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best thing to a full-scale prototype for understanding a ship's behaviour. Training on the scale models provides experience that could never be gained on real ships for the simple reason that neither ship-owners nor local authorities would allow such risks to be taken. Scale models allow the shiphandler to make mistakes. Scale models allow experimentation on ship behaviour to explore unknown fields beyond the limits of safety.
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The aim of training on manned models is to enable seamen to acquire or to develop manoeuvring skills through a better understanding of a ship's behaviour as it sails in restricted water conditions at manoeuvring speed. Manned models are considered by ships' captains and maritime pilots as the next
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ships are all at 1:25 scale. There are 11 ships and 4 tugs. All ships are equipped with indicators giving rudder angle, engine speed, ship speed, wind speed, etc. Most of the ships are equipped with bow and stern thrusters and anchors. Five ships are equipped with a DGPS tracking system. Training
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The centre's origin goes back to the fifties, when Port Revel's mother company, Sogreah, was studying bank erosion on the Suez Canal using model ships sailing on a scale model with a movable bed (i.e. granular material subjected to erosion by turbulent water movement).
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At 1:25 scale, the lake area represents a navigable zone of about 5 by 2 nautical miles, allowing several models to sail at the same time at normal manoeuvring speeds and to berth at one of the 50 berths and piers. Shallow and very shallow water areas (less than 10%
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that can carry and be handled by at least one person on an open expanse of water. They must behave like real ships, giving the shiphandler the same sensations. Wind, currents, waves, water depths, channels and berths must be reproduced realistically.
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In the 1990s, the first refresher courses were organised for pilots, who returned every 5 years. These courses are less directive and leave more room for customisation, which is a way of optimising port operations to increase port accessibility.
68:. The facility uses manned models at a 1:25 scale on a man-made lake designed to simulate natural conditions including harbours, canals, and open seas. It was the first such facility in the world. The Centre was created in 1967 near
83:. Since 1967, the Centre has trained over 6 500 maritime pilots, captains and officers from all over the world. French, European, Australian, Brazilian and North American pilots make up 90% of the Centre's students.
209:. While manoeuvres with currents, waves, tugs, anchors, bank effects, etc. are reproduced more accurately on scale models, numerical simulators are more realistic when it comes to the bridge environment.
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Manned models are used for research (e.g. ship behaviour), engineering (e.g. port layout) and for training in shiphandling (e.g. maritime pilots, masters and officers). They are usually at 1:25 scale.
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2. Training on manned models: manoeuvres can be pushed beyond the safety limits and ships sail on real water, but there is limited reproduction of the captain's vision and of wind conditions.
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3. Training on numerical simulators: the water and ships are simply equations, but the bridge and 360° vision are realistic enough to simulate Bridge Team
Management and crisis management.
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At the end of the sixties this experience with free sailing model ships was used by Esso to anticipate the manoeuvring behaviour of the new, much larger, oil tankers.
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The lake is fitted with wave, current and wind generators and complex port approach configurations. Around 40% of the lake is subjected to currents.
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lake facilities have undergone changes, such as the creation of extensive shallow water areas with currents, and can mimic specific port scenarios,
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all kinds of large ships are available and model electronics have become more sophisticated in order to reproduce real ship manoeuvring behaviour,
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tugs have become a part of the courses since 2000, providing realistic capability for berthing/unberthing operations and escort work,
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where the wind regime is very mild. Moreover, it is sheltered by a forest. Hence uncontrolled wind effects on ships are minimised.
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Periodic training on scale models will maintain shiphandling skills at their highest level and periodic evaluations will show it.
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1. Training on board real ships: the environment is obviously realistic, but the time spent and the acceptable risks are limited.
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the instructors have become more proficient in delivering the courses and in their ability to structure courses as required,
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After three years spent with Esso captains between 1967 and 1970, the Centre was taken over by
Sogreah in 1970.
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During the 1970s, most students were captains, while the first maritime pilots came to discover the centre.
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is a French maritime pilotage school that trains pilots, masters, and officers on large ships like
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The
Nautical Institute, 1997 - On Pilotage and Shiphandling - p37, p181, p260, p280, p305
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a cruise ship (5000 people) with 2 pods and powerful bow thrusters was added in 2014.
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introducing quality assurance has increased the reliability of ships and equipment,
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the lake area was extended from four to five hectares during the winter 2008-2009,
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Those who have trained on both claim that scale models are complementary to
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In an ideal world, shiphandling training would consist of three things:
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Manned model shiphandling training has improved over the years because:
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for certain ships) are to be found on about 50% of the lake area.
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a large container ship (8 500 TEU) was added to the fleet in 2009,
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a large LNG carrier of 266 000 m3, the Q-Max, was added in 2010,
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View from the bridge of a manned model tanker at Port Revel
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Michel R. Denis, 2006 - Récits
Insolites - p49 & p113
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Emergency stop of tanker with escort tug at Port Revel
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300:John Mc Phee, 2006 - Uncommon Carriers - pp43–65
111:, later republished as Chapter Two in his book
288:for details of the scaling factors involved.
273:with special features like Becker rudder,
90:training regime is now recommended by the
297:IMPA, 2014 - IMPA on Pilotage - pp161–169
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156:pod propulsion is available since 2006,
50:Port Revel Shiphandling Training Centre
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92:International Maritime Organization
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101:The facility was written about by
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402:Education in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
397:Buildings and structures in Isère
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105:in an October, 1998 article for
79:The courses are given by former
187:Manned models are small scale
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241:lake is located in the lower
175:(CPP) was introduced in 2013,
173:Controllable-pitch propeller
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382:Maritime colleges in France
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286:similitude of ship models
32:with 250 000 tonnes
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353:45.290361°N 5.315164°E
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96:Resolution A 960 (23)
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329:Marine-Marchande.net
255:under keel-clearance
108:The Atlantic Monthly
377:Education in France
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207:computer simulators
36:(DWT) at Port Revel
98:of December 2005.
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113:Uncommon Carriers
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103:John McPhee
86:The manned
30:supertanker
28:Model of a
371:Categories
341:45°17′25″N
317:Port Revel
292:References
34:deadweight
344:5°18′55″E
247:Grenoble
115:(2006).
70:Grenoble
331:website
325:website
319:website
239:hectare
119:History
74:Artelia
237:The 5
189:models
94:under
323:AFCAN
270:model
264:Fleet
245:near
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284:See
268:The
243:Alps
233:Lake
64:and
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279:CPP
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171:a
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