Under the leadership of

394: 10251: 4537:(today's sovereign state of Uruguay), in the south, was one of the last additions to the territory of Brazil under Portuguese rule. 11073: 5687: 3822:, also a grandson of Manuel I, claimed the Portuguese throne and did not recognize António as king of Portugal. The king appointed 10279: 8732: 5536: 4824: 2257:. The Visigothic invasion, completed in 585, turned the once rich and fertile kingdom of the Suebi into the sixth province of the 9237: 6749: 6418: 5239:

Political chaos, several strikes, harsh relations with the Church, and considerable economic problems aggravated by a disastrous

5004:. The lack of consensus around Portugal's intervention in turn made possible the appearance of two dictatorships, led by General 2721:. The Kingdom of Asturias was later divided as a result of dynastic disputes; the northern region of Portugal became part of the 1825:). As well as mining, the Romans also developed agriculture, on some of the best agricultural land in the empire. In what is now 1358:

to meet in councils with the druids of other areas, which ensured the transmission of knowledge and the most significant events.

550: 9776: 3877:

came under a single rule, but resistance to Spanish rule in Portugal did not come to an end. The Prior of Crato held out in the

2790: 2224:

was held. The councils represented an advance in the organization of the territory (paroeciam suevorum (Suebian parish) and the

11043: 5598: 5593:

effectively ended. Simultaneously, 15 years of war effort also came to an end; many Portuguese returned from the colonies (the

9412: 5609:

which had been founded by Portugal and its partners in 1960. The country joined the euro in 1999. The Portuguese Empire ended

4116:

prohibited emigration, since Portugal had lost a sizable proportion of its population. Brazil was elevated to a vice-kingdom.

2512:

tax, kill or turn over rebels, and in return receive support from the central government. But some regions, including Lisbon,

1513: 15139: 10808: 10284:

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. "The 'Kaffirs of Europe': A comment on Portugal and the historiography of European expansion in Asia."

10235:

Fernandes, Paulo Jorge, Filipe Ribeiro De Meneses, and Manuel Baiôa. "The political history of nineteenth century Portugal."

10191: 9938: 9883: 9864: 9845: 9724: 9571: 9464: 8460: 7737: 7663: 7198: 7041: 7014: 6953: 6759: 6732: 6553: 6475: 6405:"Portugal, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2020, www.oed.com/view/Entry/148257. Accessed 30 July 2020. 6143: 4871: 4670: 2935:

that remains in effect to this day. Since early times, fishing and overseas commerce have been the main economic activities.

2501: 6133: 14154: 10746: 10705: 10494: 10036: 6465: 6357: 6118: 5827: 5481: 5334: 4513: 4333:

as King Charles III of Spain. Along the route to Madrid, the army led by the Marquis of Minas was successful in conquering

3774: 3748: 2112:, Rechiar attempted, yet again, to conquer the whole of the peninsula, however his ambitions were derailed by the invading 1590: 9334: 3985: 2129:. This led to a resounding defeat of the Suebian kingdom, with Rechiar fleeing wounded from Braga, only to be captured at 15088: 10859: 10803: 10574: 10549: 10509: 7422:[Traces of the Sueva presence in the northwest of the Iberian peninsula: in ethnology, archeology and language]. 7419: 6794:. Dublin : Published for the Irish texts Society by the Educational Company of Ireland – via Internet Archive. 6450: 5889: 5661: 5631: 5128: 4589: 4414: 4352: 4125: 3629: 3061: 2814: 2082: 273: 258: 236: 193: 9986: 9390: 8513: 6691: 5723: 5464: 5441: 4544:. John VI's death in 1826 caused serious questions in his succession. Though Pedro was his heir, and reigned briefly as 1384:; the core area of these people lay in inland central Portugal, while numerous other related tribes existed such as the 378: 14942: 14296: 11099: 10877: 10392: 9053: 7190:

Canonical Collections of the Early Middle Ages (c. 400–1140): A Bibliographical Guide to the Manuscripts and Literature

7080: 6627: 5869: 5750: 5496: 5473: 5394: 5295: 4389: 2539: 1252: 384: 17: 5773:). Strong economic growth resumed. The growth of many of Portugal's main exporting companies and the European Union's 4840: 4393: 4005:, and Portugal maintained an independent law, currency and government. It was proposed to move the Spanish capital to 3805: 2276:. With the Visigoths settled in the newly formed kingdom, a new class emerged that had been unknown in Roman times: a 1878:(the basis of the Portuguese language) became the dominant language of the region, and Christianity spread throughout 1279:. Another theory suggests that Celts inhabited western Iberia / Portugal well before any large Celtic migrations from 14226: 9906: 9313: 9247: 8941: 8219: 8166:

De Baena Parada, Juan. Epítome de la vida, y hechos de don Sebastián Dezimo Sexto Rey de Portugal. 1692. pp. 113/120.

7897: 7872: 7839: 7646:

Marques, André Evangelista; Barroca, Mário; Amaral, Luís Carlos (2018). "As incursões vikings no Norte de Portugal".

7313: 7171: 5356: 4504:

As a result of the change in its status and arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic,

3917: 3245:

These setbacks did not deter the Portuguese from pursuing their exploratory efforts. In 1448, on the small island of

512: 15073: 14668: 9981:

Correia, Sílvia & Helena Pinto Janeiro. "War Culture in the First World War: on the Portuguese Participation,"

9004: 4540:

Brazilian independence was recognized in 1825, whereby Emperor Pedro I granted to his father the titular honour of

3752: 2894:, from which the first king ruled. Later, when Portugal was already officially independent, he ruled from Coimbra. 1634:

Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal. Some of the urban remains are quite large, such as

1361:

The first documentary references to Castro society are provided by chroniclers of Roman military campaigns such as

604:

became the capital. Portugal's land boundaries have remained almost unchanged since then. During the reign of King

213: 4074:, saw a reign characterized by the influx of gold into the coffers of the royal treasury, supplied largely by the 2516:, and the rest of what would become Portugal, rebelled, succeeded in freeing themselves by the early 10th century 1377:

as: "A group of barbarians who spend the day fighting and the night eating, drinking and dancing under the moon."

15098: 14701: 14566: 11139: 10715: 6654:"Celts and the Castro Culture in the Iberian Peninsula – issues of national identity and Proto-Celtic substratum" 5606: 5402: 4250: 4203:

But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and

3841:, the Spanish encountered a Portuguese force on the eastern side of it, commanded by António, and his lieutenant 2035: 1327: 684: 675:

reforms and granted independence to all of Portugal's African colonies in 1975. Portugal is a founding member of

667:

In 1910, a revolution deposed the monarchy. A military coup in 1926 installed a dictatorship that remained until

439: 7777:"Uma modernidade perdida: da melancolia à alegria racional na antropologia do homem superior, segundo D. Duarte" 5558:

The newly independent countries were ravaged by brutal civil wars in the following decades – the

5539:). Nearly 1 million Portuguese or persons of Portuguese descent left these former colonies as refugees. In 1975 4087: 3707:) in 1511 and dispatched to the Moluccas two expeditions (1512, 1514), which founded the Portuguese dominion in 3165:(North Africa) since 1411. This civil war prevented a re-capture of Ceuta from the Portuguese, when the king of 14885: 14718: 14656: 10887: 10409: 10129: 9624: 9594: 9508: 9147: 5904: 5369:

In 1961, the Portuguese army was involved in armed action in its colony in Goa against an Indian invasion (see

5338: 5146: 4509: 4330: 3169: 481: 458: 10246:

Ferreira, Roquinaldo. "Taking Stock: Portuguese Imperial Historiography Twelve years after the e-JPH Debate."

10149: 9358:[The economic crisis and the transitions to democracy: Spain and Portugal under compared perspective] 5673: 5260: 4947: 4928:

The First Republic has, over the course of the recent past, been neglected by many historians in favor of the

15093: 15002: 14540: 14433: 14246: 10761: 10720: 10685: 10372: 10320: 9303: 8856:

William Gervase Clarence-Smith, "The Portuguese Empire and the 'Battle for Rubber' in the Second World War,"

8836:

Dawn L. Raby, "Controlled, Limited and Manipulated Opposition Under a Dictatorial Regime: Portugal, 1945–9,"

7280: 6373: 5909: 5884: 5774: 4530: 4316: 4283: 4161: 4144:

In 1738, Sebastião de Melo, the talented son of a Lisbon squire, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese

2950:, claimed the throne of Portugal. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by John of Aviz (later King 1851: 1096: 423: 402: 10594: 6882: 6653: 5244: 5204: 5182: 4666: 3846: 3310:

set sail aboard the fleet of ships taking materials and building crews to Elmina in December 1481. In 1483,

313: 15134: 14499: 14271: 11154: 11068: 10911: 10849: 10635: 10630: 9754: 9355: 8727:

José Miguel Sardica, "The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century" (2011)

7627:[The Viking presence in the Iberian Peninsula: The Vikings in Portugal and Galicia (Hélio Pires)]. 7370: 5864: 5109: 5049: 5030:

dictatorships of the 1920s and 1930s. Sidónio Pais undertook the rescue of traditional values, notably the

4662: 4108:

Official estimates – and most estimates made so far – place the number of Portuguese migrants to

2022:

The Kingdom of the Suebi was the Germanic post-Roman kingdom, established in the former Roman provinces of

1323: 849:

and others all stem from one linguistic root. Cala is sometimes considered not Celtic, but from Late Latin

505: 443: 427: 340: 168: 138: 41: 10228:

de Carvalho Homem, Armando Luís. "A. H. de Oliveira Marques (1933–2007): Historiography and Citizenship,"

8743:

José Miguel Sardica, "The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century" (2011)

6491: 3885:", the myth that the young king will return to Portugal on a foggy day, has prevailed until modern times. 3653: 3263:

was brought to Portugal that circumvented the Arab caravans that crossed the Sahara. Some time later, the

821:

and Tranoy propose the Celtic branches all share the same origin, and placenames such as Cale, Gal, Gaia,

15052: 15047: 14663: 11053: 10781: 10695: 10589: 10504: 10489: 9837: 5879: 5766: 5754: 5650: 5602: 5135: 5001: 4943: 4424: 4170: 3795: 3298:. In 1471, the Portuguese captured Tangier, after years of attempts. Eleven years later, the fortress of 2903: 2675: 692: 308: 163: 131: 7420:"Vestígios da presença sueva no noroeste da península ibérica: na etnologia, na arqueologia e na língua" 4016:

Because of this, as well as the general strain on the finances of the Spanish throne as a result of the

3837:, west of Lisbon. By mid-August, the Duke was only 10 kilometers from the city. West of the small brook 3766: 2496:

was in Muslim control. By 718 most of today's Portuguese territory was under Umayyad rule. The Umayyads

640: 15108: 15103: 14559: 14514: 14466: 14358: 14353: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11132: 10710: 10680: 10564: 10534: 10256:

Lains, Pedro. "The Internationalization of Portuguese Historiography: the View from Economic History."

10126:

A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 2: From Beginnings to 1807: the Portuguese empire

10012: 9417: 5485: 4518: 3980: 3898: 3680: 3476: 1989: 1662: 243: 88: 10274:

Sardica, José Miguel. "The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century,"

10240: 8424: 7217:

The development of church/state relations in the Visigothic Kingdom during the sixth century (507–601)

7059:"In Tempore Sueborum. The time of the Suevi in Gallaecia (411–585 AD). Exhibition Catalogue (English)" 6920: 5566:(1977–1992) – responsible for millions of deaths and refugees. The Asian dependency of 3791: 3784: 3720: 3385: 1373:

among others, about the social organization, and describing the inhabitants of these territories, the

932:, and consequently the wider regions of Northern Portugal and Galicia. A different theory has it that 15078: 14832: 14793: 10700: 10640: 10614: 10584: 10579: 10303: 9120:[April 25: Portugal developed until 2000, after that "it was a disgrace", says Silva Lopes]. 7076: 5874: 5762: 5665: 5635: 5445: 5240: 4935: 4923: 4903: 4639: 3777:. Portugal was worried about the maintenance of its independence and sought help to find a new king. 3684: 3552: – were destroyed or became subjects or allies of Portugal. Almeida then sailed on to 3192: 3180: 3161:

The conquest of Ceuta was facilitated by a major civil war that had been engaging the Muslims of the

3087: 3040:

to reach every corner of the kingdom. The Avis Dynasty also sponsored works of architecture like the

2666:

in 1014 against the Galician nobility who also stopped further advances into the County of Portugal.

2230: 1021: 447: 389: 298: 278: 7472:"anyone wanting to leave or to depart, uses these barbarians as mercenaries, servers or defenders", 3569:("southern barbarian") period of active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West. 3405: 2165:

in 465 due to the Visigoth influence. From 470, conflict between the Suebi and Visigoths increased.

1829:, vines and cereals were cultivated, and fishing was intensively pursued in the coastal belt of the 1316:. This designation refers to the characteristic Celtic populations called 'dùn', 'dùin' or 'don' in 14471: 14318: 10983: 10948: 10928: 10786: 10751: 10499: 10365: 10343: 7163: 6678: 5710: 5686:

regime were also marked by a relative stagnation and underdevelopment. While Western world enjoyed

5477: 4709: 4649: 4370: 4063:, King Afonso VI was declared mentally incompetent and exiled first to the Azores, and then to the 4056: 4024:, one of the native noblemen and a descendant of King Manuel I, was proclaimed King of Portugal as 3936: 3925: 3668: 2990: 2928: 2824: 2209: 1666: 1620: 617: 589: 435: 93: 10308: 9959: 9356:"A crise económica e as transições para a democracia: Espanha e Portugal em perspectiva comparada" 7624: 7215: 7063:

The Time of the Sueves in Gallaecia (411–585 AD). The First Medieval Kingdom of the West, Ourense.

6846: 6330: 6245: 5432:

imprisonment, systematic political persecution and even assassination of anti-regime insurgents).

4887: 4621: 4173:. As the king's confidence in de Melo increased, he entrusted him with more control of the state. 3235: 3207: 1260:

domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing.

15083: 14741: 14476: 14438: 11011: 10958: 10933: 10839: 10798: 10791: 10604: 8992:, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993. 8894:

Douglas L. Wheeler, "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II,"

8012: 6020: 5831: 5745:, is a symbol of the economic modernization and development of Portugal in the late 20th century. 5390: 5327: 4385: 4224: 3921: 3770: 3708: 2947: 2769:, the first person to claim this title. Garcia styled himself as "King of Portugal and Galicia" ( 2745:

As a vassal of the Kingdom of León, Portugal grew in power and territory and occasionally gained

2694: 2689: 2221: 2201: 1802: 1350: 1106: 1058: 352: 8211:

The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750

3727:

in 1517 and opened up trade with China, where, in 1557, the Portuguese were permitted to occupy

3676: 3449: 3354:

islands, with all lands to the east belonging to Portugal and all lands to the west to Castile.

3184: 3151: 2955: 2887: 2863: 2473: 1535: 1339: 1141:

located in southwestern Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name

14907: 14736: 14418: 11038: 10766: 10599: 10544: 10539: 10519: 9694: 9093:[April 25 (4): The "D" of development, where all is at stake] (in Portuguese). Expresso 5899: 5758: 5738: 5682: 5657: 5640: 5370: 5255: 5221: 4930: 4813: 4785: 4428: 4397: 4366: 4341:. Later in the following year, Madrid was reconquered by Spanish troops loyal to the Bourbons. 4220: 4064: 3696: 3461: 3438: 3255: 3143: 3012: 2557: 2415:. The invading Moors wanted to conquer and convert all of Europe to Islam, so they crossed the 2213: 2090: 1818: 1251:

roamed the northern Iberian peninsula and a tooth has been found at Nova da Columbeira cave in

1230:

The region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by humans since circa 400,000 years ago, when

929: 649: 346: 253: 203: 10070: 8931: 8367: 8186: 7031: 6970: 5972: 5500: 4451: 3660:

and ushered in a period of almost 80 years of Portuguese rule of the Persian Gulf archipelago

3610: 3070: 2753:

even became regent of the Kingdom of Leon between 999 and 1008. In 1070, the Portuguese Count

1271:, which are mainly found in the south of Portugal. Early in the first millennium BC, waves of 14987: 14852: 14388: 14348: 14328: 14308: 14211: 11033: 10963: 10938: 10897: 10813: 10771: 10756: 10668: 10645: 10524: 10057:

History of Portugal: Vol. 1: from Lusitania to empire; Vol. 2: from empire to corporate state

8209: 7808: 6813: 6582: 5894: 5806: 5778: 5669: 5532: 5520: 5382: 5089: 4899: 4847:, was also under Portuguese rule. In addition, Portugal still ruled the Asian territories of 4836: 4820: 4809: 4789: 4635: 4392:

by blocking the Franco-Spanish advance and driving them back across the border following the

4377:. Joseph refused to accept and maintained that his 1704 alliance with Britain was no threat. 4291: 4181: 4157: 4091: 4048: 3913: 3869: 3762: 3688: 3645: 3503: 3484: 3339: 3295: 2959: 2326: 2235: 1283:. A number of linguists expert in ancient Celtic have presented compelling evidence that the 1101: 465: 431: 303: 30: 10326:

The Ave Valley, Northern Portugal: an archaeological survey of Iron Age and Roman settlement

10261: 10163:

Imperial Portugal in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions: The Luso-Brazilian World, c. 1770–1850

7442: 6943: 4971:

culminated in the law of Separation of Church and State, which was passed on 20 April 1911.

4674: 2697:, the county increased in size and importance and, from the 10th century onward, with Count 2485: 15042: 15037: 14977: 14912: 14817: 14504: 14323: 11058: 10968: 10734: 10609: 8501: 7863:

Calafate, Pedro (1999). "A Geração de Avis: O infante D. Pedro". In Calafate, Pedro (ed.).

7505:"Características generales del poblamiento y la arqueología funeraria visigoda de Hispania" 5993: 5563: 5451: 5283: 4863: 4701: 4553: 4549: 4498: 4266: 4261: 4060: 4028:

on 1 December 1640, and a war of independence against Spain was launched. The governors of

4017: 3819: 3799: 3533: 3401: 3307: 3276: 3104: 3031: 2943: 2844: 2774: 2762: 2594: 2582: 1968: 1646: 1287:, once spoken in parts of SW Spain and SW Portugal, is at least proto-Celtic in structure. 1275:

invaded Portugal from Central Europe and inter-married with the local populations, forming

1256: 1231: 1220: 668: 585: 562: 542: 372: 223: 173: 108: 3838: 3427:

after 1492. In addition, many Jews were forcibly converted to Catholicism and remained as

3299: 2272:

For the next 300 years and by the year 700, the entire Iberian Peninsula was ruled by the

2161:) (459–469) who would re-reunify his father's kingdom in 463. He would be forced to adopt 8: 15007: 14937: 14880: 14797: 14623: 14524: 14509: 14456: 14403: 14398: 14231: 11092: 11003: 10978: 10953: 10892: 10867: 10827: 10484: 10478: 9183:[April 25, what meant the "D" of development] (in Portuguese). O Jornal Económico 8452:

Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Precis of Continental Integration

7490: 7084: 5942: 5932: 5786: 5782: 5268: 4749:

were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like

4714: 4459: 4374: 4298: 4025: 3998: 3960: 3865: 3628:

was the most northerly point frequented by the Portuguese until 1541, when a fleet under

3259:, or trading post, for commerce with inland Africa. Some years before, the first African 3176: 3147: 3108: 3074:

Portuguese discoveries and explorations: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese

2879: 2754: 2636: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2562: 2427:' and in what was to become Portugal, they mainly consisted of the old Roman province of 2393: 2217: 2078: 1748: 1473: 1284: 14494: 14146: 9996: 9203: 9118:"25 Abril: Portugal desenvolveu-se até 2000, depois foi "uma desgraça", diz Silva Lopes" 6324: 5476:. It started after a failed right-wing coup d'état on March 11, 1975, and ended after a 4883: 4380:

In spring 1762, Spanish and French troops invaded Portugal from the north as far as the

4001:. They maintained Portugal's status, gave positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish 3598: 3563:

The arrival of the Portuguese in Japan, the first Europeans to reach it, initiating the

3529: 2750: 664:

left Portugal to live in Brazil and the United States due to harsh volcanic conditions.

15113: 15017: 14801: 14753: 14748: 14651: 14641: 14598: 14590: 14428: 14378: 14338: 14291: 14286: 14276: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14236: 14221: 14216: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 11021: 11016: 10943: 10872: 10854: 10467: 8242: 7755: 7625:"A presença viking na Península Ibérica: Os Vikings em Portugal e Galiza (Hélio Pires)" 7281:"David (Pierre). Études historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VIe au XIIe siècle" 7141: 7133: 5952: 5938: 5928: 5417: 4610: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4165: 4134: 4113: 4071: 4010: 3994: 3815: 3732: 3239: 3188: 3139: 3135: 3003: 2951: 2932: 2883: 2840: 2828: 2798: 2794: 2778: 2722: 2718: 2663: 2644: 2632: 2266: 2258: 2185: 2177: 1650: 1317: 1206: 759:

s meaning and precise origin being less clear. The mainstream explanation points to an

613: 605: 581: 566: 470: 158: 113: 78: 10350: 9204:"From convergence to divergence: Portuguese demography and economic growth, 1500–1850" 8390: 8069:, India: A Modern History (University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1961) pp. 162–163. 7602:"O Norte de Portugal ente os séculos VIII e X: balanço e perspectivas de investigação" 6415: 4781:

in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.

4427:, Portugal began a decline that lasted until the 20th century, it was hastened by the 4321:

In 1707, as part of the War of the Spanish Succession, a joint Portuguese, Dutch, and

4307:), and forbade him from coming within 20 miles of her, thus curtailing his influence. 4227:

magnitude of 9. The city was razed to the ground by the earthquake and the subsequent

3389: 2836: 2726: 1834: 14992: 14967: 14947: 14927: 14917: 14807: 14789: 14758: 14691: 14608: 14582: 14519: 14461: 14423: 14413: 14393: 14383: 14368: 14363: 14343: 14313: 14281: 14266: 14241: 14177: 11155: 11108: 11063: 11048: 10993: 10973: 10923: 10844: 10690: 10514: 10187: 10179: 10166: 10060: 9976: 9934: 9902: 9895: 9879: 9860: 9841: 9309: 9243: 9049: 8975: 8958: 8937: 8456: 8215: 7893: 7868: 7845: 7835: 7796: 7743: 7733: 7659: 7392: 7309: 7194: 7167: 7145: 7125: 7037: 7010: 6949: 6791: 6755: 6728: 6549: 6471: 6275: 6185: 6139: 5962: 5948: 5922: 5590: 5589:

With the 1975–1976 independence of its colonies (apart from Macau), the 560-year-old

5559: 5528: 5524: 5512: 5386: 5378: 5272: 5249: 5167:

Sardica, however, also points out the permanent impact of the republican experiment:

5005: 4891: 4832: 4828: 4793: 4750: 4545: 4494: 4471: 4358: 4079: 4041: 4037: 3968: 3579: 3553: 3545: 3373: 3155: 3115: 3083: 3065: 3045: 2939: 2832: 2820: 2785:(Emperor of All Hispania). When the emperor died, the Crown was left to his daughter 2758: 2468: 2446: 2365: 1936: 1806: 1779: 1704: 1138: 959: 777: 732: 661: 660:, in 1822. From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, nearly two million 645: 636: 573: 334: 248: 208: 153: 29:"Portuguese history" redirects here. For the history of the Portuguese language, see 8302:

Belda Plans, Juan. Grandes personajes el Siglo de Oro español. Palabra. 2013. p. 29.

5492:

formed Portugal's first democratically elected government in nearly a half century.

5231: 5187: 5131: 3321: 2786: 2698: 2109: 1679: 1234:

entered the area. The oldest human fossil found in Portugal is the 400,000-year-old

14982: 14897: 14842: 14812: 14763: 14723: 14706: 14696: 14631: 14603: 14408: 14333: 14303: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13240: 13230: 13215: 13210: 13200: 13195: 13185: 13180: 13170: 13165: 13155: 13150: 13140: 13135: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13040: 13020: 12975: 12932: 12897: 12842: 12782: 12777: 12687: 12612: 12349: 12214: 12139: 12124: 11551: 11471: 11446: 11436: 11188: 10988: 10472: 10221:

Campos Matos, Sérgio. "History of Historiography and National Memory in Portugal,"

8970: 8841: 7788: 7651: 7347: 7342: 7330: 7264: 7259: 7247: 7221: 7117: 6982: 6209: 6042:"Portugal – Origin and meaning of the name Portugal by Online Etymology Dictionary" 5918: 5765:. In 1985 Portugal left the second IMF bailout and in 1986 the country entered the 5567: 5544: 5077: 4875: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4774: 4773:

were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the

4734: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4278: 4274: 4029: 4021: 3893: 3850: 3736: 3728: 3700: 3541: 3521: 3420: 3381: 3211: 3119: 2985: 2875: 2766: 2618: 2513: 2225: 1996: 1948: 1894:

Areas of the Roman province of Hispania occupied by the barbarian people c. 409–429

1759: 1708: 1623:

took several centuries. The Roman provinces that covered present-day Portugal were

1497: 1461: 1305: 1120: 963: 937: 716: 632: 148: 71: 9479: 9415:[Expo was a major moment of self-esteem for the country. They are rare]. 8241:

Disposition of Philip II about giving the duke the control of the army, op. cit.,

5373:). The operations resulted in a Portuguese defeat and the loss of the colonies in 4599: 4489: 4478:. The last French troops were expelled in 1812. The war cost Portugal the town of 4446:

followed, and Lisbon was captured on 8 December 1807. British intervention in the

4303: 4270: 4094:, and on commissions and additions for his sizeable art and literary collections. 3742: 1732: 553:, which lasted almost two centuries, led to the establishment of the provinces of 186: 15022: 14997: 14785: 14768: 14613: 11113: 11026: 10882: 10776: 10333: 10315: 10156: 10139: 10077: 10043: 9966: 9804:"Bernardo Blanco: Portugal é o "4.º país da Zona Euro com menor poder de compra"" 9465:"The Portuguese economy in the 1980s: structural change and short-term upheavals" 9338: 9028: 8959:"The Portuguese elections of 1987 and 1991 and the presidential election of 1991" 7092: 6586: 6422: 6353: 5851: 5816: 5794: 5715: 5702: 5677: 5581: 5409: 5092:) on 19 January 1919, and four days later a monarchist insurrection broke out in 4879: 4631: 4463: 4109: 4083: 3929: 3532:

was the first to sight the archipelago still known by his name in 1506. In 1505,

3469: 3457: 3424: 3377: 3280: 2640: 2497: 2397: 2377: 2340: 2205: 2016: 1940: 1863: 1786: 1775: 1728: 1457: 1370: 1244: 977: 826: 805: 783: 657: 653: 495: 10136:

Portuguese Tangier (1471–1662): Colonial Urban Fabric as Cross-Cultural Skeleton

5733: 5489: 5009: 4770: 3888: 3517: 3055: 2974: 2685: 2531: 2331: 945:, a supernatural hag). Some French scholars believe the name may have come from 14972: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14932: 14922: 14837: 14780: 14673: 14636: 10554: 8870: 8845: 8066: 6276:"Origines et migrations des peuples de la Gaule jusqu'à l'avènement des Francs" 5646: 5571: 5279: 5191: 4738: 4569: 4467: 4447: 4362: 4334: 4322: 4177: 3905: 3874: 3712: 3499: 3495: 3453: 3442: 3347: 3268: 3203: 3196: 3037: 2357: 2322: 2008: 2000: 1809:

to all free subjects of the empire and, at the end of the century, the emperor

1520: 1313: 1280: 1186: 1116: 1062: 834: 796: 696: 9656:[Physicians and other health personnel per 100 thousand inhabitants]. 5968: 5097: 4294:, intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit. 3559: 15128: 15068: 14867: 10529: 9331: 9289: 9008: 8907:

Sonny B. Davis, "Salazar, Timor, and Portuguese Neutrality in World War II,"

7800: 7747: 7331:"Social Implications of Borrowing: The Visigothic Element in Hispano-Romance" 7248:"Social Implications of Borrowing: The Visigothic Element in Hispano-Romance" 7129: 6699: 5706: 5271:

regime. Portugal, although neutral, informally aided the Nationalists in the

4867: 4778: 4455: 4239: 4033: 4013:

tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, and Portuguese nobles lost power.

3858: 3756: 3637: 3397: 3331: 3100: 3007: 2963: 2802: 2659: 2602: 2450: 2189: 2105: 2070: 1919: 1898: 1847: 1744: 1485: 1182: 1178: 1048: 218: 198: 7849: 7792: 4493:

The frontispiece of the 1826 Portuguese Constitution featuring King-Emperor

3920:

led to a deterioration of the relations with Portugal's oldest ally and the

3030:

whose application and enforcement was not uniform across the realm; and the

1635: 580:, gradually advancing through Iberia. In 1095, Portugal broke away from the 15027: 14857: 14728: 14646: 10569: 9270: 8989: 8502:

The Politics of Non-Translation: A Case Study in Anglo-Portuguese Relations

6986: 6041: 5820: 5023: 4989: 4968: 4960: 4697: 4557: 3882: 3716: 3641: 3586: 3565: 3525: 3223: 3131: 3079: 2979: 2454: 2405: 2297: 2122: 1932: 1875: 1798: 1700: 1616: 1334: 1125: 955: 818: 712: 536:

can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when the region of present-day

268: 8425:"O Portal da História – Memórias: António do Couto Castelo Branco em 1707" 7727: 7225: 6570: 5815:

school; such number rose to 28% in 1990, 59% in 2000 and 71% in 2010. The

5656:

The Portuguese economy declined in the centuries following the end of the

4762: 4184:; and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal. 3311: 2891: 1639: 612:

in a war over the throne (1385) and established a political alliance with

15012: 14890: 14875: 14847: 14683: 10427: 10417: 8391:"Earthquake Resistant Structures of Portuguese Old 'Pombalino' Buildings" 7829: 6166: 5719: 5548: 5057: 5042: 4996: 4746: 4718: 4242: 4235: 4187: 4075: 4002: 3590: 3315: 3231: 3191:("Holy Port") in gratitude for their rescue from the shipwreck. In 1419, 3075: 2998: 2924: 2874:. In 1143, the Kingdom of León recognised him as King of Portugal by the 2681: 2680:

At the end of the 9th century, a small minor county based in the area of

2623: 2566: 2552: 2462: 2281: 2012: 1767: 1724: 1481: 1381: 1248: 1174: 1158: 1142: 1017: 985: 767:

peoples, who occupied the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. The names

724: 720: 628: 624: 61: 10215: 10087: 7655: 7106:"Mining in the Later Roman Empire and Beyond: Continuity or Disruption?" 6492:"400,000-year-old fossil human cranium is oldest ever found in Portugal" 4282:

Based upon his swift resolve, Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of

4253:. Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of 3833:

The Duke of Alba met little resistance and in July set up his forces at

3675:

On the Asiatic mainland, the first trading stations were established by

2245:

In the Suebian Kingdom many internal struggles continued to take place.

1778:

for years. Viriatus, a shepherd from Serra da Estrela who was expert in

14775: 10462: 10452: 10267:

Romeiras, Francisco Malta. "Jesuit Historiography in Modern Portugal."

10210:

Boxer, Charles R. "Some Notes on Portuguese Historiography 1930–1950."

10109:

The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism

8489:

The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism

6305: 5811: 5618: 5575: 5421: 5341: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5299: 4534: 4254: 4145: 4051:, however his physical and mental disabilities left him overpowered by 3952: 3692: 3594: 3537: 3434: 3351: 3346:

equally between the Portuguese and the Castilians, along a north–south

3272: 3250: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2373: 2361: 2352: 2253:(Audeca 584–585), who failed to prevent the Visigothic invasion led by 2194: 2145:

ruling simultaneously. Both reigned from 456 to 457, the year in which

2057:

made a peace treaty with the Gallaecians before passing his domains to

1944: 1915: 1838: 1810: 1692: 1603: 1472:. A few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements (such as 1409: 1263:

Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal leaving a cultural footprint. The

814: 627:, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal ascended to the status of a 609: 577: 143: 7137: 5753:, were years of economic troubles, during which Portugal received two 4910:

government in Portugal, causing him and his royal family to flee into

4257:

by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.

3956: 3502:

form a barrier between Europe and the east. Ten years later, in 1510,

3284: 2912:, the southernmost region of Portugal, was finally conquered from the 2827:

became count of Portugal and defended its independence by merging the

2535: 2445:, who conquered and destroyed the Christian Visigothic kingdom in the 2138: 2085:, also becoming the first of the Germanic kings to do so, even before 1874:(Beja), and left important cultural legacies in what is now Portugal. 1290: 14822: 10457: 10437: 10432: 10325: 9779:[Illiteracy rate according to the Census: total and by sex]. 9019: 9017: 7158:

Thompson, E.A. "The Conversion of the Spanish Suevi to Catholicism."

5958: 5540: 5072: 5061: 4742: 4338: 4246: 4212: 4139:

Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal, Count of Oeiras

3724: 3663: 3602: 3416: 3343: 3219: 3049: 2862:

Portugal traces its national origin to 24 June 1128, the date of the

2859:'s clergy and demanded the independence of the reconstituted county. 2432: 2428: 2385: 2381: 2318: 2285: 2273: 2262: 2254: 2154: 2118: 2113: 2098: 2027: 2023: 1984: 1964: 1879: 1871: 1814: 1794: 1740: 1716: 1688: 1684: 1671: 1628: 1624: 1437: 1374: 1366: 1236: 1215: 1194: 1190: 993: 941: 892: 672: 558: 554: 103: 98: 14551: 10357: 9413:"A Expo foi um grande momento de auto-estima para o país. São raros" 7058: 6776: 6388:"Manuel géographique et statistique de l'Espagne et du Portugal ..." 6099: 6081: 5316: 4804:). The area had been claimed by Portugal, which included it in its " 4219:

Disaster fell upon Portugal in the morning of 1 November 1755, when

3452:

set sail from Cape Verde with 13 ships and crews and nobles such as

3342:

with Castile in 1494. The treaty divided the (largely undiscovered)

15032: 14827: 11164: 11159: 10659: 10442: 10422: 10388: 8871:"Cashing Out The Flight of Nazi Treasure, 1945–1948 | WorldCat.org" 8414:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 83, 91–108, 160–162. 7834:. Maria Helena Lopes de Castro. : Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda. 7121: 5425: 5416:(Marcelist spring). However the colonial wars in Africa continued, 5113: 4907: 4895: 4805: 4797: 4685: 4479: 4208: 3704: 3679:

at Cochin and Calicut (1501). More important were the conquests of

3429: 3393: 3365: 3362: 3357: 2590: 2586: 2436: 2423:

as a base of operations. Muslims called their conquests in Iberia '

2416: 2401: 2277: 2162: 2094: 2086: 2054: 2004: 1976: 1952: 1867: 1858:

into the mining areas. The Romans founded numerous cities, such as

1826: 1790: 1771: 1712: 1566: 1445: 1429: 1397: 1346: 1154: 1052: 973: 897: 887: 846: 764: 760: 537: 10203:

Barros, Maria Filomena Lopes de. “Ethno-Religious Minorities”, in

10184:

Pioneers of Globalization – Why the Portuguese Surprised the World

9014: 7489:, Terras de Bouro, Câmara Municipal de Terras de Bouro, 2006. (in 7459:"the barbarians, detesting their swords, turn them into ploughs", 5247:. This coup installed the "Second Republic", which started as the 3964: 3404:

on 20 May 1498, returning in glory to Portugal the next year. The

2481: 2173: 1570: 1502: 14902: 14713: 9857:

A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, vol. 1: Portugal

9288:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6890: 5789:

has been stagnant since the early 2000s (around the accession to

5742: 5278:

Salazar's policy after the war was to provide a certain level of

5264: 5027: 4939: 4844: 4730: 4722: 4657: 4653: 4228: 4196: 3948: 3944: 3834: 3657: 3625: 3621: 3606: 3549: 3507: 3491: 3322:

Discovery of the sea route to India and the Treaty of Tordesillas

3264: 3227: 3166: 3162: 3123: 2909: 2848: 2738: 2651: 2505: 2489: 2389: 2305: 2301: 2246: 2158: 2146: 2074: 2066: 2058: 2047: 1980: 1960: 1890: 1859: 1830: 1752: 1477: 1453: 1433: 1425: 1417: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1264: 1166: 1162: 914: 593: 6000:

from 1594 includes a meatball receipt for "farts of Portingale".

5749:

The first 10 years of the Third Republic, in the context of the

5420:

remained incarcerated, freedom of association was not restored,

1719:, a territory that included all of modern Portugal south of the 1090: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1066: 936:

was the name of a Celtic goddess (drawing a comparison with the

576:

conquered the Visigoth Kingdom and founded the Islamic State of

7580: 7578: 6677:

Estos se establecieron en el norte de Portugal y el área de la

5093: 5045: 4801: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677:(Louis I) ascended the throne and continued his modernization. 4450:

helped in maintaining Portuguese independence. During the war,

4442:

of embargo against the United Kingdom; a French invasion under

4204: 4192: 4153: 4149: 4006: 3878: 3827: 3769:

without an heir. The late king's elderly great-uncle, Cardinal

3743:

1580 succession crisis, Iberian Union and decline of the Empire

3614: 3480: 3303: 3246: 3199:. Uninhabited Madeira was colonized by the Portuguese in 1420. 2994: 2917: 2655: 2609:

in 722 AD, Pelagius was proclaimed king to found the Christian

2570: 2524: 2493: 2439: 2290: 2250: 2150: 2142: 2126: 1534:

Archaeological artifact from the work developed in the area of

1469: 1465: 1449: 1441: 1421: 1405: 1380:

There were other similar tribes, and chief among them were the

1362: 1355: 1268: 1012:

was used extensively to refer to the region between the rivers

822: 601: 596:(the southernmost province of Portugal) was conquered from the 118: 6814:"Artigo de apoio Infopédia – Romanização da Península Ibérica" 5235:

Portuguese colonies in Africa by the time of the Colonial War.

5034:("Homeland"), and attempted to rule in a charismatic fashion. 3326: 2835:. His efforts were assisted by a civil war that raged between 2658:

raiders mainly from 844. The last great invasion, through the

10447: 9342: 9179:

Sarmento, António; Santos Ferreira, Ricardo (25 April 2017).

6777:"The Irish connection with Chadic and Afro-Asiatic languages" 5374: 5101: 5081: 4911: 4726: 4522: 4381: 4098: 3940: 3889:

Decline of the Portuguese Empire under the Philippine Dynasty

3854: 3408:

was built, dedicated to the discovery of the route to India.

3271:, which led to the discovery of several uninhabited islands: 3127: 3056:

Naval exploration and Portuguese Empire (15th–16th centuries)

2913: 2856: 2852: 2734: 2598: 2574: 2509: 2442: 2396:

on 19 July 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad, joined by the Arab governor

2314: 2309: 2130: 2062: 2031: 1972: 1956: 1911: 1907: 1842: 1822: 1763: 1720: 1600: 1413: 1272: 1170: 1150: 1137:

The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the

1013: 989: 981: 925: 842: 736: 728: 597: 9091:"25 de abril (4): "D" de desenvolvimento, onde tudo se joga" 7888:

de Albuquerque, Martim; Borges Nunes, Eduardo, eds. (1988).

7575: 7542:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A political history of al-Andalus

6374:"Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Volume 1; Volume 8" 4902:, became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 4245:

were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were

3993:

At home, there was peace under the first two Spanish kings,

2280:, which played a large social and political role during the 1653:

controlled the territory between the 5th and 8th centuries.

1057:, which added an intrusive /n/ sound through the process of 10033:

The Structure of Portuguese Society: The Failure of Fascism

9777:"Taxa de analfabetismo segundo os Censos: total e por sexo" 9305:

An Economic and Social History of Western Europe since 1945

8389:

Carsado, Rafeala; Lopes, Mario; Bento, Rita (August 2004).

6278:. Paris : J. Maisonneuve – via Internet Archive. 6227: 6224: 5790: 5770: 5695: 5578:

voted for independence, which Portugal recognized in 2002.

5194:

and his troops march victorious into Lisbon on 6 June 1926.

4310: 4102: 3649: 3633: 3260: 3103:. Portugal was a pioneer in, and major beneficiary of, the 2458: 1211: 830: 743: 676: 9502: 9500: 9141: 9139: 7887: 5412:

offered a certain hope that the regime would open up, the

5153: 3857:

as Philip I. This cleared the way for Philip to create an

3556:, made peace with the ruler and built a stone fort there. 2519: 2313:

of Southern Portugal. Bracara Augusta, the modern city of

2061:, his son. In 429, the Visigoths moved south to expel the 14176: 9681: 9679: 9654:"Médicos e outro pessoal de saúde por 100 mil habitantes" 7604:(in Portuguese). Archaeology Unit of the Minho University 6542:

Heale, Jay; Koh, Angeline; Schmermund, Elizabeth (2016).

6218: 6215: 5785:

without precedents in the centuries before. However, the

4816:, an attempted Republican coup that took place in Porto. 4808:", but this clashed with British aspirations to create a 3974: 3648:

in 1515, who also entered into diplomatic relations with

3511: 2431:(the central and southern regions of the country), while 2134: 2073:. In 448 Rechila died, leaving the state in expansion to 1020:, the Minho flowing along what would become the northern 972:('Port of Cale') and incorporating it in the province of 9181:"25 de abril: o que significou o "D" de desenvolvimento" 7509:

Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, S. I, Prehist. y Arqueol., t. 2

6748:

Green, Miranda J.; Aldhouse-Green, Miranda Jane (1995).

6601:"Tartessian, Europe's newest and oldest Celtic language" 6449:

Emerick, Carolyn; Authors, Various (December 28, 2017).

6426:

at the Foods of England project. Accessed 30 July 2020.

6100:"Origem e significado dos nomes de Portugal e da Galiza" 5668:(1910–1926) were able to put the country in the path to 5585:

Portuguese rejoice during the 1975 Carnation Revolution.

5282:

in politics, in terms of organized opposition with more

4400:

in 1763, Spain agreed to hand Almeida back to Portugal.

4130:

Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal

4053:

Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 3rd Count of Castelo Melhor

3864:

Philip rewarded the Duke of Alba with the titles of 1st

3761:

On 4 August 1578, while fighting in Morocco, young King

2808: 2019:

was a particularly influential evangelist at this time.

1841:, Troia and the coast of Lisbon, for the manufacture of 1320:

and that the Romans called castrae in their chronicles.

795:

is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port', like the

10116:

Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire

9616: 9586: 9497: 9178: 9136: 6792:"Lebor gabála Érenn: The book of the taking of Ireland" 5408:

After the death of Salazar in 1970, his replacement by

4886:

by two Portuguese republican activist revolutionaries,

4078:(a tax on precious metals), that was received from the 3187:, were driven by a storm to an island that they called 2650:

The coastal regions in the North were also attacked by

10205:

The Historiography of Medieval Portugal (c. 1950-2010)

9927:

História de Portugal I – a Formação do Território

9676: 9000: 8998: 6359:

Les Noms d'origine gauloise (NE): La Gaule des combats

5399:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

5076:

Monarchist counter-revolutionary soldiers holding the

4942:

and urban nature of the revolution carried out by the

4277:

were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The

1105:, a Middle English romance composed around 1400, and " 1008:

during the 7th and 8th centuries. By the 9th century,

681:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

7867:. Vol. II. Editorial Caminho. pp. 412–444. 7443:"Genetic history of the Spaniards and the Portuguese" 7182: 7180: 6575:

E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies

6060:"Origem e significado das palavras Portugal e Galiza" 4211:

activity. He demarcated the region for production of

3735:

organized in the Spanish service completed the first

3506:, after attempting and failing to capture and occupy 2669: 2093:. This bellicose king, almost conquered the whole of 808: 9931:

History of Portugal – the Formation of the Territory

9242:. Vol. I. Sage Publications. pp. 837–838. 8026: 8024: 8022: 8020: 7645: 6221: 5841: 5435: 4431:

in 1822, the country's largest colonial possession.

4373:

had become too powerful due to its successes in the

3158:, and the long-lived Portuguese Empire was founded. 2870:

after this battle and in 1139, he assumed the title

1801:

to most municipalities of Lusitania. In 212 AD, the

988:, the region around Portus Cale became known by the 877:"cove, small harbour" from a Pre-Indo-European root 10560:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

9391:"Portugal Seeks Balance of Emigration, Immigration" 9265: 9263: 9261: 9259: 8995: 8751: 8749: 7648:

Mil Anos da Incursão Normanda ao Castelo de Vermoim

6747: 6212: 6021:"Portugal Seeks Balance of Emigration, Immigration" 4484:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

4419:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

4403: 3306:on the Gold Coast in the Gulf of Guinea was built. 3294:In the 1470s, Portuguese trading ships reached the 3118:can be traced to 25 July 1415, when the Portuguese 2561:Monument of Pelagius at Covadonga where he won the 2220:(570–583) was his successor. During his reign, the 592:, proclaimed himself king of Portugal in 1139. The 291: 9894: 7177: 7002: 6548:(3rd ed.). Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. 6541: 6165:Dwelly, William Robertson, Michael Bauer, Edward. 3798:, and only grandson through the male line of king 3350:370 leagues (1770 km/1100 miles) west of the 2886:officially recognised Afonso I as king. After the 966:. In the process they conquered Cale, renaming it 905:). Another theory claims it derives from the word 735:(or simply, Gaia) stand, along the banks of river 9834:A Short History of Indonesia: The Unlikely Nation 9564:"General Government: gross debt as % of GDP" 8388: 8334: 8332: 8017: 7813:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 7775:Carvalho, Mário Santiago de (12 September 2014). 7417: 6416:The Good Huswives Handmaide for the Kitchin, 1594 6290:An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language 5499:and its center-right allies under Prime Minister 5478:failed left-wing coup d'état on November 25, 1975 4917: 4055:. In a palace coup organized by the King's wife, 3253:, an important castle was built to function as a 15126: 9987:Five articles on Portugal in the First World War 9332:Fundação da SEDES – As primeiras motivações 9256: 8746: 8514:"A Revolta Republicana de 31 de janeiro de 1891" 8077: 8075: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7923: 7921: 7595: 7593: 6390:Buisson. 11 April 2018 – via Google Books. 6292:, Gairm Publications; 1982 (new edition), p. 66. 5801:. Economic growth has resumed in the mid-2010s. 3861:spanning all of Iberia under the Spanish crown. 2329:. They settled in the region between the rivers 671:in 1974. The new government instituted sweeping 9901:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 9749:[Percent of youth enrolled in school]. 9719:[Deliveries at health facilities (%)]. 9112: 9110: 9108: 9041: 8714: 8712: 8585: 8583: 8398:13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering 6998: 6996: 5718:. However, the political turmoil following the 5543:invaded and annexed the Portuguese province of 5377:. Independence movements also became active in 5134:, were assassinated. This event, known as the ' 4906:, which abolished the monarchy and installed a 4904:5 October 1910 Portuguese republican revolution 4269:was wounded in an attempted assassination. The 3711:. The Portuguese established their base in the 2749:independence during weak Leonese reigns; Count 2631:region became part of a complex of powers, the 1995:Roman institutions declined in the wake of the 365: 9924: 9622: 9592: 9506: 9145: 8329: 8269:The Baker Who Pretended to Be King of Portugal 8256:The Baker Who Pretended to Be King of Portugal 7983: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7689: 7678: 7418:Head, Brian F.; Semënova-Head, Larisa (2013). 6448: 6439:. University of Michigan Press, 1954. p. 1131. 6167:"Am Faclair Beag – Scottish Gaelic Dictionary" 5613:in 1999 when Macau was returned to China, and 5511:In 1975, Portugal granted independence to its 5002:Portugal's intervention in the First World War 4191:This 1755 copper engraving shows the ruins of 3908:with the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640. The 3490:Cabral's fleet then sailed east and landed in 3419:, along with those refugees who had come from 2388:civil war. After a decisive victory over King 2384:on 30 April 711, ostensibly to intervene in a 2188:had been installed in Iberia, it was based in 1226:The oldest trace of human history in Portugal. 14567: 14162: 11140: 10373: 10339:EuroDocs: Online Sources for European History 9442:"Do Estado Novo ao euro, sempre na periferia" 9174: 9172: 8072: 7933: 7918: 7590: 7305:The Visigoths: Studies in Culture and Society 7056: 6971:"Reconsideration of the History of the Suevi" 6866: 6864: 5680:in the 1930s, the first three decades of the 4894:. Under his rule, Portugal had been declared 4717:. Portuguese towns and cities in Africa like 2197:(Teodemundo) most likely ruled the Suebians. 1619:invasion occurred in the 3rd century BC. The 1506:The main language areas in Iberia, c. 300 BC. 1392:. Among the tribes or sub-divisions were the 1153:and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the 862: 513: 10165:(Cambridge University Press, 2013). 466 pp. 9105: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9068: 8709: 8580: 7502: 7363:"Fim do Império Romano e Chegada dos Suevos" 6993: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6628:"Our Celtic roots lie in Spain and Portugal" 6190:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6093: 6091: 5457: 5241:military intervention in the First World War 5096:. A republican coalition government, led by 4988:. In spite of these splits, the PRP, led by 3824:Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba 2980:Livro da ensinança de bem cavalgar toda sela 2916:in 1249, and in 1255 the capital shifted to 2757:desired the Portuguese title and fought the 2265:was crowned King of Gallaecia, Hispania and 1295:Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley 1065:. Middle English variant spellings included 868: 763:derived from the Callaeci also known as the 326: 9353: 9202:Palma, Nuno; Reis, Jaime (September 2016). 8950: 8898:(1986) 23#1 pp. 107–127 and 23#2 pp. 97–111 8282:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E, 2007 7974: 7865:História do pensamento filosófico português 7077:Os antepassados caucasianos dos portugueses 6968: 6453:. Carolyn Emerick – via Google Books. 6121:. Carolyn Emerick – via Google Books. 6073: 5998:The Good Hus-wifes Handmaid for the Kitchen 5860:Black Propaganda against Portugal and Spain 5624: 4047:King John IV's eldest son came to reign as 3843:Francisco de Portugal, 3rd Count of Vimioso 2597:, a mountain region in modern northwestern 2504:would last until 1492 with the fall of the 2372:During the caliphate of the Umayyad Caliph 2293:started to emerge as a high-ranking class. 1821:, with its capital at Bracara Augusta (now 1699:Romanization began with the arrival of the 1267:developed a written language, leaving many 1110: 967: 946: 799: 747: 639:. Signs of military decline began with the 14574: 14560: 14169: 14155: 11147: 11133: 10380: 10366: 10331: 10309:Portugal Chronology World History Database 9169: 8258:, (University of Chicago Press, 2012), 49. 7760:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7003:Koller, Erwin; Laitenberger, Hugo (1998). 6861: 6243: 6116: 6097: 5799:IMF/EU-monitored bailout from 2011 to 2014 5488:came in first in elections and its leader 5215: 5176: 4819:The Portuguese territories in Africa were 4673:. Pedro not having children, his brother, 4583: 4476:Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil 3937:contemporary Northeastern Brazilian states 3388:explored North America. At the same time, 2897: 2069:and founded a kingdom with its capital in 1947:. In 411, with a federation contract with 1613:pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula 1584:Another artifact from Citânia de Briteiros 913:, that may explain the toponym Calezun in 689:Community of Portuguese Language Countries 520: 506: 10102:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825 9915: 9717:"Partos em estabelecimentos de saúde (%)" 9625:"Maddison Project Database, version 2013" 9595:"Maddison Project Database, version 2013" 9509:"Maddison Project Database, version 2013" 9322: 9301: 9201: 9148:"Maddison Project Database, version 2013" 9065: 8974: 8929: 8475: 8350: 8338: 8311: 8154: 8142: 8130: 8106: 8081: 8054: 8030: 7999: 7944: 7927: 7912: 7701: 7584: 7346: 7278: 7263: 7166:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. 7103: 6798: 6651: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6088: 5793:) and was hit hard by the effects of the 5506: 5357:Learn how and when to remove this message 5263:. He transformed Portugal into a sort of 4576:, near Hong Kong on the China coast, and 4525:, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821. 4221:Lisbon was struck by a violent earthquake 3411:At the end of the 15th century, Portugal 2931:created an alliance between Portugal and 2613:and start the war of reconquest known in 2137:(d.C.). The realm was then divided, with 924:as having been the origin of present-day 10090:; standard scholarly history; chapter 23 9439: 9388: 9088: 8184: 8013:The Virtual Jewish History Tour Portugal 7892:. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 7862: 7774: 7622: 7599: 7301: 7220:(PhD dissertation). University of Iowa. 7186: 6941: 6463: 6300: 6298: 5732: 5580: 5267:regime that evolved into a single-party 5230: 5186: 5071: 5067: 4488: 4311:Portuguese-led invasion of Spain in 1707 4186: 4133: 4044:, which reigned in Portugal until 1910. 3984: 3892: 3810:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba 3804: 3779: 3662: 3609:occupied in 1506, and in the same year, 3558: 3356: 3325: 3069: 2843:and distracted his enemies. Henry's son 2797:; in 1095, Portugal broke away from the 2556: 2530: 2518: 2492:had been conquered, and two years later 2467: 2356: 2216:was held. After the death of Theodemar, 2200:The dark period ended with the reign of 2172: 1955:. An important group was made up of the 1897: 1889: 1678: 1670: 1501: 1345:Based on the Roman chronicles about the 1333: 1322: 1289: 1210: 11178: 10250:(June 2016), Vol. 14 Issue 1, pp 54–70 10207:(Instituto de Estudos Medievais, 2011). 9925:Ribeiro, Ângelo; Hermano, José (2004). 9892: 9873: 9271:"Portugal - Economic Growth and Change" 8933:Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 8323: 8042: 7987: 7968: 7956: 7713: 7539: 7329:Mason, Patricia E. (11 December 1979). 7285:Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 7213: 7029: 6975:Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 6720: 6371: 6326:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 6273: 5761:and the continuation of the process of 5472:) was the tumultuous period during the 5253:(National Dictatorship) and became the 5226: 5154:Evaluation of the republican experiment 2346: 551:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 14: 15127: 10321:History of Portugal: Primary documents 9854: 9538:"Dívida Pública em Percentagem do PIB" 9235: 8956: 7827: 7725: 7569: 6870: 6790:Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart. 6789: 6625: 6613: 6568: 6529: 6509: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6131: 6023:. Migrationinformation.org. 2002-08-09 5701:In the early 1970s, the government of 5259:(New State) in 1933, led by economist 5048:, the founding of a single-party (the 4638:'s acclamation as King (1908) and the 4384:, while a second column sponsored the 3975:Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1668) 3234:. Some setbacks occurred: in 1436 the 3107:, leading to nearly four centuries of 2977:, the first riding and hunting manual 2542:was transformed into a church in 1238. 1173:). Some coastal areas were visited by 739:in the north of what is now Portugal. 656:, and the loss of its largest colony, 14581: 14555: 14178:History of current European countries 14150: 14005: 13482: 12959: 12436: 11913: 11390: 11177: 11128: 10387: 10361: 10003:Portugal: Fifty Years of Dictatorship 9831: 9753:(in Portuguese). 2019. Archived from 9723:(in Portuguese). 2019. Archived from 9660:(in Portuguese). 2019. Archived from 9462: 9273:. Library of Congress Country Studies 8356: 8207: 8118: 7554: 7328: 7245: 7057:López Quiroga, Jorge (January 2017). 7050: 6962: 6818:Infopédia – Dicionários Porto Editora 6811: 6774: 6322: 6295: 5826:By 2021, Portugal had the 4th lowest 5676:managed to discipline the Portuguese 5599:sizeable proportion of the population 4671:Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 4329:, conquered Madrid and acclaimed the 4199:overwhelming the ships in the harbor. 3597:(1501), which was partly explored by 3134:. The Armada was accompanied by King 2966:became the ruling house of Portugal. 2809:Foundation of the Kingdom of Portugal 2593:highlands, better known today as the 1885: 10146:The First Portuguese Colonial Empire 10050:Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment 10035:(1991), political history 1918–1974 9440:Oliveira, Daniel (7 February 2018). 8448: 8412:Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment 6969:L. Reynolds, Robert (11 July 1957). 6652:Trombetta, Silvana (29 March 2018). 6117:Emerick, Carolyn; Authors, Various. 6110: 6079: 5339:adding citations to reliable sources 5310: 4568:, trade flourished in the colony of 4176:By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made 3790:One of the claimants to the throne, 3775:Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 3749:Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 3699:. East of Malacca, Albuquerque sent 3573: 3150:, and the legendary Portuguese hero 2890:, the first capital of Portugal was 2819:At the end of the 11th century, the 2581:In 718 AD, a Visigothic noble named 2125:acting on the orders of the emperor 742:Porto stems from the Latin word for 572:The 711–716 invasion by the Islamic 15089:History of the Mediterranean region 10148:(University of Exeter Press, 1986) 9623:Bolt, J.; van Zanden, J.L. (2014). 9593:Bolt, J.; van Zanden, J.L. (2014). 9507:Bolt, J.; van Zanden, J.L. (2014). 9389:Malheiro, Jorge (1 December 2002). 9146:Bolt, J.; van Zanden, J.L. (2014). 8936:. Penguin Books. pp. 513–515. 8506: 8185:Ferreira, António (14 April 1987). 7279:Verlinden, Charles (11 July 1950). 7033:The Rise & Fall of World Orders 6698:. 19 September 2019. Archived from 6451:"Europa Sun Issue 2: December 2017" 6394: 5890:List of prime ministers of Portugal 4995:The PRP viewed the outbreak of the 4458:, transferred his court, including 4365:tried to urge Portugal to join the 4353:Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) 4325:army, led by the Marquis of Minas, 3593:, one of Cabral's ships discovered 3202:Between 1427 and 1431, most of the 2993:and the Portuguese translations of 2771:Garcia Rex Portugallie et Galleciae 2523:Caliphate disintegrated into small 2249:(Eurico, 583–584) was dethroned by 723:; a settlement where present-day's 24: 10052:(Cambridge University Press, 1995) 9949: 9089:Oliveira, Daniel (25 April 2014). 7768: 7732:. Jeffrey L. Forgeng. Woodbridge. 7511:. pp. 389–418. Archived from 6164: 5474:Portuguese transition to democracy 5395:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 5296:officially neutral in World War II 4648:Queen Maria II (Mary II) and King 4572:, with its subsidiary colonies of 3437:, in danger of persecution by the 2789:, while his illegitimate daughter 2670:Creation of the County of Portugal 1951:, many of these people settled in 1491: 1095:is found in Chaucer's Epilogue to 1024:. By the 11th and 12th centuries, 962:from the Carthaginians during the 951:, the port of the Gauls or Celts. 25: 15151: 10292: 10197: 10107:Clarence-Smith, William Gervase. 10088:full text online vol 2 after 1700 9933:] (in Portuguese). QuidNovi. 9024:Dismantling the Portuguese Empire 8455:. Dissertation.com. p. 303. 7828:Duarte, King of Portugal (1999). 7726:Duarte, King of Portugal (2016). 7187:Kéry, Lotte; Kery, Lotte (1999). 6098:Magarinhos, Luís (January 2011). 5436:The Third Republic (1974–present) 5012:(December 1917 – December 1918). 4408: 3510:'s Calicut militarily, conquered 3048:) and led to the creation of the 2733:classicism. The county courts of 2585:was elected leader by the ousted 2380:led a small force that landed at 2212:(559–570) during whose reign the 909:, in fact an unattested compound 259:Imperial decline, war, and revolt 15074:Bibliography of European history 14669:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 14006: 13483: 12960: 12437: 11914: 11391: 11163: 10658: 10349: 10298: 10019:The Portuguese: A Modern History 9955:Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). 9897:Africa to 1875: a Modern History 9840:, Australia: Allen & Unwin. 9801: 9795: 9769: 9739: 9709: 9646: 9556: 9530: 9456: 9433: 9405: 9382: 9347: 9295: 9283: 9229: 9195: 9035: 8983: 8923: 8914: 8901: 8888: 8863: 8850: 8830: 8821: 8812: 8803: 8794: 8785: 8776: 8767: 8758: 8737: 8721: 8700: 8691: 8682: 8673: 8664: 8655: 8646: 8637: 8628: 8619: 8610: 8601: 8592: 8571: 8558: 8549: 8540: 8531: 8494: 8481: 8469: 8442: 8417: 8404: 8382: 8344: 8317: 8305: 8296: 8287: 8274: 8261: 8248: 8235: 8201: 8178: 8169: 8160: 8148: 7623:Oliveira, Leandro Vilar (2018). 7291:(1): 229–233 – via Persée. 7160:Visigothic Spain: New Approaches 6942:Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). 6569:Garstk, Kevin (28 August 2012). 6361:, Editions Errance, 2012, p. 134 6306:"CALE : Etymologie de CALE" 6208: 6119:"Europa Sun Issue 4: April 2018" 5844: 5741:, in Lisbon, where was held the 5537:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 5465:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso 5442:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso 5424:was only slightly eased and the 5315: 4620: 4609: 4598: 4474:. This episode is known as the 4404:Crises of the nineteenth century 4344: 4156:. The Queen regent of Portugal, 4119: 4040:. This was the beginning of the 3924:in 1622. From 1595 to 1663, the 3753:War of the Portuguese Succession 3400:sailed for India and arrived at 3023:, which was never enforced; the 2168: 2015:from the local inhabitants. St. 1999:invasions with the exception of 1931:In 409, with the decline of the 1645:Following the fall of Rome, the 1589: 1577: 1558: 1542: 1527: 1512: 1338:Example of Castræ round houses, 1330:, built in the 3rd millennium BC 1132: 1099:. These variants survive in the 489: 379:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso 214:War of the Portuguese Succession 60: 15099:History of Western civilization 14702:Christianity in the Middle Ages 10550:History of Portugal (1777–1834) 10276:E-Journal of Portuguese History 10258:E-Journal of Portuguese History 10248:E-Journal of Portuguese History 10237:e-journal of Portuguese History 10230:E-Journal of Portuguese History 10173:The Portuguese Empire 1415–1808 10084:A History of Spain and Portugal 9983:E-Journal of Portuguese history 9824: 8729:E-Journal of Portuguese History 8566:A history of Spain and Portugal 8136: 8124: 8112: 8100: 8087: 8060: 8048: 8036: 8005: 7993: 7962: 7950: 7906: 7881: 7856: 7821: 7719: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7672: 7639: 7616: 7563: 7548: 7533: 7496: 7479: 7466: 7453: 7440: 7434: 7411: 7385: 7369:(in Portuguese). Archived from 7355: 7322: 7295: 7272: 7239: 7214:Osborne, Jason Matthew (2016). 7207: 7152: 7097: 7069: 7036:. Manchester University Press. 7023: 6935: 6905: 6875: 6831: 6783: 6768: 6741: 6714: 6684: 6671: 6645: 6619: 6607: 6593: 6562: 6535: 6523: 6484: 6457: 6442: 6429: 6408: 6380: 6365: 6346: 6316: 6282: 6274:Petitot, Émile (11 July 1894). 6267: 6246:"Ainda sobre a localização dos 6237: 5987: 5607:European Free Trade Association 5403:European Free Trade Association 5326:needs additional citations for 5289: 4974: 4590:History of Portugal (1834–1910) 4415:History of Portugal (1777–1834) 4394:Battle of Valencia de Alcántara 4251:Earthquake-resistant structures 4126:History of Portugal (1640–1777) 3485:Portuguese colony of Mozambique 3372:With the expedition beyond the 3156:Ceuta was conquered by Portugal 3092:disputed discovery of Australia 3062:History of Portugal (1415–1578) 3050:manueline style of architecture 3017:Tratado da Vertuosa Benfeytoria 2958:defeated the Castilians in the 2815:History of Portugal (1139–1279) 2242:be conquered by the Visigoths. 1943:that the Romans referred to as 1715:. The Romans sought to conquer 1656: 1615:inhabited the territory when a 1390:Cynetes or Conii of the Algarve 1328:Megalithic Monuments of Alcalar 1115:and variants were also used in 920:A further explanation proposes 787:. Another theory proposes that 685:European Free Trade Association 14943:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 14886:Christianity in the modern era 14657:Christianity in late antiquity 10005:(Harmondsworth Penguin, 1976). 9859:. Cambridge University Press. 9124:(in Portuguese). 25 March 2014 9048:. Amsterdam University Press. 8957:Goldey, David B. (June 1992). 7348:10.1080/00437956.1979.11435671 7265:10.1080/00437956.1979.11435671 6520:David Birmingham (2003), p. 11 6329:. Walton and Maberly. p. 6261:Anales de Arquelogía Cordobesa 6198: 6158: 6125: 6052: 6034: 6013: 5905:Timeline of Portuguese history 5870:History of Portugal (711–1112) 5763:increasing access to education 5574:. After a referendum in 1999, 4918:The First Republic (1910–1926) 4464:Portuguese territory of Brazil 3090:rule (1521–1557) (green). The 3036:, which took advantage of the 2920:. Spain finally completed its 2546: 2498:eventually stopped in Poitiers 2472:Most of Portugal and Spain as 1918:territory with its capital in 1910:territory with its capital in 1691:, after the reorganization of 608:, the Portuguese defeated the 13: 1: 15094:History of the European Union 9973:A Concise History of Portugal 9920:. Cambridge University Press. 9916:Livermore, Harold V. (1969). 9239:Encyclopedia of World Poverty 8366:. Ibge.gov.br. Archived from 8214:. Stanford University Press. 7890:Ordenações del Rei Dom Duarte 7781:Revista Filosófica de Coimbra 7503:Ripoll López, Gisela (1989). 7081:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal 7065:– via www.academia.edu. 6779:– via www.academia.edu. 6775:Banbridge, Lughais MacAoidh. 6724:The Archaeology of Celtic Art 6626:Devine, Darren (4 May 2008). 6372:Academy, Royal Irish (1864). 6106:– via www.academia.edu. 6084:– via www.academia.edu. 6082:"Documentos danca portuguesa" 6007: 5910:Historic villages of Portugal 5885:Kings of Portugal family tree 5775:structural and cohesion funds 5705:paved some foundations for a 5470:Ongoing Revolutionary Process 5428:remained tightly controlled. 4862:On 1 February 1908, King Dom 4317:War of the Spanish Succession 4162:Leopold Josef, Count von Daun 3918:war between Spain and England 3021:Ordenações d'el Rei D. Duarte 3015:, as well as his magnum opus 1903: 1375:Gallaeci of Northern Portugal 1200: 1185:. It was incorporated in the 15140:Portuguese history timelines 10178:Jorge Nascimiento Rodrigues/ 9874:Elliott, J. H. (2002). 9747:"Taxa real de escolarização" 9421:(in Portuguese). 18 May 2018 9393:. Migration Policy Institute 9354:Durán Muñoz, Rafael (1997). 8976:10.1016/0261-3794(92)90039-9 7690:Ribeiro & Hermano (2004) 7679:Ribeiro & Hermano (2004) 7474:Historiarum Adversum Paganos 7461:Historiarum Adversum Paganos 7110:The Journal of Roman Studies 7030:Knutsen, Torbjörn L (1999). 5865:Economic history of Portugal 5041:) through the creation of a 4872:Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe 4640:Proclamation of the Republic 4552:. However, Pedro's brother, 4301:, disliked the Marquis (See 3514:on the west coast of India. 2866:. Afonso proclaimed himself 2565:and initiated the Christian 2208:in 550. He was succeeded by 2133:and executed in December of 1926: 1817:, which included modern-day 1197:, after 45 BC until 298 AD. 1109:", an English Child ballad. 702: 341:Portugal during World War II 169:Portuguese House of Burgundy 139:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 7: 15053:Russian invasion of Ukraine 14664:Crisis of the Third Century 10304:Wikimedia Atlas of Portugal 10278:(Summer 2011) 9#1 pp 1–27. 10225:(Oct 2012) 10#10 pp 765–777 10055:Oliveira Marques, A.H. de. 10026:Salazar and Modern Portugal 9855:Disney, A. R. (2009). 9302:Sutcliffe, Anthony (2014). 9045:Europe's Invisible Migrants 8731:(Summer 2011) 9#1 pp 1–27. 7246:Mason, Patricia E. (1979). 6435:Hans Kurath. "Portingāl(e" 6323:Smith, Sir William (1856). 5880:List of Portuguese monarchs 5837: 5767:European Economic Community 5674:António de Oliveira Salazar 5603:European Economic Community 5306: 5261:António de Oliveira Salazar 4953: 4948:António de Oliveira Salazar 4944:Portuguese Republican Party 4880:were assassinated in Lisbon 4438:'s demand to accede to the 4331:Archduke Charles of Austria 4171:Minister of Foreign Affairs 3796:Infante Louis, Duke of Beja 3082:(blue); territories of the 2971:Crónicas d'el Rei D. João I 2954:) and commanded by General 2904:Portugal in the Middle Ages 2676:Portugal in the Reconquista 2662:, ended with the defeat of 2116:under their king and Roman 1476:) were also founded in the 1040:was already referred to as 693:European Economic Community 309:Portugal during World War I 10: 15156: 15109:Military history of Europe 15104:Maritime history of Europe 10010:Portugal – A Brief History 8846:10.1177/026569148901900103 8838:European History Quarterly 7559:. Longman. pp. 15–16. 7302:Ferreiro, Alberto (1999). 6252:conventus Bracaraugustanus 6244:De Alarcão, Jorge (1998). 5519:in Portuguese) in Africa ( 5439: 5219: 5180: 4921: 4841:São João Baptista de Ajudá 4667:Infante João, Duke of Beja 4587: 4519:Liberal Revolution of 1820 4434:In 1807, Portugal refused 4412: 4350: 4314: 4260:Following the earthquake, 4123: 3981:Portuguese Restoration War 3978: 3746: 3577: 3477:Conquest of Constantinople 3445:were massacred in Lisbon. 3210:as early as 1336, but the 3059: 2901: 2878:. In 1179, the papal bull 2812: 2673: 2550: 2350: 2222:2nd Council of Braga (572) 2214:1st Council of Braga (561) 2204:(550–559) who reinstalled 2034:settlements were found in 2030:. 5th-century vestiges of 1983:) as well, and there were 1663:Roman conquest of Hispania 1660: 1495: 1218:skull of 400,000 year old 1204: 775:are the origin of today's 752:, with the second element 711:derives from the combined 89:Roman conquest of Hispania 28: 15079:Genetic history of Europe 15061: 14866: 14682: 14622: 14589: 14533: 14485: 14447: 14184: 14012: 14001: 13489: 13478: 12966: 12955: 12443: 12432: 11920: 11909: 11397: 11386: 11184: 11173: 11086: 11002: 10919: 10910: 10835: 10826: 10742: 10733: 10676: 10667: 10656: 10623: 10408: 10399: 10269:Journal of Jesuit Studies 10094: 9918:A New History of Portugal 9878:. London: Penguin Books. 9629:Maddison Project Database 9599:Maddison Project Database 9513:Maddison Project Database 9308:. Routledge. p. 96. 9152:Maddison Project Database 8909:Portuguese Studies Review 8858:Portuguese Studies Review 8670:Teixeira, 2000, pp. 11–24 8231:– via Google Books. 8197:– via Google Books. 8095:Sacred Space and Holy War 7544:. Longman. pp. 1–14. 7485:Domingos Maria da Silva, 6764:– via Google Books. 6737:– via Google Books. 6558:– via Google Books. 6480:– via Google Books. 6437:Middle English Dictionary 6352:Jacques Lacroix (preface 6341:Cale, name Porto greek. 5875:List of Portuguese Cortes 5759:universal health coverage 5597:) and came to comprise a 5482:1976 legislative election 5458:Third Portuguese Republic 5446:Third Portuguese Republic 5050:National Republican Party 4950:'s ensuing dictatorship. 4936:5 October 1910 Revolution 4924:First Portuguese Republic 3691:, and the acquisition of 3652:. In 1521, a force under 3330:Vasco da Gama landing in 3314:reached and explored the 2783:Imperator totius Hispaniæ 2761:on 18 February 1071 with 2703:Magnus Dux Portucalensium 2238:(São Martinho de Braga). 2231:De correctione rusticorum 2228:of the pagan population ( 2180:in Iberia from 625 to 711 817:. However, scholars like 565:centred in Braga and the 10860:Exclusive Economic Zone 10747:Administrative divisions 10344:Brigham Young University 10232:(Winter 2007) 5#2 pp 1–9 10214:39.135/136 (1954): 1–13 10021:(Interlink Books, 2017). 10001:Figueiredo, Antonio de. 9876:Imperial Spain 1469–1716 9463:Nunes, Ana Bela (2015). 9211:GGDC Research Memorandum 9042:Andrea L. Smith (2002). 8911:(2005) 13#1 pp. 449–476. 8860:(2011), 19#1 pp. 177–196 8634:Ribeiro de Meneses, 1998 8607:Ribeiro de Meneses, 2000 8487:Gervase Clarence-Smith, 7729:The book of horsemanship 7104:Edmondson, J.C. (1989). 6470:. Universal-Publishers. 6464:Mountain, Harry (1998). 6138:. Taylor & Francis. 5980: 5625:Socio-economic evolution 4057:Maria Francisca of Savoy 3767:Battle of Alcácer Quibir 3605:was discovered in 1507, 3361:Map of Brazil issued by 3142:(a future king), Prince 2962:. With this battle, the 2929:Treaty of Windsor (1386) 2234:) under the auspices of 1975:. They came to dominate 1882:from the third century. 1813:founded the province of 1774:, who managed to resist 1667:Romanization of Hispania 1621:Romanization of Hispania 1349:peoples, along with the 1243:skull discovered in the 984:, Portugal). During the 652:, occupation during the 641:Battle of Alcácer Quibir 94:Romanization of Hispania 15084:History of Christianity 10575:Constitutional monarchy 10328:in Internet Archaeology 10140:excerpt and text search 10130:excerpt and text search 10031:Machado, Diamantino P. 10013:excerpt and text search 10008:Grissom, James. (2012) 9993:The Portugal of Salazar 9957:The History of Portugal 9893:Hallett, Robin (1970). 9687:"Infant mortality rate" 9236:Odekon, Mehmet (2006). 9032:(Monday, July 7, 1975). 8840:(1989) 19#1 pp. 63–84. 8518:Assembleia da República 8189:. UC Biblioteca Geral 1 8097:, IB Tauris, 2007 p. 37 7795:(inactive 2024-09-12). 7793:10.14195/0872-0851_43_7 7557:The Reconquest of Spain 6948:. Bloomsbury Academic. 6945:The History of Portugal 6467:The Celtic Encyclopedia 5751:transition to democracy 5672:and development. While 5662:Constitutional Monarchy 5632:Constitutional Monarchy 5517:Províncias Ultramarinas 5497:Social Democratic Party 5391:Portuguese Colonial War 5245:28 May 1926 coup d'état 5216:Estado Novo (1933–1974) 5205:28 May 1926 coup d'état 5183:28 May 1926 coup d'état 5177:28 May 1926 coup d'état 5110:António José de Almeida 5054:working-class movements 5008:(January–May 1915) and 4839:. The tiny fortress of 4584:Constitutional monarchy 4497:and his daughter Queen 3792:António, Prior of Crato 3785:António, Prior of Crato 3721:Fernão Pires de Andrade 3709:Maritime Southeast Asia 3460:and his brother Diogo; 3386:João Fernandes Lavrador 3175:In 1418, two of Prince 3046:Monastery of the Battle 3013:Prince Peter of Coimbra 2991:King Edward of Portugal 2948:Ferdinand I of Portugal 2898:Affirmation of Portugal 2339:, in the area known as 2153:(Frumario 459–463) and 1803:Constitutio Antoniniana 1789:in the time of Emperor 1553:in Citânia de Briteiros 1111: 1107:Old Robin of Portingale 1097:the Nun's Priest's Tale 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1053: 385:Transition to democracy 353:Portuguese Colonial War 274:Constitutional Monarchy 254:Great Lisbon earthquake 14908:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 14227:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10878:Science and technology 10545:1761 Lisbon earthquake 10540:1755 Lisbon earthquake 10332:Richard Hacken (ed.). 10138:(Baywolf Press, 2013) 10134:Elbl, Martin Malcolm. 10028:(Hawthorn Books, 1970) 9693:. 2019. Archived from 9570:. 2019. Archived from 8555:Oliveira Marques, 1991 8500:João Ferreira Duarte, 8449:Ertl, Alan W. (2008). 8208:Alden, Dauril (1996). 7540:Kennedy, Hugh (1996). 7091:1 January 2016 at the 7009:. Gunter Narr Verlag. 6987:10.3406/rbph.1957.2022 6917:www.portugalromano.com 6887:www.portugalromano.com 6843:www.portugalromano.com 6721:Harding, D.W. (2007). 5900:Presidents of Portugal 5746: 5724:March to November 1975 5688:strong economic growth 5586: 5507:Violent decolonisation 5236: 5222:Estado Novo (Portugal) 5195: 5085: 4814:31 January 1891 revolt 4786:1890 British Ultimatum 4501: 4470:as the capital of the 4429:independence of Brazil 4367:Bourbon Family Compact 4200: 4141: 4065:Royal Palace of Sintra 3990: 3901: 3812: 3787: 3703:as envoy to Siam (now 3697:Martim Afonso de Sousa 3672: 3570: 3462:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 3439:Portuguese Inquisition 3406:Monastery of Jerónimos 3369: 3334: 3122:set sail for the rich 3114:The beginnings of the 3095: 2773:). Garcia's brothers, 2725:and later part of the 2717: – the 2688:on the orders of King 2578: 2543: 2528: 2477: 2369: 2317:and former capital of 2181: 1923: 1895: 1727:, with its capital at 1696: 1676: 1507: 1342: 1331: 1297: 1227: 1123:name for the country, 1051:name for the country, 968: 947: 930:Santiago de Compostela 873:, itself from Occitan 869: 863: 838: 809: 800: 748: 637:built up a vast empire 204:Portuguese Renaissance 14988:Industrial Revolution 10580:Republican Revolution 10525:Treaty of Tordesillas 10510:Portuguese golden age 10495:1383–1385 interregnum 10186:, Osprey Publishing. 10171:Russell-Wood, A.J.R. 10067:A History of Portugal 9832:Brown, Colin (2003). 9783:(in Portuguese). 2015 8990:Portugal – Emigration 8896:Luso-Brazilian Review 7226:10.17077/etd.uyuwx4w2 6132:Pezron, Paul (1706). 5895:Monuments of Portugal 5807:infant mortality rate 5743:1998 World Exposition 5736: 5584: 5533:Portuguese Cape Verde 5521:Portuguese Mozambique 5383:Portuguese Mozambique 5234: 5190: 5090:Monarchy of the North 5080:after the capture of 5075: 5068:Political instability 4900:Manuel II of Portugal 4888:Alfredo Luís da Costa 4825:São Tomé and Príncipe 4810:Cape to Cairo Railway 4796:(most of present-day 4531:Brazil's independence 4492: 4425:invasions by Napoleon 4327:António Luís de Sousa 4297:The new ruler, Queen 4292:colonial exploitation 4190: 4182:University of Coimbra 4158:Maria Anna of Austria 4137: 3988: 3914:Council of the Indies 3896: 3870:Constable of Portugal 3818:, through his mother 3808: 3783: 3689:Afonso de Albuquerque 3666: 3646:Afonso de Albuquerque 3632:penetrated as far as 3578:Further information: 3562: 3504:Afonso de Albuquerque 3433:. Many Jews remained 3360: 3340:Treaty of Tordesillas 3329: 3154:. On 21 August 1415, 3073: 3052:in the 16th century. 3033:Ordenações Manuelinas 3011:by the well traveled 2960:Battle of Aljubarrota 2560: 2534: 2522: 2502:Muslim rule in Iberia 2471: 2360: 2343:(Lands of the Buri). 2236:Saint Martin of Braga 2206:Catholic Christianity 2176: 1901: 1893: 1707:in 218 BC during the 1682: 1674: 1661:Further information: 1519:Dolmen of Cerqueira, 1505: 1337: 1326: 1293: 1214: 1102:Torrent of Portyngale 1022:Portugal–Spain border 600:in 1249, and in 1255 304:Monarchy of the North 31:History of Portuguese 15043:European debt crisis 15038:European integration 14978:Age of Enlightenment 14818:Republic of Florence 11074:World Heritage Sites 10610:Carnation Revolution 10288:9.1 (1993): 131–146. 8920:Clodfelter 2017: 561 8546:Pulido Valente, 1982 7650:. pp. 143–184. 7555:Lomax, D.W. (1978). 6913:"PortugalRomano.com" 6883:"PortugalRomano.com" 6839:"PortugalRomano.com" 6754:. Psychology Press. 6702:on 27 September 2021 6658:ppg.revistas.uema.br 5737:The neighborhood of 5720:April 25, 1974, coup 5664:(1834–1910) nor the 5621:became independent. 5564:Mozambican Civil War 5452:Carnation Revolution 5414:primavera marcelista 5335:improve this article 5284:freedom of the press 5243:led to the military 5227:Salazar dictatorship 5078:flag of the monarchy 4914:in London, England. 4870:and his eldest son, 4864:Carlos I of Portugal 4710:Conference of Berlin 4702:Island of Mozambique 3926:Dutch–Portuguese War 3899:Battle of Guararapes 3868:on 18 July 1580 and 3820:Isabella of Portugal 3800:Manuel I of Portugal 3677:Pedro Álvares Cabral 3667:Ferdinand Magellan ( 3534:Francisco de Almeida 3450:Pedro Álvares Cabral 3308:Christopher Columbus 3193:João Gonçalves Zarco 3185:Tristão Vaz Teixeira 3181:João Gonçalves Zarco 3152:Nuno Álvares Pereira 3105:Atlantic slave trade 3026:Ordenações Afonsinas 2956:Nuno Álvares Pereira 2944:Beatrice of Portugal 2888:Battle of São Mamede 2864:Battle of São Mamede 2775:Sancho II of Castile 2763:Garcia II of Galicia 2595:Cantabrian Mountains 2474:Caliphate of Córdoba 2347:Al-Andalus (711–868) 2157:(Remismundo, son of 1971:with its capital in 1969:Kingdom of the Suebi 1683:The Roman Provinces 1647:Kingdom of the Suebi 1565:Megalithic spirals, 1536:Citânia de Briteiros 1340:Citânia de Briteiros 1257:Homo sapiens sapiens 1232:Homo heidelbergensis 1221:Homo heidelbergensis 976:with its capital in 825:, Galatia, Galicia, 563:Kingdom of the Suebi 543:Homo heidelbergensis 373:Carnation Revolution 224:Dutch-Portuguese War 15135:History of Portugal 15008:Revolutions of 1848 14938:Early modern France 14719:Anglo-Saxon England 14624:Classical antiquity 14448:States with limited 11179:12th-15th centuries 10485:Kingdom of Portugal 10479:Manifestis Probatum 10161:Paquette, Gabriel. 10100:Boxer, Charles R.. 10065:Nowell, Charles E. 9971:Birmingham, David. 9757:on 28 February 2019 9727:on 28 February 2019 9697:on 18 February 2016 9664:on 28 February 2019 9574:on 28 February 2019 9485:on 28 February 2019 9478:: 8. Archived from 9472:GHES Working Papers 8875:search.worldcat.org 8643:Armando Silva, 1999 7373:on 23 December 2014 6989:– via Persée. 6288:Alexander Macbain, 5834:) of the eurozone. 5783:standards of living 5501:Aníbal Cavaco Silva 5418:political prisoners 4777:in Angola, and the 4715:Scramble for Africa 4630:Top to bottom: The 4521:, which started in 4452:João VI of Portugal 4299:Maria I of Portugal 4080:Portuguese colonies 4061:Pedro, Duke of Beja 4059:, and his brother, 3989:John IV of Portugal 3961:Rio Grande do Norte 3910:Council of Portugal 3866:Viceroy of Portugal 3847:Battle of Alcântara 3794:, a bastard son of 3669:Fernão de Magalhães 3611:Lourenço de Almeida 3195:disembarked on the 3177:Henry the Navigator 3148:Henry the Navigator 3109:Slavery in Portugal 3042:Mosteiro da Batalha 2880:Manifestis Probatum 2684:was established by 2611:Kingdom of Asturias 2607:Battle of Covadonga 2563:Battle of Covadonga 2394:Battle of Guadalete 2362:Al-Andalus Province 2284:. It was under the 2079:Nicene Christianity 2044:temple of the Alans 2038:(from old Germanic 1793:(19 BC). In 74 AD, 1749:Iberian Pyrite Belt 1386:Celtici of Alentejo 1285:Tartessian language 1119:and survive in the 954:Around 200 BC, the 588:, son of the count 534:history of Portugal 496:Portugal portal 15114:Crusading movement 15018:Russian Revolution 14853:Hundred Years' War 14749:Maritime republics 14652:Early Christianity 14642:Hellenistic period 14599:Paleolithic Europe 10888:Telecommunications 10565:Liberal Revolution 10468:County of Portugal 10314:2006-02-15 at the 10286:Studies in History 10175:(Manchester, 1992) 10155:2019-01-05 at the 10082:Payne, Stanley G. 10076:2016-11-04 at the 10048:Maxwell, Kenneth. 10042:2019-01-05 at the 9991:Derrick, Michael. 9975:(Cambridge, 1993) 9965:2016-11-04 at the 9542:Google Public Data 9418:Partido Socialista 9337:2014-07-25 at the 9122:Jornal de Negócios 9011:(August 16, 1975). 9005:Flight from Angola 8930:Tony Judt (2006). 8616:José Brandão, 1990 8478:, pp. 299–306 8370:on 25 January 2012 8314:, pp. 163–172 8133:, pp. 157–158 8033:, pp. 138–139 7915:, pp. 106–107 7424:Revista Diacrítica 6893:on 4 November 2016 6421:2023-12-09 at the 6135:Celtic Linguistics 6080:Winicius, Marcos. 5937:Funchal (Madeira) 5747: 5658:Age of Discoveries 5587: 5513:Overseas Provinces 5303:supplies to POWs. 5237: 5196: 5086: 4982:Evolutionist Party 4675:Luís I of Portugal 4502: 4466:, and established 4440:Continental System 4436:Napoleon Bonaparte 4223:with an estimated 4207:to regulate every 4201: 4166:John V of Portugal 4142: 3991: 3902: 3816:Philip II of Spain 3813: 3788: 3733:Ferdinand Magellan 3673: 3571: 3540: – 3370: 3335: 3138:, his sons Prince 3126:trading center of 3096: 2986:O Leal Conselheiro 2952:John I of Portugal 2946:and son-in-law of 2884:Pope Alexander III 2868:Prince of Portugal 2829:County of Portugal 2799:Kingdom of Galicia 2795:County of Portugal 2779:Alfonso VI of Leon 2723:Kingdom of Galicia 2719:County of Portugal 2664:Olaf II Haraldsson 2647:power structures. 2579: 2544: 2529: 2506:Kingdom of Granada 2478: 2476:circa 929 to 1031. 2419:to use Visigothic 2370: 2267:Gallia Narbonensis 2259:Visigothic kingdom 2186:Visigothic Kingdom 2182: 2178:Visigothic kingdom 2091:king of the Franks 2081:, probably by the 1967:, who founded the 1924: 1902:Iberian Peninsula 1896: 1886:Germanic invasions 1723:river and Spanish 1697: 1677: 1651:Visigothic Kingdom 1508: 1351:Lebor Gabála Érenn 1343: 1332: 1298: 1241:H. Heidelbergensis 1228: 1207:Prehistoric Iberia 861:, compare Italian 650:earthquake in 1755 582:Kingdom of Galicia 567:Visigothic Kingdom 194:Imperial expansion 159:County of Portugal 114:Visigothic Kingdom 79:Prehistoric Iberia 18:Portuguese history 15122: 15121: 15048:COVID-19 pandemic 14993:French Revolution 14968:Habsburg monarchy 14948:Cossack Hetmanate 14928:Portuguese Empire 14918:Absolute monarchy 14913:Thirty Years' War 14808:Holy Roman Empire 14733:Bulgarian Empire 14692:Early Middle Ages 14609:Bronze Age Europe 14583:History of Europe 14549: 14548: 14144: 14143: 14140: 14139: 13997: 13996: 13474: 13473: 12951: 12950: 12428: 12427: 11905: 11904: 11382: 11381: 11122: 11121: 11082: 11081: 10906: 10905: 10822: 10821: 10809:Political parties 10762:Foreign relations 10729: 10728: 10691:Iberian Peninsula 10654: 10653: 10500:Treaty of Windsor 10239:1.1 (2003): 1-13 10192:978-989-615-056-3 10180:Tessaleno Devezas 9940:978-989-554-106-5 9885:978-0-14-100703-8 9866:978-0-521-60397-3 9847:978-1-86508-838-9 9366:(in Portuguese). 8963:Electoral Studies 8706:Schwartzman, 1989 8462:978-1-59942-983-0 8410:Kenneth Maxwell, 7739:978-1-78204-628-8 7665:978-989-8351-97-5 7631:(in Portuguese). 7426:(in Portuguese). 7200:978-0-8132-0918-0 7043:978-0-7190-4058-0 7016:978-3-8233-5091-0 6955:978-0-313-31106-2 6761:978-0-415-05764-6 6734:978-1-134-26464-3 6696:People In History 6555:978-1-5026-1694-4 6477:978-1-58112-890-1 6145:978-0-415-20479-8 5739:Parque das Nações 5670:industrialization 5649:rose from 50% of 5591:Portuguese Empire 5560:Angolan Civil War 5529:Portuguese Guinea 5525:Portuguese Angola 5387:Portuguese Guinea 5379:Portuguese Angola 5367: 5366: 5359: 5273:Spanish Civil War 5250:Ditadura Nacional 5006:Pimenta de Castro 4829:Portuguese Guinea 4542:Emperor of Brazil 4472:Portuguese Empire 4369:by claiming that 4042:House of Braganza 4038:House of Habsburg 4018:Thirty Years' War 3969:Portuguese Empire 3715:on the island of 3580:Portuguese Empire 3574:Portuguese Empire 3441:. In 1506, 3,000 3374:Cape of Good Hope 3300:São Jorge da Mina 3249:off the coast of 3197:Island of Madeira 3116:Portuguese Empire 3084:Portuguese Empire 3066:Portuguese Empire 2940:John I of Castile 2833:County of Coimbra 2759:Battle of Pedroso 2573:from the Islamic 2527:kingdoms in 1031. 2447:Iberian Peninsula 2366:Ummayad caliphate 2108:of the patrician 1937:Iberian Peninsula 1819:northern Portugal 1807:Roman citizenship 1780:guerrilla tactics 1751:which extends to 1705:Iberian Peninsula 1627:in the south and 1310:Urnenfelderkultur 1145:. The region was 1139:Iberian Peninsula 1047:The 14th-century 960:Iberian Peninsula 733:Vila Nova de Gaia 691:. It entered the 646:Invincible Armada 631:during Europe's " 618:Treaty of Windsor 590:Henry of Burgundy 574:Umayyad Caliphate 557:in the south and 540:was inhabited by 530: 529: 403:COVID-19 pandemic 335:Ditadura Nacional 264:Transfer of Court 249:House of Braganza 209:Portuguese Empire 154:Almoravid dynasty 84:Pre-Roman Peoples 16:(Redirected from 15147: 14983:Great Divergence 14898:Age of Discovery 14843:Late Middle Ages 14813:High Middle Ages 14724:Byzantine Empire 14707:Christianization 14697:Migration Period 14632:Classical Greece 14604:Neolithic Europe 14576: 14569: 14562: 14553: 14552: 14486:Dependencies and 14185:Sovereign states 14171: 14164: 14157: 14148: 14147: 14003: 14002: 13480: 13479: 12957: 12956: 12434: 12433: 11911: 11910: 11388: 11387: 11175: 11174: 11168: 11167: 11149: 11142: 11135: 11126: 11125: 11102: 11095: 10917: 10916: 10863: 10850:Economic history 10833: 10832: 10740: 10739: 10674: 10673: 10662: 10473:Treaty of Zamora 10406: 10405: 10382: 10375: 10368: 10359: 10358: 10354: 10353: 10347: 10302: 10301: 10271:2 (2015): 77–99. 10260:1.2 (2003): 10+ 10114:Crowley, Roger. 9944: 9921: 9912: 9900: 9889: 9870: 9851: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9815: 9799: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9683: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9637: 9635: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9607: 9605: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9521: 9519: 9504: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9484: 9469: 9460: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9361: 9351: 9345: 9330: 9326: 9320: 9319: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9267: 9254: 9253: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9208: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9176: 9167: 9166: 9160: 9158: 9143: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9114: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9086: 9063: 9062: 9039: 9033: 9021: 9012: 9002: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8927: 8921: 8918: 8912: 8905: 8899: 8892: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8882: 8867: 8861: 8854: 8848: 8834: 8828: 8825: 8819: 8816: 8810: 8807: 8801: 8798: 8792: 8789: 8783: 8780: 8774: 8771: 8765: 8762: 8756: 8753: 8744: 8741: 8735: 8725: 8719: 8716: 8707: 8704: 8698: 8697:João Silva, 1997 8695: 8689: 8686: 8680: 8677: 8671: 8668: 8662: 8659: 8653: 8650: 8644: 8641: 8635: 8632: 8626: 8623: 8617: 8614: 8608: 8605: 8599: 8596: 8590: 8587: 8578: 8575: 8569: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8547: 8544: 8538: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8485: 8479: 8476:Livermore (1969) 8473: 8467: 8466: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8421: 8415: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8395: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8360: 8354: 8351:Livermore (1969) 8348: 8342: 8339:Livermore (1969) 8336: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8312:Livermore (1969) 8309: 8303: 8300: 8294: 8291: 8285: 8278: 8272: 8265: 8259: 8252: 8246: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8182: 8176: 8173: 8167: 8164: 8158: 8155:Livermore (1969) 8152: 8146: 8143:Livermore (1969) 8140: 8134: 8131:Livermore (1969) 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8107:Livermore (1969) 8104: 8098: 8091: 8085: 8082:Livermore (1969) 8079: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8055:Livermore (1969) 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8031:Livermore (1969) 8028: 8015: 8011:Rebecca Weiner, 8009: 8003: 8000:Livermore (1969) 7997: 7991: 7985: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7945:Livermore (1969) 7942: 7931: 7928:Livermore (1969) 7925: 7916: 7913:Livermore (1969) 7910: 7904: 7903: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7831:Leal conselheiro 7825: 7819: 7818: 7812: 7804: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7759: 7751: 7723: 7717: 7716:, pp. 47–48 7711: 7705: 7702:Livermore (1969) 7699: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7597: 7588: 7587:, pp. 32–33 7585:Livermore (1969) 7582: 7573: 7572:, pp. 53–54 7567: 7561: 7560: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7517: 7500: 7494: 7483: 7477: 7470: 7464: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7367:notapositiva.com 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7184: 7175: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7101: 7095: 7075:Milhazes, José. 7073: 7067: 7066: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7000: 6991: 6990: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6923:on 19 March 2016 6919:. Archived from 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6889:. Archived from 6879: 6873: 6868: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6849:on 8 August 2020 6845:. Archived from 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6809: 6796: 6795: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6751:The Celtic World 6745: 6739: 6738: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6688: 6682: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6427: 6412: 6406: 6403: 6392: 6391: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6369: 6363: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6302: 6293: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6258: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6189: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6095: 6086: 6085: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6064: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6017: 6001: 5991: 5854: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5660:and neither the 5562:(1975–2002) and 5545:Portuguese Timor 5362: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5342: 5319: 5311: 5018:, also known as 4986:Republican Union 4884:Terreiro do Paço 4876:Duke of Braganza 4857:Portuguese Macau 4853:Portuguese Timor 4849:Portuguese India 4843:on the coast of 4775:Benguela railway 4694:Lourenço Marques 4669:, and his wife, 4663:Infante Fernando 4624: 4613: 4602: 4566:Portuguese India 4386:Siege of Almeida 4375:Seven Years' War 4273:and the Duke of 4195:in flames and a 4070:Pedro II's son, 4022:Duke of Braganza 3851:King of Portugal 3737:circumnavigation 3701:Duarte Fernandes 3644:, was seized by 3599:Tristão da Cunha 3530:Tristão da Cunha 3522:Ascension Island 3382:Pero de Barcelos 3212:Crown of Castile 3044:(literally, the 2876:Treaty of Zamora 2872:King of Portugal 2845:Afonso Henriques 2767:King of Portugal 2601:adjacent to the 2514:Gharb Al-Andalus 2449:, were a mix of 2226:Christianization 2083:Bishop Balconius 1949:Emperor Honorius 1939:was occupied by 1905: 1760:Serra da Estrela 1709:Second Punic War 1593: 1581: 1562: 1546: 1531: 1516: 1498:Ancient Portugal 1462:Turduli Oppidani 1306:Urnfield culture 1277:different tribes 1114: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1056: 971: 964:Second Punic War 950: 872: 866: 812: 803: 758: 751: 687:(EFTA), and the 633:Age of Discovery 586:Afonso Henriques 522: 515: 508: 494: 493: 492: 471:Madeiran history 407: 399: 395:Financial crisis 314:1926 coup d'état 187:Age of Discovery 174:1383–1385 Crisis 149:Gharb Al-Andalus 64: 54: 36: 35: 21: 15155: 15154: 15150: 15149: 15148: 15146: 15145: 15144: 15125: 15124: 15123: 15118: 15057: 15023:Interwar period 14998:Napoleonic Wars 14862: 14833:Mongol invasion 14786:Crown of Aragon 14678: 14618: 14614:Iron Age Europe 14585: 14580: 14550: 14545: 14529: 14487: 14481: 14467:Northern Cyprus 14449: 14443: 14359:North Macedonia 14180: 14175: 14145: 14136: 14008: 13993: 13485: 13470: 12962: 12947: 12439: 12424: 11916: 11901: 11393: 11378: 11180: 11169: 11162: 11153: 11123: 11118: 11105: 11098: 11091: 11078: 11054:Public holidays 10998: 10902: 10861: 10818: 10782:Law enforcement 10725: 10663: 10650: 10619: 10535:Restoration War 10395: 10386: 10348: 10316:Wayback Machine 10299: 10295: 10223:History Compass 10200: 10157:Wayback Machine 10144:Newitt, Malyn. 10097: 10078:Wayback Machine 10044:Wayback Machine 10017:Hatton, Barry. 9967:Wayback Machine 9952: 9950:Further reading 9947: 9941: 9909: 9886: 9867: 9848: 9827: 9822: 9813: 9811: 9810:(in Portuguese) 9800: 9796: 9786: 9784: 9775: 9774: 9770: 9760: 9758: 9745: 9744: 9740: 9730: 9728: 9715: 9714: 9710: 9700: 9698: 9685: 9684: 9677: 9667: 9665: 9652: 9651: 9647: 9633: 9631: 9621: 9617: 9603: 9601: 9591: 9587: 9577: 9575: 9562: 9561: 9557: 9547: 9545: 9536: 9535: 9531: 9517: 9515: 9505: 9498: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9467: 9461: 9457: 9447: 9445: 9438: 9434: 9424: 9422: 9411: 9410: 9406: 9396: 9394: 9387: 9383: 9373: 9371: 9359: 9352: 9348: 9339:Wayback Machine 9329:(in Portuguese) 9328: 9327: 9323: 9316: 9300: 9296: 9284: 9276: 9274: 9269: 9268: 9257: 9250: 9234: 9230: 9220: 9218: 9206: 9200: 9196: 9186: 9184: 9177: 9170: 9156: 9154: 9144: 9137: 9127: 9125: 9116: 9115: 9106: 9096: 9094: 9087: 9066: 9056: 9040: 9036: 9022: 9015: 9003: 8996: 8988: 8984: 8955: 8951: 8944: 8928: 8924: 8919: 8915: 8906: 8902: 8893: 8889: 8880: 8878: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8855: 8851: 8835: 8831: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8813: 8808: 8804: 8799: 8795: 8790: 8786: 8781: 8777: 8772: 8768: 8763: 8759: 8755:Ferreira, 1992a 8754: 8747: 8742: 8738: 8726: 8722: 8717: 8710: 8705: 8701: 8696: 8692: 8687: 8683: 8678: 8674: 8669: 8665: 8660: 8656: 8651: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8633: 8629: 8624: 8620: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8602: 8598:Teixeira, 1996a 8597: 8593: 8588: 8581: 8576: 8572: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8550: 8545: 8541: 8536: 8532: 8522: 8520: 8512: 8511: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8486: 8482: 8474: 8470: 8463: 8447: 8443: 8433: 8431: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8409: 8405: 8393: 8387: 8383: 8373: 8371: 8362: 8361: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8337: 8330: 8322: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8288: 8279: 8275: 8266: 8262: 8253: 8249: 8240: 8236: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8206: 8202: 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5627: 5509: 5486:Socialist Party 5460: 5448: 5440:Main articles: 5438: 5410:Marcelo Caetano 5401:(OECD) and the 5371:Operation Vijay 5363: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5332: 5320: 5309: 5292: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5185: 5179: 5156: 5070: 4997:First World War 4977: 4956: 4926: 4920: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4632:Lisbon Regicide 4627: 4626: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4592: 4586: 4533:from Portugal. 4421: 4413:Main articles: 4411: 4406: 4398:Treaty of Paris 4355: 4349: 4319: 4313: 4132: 4124:Main articles: 4122: 4110:Colonial Brazil 3983: 3977: 3891: 3875:Spanish Empires 3759: 3747:Main articles: 3745: 3654:Antonio Correia 3630:Estevão da Gama 3582: 3576: 3464:(author of the 3458:Bartolomeu Dias 3456:; the explorer 3448:In early 1500, 3435:secretly Jewish 3390:Pero da Covilhã 3378:Bartolomeu Dias 3324: 3302:in the town of 3068: 3060:Main articles: 3058: 2906: 2900: 2817: 2811: 2751:Mendo Gonçalves 2727:Kingdom of León 2695:Diogo Fernandes 2678: 2672: 2555: 2549: 2398:Musa ibn Nusayr 2378:Tariq ibn-Ziyad 2355: 2349: 2341:Terras de Bouro 2171: 2017:Martin of Braga 2011:, they adopted 1941:Germanic tribes 1929: 1888: 1864:Bracara Augusta 1835:Póvoa de Varzim 1787:Cantabrian Wars 1776:Roman expansion 1729:Emerita Augusta 1669: 1659: 1607: 1594: 1585: 1582: 1573: 1563: 1554: 1547: 1538: 1532: 1523: 1517: 1500: 1494: 1492:Ancient history 1458:Turduli Veteres 1371:Pliny the Elder 1247:in 2014. Later 1245:Cave of Aroeira 1225: 1209: 1203: 1169:(also known as 1135: 1089:. The spelling 978:Bracara Augusta 806:Scottish Gaelic 756: 705: 654:Napoleonic Wars 526: 490: 488: 476: 475: 466:Azorean history 461: 451: 450: 421: 411: 410: 405: 397: 368: 358: 357: 329: 327:Second Republic 319: 318: 294: 284: 283: 279:1910 Revolution 244:Restoration War 239: 229: 228: 189: 179: 178: 134: 124: 123: 74: 52: 45: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15153: 15143: 15142: 15137: 15120: 15119: 15117: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15065: 15063: 15059: 15058: 15056: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14973:Russian Empire 14970: 14965: 14963:British Empire 14960: 14958:Dutch Republic 14955: 14953:Swedish Empire 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14933:Spanish Empire 14930: 14925: 14923:Ottoman Empire 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14894: 14893: 14883: 14878: 14872: 14870: 14864: 14863: 14861: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14838:Serbian Empire 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14772: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14746: 14745: 14744: 14739: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14710: 14709: 14699: 14694: 14688: 14686: 14680: 14679: 14677: 14676: 14674:Late antiquity 14671: 14666: 14661: 14660: 14659: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14637:Roman Republic 14634: 14628: 14626: 14620: 14619: 14617: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14595: 14593: 14587: 14586: 14579: 14578: 14571: 14564: 14556: 14547: 14546: 14544: 14543: 14541:European Union 14537: 14535: 14534:Other entities 14531: 14530: 14528: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14491: 14489: 14488:other entities 14483: 14482: 14480: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14453: 14451: 14445: 14444: 14442: 14441: 14436: 14434:United Kingdom 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14247:Czech Republic 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14188: 14186: 14182: 14181: 14174: 14173: 14166: 14159: 14151: 14142: 14141: 14138: 14137: 14135: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14013: 14010: 14009: 13999: 13998: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 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Exchange 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10795: 10794: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10743: 10737: 10731: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10627: 10625: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10617: 10615:Third Republic 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10585:First Republic 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10555:Peninsular War 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10414: 10412: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10385: 10384: 10377: 10370: 10362: 10356: 10355: 10329: 10323: 10318: 10306: 10294: 10293:External links 10291: 10290: 10289: 10282: 10272: 10265: 10254: 10244: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10208: 10199: 10198:Historiography 10196: 10195: 10194: 10176: 10169: 10159: 10142: 10132: 10122: 10112: 10105: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10091: 10080: 10063: 10053: 10046: 10029: 10022: 10015: 10006: 9999: 9989: 9979: 9969: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9945: 9939: 9922: 9913: 9907: 9890: 9884: 9871: 9865: 9852: 9846: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9820: 9794: 9768: 9738: 9708: 9675: 9645: 9615: 9585: 9555: 9529: 9496: 9455: 9432: 9404: 9381: 9370:(141): 369–401 9364:Análise Social 9346: 9321: 9314: 9294: 9255: 9248: 9228: 9194: 9168: 9135: 9104: 9064: 9055:978-9053565711 9054: 9034: 9013: 8994: 8982: 8969:(2): 171–176. 8949: 8942: 8922: 8913: 8900: 8887: 8862: 8849: 8829: 8820: 8811: 8802: 8793: 8784: 8775: 8766: 8757: 8745: 8736: 8720: 8708: 8699: 8690: 8681: 8672: 8663: 8654: 8645: 8636: 8627: 8618: 8609: 8600: 8591: 8579: 8570: 8557: 8548: 8539: 8530: 8505: 8493: 8480: 8468: 8461: 8441: 8416: 8403: 8381: 8355: 8343: 8328: 8324:Elliott (2002) 8316: 8304: 8295: 8286: 8273: 8260: 8247: 8234: 8220: 8200: 8177: 8168: 8159: 8147: 8135: 8123: 8111: 8099: 8086: 8071: 8067:Percival Spear 8059: 8047: 8043:Hallett (1970) 8035: 8016: 8004: 7992: 7988:Hallett (1970) 7973: 7969:Hallett (1970) 7961: 7957:Hallett (1970) 7949: 7932: 7917: 7905: 7898: 7880: 7873: 7855: 7840: 7820: 7767: 7738: 7718: 7714:Hallett (1970) 7706: 7694: 7682: 7671: 7664: 7638: 7615: 7600:Fontes, Luís. 7589: 7574: 7562: 7547: 7532: 7495: 7478: 7465: 7452: 7441:Hay, Maciamo. 7433: 7410: 7397:infoescola.com 7384: 7354: 7341:(3): 257–272. 7321: 7314: 7294: 7271: 7258:(3): 257–272. 7238: 7206: 7199: 7176: 7151: 7122:10.2307/301182 7096: 7068: 7049: 7042: 7022: 7015: 6992: 6961: 6954: 6934: 6904: 6874: 6860: 6830: 6797: 6782: 6767: 6760: 6740: 6733: 6713: 6692:"Celts Part 1" 6683: 6670: 6644: 6618: 6606: 6592: 6561: 6554: 6534: 6522: 6508: 6483: 6476: 6456: 6441: 6428: 6407: 6393: 6379: 6364: 6345: 6315: 6294: 6281: 6266: 6236: 6197: 6157: 6144: 6124: 6109: 6087: 6072: 6051: 6046:Etymonline.com 6033: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6002: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5965: 5955: 5945: 5935: 5925: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5839: 5836: 5828:GDP per capita 5769:(and left the 5666:First Republic 5647:GDP per capita 5636:First Republic 5626: 5623: 5572:United Nations 5508: 5505: 5459: 5456: 5437: 5434: 5365: 5364: 5323: 5321: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5291: 5288: 5280:liberalization 5228: 5225: 5220:Main article: 5217: 5214: 5192:Gomes da Costa 5181:Main article: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5165: 5164: 5155: 5152: 5136:night of blood 5132:António Granjo 5129:Prime Minister 5125:pronunciamento 5069: 5066: 4976: 4973: 4955: 4952: 4922:Main article: 4919: 4916: 4739:Vila Junqueiro 4723:Sá da Bandeira 4629: 4628: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4588:Main article: 4585: 4582: 4554:Infante Miguel 4468:Rio de Janeiro 4448:Peninsular War 4410: 4409:Napoleonic era 4407: 4405: 4402: 4390:Count of Lippe 4351:Main article: 4348: 4343: 4335:Ciudad Rodrigo 4315:Main article: 4312: 4309: 4178:prime-minister 4121: 4118: 3979:Main article: 3976: 3973: 3922:loss of Hormuz 3906:personal union 3890: 3887: 3744: 3741: 3739:of the globe. 3575: 3572: 3500:Constantinople 3498:occupation of 3454:Nicolau Coelho 3443:New Christians 3417:Sephardic Jews 3323: 3320: 3269:Gulf of Guinea 3208:Canary Islands 3099:by a powerful 3078:routes in the 3057: 3054: 3038:printing press 2902:Main article: 2899: 2896: 2813:Main article: 2810: 2807: 2793:inherited the 2699:Gonçalo Mendes 2674:Main article: 2671: 2668: 2551:Main article: 2548: 2545: 2351:Main article: 2348: 2345: 2170: 2167: 2110:Flavius Aëtius 2009:Priscillianism 2001:ecclesiastical 1928: 1925: 1887: 1884: 1870:(Coimbra) and 1743:(Vipasca) and 1658: 1655: 1631:in the north. 1609: 1608: 1595: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1539: 1533: 1526: 1524: 1521:Sever do Vouga 1518: 1511: 1496:Main article: 1493: 1490: 1314:Castro Culture 1308:also known as 1281:Central Europe 1205:Main article: 1202: 1199: 1187:Roman Republic 1183:Ancient Greeks 1134: 1131: 1063:Middle English 704: 701: 697:European Union 623:From the late 569:in the south. 528: 527: 525: 524: 517: 510: 502: 499: 498: 485: 484: 478: 477: 474: 473: 468: 462: 457: 456: 453: 452: 422: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 400: 392: 390:Third Republic 387: 382: 375: 369: 366:Third Republic 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 350: 343: 338: 330: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 311: 306: 301: 299:First Republic 295: 292:First Republic 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 240: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 190: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 135: 130: 129: 126: 125: 122: 121: 116: 111: 109:Suebic Kingdom 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 75: 70: 69: 66: 65: 57: 56: 47: 46: 39: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15152: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15130: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15069:Art of Europe 15067: 15066: 15064: 15060: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14892: 14889: 14888: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14873: 14871: 14869: 14868:Modern period 14865: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14751: 14750: 14747: 14743: 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10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10530:Iberian Union 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10505:Consolidation 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10383: 10378: 10376: 10371: 10369: 10364: 10363: 10360: 10352: 10345: 10341: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10313: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10297: 10296: 10287: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10231: 10227: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10201: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10168: 10167:online review 10164: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10124:Disney, A.R. 10123: 10121: 10120:online review 10117: 10113: 10110: 10106: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10089: 10086:(2 vol 1973) 10085: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10051: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10023: 10020: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9968: 9964: 9961: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9942: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9923: 9919: 9914: 9910: 9908:9780472071609 9904: 9899: 9898: 9891: 9887: 9881: 9877: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9858: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9830: 9829: 9809: 9805: 9798: 9782: 9778: 9772: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9742: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9712: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9680: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9642: 9630: 9626: 9619: 9612: 9600: 9596: 9589: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9559: 9543: 9539: 9533: 9526: 9514: 9510: 9503: 9501: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9466: 9459: 9443: 9436: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9408: 9392: 9385: 9369: 9365: 9357: 9350: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9325: 9317: 9315:9781317892199 9311: 9307: 9306: 9298: 9291: 9290:public domain 9272: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9251: 9249:9781412918077 9245: 9241: 9240: 9232: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9182: 9175: 9173: 9165: 9153: 9149: 9142: 9140: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9092: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9038: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9018: 9010: 9009:The Economist 9006: 9001: 8999: 8991: 8986: 8977: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8945: 8943:9780143037750 8939: 8935: 8934: 8926: 8917: 8910: 8904: 8897: 8891: 8876: 8872: 8866: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8833: 8824: 8818:Martins, 1998 8815: 8806: 8797: 8788: 8779: 8770: 8764:Marques, 1973 8761: 8752: 8750: 8740: 8734: 8730: 8724: 8715: 8713: 8703: 8694: 8688:Brandão, 1991 8685: 8676: 8667: 8658: 8649: 8640: 8631: 8625:Ramalho, 1998 8622: 8613: 8604: 8595: 8586: 8584: 8577:Miranda, 2001 8574: 8568:(1973) 2: 559 8567: 8561: 8552: 8543: 8537:Wheeler, 1972 8534: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8490: 8484: 8477: 8472: 8464: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8445: 8430: 8429:www.arqnet.pt 8426: 8420: 8413: 8407: 8399: 8392: 8385: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8353:, p. 184 8352: 8347: 8341:, p. 170 8340: 8335: 8333: 8326:, p. 274 8325: 8320: 8313: 8308: 8299: 8290: 8283: 8280:Tony Jaques, 8277: 8270: 8267:Ruth MacKay, 8264: 8257: 8254:Ruth MacKay, 8251: 8244: 8238: 8223: 8221:9780804722711 8217: 8213: 8212: 8204: 8188: 8181: 8172: 8163: 8157:, p. 161 8156: 8151: 8145:, p. 158 8144: 8139: 8132: 8127: 8120: 8115: 8109:, p. 142 8108: 8103: 8096: 8090: 8084:, p. 140 8083: 8078: 8076: 8068: 8063: 8057:, p. 139 8056: 8051: 8045:, p. 217 8044: 8039: 8032: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8014: 8008: 8002:, p. 129 8001: 7996: 7990:, p. 164 7989: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7971:, p. 248 7970: 7965: 7959:, p. 249 7958: 7953: 7947:, p. 109 7946: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7930:, p. 108 7929: 7924: 7922: 7914: 7909: 7901: 7899:972-31-0279-X 7895: 7891: 7884: 7876: 7874:9789722113878 7870: 7866: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7841:972-27-0940-2 7837: 7833: 7832: 7824: 7816: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7763: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7722: 7715: 7710: 7703: 7698: 7691: 7686: 7680: 7675: 7667: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7619: 7603: 7596: 7594: 7586: 7581: 7579: 7571: 7570:Disney (2009) 7566: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7518:on 2010-08-12 7514: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7476:, VII, 41, 4. 7475: 7469: 7463:, VII, 41, 6. 7462: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7437: 7430:(2): 257–277. 7429: 7425: 7421: 7414: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7317: 7315:90-04-11206-5 7311: 7307: 7306: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7266: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7210: 7202: 7196: 7193:. CUA Press. 7192: 7191: 7183: 7181: 7173: 7172:0-19-822543-1 7169: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7026: 7018: 7012: 7008: 7007: 6999: 6997: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6938: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6871:Disney (2009) 6867: 6865: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6793: 6786: 6778: 6771: 6763: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6744: 6736: 6730: 6727:. Routledge. 6726: 6725: 6717: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6680: 6674: 6659: 6655: 6648: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6614:Disney (2009) 6610: 6602: 6596: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6557: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6538: 6531: 6530:Disney (2009) 6526: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6479: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6460: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6432: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6411: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6389: 6383: 6375: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6342: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6291: 6285: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6240: 6232: 6201: 6193: 6187: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6128: 6120: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6094: 6092: 6083: 6076: 6068: 6061: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6022: 6016: 6012: 5999: 5995: 5994:Thomas Dawson 5990: 5986: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5842: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5722:(mainly from 5721: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5707:welfare state 5704: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5622: 5620: 5617:in 2002 when 5616: 5612: 5608: 5605:and left the 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5455: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5361: 5358: 5350: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5324:This section 5322: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294:Portugal was 5287: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5233: 5223: 5213: 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4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4456:prince regent 4453: 4449: 4445: 4444:General Junot 4441: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4371:Great Britain 4368: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4347: 4346:The Ghost War 4342: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4304:Távora affair 4300: 4295: 4293: 4287: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4271:Távora family 4268: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4240:Architectural 4237: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4225:Richter scale 4222: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4152:and later in 4151: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4120:Pombaline era 4117: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4034:Iberian Union 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3987: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3859:Iberian Union 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3757:Iberian Union 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3713:Spice Islands 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3398:Vasco da Gama 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3348:meridian line 3345: 3341: 3333: 3332:Kerala, India 3328: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3267:explored the 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3179:'s captains, 3178: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3146:, and Prince 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3101:thalassocracy 3094:is not shown. 3093: 3089: 3088:King John III 3085: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3008:De Beneficiis 3005: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2964:House of Aviz 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2942:, husband of 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2803:Mondego River 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2660:Minho (river) 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:Bay of Biscay 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2541: 2540:former mosque 2537: 2533: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2169:The Visigoths 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106:assassination 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1900: 1892: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1848:Aquae Flaviae 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1747:mines in the 1746: 1745:Santo Domingo 1742: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1598:pedra formosa 1592: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1489: 1487: 1486:Carthaginians 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1341: 1336: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1189:dominions as 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179:Carthaginians 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1133:Early history 1130: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1049:Middle French 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1004:changed into 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 965: 961: 957: 952: 949: 948:Portus Gallus 944: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 899: 894: 890: 889: 884: 880: 876: 871: 865: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 811: 807: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 785: 780: 779: 774: 770: 766: 762: 755: 750: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 545: 544: 539: 535: 523: 518: 516: 511: 509: 504: 503: 501: 500: 497: 487: 486: 483: 480: 479: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 460: 455: 454: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 415: 414: 404: 401: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 380: 376: 374: 371: 370: 367: 362: 361: 354: 351: 349: 348: 344: 342: 339: 337: 336: 332: 331: 328: 323: 322: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 293: 288: 287: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 241: 238: 233: 232: 225: 222: 220: 219:Iberian Union 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 199:House of Aviz 197: 195: 192: 191: 188: 183: 182: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 136: 133: 128: 127: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 73: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 55: 49: 48: 43: 38: 37: 32: 27: 19: 15028:World War II 14881:Early modern 14858:Kalmar Union 14729:Papal States 14647:Roman Empire 14477:Transnistria 14439:Vatican City 14373: 14007:21st century 13484:20th century 12961:19th century 12438:18th century 11915:17th century 11392:16th century 11012:Architecture 10984:Prostitution 10949:Homelessness 10929:Demographics 10845:Central bank 10787:Human rights 10752:Constitution 10605:Overseas War 10570:Liberal Wars 10477: 10400: 10337: 10285: 10275: 10268: 10257: 10247: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10211: 10204: 10183: 10172: 10162: 10145: 10135: 10125: 10115: 10108: 10101: 10083: 10066: 10056: 10049: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10009: 10002: 9992: 9985:(2013) 11#2 9982: 9972: 9956: 9930: 9926: 9917: 9896: 9875: 9856: 9833: 9825:Bibliography 9812:. 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Retrieved 6015: 5997: 5989: 5825: 5821:water supply 5803: 5748: 5727: 5700: 5691: 5681: 5655: 5639: 5628: 5614: 5610: 5594: 5588: 5557: 5552: 5516: 5510: 5494: 5490:Mário Soares 5469: 5463: 5461: 5449: 5430: 5413: 5407: 5397:(NATO), the 5368: 5353: 5344: 5333:Please help 5328:verification 5325: 5293: 5290:World War II 5277: 5254: 5248: 5238: 5210: 5201: 5197: 5166: 5157: 5144: 5140: 5124: 5122: 5106: 5087: 5038: 5036: 5031: 5024:totalitarian 5019: 5014: 5010:Sidónio Pais 4994: 4990:Afonso Costa 4978: 4975:Constitution 4969:Afonso Costa 4965: 4961:Afonso Costa 4957: 4929: 4927: 4892:Manuel Buíça 4861: 4818: 4783: 4771:Porto Amélia 4707: 4698:Porto Amboim 4679: 4650:Ferdinand II 4647: 4562: 4558:Liberal Wars 4541: 4539: 4527: 4508:, military, 4503: 4433: 4422: 4379: 4356: 4345: 4320: 4302: 4296: 4288: 4259: 4233: 4218: 4202: 4175: 4143: 4107: 4101:in 1715 and 4096: 4092:Mafra Palace 4069: 4046: 4015: 3992: 3934: 3909: 3903: 3883:Sebastianism 3863: 3832: 3814: 3789: 3765:died in the 3760: 3674: 3642:Persian Gulf 3619: 3587:Indian Ocean 3583: 3564: 3526:Saint Helena 3524:in 1501 and 3518:João da Nova 3516: 3489: 3474: 3465: 3447: 3428: 3410: 3371: 3336: 3293: 3289: 3254: 3244: 3232:sea monsters 3224:Cape Bojador 3217: 3201: 3174: 3160: 3132:North Africa 3113: 3097: 3080:Indian Ocean 3041: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3006: 2997: 2984: 2978: 2975:Fernão Lopes 2970: 2968: 2937: 2921: 2907: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2855:fought with 2818: 2782: 2770: 2746: 2744: 2731: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2686:Vímara Peres 2679: 2649: 2629: 2622: 2580: 2479: 2455:North Africa 2410: 2406:power vacuum 2376:, commander 2371: 2336: 2330: 2295: 2271: 2244: 2240: 2229: 2199: 2184:By 500, the 2183: 2123:Theodoric II 2117: 2103: 2052: 2050:and Lisbon. 2043: 2039: 2021: 1994: 1933:Roman Empire 1930: 1876:Vulgar Latin 1856: 1799:Latin Rights 1784: 1757: 1737: 1703:army in the 1698: 1657:Romanization 1644: 1633: 1610: 1597: 1550: 1379: 1360: 1344: 1309: 1303: 1299: 1262: 1249:Neanderthals 1240: 1235: 1229: 1219: 1193:and part of 1136: 1124: 1100: 1061:, spread to 1046: 1041: 1038:Portvgalliae 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 980:(modern day 953: 940: 933: 921: 919: 910: 906: 902: 896: 886: 882: 878: 874: 858: 854: 850: 845:, Cornwall, 819:Jean Markale 792: 788: 782: 776: 772: 768: 753: 746:or harbour, 741: 708: 706: 683:(OECD), the 669:another coup 666: 622: 571: 548: 541: 533: 531: 418: 377: 345: 333: 269:Liberal Wars 50: 26: 15013:World War I 15003:Nationalism 14891:Reformation 14876:Renaissance 14848:Black Death 14781:Kievan Rus' 14684:Middle Ages 14515:Isle of Man 14450:recognition 14419:Switzerland 14354:Netherlands 10959:Immigration 10934:Drug policy 10840:Agriculture 10716:Earthquakes 10600:Estado Novo 10590:World War I 10520:Renaissance 10428:Lusitanians 10418:Oestriminis 10061:online free 10024:Kay, Hugh. 9997:online free 9977:online free 9787:27 February 9761:27 February 9731:27 February 9701:27 February 9668:27 February 9634:27 February 9604:27 February 9578:28 February 9548:28 February 9489:27 February 9448:27 February 9425:28 February 9397:27 February 9374:27 February 9277:27 February 9221:27 February 9187:27 February 9157:27 February 9128:27 February 9097:27 February 8877:(in French) 8809:Rosas, 1997 8718:Pinto, 2000 8589:Lopes, 1994 8523:17 November 8374:11 February 8364:"IBGE teen" 8093:Juan Cole, 7787:(43): 190. 6812:Infopédia. 6532:, p. 5 6067:agal-gz.org 5711:Veiga Simão 5692:Estado Novo 5683:Estado Novo 5641:Estado Novo 5549:Timor Leste 5275:(1936–39). 5269:corporative 5256:Estado Novo 5098:José Relvas 5058:monarchists 5043:corporative 5020:Dezembrismo 4931:Estado Novo 4747:Vila Cabral 4727:Silva Porto 4719:Nova Lisboa 4510:educational 4236:earthquakes 4076:royal fifth 3683:(1510) and 3591:Arabian Sea 3520:discovered 3415:some local 3316:Congo River 3226:, south of 3189:Porto Santo 3170:Muhammed IX 3076:spice trade 2922:Reconquista 2755:Nuno Mendes 2690:Alfonso III 2682:Portus Cale 2624:Reconquista 2567:Reconquista 2553:Reconquista 2547:Reconquista 2463:Middle East 2282:Middle Ages 2013:Catholicism 1768:Lusitanians 1725:Extremadura 1482:Phoenicians 1382:Lusitanians 1253:Estremadura 1175:Phoenicians 1159:Lusitanians 1143:Portus Cale 1086:Portingaill 1059:excrescence 1030:Portugallia 1000:. The name 986:Middle Ages 969:Portus Cale 725:conurbation 721:Portus Cale 719:place name 699:) in 1986. 629:world power 625:Middle Ages 406:(2020–2023) 398:(2010–2014) 347:Estado Novo 164:Reconquista 51:History of 15129:Categories 14776:Viking Age 14591:Prehistory 14389:San Marino 14349:Montenegro 14329:Luxembourg 14309:Kazakhstan 14212:Azerbaijan 11034:Literature 10804:Parliament 10767:Government 10595:28 de Maio 10463:Al-Andalus 10334:"Portugal" 9838:Crows Nest 9814:2023-04-09 9444:. Expresso 8881:2024-01-19 8791:Cruz, 1986 8782:Telo, 1984 8773:Telo, 1980 8245:, pp. 7–9. 8243:vol. XXXII 7635:: 249–255. 7522:2017-11-27 7491:Portuguese 7116:: 84–102. 7085:Portuguese 6587:1095733285 6336:2010-08-22 6151:2010-08-22 6027:2010-08-22 6008:References 5812:deliveries 5728:retornados 5619:East Timor 5595:retornados 5576:East Timor 5553:retornados 5422:censorship 5347:March 2021 5300:East Timor 5147:presidents 4908:republican 4837:Mozambique 4821:Cape Verde 4790:Mozambique 4535:Cisplatina 4514:scientific 4506:economical 4255:seismology 4209:commercial 4146:Ambassador 4036:under the 3999:Philip III 3953:Pernambuco 3695:(1535) by 3687:(1511) by 3656:conquered 3595:Madagascar 3538:Mozambique 3363:Portuguese 3352:Cape Verde 3296:Gold Coast 3273:Cape Verde 3251:Mauritania 2999:De Oficiis 2925:until 1492 2821:Burgundian 2715:Portugalia 2645:Portuguese 2615:Portuguese 2425:al-Andalus 2421:Septimania 2413:Septimania 2386:Visigothic 2374:Al-Walid I 2353:Al-Andalus 2202:Karriarico 2195:Theodemund 2119:foederatus 2104:After the 1945:barbarians 1916:Visigothic 1862:(Lisbon), 1839:Matosinhos 1811:Diocletian 1693:Diocletian 1636:Conímbriga 1604:triskelion 1480:region by 1410:Interamici 1388:, and the 1201:Prehistory 1092:Portyngale 1080:Portyngale 1074:Portingale 1068:Portingall 1034:Portvgallo 911:*Caladunum 891:and maybe 815:Gallaecian 673:democratic 662:Portuguese 620:in 1386). 610:Castilians 578:Al-Andalus 237:Bragantine 144:Al-Andalus 14823:Feudalism 14794:Catalonia 14505:Gibraltar 14324:Lithuania 11044:Monuments 10964:Languages 10939:Education 10898:Transport 10814:President 10772:Judiciary 10757:Elections 10721:Volcanoes 10686:Mountains 10669:Geography 10458:Visigoths 10438:Gallaecia 10433:Lusitania 9808:Polígrafo 7801:0872-0851 7756:cite book 7748:961824873 7608:April 19, 7528:Hispania. 7487:Os Búrios 7308:. Brill. 7146:161980467 7130:1753-528X 6206:English: 5779:1992–1994 5541:Indonesia 5426:elections 5062:Catholics 5016:Sidonismo 4763:João Belo 4755:Moçâmedes 4743:Vila Pery 4708:With the 4636:Manuel II 4462:, to the 4423:With the 4396:. At the 4357:In 1762, 4339:Salamanca 4286:in 1759. 4247:simulated 4105:in 1716. 4049:Afonso VI 4011:Philip IV 4009:. Later, 3995:Philip II 3839:Alcântara 3763:Sebastian 3640:, in the 3603:Mauritius 3528:in 1502; 3466:Esmeraldo 3430:conversos 3396:by land. 3366:explorers 3344:New World 3312:Diogo Cão 3220:Gil Eanes 3218:In 1434, 2938:In 1383, 2892:Guimarães 2711:Portugale 2707:Portucale 2621:) as the 2461:from the 2433:Gallaecia 2429:Lusitania 2382:Gibraltar 2319:Gallaecia 2286:Visigoths 2274:Visigoths 2263:Leovigild 2255:Liuvigild 2210:Theodemar 2155:Remismund 2114:Visigoths 2099:Tarragona 2040:Alan kerk 2028:Lusitania 2024:Gallaecia 1990:Dark Ages 1985:Visigoths 1965:Gallaecia 1927:The Suebi 1880:Lusitania 1872:Pax Julia 1866:(Braga), 1815:Gallaecia 1795:Vespasian 1741:Aljustrel 1717:Lusitania 1689:Gallaecia 1685:Lusitania 1640:Miróbriga 1629:Gallaecia 1625:Lusitania 1611:Numerous 1549:Cross or 1438:Quaquerni 1367:Herodotus 1237:Aroeira 3 1216:Aroeira 3 1195:Gallaecia 1191:Lusitania 1126:Portyngal 1112:Portingal 1054:Portingal 1026:Portugale 1010:Portugale 1006:Portugale 1002:Portucale 998:Portucale 994:Visigoths 974:Gaellicia 958:took the 942:Cailleach 907:Caladunum 867:, French 707:The word 703:Etymology 695:(now the 559:Gallaecia 555:Lusitania 104:Gallaecia 99:Lusitania 15062:See also 15033:Cold War 14828:Crusades 14798:Valencia 14525:Svalbard 14510:Guernsey 14457:Abkhazia 14404:Slovenia 14399:Slovakia 14374:Portugal 14232:Bulgaria 11160:Portugal 11109:Category 11059:Religion 10969:Naturism 10799:Military 10735:Politics 10646:Language 10636:Military 10624:By topic 10490:Monarchs 10443:Hispania 10423:Ophiussa 10410:Timeline 10393:articles 10389:Portugal 10312:Archived 10153:Archived 10074:Archived 10059:(1972). 10040:Archived 9963:Archived 9641:average. 9611:average. 9525:average. 9518:16 April 9335:Archived 9164:average. 8434:14 April 8227:14 April 8193:14 April 8187:"Castro" 7850:43397222 7403:12 March 7393:"Suevos" 7377:12 March 7231:19 April 7174:, p. 79. 7089:Archived 7079: – 7006:Schwaben 6927:14 April 6897:14 April 6853:14 April 6823:14 April 6637:11 April 6583:ProQuest 6545:Portugal 6501:14 April 6496:phys.org 6419:Archived 6263:: 51–58. 6186:cite web 6176:14 April 5973:timeline 5967:Setúbal 5963:timeline 5953:timeline 5943:timeline 5933:timeline 5927:Coimbra 5923:timeline 5914:Cities: 5838:See also 5611:de facto 5405:(EFTA). 5307:Colonies 5114:Holy See 5084:in 1919. 4984:and the 4954:Religion 4896:bankrupt 4866:and his 4806:Pink Map 4798:Zimbabwe 4700:and the 4686:Benguela 4634:(1908), 4550:Maria II 4546:Pedro IV 4499:Maria II 4495:Pedro IV 4480:Olivença 4267:Joseph I 4262:Joseph I 4088:Maranhão 3930:Salvador 3723:visited 3705:Thailand 3613:visited 3601:(1507); 3413:expelled 3394:Ethiopia 3392:reached 3281:Príncipe 3277:São Tomé 3265:caravels 3256:feitoria 3236:Canaries 3004:Seneca's 2995:Cicero's 2989:both by 2831:and the 2747:de facto 2637:Asturian 2633:Galician 2591:Asturian 2587:Visigoth 2583:Pelagius 2486:Santarém 2437:Medieval 2417:Pyrenees 2402:Ifriqiya 2289:and the 2278:nobility 2163:Arianism 2143:Aguiulfo 2095:Hispania 2055:Hermeric 2036:Alenquer 2005:Arianism 1997:Germanic 1977:Aeminium 1953:Hispania 1914:(blue); 1868:Aeminium 1827:Alentejo 1797:granted 1791:Augustus 1772:Viriatus 1713:Carthage 1711:against 1649:and the 1567:cromlech 1446:Tamagani 1430:Nemetati 1398:Coelerni 1347:Callaeci 1155:Gallaeci 1042:Portugal 898:Callaeci 893:Galici-a 888:calanque 847:Wallonia 829:, Gael, 773:Callaici 765:Gallaeci 761:ethnonym 709:Portugal 635:" as it 616:(by the 538:Portugal 482:Timeline 444:Military 432:Language 424:Archives 132:Medieval 53:Portugal 42:a series 40:Part of 14903:Baroque 14802:Majorca 14714:Francia 14429:Ukraine 14379:Romania 14339:Moldova 14297:Ireland 14292:Iceland 14287:Hungary 14277:Germany 14272:Georgia 14262:Finland 14257:Estonia 14252:Denmark 14237:Croatia 14222:Belgium 14217:Belarus 14207:Austria 14202:Armenia 14197:Andorra 14192:Albania 11093:Outline 11069:Symbols 11022:Cuisine 11004:Culture 10979:Poverty 10954:Housing 10912:Society 10893:Tourism 10868:Fishing 10828:Economy 10706:Regions 10696:Islands 10631:Economy 10401:History 10212:History 10128:(2009) 10118:(2015) 10069:(1952) 9995:(1939) 9781:Pordata 9751:Pordata 9721:Pordata 9691:Pordata 9658:Pordata 9568:Pordata 8564:Payne, 7629:Scandia 7447:Eupedia 6679:Galicia 6663:11 July 5969:history 5959:history 5949:history 5947:Lisbon 5939:history 5929:history 5919:history 5787:economy 5615:de jure 5265:Fascist 5118:Liberal 5028:fascist 4940:Jacobin 4882:in the 4845:Dahomey 4731:Malanje 4658:cholera 4654:Pedro V 4460:Maria I 4323:British 4279:Jesuits 4229:tsunami 4197:tsunami 4164:. King 4026:John IV 3957:Paraíba 3949:Alagoas 3945:Sergipe 3835:Cascais 3685:Malacca 3658:Bahrain 3626:Massawa 3622:Red Sea 3620:In the 3607:Socotra 3550:Mombasa 3508:Zamorin 3496:Ottoman 3492:Calicut 3421:Castile 3402:Calicut 3368:in 1519 3285:Annobón 3240:Tangier 3228:Morocco 3222:passed 3167:Granada 3163:Maghreb 3124:Islamic 2933:England 2910:Algarve 2849:Coimbra 2841:Castile 2823:knight 2739:Coimbra 2641:Leonese 2619:Spanish 2536:Mértola 2490:Coimbra 2480:By 714 2451:Berbers 2392:at the 2390:Roderic 2368:in 750. 2323:Orosius 2306:Roderic 2302:Wittiza 2247:Eborico 2159:Maldras 2147:Maldras 2139:Frantan 2075:Rechiar 2067:Vandals 2059:Rechila 2048:Coimbra 1981:Coimbra 1961:Vandals 1922:(green) 1860:Olisipo 1831:Algarve 1770:led by 1753:Seville 1551:cruzado 1478:Algarve 1454:Turduli 1434:Paesuri 1426:Narbasi 1418:Luanqui 1402:Equaesi 1394:Bracari 1265:Cynetes 1167:Cynetes 1163:Celtici 1149:by Pre- 1147:settled 1121:Cornish 915:Gascony 903:Calaeci 851:calatum 784:Galicia 614:England 594:Algarve 459:Regions 440:Judaism 428:Economy 72:Ancient 14790:Aragon 14769:Amalfi 14754:Venice 14742:Second 14520:Jersey 14462:Kosovo 14424:Turkey 14414:Sweden 14394:Serbia 14384:Russia 14369:Poland 14364:Norway 14344:Monaco 14314:Latvia 14282:Greece 14267:France 14242:Cyprus 11114:Portal 11017:Cinema 10974:People 10944:Health 10873:Mining 10855:Energy 10711:Rivers 10681:Cities 10515:Empire 10391: 10342:. US: 10280:online 10262:online 10252:online 10241:online 10216:online 10190: 10150:online 10111:(1985) 10104:(1969) 10095:Empire 10071:online 10037:online 9960:online 9937: 9905: 9882: 9863: 9844: 9802:SAPO. 9544:. 2018 9312: 9246: 9052: 8940: 8733:online 8491:(1985) 8459: 8218: 7896: 7871: 7848: 7838: 7799: 7746: 7736: 7662: 7312: 7197: 7170: 7162:. ed. 7144: 7138:301182 7136: 7128: 7040: 7013: 6952: 6758: 6731: 6706:6 July 6585: 6552: 6474: 6248:populi 6142: 5957:Porto 5917:Braga 5484:, the 5389:; the 5102:Oporto 5094:Lisbon 5046:Senate 5039:Pátria 5032:Pátria 4835:, and 4833:Angola 4802:Zambia 4794:Angola 4767:Nacala 4759:Lobito 4690:Bissau 4682:Luanda 4642:(1910) 4512:, and 4454:, the 4359:France 4284:Oeiras 4275:Aveiro 4243:models 4205:guilds 4193:Lisbon 4154:Vienna 4150:London 4114:John V 4084:Brazil 4072:John V 4020:, the 4007:Lisbon 4003:courts 3879:Azores 3828:Lisbon 3755:, and 3725:Canton 3650:Persia 3638:Hormuz 3615:Ceylon 3566:Nanban 3554:Cochin 3481:Sofala 3470:Brazil 3425:Aragon 3304:Elmina 3247:Arguim 3204:Azores 3140:Duarte 3136:John I 3120:Armada 3086:under 2918:Lisbon 2791:Teresa 2787:Urraca 2713:, and 2656:Viking 2652:Norman 2571:Iberia 2525:Taifas 2494:Lisbon 2440:Muslim 2332:Cávado 2291:clergy 2251:Andeca 2190:Toledo 2151:Frumar 2131:Oporto 2127:Avitus 2087:Clovis 2071:Toledo 1935:, the 1920:Toledo 1852:Chaves 1733:Mérida 1695:AD 298 1606:motifs 1601:Celtic 1474:Tavira 1470:Zoelae 1468:, and 1466:Turodi 1450:Tapoli 1442:Seurbi 1422:Limici 1406:Grovii 1363:Strabo 1356:druids 1318:Gaelic 1269:stelae 956:Romans 938:Gaelic 922:Gatelo 839:Gallia 827:Gaelic 823:Calais 801:caladh 749:portus 717:Celtic 679:, the 658:Brazil 606:John I 602:Lisbon 119:Spania 44:on the 14759:Genoa 14737:First 14495:Åland 14409:Spain 14334:Malta 14304:Italy 11369:1490s 11364:1480s 11359:1470s 11354:1460s 11349:1450s 11344:1440s 11339:1430s 11334:1420s 11329:1410s 11324:1400s 11319:1390s 11314:1380s 11309:1370s 11304:1360s 11299:1350s 11294:1340s 11289:1330s 11284:1320s 11279:1310s 11274:1300s 11269:1290s 11264:1280s 11259:1270s 11254:1260s 11249:1250s 11244:1240s 11239:1230s 11234:1220s 11229:1210s 11224:1200s 11219:1190s 11214:1180s 11209:1170s 11204:1160s 11199:1150s 11194:1140s 11156:Years 11100:Index 11064:Sport 11049:Music 11039:Media 10994:Women 10924:Crime 10862:(EEZ) 10701:Lakes 10641:Music 10448:Suebi 9929:[ 9483:(PDF) 9468:(PDF) 9360:(PDF) 9343:SEDES 9207:(PDF) 8394:(PDF) 8284:p. 25 8271:, 50. 7516:(PDF) 7142:S2CID 7134:JSTOR 6581:(1). 6257:(PDF) 6063:(PDF) 5981:Notes 5568:Macau 5375:India 5082:Porto 4912:exile 4751:Beira 4578:Timor 4574:Macau 4523:Porto 4382:Douro 4363:Spain 4099:Paris 4030:Ceuta 3965:Ceará 3941:Bahia 3855:Tomar 3771:Henry 3729:Macau 3717:Ambon 3546:Brava 3542:Kilwa 3144:Pedro 3128:Ceuta 2914:Moors 2857:Braga 2853:Porto 2825:Henry 2735:Viseu 2617:(and 2599:Spain 2575:Moors 2510:jizya 2482:Évora 2459:Arabs 2453:from 2443:Moors 2337:Homem 2315:Braga 2310:Suebi 2298:Wamba 2063:Alans 2053:King 1973:Braga 1957:Suebi 1912:Braga 1908:Suebi 1906:560. 1850:(now 1843:garum 1823:Braga 1805:gave 1764:Celts 1731:(now 1721:Douro 1701:Roman 1617:Roman 1571:Évora 1569:near 1414:Leuni 1273:Celts 1171:Conii 1151:Celts 1117:Scots 1018:Minho 1014:Douro 990:Suebi 982:Braga 926:Braga 895:< 885:(see 883:*cala 857:> 855:calad 853:> 843:Wales 835:Latin 797:Irish 793:Calle 757:' 737:Douro 729:Porto 713:Roman 598:Moors 448:Music 419:Topic 14764:Pisa 14132:2024 14127:2023 14122:2022 14117:2021 14112:2020 14107:2019 14102:2018 14097:2017 14092:2016 14087:2015 14082:2014 14077:2013 14072:2012 14067:2011 14062:2010 14057:2009 14052:2008 14047:2007 14042:2006 14037:2005 14032:2004 14027:2003 14022:2002 14017:2001 13989:2000 13984:1999 13979:1998 13974:1997 13969:1996 13964:1995 13959:1994 13954:1993 13949:1992 13944:1991 13939:1990 13934:1989 13929:1988 13924:1987 13919:1986 13914:1985 13909:1984 13904:1983 13899:1982 13894:1981 13889:1980 13884:1979 13879:1978 13874:1977 13869:1976 13864:1975 13859:1974 13854:1973 13849:1972 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