187:
45:
337:
36:
272:
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born during the reign of their parent. This notion was later loosely expanded to include all children born of prominent or high-ranking parents. The parents must be prominent at the time of the child's birth so that the child is always in the spotlight and destined for a prominent role in life. A
396:
To be "born in the purple" is often seen as a limitation to be escaped rather than a benefit or a blessing. Rarely, the term refers to someone born with immense talent that shapes their career and forces them into paths they might not otherwise wish to follow. An obituary of the
British composer
425:
Compare this with his grandfather, the old
Emperor, who, if he had not been born in the purple, could only have been a soldier, and not, it must be added, one who could have held very high commands. Compare him again with his father; the Emperor Frederick, if he had not been born in the purple,
405:
In this sense, the parents' prominence predetermines the child's role in life. A royal child, for instance, is denied the opportunity to an ordinary life because of their parents' royal rank. An example of this usage can be seen in the following discussion comparing the
401:
complains that his immense natural talent (described as being "born in the purple") forced him to take on teaching and administrative duties that prevented him from composing in the manner that might have been allowed to someone who had to develop their talent.
311:. Its walls, floor and ceiling were completely veneered with imperial porphyry, which was "generally of a purple colour throughout, but with white spots like sand sprinkled over it." However, both explanations were current already in the 10th century.
426:
though he certainly showed greater military capacity than the old
Emperor, nevertheless would probably not have been happy or successful in any private station other than that of a great moral teacher.
204:
is a system of political succession that favours the rights of sons born after their father has become king or emperor, over older siblings born before their father's ascent to the throne.
3899:
4609:
2431:
4842:
2862:
317:
was a luxury dye obtained from sea snails, used to colour cloth. Its production was extremely expensive, so the dye was used as a status symbol by the
3822:
238:, but the first secure use of the word is not found until 846. The term became common by the 10th century, particularly in connection with Emperor
5718:
4072:
3973:
5406:
3983:
3916:
349:
303:
described it, the room, "set apart long ago for an empress's confinement", was located "where the stone oxen and the lions stand" (i.e. the
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3988:
3921:
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5253:
4614:
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1376:
500:
5102:
3582:
3520:
1694:
5582:
5107:
3562:
2893:
2539:
966:
5506:
4266:
4259:
3815:
3557:
1746:
1301:
1711:
779:
5258:
5117:
4405:
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931:
4249:
3600:
2199:
186:
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child born before their parents became prominent would not be "born in the purple". This color purple came to refer to
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637:
612:
579:
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were rare and expensive, and at times reserved for imperial use only. In particular there was a room in the imperial
5762:
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2014:
685:"Liudprand of Cremona - a diplomat?" by Constanze M.F. Schummer in Shepard J. & Franklin, Simon. (Eds.) (1992)
239:
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5545:
4077:
3845:
1412:
956:
873:
78:
17:
687:
Byzantine
Diplomacy: Papers from the Twenty-fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Cambridge, March 1990.
430:
The classic definition restricted use of the category specifically to the legitimate offspring born to reigning
348:
is a late 13th-century
Byzantine palace in the north-western part of the old city of Constantinople named after
5693:
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234:(literally meaning "born in the purple") was known from the sixth century in connection with growing ideas of
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3510:
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1828:
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bride was sometimes sent to seal a bargain, or a foreign princess may have gone to
Constantinople to marry a
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2154:
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1986:
1484:
1356:
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restricted its use by anyone except the imperial household. Purple was thus seen as an imperial colour.
283:
The
Byzantines themselves ascribed it either to the fact that the child was born to parents bearing the
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924:
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992:
57:
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307:), and was in the form of a perfect square from floor to ceiling, with the latter ending in a
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8:
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1971:
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1437:
1336:
1331:
1098:
1053:
1012:
917:
235:
116:
508:
215:. In late 11th century England and Normandy, the theory of porphyrogeniture was used by
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288:
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216:
171:
61:
53:
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2019:
1956:
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902:
853:
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666:
662:
655:
633:
608:
575:
565:
535:. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1) based on Random House Unabridged Dictionary. 1996
476:
191:
75:
825:
340:
The northern facade of the Palace of the
Porphyrogenitus after the modern renovation
60:(right), two sisters who co-ruled as Byzantine empress regnants near the end of the
5533:
5326:
5274:
5220:
5187:
5137:
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4046:
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3627:
3527:
3357:
3165:
3055:
3006:
2979:
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2727:
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2438:
2402:
2320:
2144:
1914:
1859:
1822:
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1787:
1721:
1673:
1603:
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1583:
1573:
1568:
1261:
1007:
882:
326:
304:
276:
132:
826:"The Unfading Light Of Charity Grand Duchess Olga As A Philanthropist And Painter"
336:
329:. By the Byzantine period the colour had become associated with the emperors, and
253:. Constantine VII described the ceremonies which took place during the birth of a
70:
44:
5678:
5511:
5491:
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5441:
5431:
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5112:
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314:
284:
220:
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107:
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1869:
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1083:
259:
224:
167:
95:
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2694:
2601:
2551:
2194:
1716:
1678:
1578:
1161:
481:
451:
439:
398:
376:, for instance, visited Constantinople in 968 on a diplomatic mission from
353:
300:
212:
90:
3800:
271:
35:
5698:
5673:
5167:
4977:
4744:
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2912:
2823:
2806:
2426:
1935:
1731:
1623:
1618:
1538:
1129:
1113:
850:
Born in the Purple: The
Private World of the Children of Tsar Nicholas II
384:, in which mission he failed. A different bride who was not purple-born,
380:
to secure a purple-born bride for the prince who would eventually become
98:, restricted by law, custom, and the expense of creating it to royalty.
4972:
4832:
4822:
4655:
4645:
4355:
3339:
2679:
1981:
1919:
1838:
1078:
1043:
804:
894:
5521:
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4761:
4708:
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3347:
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1206:
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385:
208:
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2477:
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466:
178:
entirely lined with porphyry, where reigning empresses gave birth.
5413:
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4739:
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4391:
3390:
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3371:
3133:
3083:
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2712:
2706:
2370:
2325:
2300:
1854:
1563:
1181:
1134:
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997:
951:
702:, Oxford University Press, New York & Oxford, 1991, p. 1241.
461:
431:
381:
308:
160:
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2365:
1628:
1528:
1171:
1027:
435:
377:
574:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1701.
89:(sometimes "born to the purple") was a category of members of
3170:
3098:
2649:
909:
223:, should inherit the throne after the death of their brother
5321:
3180:
2722:
2335:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1139:
828:. Historical Magazine: Gatchina Through The Centuries. 2004
807:. in E. Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898
521:
At the bottom of the first definition of the word "purple."
438:. It did not include children born prior to their parents'
322:
595:
Goody, Jack (1979). "Introduction". In Goody, Jack (ed.).
442:
or, in an extremely strict definition, their coronation.
782:. James Nesbit and Company, London. 1913. Archived from
871:
Jensen, Lloyd B. (April 1963). "Royal Purple of Tyre".
632:. New Haven, US and London, UK: Yale University Press.
603:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.
27:
Title granted to
Byzantine (and later other) princes
143:
654:
596:
5749:
4191:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
3816:
2533:
925:
564:McCormick, M. (1991). "Porphyrogennetos". In
287:, or because the child was born in a special
219:to justify why he, and not his older brother
3437:
3217:
773:
771:
3830:
136:
3823:
3809:
2540:
2526:
932:
918:
768:
753:. The Musical Times. 1918. Archived from
627:
563:
3425:
335:
270:
185:
170:, a dye for cloth, and the purple stone
69:
5079:
652:
14:
5750:
967:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
870:
866:who were all born after his accession.
5647:
5078:
4863:
4555:
4222:
3843:
3804:
3424:
2781:
2521:
1197:
913:
594:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
4864:
388:, was subsequently acquired in 971.
4566:
181:
24:
2783:
2782:
962:List of current sovereign monarchs
862:Biography of the children of Tsar
842:
700:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
679:
571:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
546:
249:), and its use continued into the
207:Examples of this practice include
25:
5774:
5689:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
780:"The Empress Frederick, A Memoir"
5728:
3785:
3784:
2547:
1480:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
240:Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
196:Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
131:, was an honorific title in the
43:
34:
4078:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
3900:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
957:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
874:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
818:
797:
751:"Charles Hubert Hastings Parry"
742:
244:
79:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
5163:Great Palace of Constantinople
4904:Patriarchate of Constantinople
4223:
3426:
939:
712:
692:
646:
621:
588:
525:
493:
391:
321:, e.g. a purple stripe on the
293:Great Palace of Constantinople
260:De Ceremoniis aulae byzantinae
176:Great Palace of Constantinople
13:
1:
628:Hollister, C. Warren (2003).
487:
346:Palace of the Porphyrogenitus
135:given to a son, or daughter (
5625:University of Constantinople
5206:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
4556:
4356:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
4045:Byzantine successor states (
972:List of monarchy referendums
689:Aldershot: Variorum, p. 197.
661:, London: Penguin, pp.
359:
266:
7:
5295:Saint Catherine's Monastery
4351:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
4346:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
3844:
445:
434:after they ascended to the
352:, a younger son of Emperor
144:
10:
5779:
5684:Neo-Byzantine architecture
5648:
4305:Comes sacrarum largitionum
2632:Weberian (three-component)
698:"LIUTPRAND OF CREMONA" in
5711:
5654:
5643:
5564:
5464:
5422:
5367:
5312:
5267:
5254:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
5239:
5196:
5128:
5098:
5089:
5085:
5074:
5016:
4874:
4870:
4859:
4781:
4727:
4666:
4623:
4575:
4562:
4551:
4510:
4485:
4454:
4413:
4404:
4379:
4323:
4287:
4240:
4233:
4229:
4218:
4091:
4007:
3954:
3885:
3856:
3852:
3839:
3780:
3721:
3613:
3581:
3548:
3474:
3446:
3433:
3420:
3338:
3295:
3255:
3237:
3156:
3074:
3034:
2943:
2936:
2891:
2794:
2790:
2777:
2640:
2594:
2590:
2561:
2384:
2293:
2007:
1770:
1704:
1516:
1507:
1403:
1385:
1317:
1232:
1190:
1122:
1036:
980:
947:
599:Succession to High Office
137:
111:
4828:Droungarios of the Fleet
3754:Pre-industrial East Asia
1109:Self-proclaimed monarchy
364:In Imperial diplomacy a
121:'purple-born'),
5763:English-language idioms
5342:Early Byzantine mosaics
4704:Domestic of the Schools
2802:Administrative detainee
1377:Vatican City (Holy See)
350:Constantine Palaiologos
58:Theodora Porphyrogenita
5659:Byzantine commonwealth
4421:Praetorian prefectures
4341:Logothetes tou genikou
4315:Quaestor sacri palatii
4310:Comes rerum privatarum
4083:Fall of Constantinople
4022:Sack of Constantinople
3218:
1659:Islands of Refreshment
1089:Legitimacy (political)
720:"Dom Pedro and Brazil"
653:Comnena, Anna (2003),
507:. 1913. Archived from
472:Royal and noble styles
428:
413:with his grandfather,
341:
299:12th-century princess
280:
198:
159:the father had become
82:
5359:Komnenian renaissance
5354:Macedonian period art
5259:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
5231:Walls of Thessaloniki
4331:Logothetes tou dromou
3946:Twenty Years' Anarchy
3910:Valentinianic dynasty
3905:Constantinian dynasty
3759:Pre-industrial Europe
1470:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1059:Criticism of monarchy
1049:Abolition of monarchy
864:Nicholas II of Russia
457:Divine right of kings
423:
339:
274:
236:hereditary legitimacy
189:
81:in a 945 carved ivory
73:
5556:Units of measurement
5290:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
5183:Pammakaristos Church
5031:Corpus Juris Civilis
4982:Missionary activity
4441:Exarchate of Ravenna
4267:Imperial bureaucracy
3616: or countries
3427:By country or region
2665:Class discrimination
1302:United Arab Emirates
805:"Born in the Purple"
511:on February 22, 2006
505:Webster's Dictionary
374:Liutprand of Cremona
279:as it survives today
5080:Culture and society
4943:Ecumenical councils
4446:Exarchate of Africa
4436:Quaestura exercitus
4300:Magister officiorum
4295:Praetorian prefects
3938:Byzantine Dark Ages
3148:Vanniar (Chieftain)
2498:Trinidad and Tobago
2385:Commonwealth realms
2270:United Baltic Duchy
1413:Antigua and Barbuda
1405:Commonwealth realms
1099:Order of succession
5497:Flags and insignia
5143:Baths of Zeuxippus
5026:Codex Theodosianus
4916:Oriental Orthodoxy
3874:Later Roman Empire
3729:18th-century Spain
3583:Standard of living
3287:Upper middle class
3282:Lower middle class
2873:Political prisoner
2655:Chattering classes
2627:Spoon class theory
728:The New York Times
566:Kazhdan, Alexander
417:, and his father,
342:
281:
251:Palaiologan period
217:Henry I of England
199:
87:born in the purple
83:
62:Macedonian dynasty
54:Zoë Porphyrogenita
5745:
5744:
5707:
5706:
5664:Byzantine studies
5639:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5450:Alexander Romance
5308:
5307:
5285:Nea Moni of Chios
5148:Blachernae Palace
5070:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5036:Code of Justinian
4884:Eastern Orthodoxy
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4777:
4776:
4651:Scholae Palatinae
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4512:Foreign relations
4506:
4505:
4400:
4399:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4013:(1204–1453)
3798:
3797:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3609:
3608:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3310:Lumpenproletariat
2812:illegal immigrant
2773:
2772:
2685:Classless society
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2200:Piedmont-Sardinia
1952:Sip Song Chau Tai
1762:Thirteen Colonies
1503:
1502:
477:Royal prerogative
327:Roman magistrates
192:Nicholas Mystikos
166:Both imperial or
120:
76:Byzantine emperor
16:(Redirected from
5770:
5758:Porphyrogennetoi
5732:
5645:
5644:
5588:Imperial Library
5534:Byzantine Greeks
5275:Daphni Monastery
5226:Panagia Chalkeon
5221:Hagios Demetrios
5188:Prison of Anemas
5138:Basilica Cistern
5096:
5095:
5087:
5086:
5076:
5075:
4931:West Syriac Rite
4921:Alexandrian Rite
4872:
4871:
4865:Religion and law
4861:
4860:
4796:Maritime themata
4752:Palaiologan army
4605:Military manuals
4573:
4572:
4564:
4563:
4553:
4552:
4411:
4410:
4387:Megas logothetes
4238:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4219:
4093:By modern region
4014:
3961:
3960:(717–1204)
3892:
3854:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3832:Byzantine Empire
3825:
3818:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3788:
3787:
3615:
3516:Mexican-American
3444:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3223:
3166:Business magnate
3056:Knowledge worker
2941:
2940:
2829:dual or multiple
2792:
2791:
2779:
2778:
2733:Social exclusion
2728:Social cleansing
2642:
2592:
2591:
2581:Economic classes
2542:
2535:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2439:Irish Free State
2205:Poland–Lithuania
1514:
1513:
1465:Papua New Guinea
1195:
1194:
934:
927:
920:
911:
910:
906:
837:
836:
834:
833:
822:
816:
815:
813:
812:
801:
795:
794:
792:
791:
775:
766:
765:
763:
762:
748:Legge, Robin H.
746:
740:
739:
737:
736:
724:
716:
710:
696:
690:
683:
677:
675:
660:
650:
644:
643:
625:
619:
618:
602:
592:
586:
585:
561:
544:
543:
541:
540:
529:
523:
519:
517:
516:
497:
370:porphyrogénnētos
305:Boukoleon Palace
277:Boukoleon Palace
257:boy in his work
255:porphyrogénnētos
248:
246:
232:porphyrogénnētos
202:Porphyrogeniture
182:Porphyrogeniture
147:
140:
139:
133:Byzantine Empire
115:
113:
103:Porphyrogénnētos
47:
38:
21:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5738:
5703:
5679:Cyrillic script
5650:
5631:
5576:
5560:
5460:
5442:Digenes Akritas
5418:
5363:
5304:
5268:Other locations
5263:
5235:
5192:
5124:
5113:Cross-in-square
5081:
5062:
5012:
4866:
4847:
4773:
4723:
4719:Varangian Guard
4662:
4636:East Roman army
4631:Late Roman army
4619:
4558:
4539:
4502:
4481:
4450:
4396:
4375:
4371:Epi ton deeseon
4361:Epi tou eidikou
4319:
4283:
4225:
4206:
4193:
4096:
4094:
4087:
4073:Palaiologan era
4015:
4012:
4003:
3974:Nikephorian era
3962:
3959:
3950:
3893:
3891:(330–717)
3890:
3881:
3861:
3848:
3835:
3829:
3799:
3794:
3768:
3717:
3605:
3577:
3544:
3528:Underprivileged
3470:
3429:
3428:
3404:
3334:
3291:
3251:
3233:
3152:
3070:
3030:
2932:
2887:
2786:
2785:
2769:
2748:Social position
2738:Social mobility
2636:
2586:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2516:
2507:
2432:princely states
2380:
2316:Kingdom of Fiji
2289:
2035:Austria-Hungary
2003:
1766:
1700:
1499:
1485:Solomon Islands
1399:
1381:
1313:
1228:
1186:
1118:
1064:Democratization
1032:
976:
943:
938:
848:Gilbert, Paul.
845:
843:Further reading
840:
831:
829:
824:
823:
819:
810:
808:
803:
802:
798:
789:
787:
778:
776:
769:
760:
758:
749:
747:
743:
734:
732:
722:
718:
717:
713:
697:
693:
684:
680:
673:
651:
647:
640:
626:
622:
615:
593:
589:
582:
562:
547:
538:
536:
531:
530:
526:
514:
512:
499:
498:
494:
490:
448:
394:
366:porphyrogénnēta
362:
315:Imperial purple
297:porphyrogennētē
291:chamber in the
285:imperial purple
269:
243:
230:The concept of
221:Robert Curthose
184:
145:Porphyrogénnētē
128:Porphyrogenitus
112:Πορφυρογέννητος
85:Traditionally,
68:
67:
66:
65:
50:
49:
48:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Porphyrogennete
15:
12:
11:
5:
5776:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5617:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5211:Byzantine Bath
5208:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5130:Constantinople
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4889:Byzantine Rite
4880:
4878:
4868:
4867:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4769:Grand domestic
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4735:Komnenian army
4731:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4610:Military units
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4580:Battle tactics
4576:
4570:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4272:Medieval Greek
4264:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4241:
4235:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4027:Fourth Crusade
4018:
4016:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Macedonian era
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3917:Theodosian era
3914:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3849:
3837:
3836:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3749:Ottoman Empire
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:Ancient Greece
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3708:United Kingdom
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3601:Home-ownership
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:American Dream
3453:
3447:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2949:
2947:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Migrant worker
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2784:By demographic
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2764:Status Anxiety
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Ranked society
2715:
2710:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:Class conflict
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2643: topics
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2617:Mudsill theory
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2190:Ottoman Empire
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:Kartli-Kakheti
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:Central Africa
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1495:United Kingdom
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:Prince regnant
1149:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:Decolonization
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:Personal union
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:Constitutional
990:
984:
982:
978:
977:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
948:
945:
944:
937:
936:
929:
922:
914:
908:
907:
887:10.1086/371717
881:(2): 104–118.
868:
852:, (hardcover,
844:
841:
839:
838:
817:
796:
767:
741:
711:
691:
678:
671:
645:
638:
620:
613:
587:
580:
545:
524:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
447:
444:
393:
390:
361:
358:
331:sumptuary laws
319:Ancient Romans
268:
265:
247: 913–959
183:
180:
152:Porphyrogenita
138:Πορφυρογέννητη
91:royal families
52:
51:
42:
41:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5775:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5646:
5642:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5583:Encyclopedias
5581:
5580:
5578:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:Hellenization
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:Everyday life
5463:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5437:Acritic songs
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:Hosios Loukas
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5073:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:Monophysitism
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:Armenian Rite
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4858:
4844:
4843:Naval battles
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4550:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:Protasekretis
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4217:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3994:Komnenian era
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:Heraclian era
3930:
3928:
3927:Justinian era
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3791:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3713:United States
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:Other regions
3612:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:United States
3436:
3432:
3423:
3419:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Socioeconomic
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Social stigma
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Social orphan
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:Nouveau riche
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Class traitor
2673:
2671:
2670:Class society
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2607:Gilbert model
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:Easter Island
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Jabal Shammar
1848:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
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1145:Queen regnant
1143:
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1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:Republicanism
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:Head of state
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
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1047:
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1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:Non-sovereign
1016:
1014:
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989:
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859:
858:0-9737839-5-8
855:
851:
847:
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827:
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800:
786:on 2002-11-16
785:
781:
774:
772:
757:on 2008-10-09
756:
752:
745:
730:
729:
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682:
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419:Frederick III
416:
412:
409:
408:German Kaiser
403:
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389:
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225:William Rufus
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
197:
193:
188:
179:
177:
173:
169:
168:Tyrian purple
164:
162:
158:
154:
153:
148:
146:
134:
130:
129:
124:
118:
109:
105:
104:
99:
97:
96:Tyrian purple
92:
88:
80:
77:
72:
63:
59:
55:
46:
37:
19:
5448:
5216:Hagia Sophia
5198:Thessalonica
5173:Hagia Sophia
5153:Chora Church
5091:Architecture
4968:Great Schism
4958:Paulicianism
4936:Miaphysitism
4791:Karabisianoi
4095:or territory
4055:Thessalonica
4039:Latin Empire
4034:Frankokratia
4009:
3969:Isaurian era
3956:
3887:
3872:
3868:Roman Empire
3858:
3764:Soviet Union
3739:Ancient Rome
3596:Homelessness
3521:Upper Middle
3393: /
3374: /
3365: /
3330:Working poor
3226:
3213:Robber baron
3036:Intellectual
3026:Royal family
2990:Ancient Rome
2844:second-class
2762:
2705:
2704: /
2699:
2695:High society
2602:Elite theory
2579:
2572:
2565:
2552:Social class
2488:South Africa
2483:Sierra Leone
2430:
2260:Two Sicilies
2195:Papal States
1995:
1934:
1827:
1693:
1453:Cook Islands
1306:
1292:Saudi Arabia
1221:
878:
872:
861:
830:. Retrieved
820:
809:. Retrieved
799:
788:. Retrieved
784:the original
759:. Retrieved
755:the original
744:
733:. Retrieved
726:
714:
699:
694:
686:
681:
656:
648:
629:
623:
598:
590:
569:
537:. Retrieved
527:
520:
513:. Retrieved
509:the original
504:
495:
482:Silver spoon
452:Crown prince
429:
424:
404:
399:Hubert Parry
395:
369:
365:
363:
354:Michael VIII
343:
313:
301:Anna Komnene
296:
282:
258:
254:
231:
229:
213:Nupe Kingdom
206:
201:
200:
165:
156:
151:
150:
149:, Latinized
142:
127:
126:
102:
101:
100:
86:
84:
5699:Megali Idea
5674:Byzantinism
5377:Agriculture
5168:Hagia Irene
5001:Kievan Rus'
4978:Mount Athos
4801:Cibyrrhaeot
4745:Vestiaritai
4600:Mercenaries
4477:Catepanates
4336:Sakellarios
4255:Family tree
4180:Mesopotamia
3999:Angelid era
3979:Amorian era
3683:New Zealand
3400:Untouchable
3325:Proletariat
3315:Pea-pickers
3265:Bourgeoisie
2953:Aristocracy
2839:naturalized
2834:native-born
2427:British Raj
2399:(Sri Lanka)
2285:Württemberg
1997:South Yemen
1885:Maguindanao
1778:Afghanistan
1539:Barotseland
1475:Saint Lucia
1448:New Zealand
1357:Netherlands
1130:Chhatrapati
1114:Sovereignty
1054:Aristocracy
777:Anonymous,
657:The Alexiad
392:Limitations
56:(left) and
5752:Categories
5694:Third Rome
5620:University
5603:Philosophy
5593:Inventions
5456:Historians
5424:Literature
5407:Varangians
5249:San Vitale
5178:Hippodrome
5158:City Walls
5058:Mutilation
5053:Hexabiblos
4973:Bogomilism
4963:Iconoclasm
4833:Megas doux
4823:Greek fire
4806:Aegean Sea
4679:Kleisourai
4656:Excubitors
4646:Bucellarii
4498:Despotates
4467:Kleisourai
4406:Provincial
4250:Coronation
4224:Governance
3989:Doukid era
3922:Leonid era
3673:Luxembourg
3563:Inequality
3228:Superclass
3019:Hereditary
2995:Post-Roman
2986:Patrician
2856:adolescent
2680:Classicide
2493:Tanganyika
2408:The Gambia
2336:Niuē-Fekai
2275:Yugoslavia
2175:Montenegro
1982:Upper Yafa
1977:Upper Asir
1614:Madagascar
1347:Luxembourg
1079:Government
1044:Abdication
1013:Hereditary
941:Monarchies
832:2008-10-19
811:2008-10-19
790:2008-10-19
761:2008-10-19
735:2008-10-19
708:0195046528
539:2008-10-19
515:2008-10-19
488:References
411:Wilhelm II
190:Patriarch
5522:Octoechos
5402:Silk Road
4894:Hesychasm
4762:Paramonai
4709:Hetaireia
4641:Foederati
4530:Diplomacy
4525:Diplomats
4431:Provinces
4260:Empresses
4063:Trebizond
3859:Preceding
3698:Sri Lanka
3591:Education
3558:Household
3451:Affluence
3386:Rat tribe
3348:Ant tribe
3320:Precariat
3305:Lazzaroni
3247:Bohemians
3208:Overclass
3203:Old money
3139:Spartiate
3114:Kshatriya
3104:Hashashin
3061:Professor
3002:Political
2975:Oligarchy
2965:Hanseaten
2883:Stateless
2863:Convicted
2795:By status
2758:Subaltern
2690:Euthenics
2622:New class
2463:Mauritius
2356:Rarotonga
2341:Nuku Hiva
2331:Mangareva
2306:Bora Bora
2185:Neuchâtel
2155:Lithuania
2060:Catalonia
1947:Sri Lanka
1900:Manchukuo
1875:Kurdistan
1829:Indonesia
1752:Talamanca
1712:Araucanía
1695:and other
1674:Wassoulou
1418:Australia
1094:Oligarchy
903:161424526
440:accession
415:Wilhelm I
386:Theophanu
360:Diplomacy
295:. As the
267:Etymology
209:Byzantium
194:baptizes
123:Latinized
5615:Scholars
5608:Rhetoric
5598:Medicine
5573:Learning
5472:Calendar
5349:Painters
5048:Basilika
4986:Bulgaria
4948:Arianism
4899:Hayhurum
4876:Religion
4838:Admirals
4757:Allagion
4689:Droungos
4595:Generals
4557:Military
4520:Treaties
4426:Dioceses
4245:Emperors
4158:Sardinia
4138:Dalmatia
4118:Bulgaria
4108:Anatolia
4067:Theodoro
4061: /
4057: /
4049: /
3790:Category
3722:Historic
3643:Colombia
3633:Cambodia
3568:Personal
3466:Mobility
3395:Freedman
3381:Plebeian
3367:Prisoner
3353:Commoner
3239:Creative
3220:Seigneur
3186:Nobility
3144:Vanniyar
3129:Pendekar
3089:Cossacks
2723:Snobbery
2595:Theories
2478:Rhodesia
2473:Pakistan
2392:Barbados
2361:Rimatara
2351:Rapa Iti
2280:Valencia
2255:Tavolara
2245:Scotland
2210:Portugal
2170:Moldavia
2055:Bulgaria
2050:Brittany
2025:Asturias
1905:Mongolia
1895:Maldives
1757:Trinidad
1747:Suriname
1705:Americas
1689:Zimbabwe
1684:Zanzibar
1669:Wituland
1644:Ngazidja
1639:Ndzuwani
1574:Ethiopia
1297:Thailand
1277:Malaysia
1257:Cambodia
1207:Eswatini
1003:Elective
988:Absolute
663:196, 219
533:"Purple"
501:"Purple"
467:Nepotism
446:See also
432:monarchs
289:porphyry
211:and the
172:porphyry
155:), born
5724:Outline
5669:Museums
5569:Science
5546:Slavery
5502:Gardens
5482:Cuisine
5414:Dynatoi
5382:Coinage
5369:Economy
5337:Mosaics
5300:Mystras
5241:Ravenna
5103:Secular
4991:Moravia
4740:Pronoia
4714:Akritai
4699:Tagmata
4674:Themata
4615:Revolts
4585:Battles
4493:Kephale
4462:Themata
4392:Mesazon
4234:Central
4170:Maghreb
4123:Corsica
4113:Armenia
4103:Albania
3846:History
3693:Romania
3688:Nigeria
3573:Poverty
3476:Classes
3461:History
3372:Peasant
3358:Outcast
3297:Working
3277:Burgher
3134:Samurai
3124:Ocēlōtl
3084:Chhetri
3076:Warrior
3066:Scholar
2980:Russian
2970:Magnate
2958:Aristoi
2937:By type
2824:Citizen
2817:refugee
2713:Poverty
2707:Parvenu
2641:Related
2612:Marxian
2574:Stratum
2468:Nigeria
2443:Ireland
2371:Tahuata
2346:Raiatea
2326:Huahine
2301:Abemama
2294:Oceania
2265:Tuscany
2220:Romania
2215:Prussia
2180:Navarre
2160:Majorca
2140:Ireland
2135:Imereti
2130:Iceland
2125:Hungary
2120:Hanover
2115:Granada
2105:Germany
2100:Georgia
2095:Galicia
2085:Finland
2075:Corsica
2070:Cilicia
2040:Bavaria
2030:Austria
2015:Albania
1987:Vietnam
1930:Sarawak
1920:Qu'aiti
1855:Kathiri
1818:Dapitan
1793:Bukhara
1742:Miskito
1664:Tunisia
1654:Shilluk
1564:Dahomey
1554:Burundi
1544:Bagirmi
1524:Adamawa
1443:Jamaica
1438:Grenada
1423:Bahamas
1387:Oceania
1337:Denmark
1332:Belgium
1327:Andorra
1242:Bahrain
1217:Morocco
1212:Lesotho
1191:Current
1182:Pharaoh
1135:Emperor
1074:Dynasty
1028:Regency
1008:Federal
998:Diarchy
952:Monarch
630:Henry I
568:(ed.).
462:Dynasty
382:Otto II
309:pyramid
161:emperor
119:
5734:Portal
5649:Impact
5529:People
5477:Cities
5327:Enamel
5108:Sacred
5043:Ecloga
4909:Saints
4818:Dromon
4694:Bandon
4684:Tourma
4667:Middle
4590:Beacon
4472:Bandon
4455:Middle
4324:Middle
4279:Senate
4202:Thrace
4185:Serbia
4163:Sicily
4148:Greece
4133:Cyprus
4051:Epirus
4047:Nicaea
3957:Middle
3834:topics
3648:France
3628:Belize
3623:Africa
3550:Income
3506:Middle
3499:Gentry
3363:Outlaw
3270:Petite
3257:Middle
3191:Landed
3176:Gentry
3109:Knight
3049:Priest
3044:Clergy
3007:Family
2945:Ruling
2894:collar
2851:Clique
2567:Status
2503:Uganda
2453:Malawi
2418:Guyana
2397:Ceylon
2376:Tahiti
2366:Rurutu
2321:Hawaii
2250:Serbia
2235:Saxony
2225:Russia
2110:Greece
2090:France
2080:Cyprus
2065:Crimea
2045:Bosnia
2020:Aragon
2008:Europe
1972:Taiwan
1942:Sikkim
1925:Ryukyu
1910:Najran
1808:Chehab
1788:Bengal
1737:Mexico
1722:Brazil
1649:Rwanda
1629:Maravi
1529:Ankole
1517:Africa
1509:Former
1490:Tuvalu
1433:Canada
1428:Belize
1372:Sweden
1362:Norway
1352:Monaco
1319:Europe
1272:Kuwait
1267:Jordan
1252:Brunei
1247:Bhutan
1199:Africa
1172:Sultan
1123:Titles
1037:Topics
901:
895:543305
893:
856:
731:. 1891
706:
669:
636:
611:
578:
436:throne
378:Otto I
5719:Index
5551:Death
5541:Women
5512:Music
5492:Dress
5487:Dance
5432:Novel
5392:Trade
5387:Mints
5332:Glass
5322:Icons
5118:Domes
4996:Serbs
4811:Samos
4624:Early
4414:Early
4288:Early
4197:Syria
4175:Malta
4153:Italy
4143:Egypt
4128:Crete
4059:Morea
3888:Early
3744:Aztec
3703:Tibet
3678:Nepal
3668:Italy
3658:India
3653:Haiti
3638:China
3538:Under
3533:Lower
3511:Black
3494:Donor
3489:Black
3484:Upper
3391:Slave
3340:Under
3196:Petty
3171:Elite
3158:Upper
3099:Harii
3094:Cuāuh
2928:White
2908:Green
2807:Alien
2650:Caste
2458:Malta
2448:Kenya
2423:India
2413:Ghana
2240:Savoy
2230:Samos
2145:Italy
1992:Yemen
1967:Tibet
1962:Syria
1915:Nepal
1890:Mahra
1870:Kumul
1865:Korea
1860:Khiva
1839:Qajar
1823:Hejaz
1813:China
1798:Burma
1727:Haiti
1717:Aztec
1634:Mwali
1624:Maore
1604:Libya
1599:Kongo
1594:Kaffa
1589:Gumma
1584:Gomma
1579:Ghana
1569:Egypt
1549:Bornu
1534:Aussa
1395:Tonga
1367:Spain
1287:Qatar
1262:Japan
899:S2CID
891:JSTOR
723:(PDF)
323:togas
157:after
108:Greek
5517:Lyra
5397:silk
5008:Jews
4783:Navy
4728:Late
4568:Army
4535:Wars
4486:Late
4380:Late
4010:Late
3663:Iran
3376:Serf
3181:Lord
3119:Nair
3012:List
2923:Pink
2913:Grey
2903:Blue
2892:By "
2403:Fiji
1957:Sulu
1936:Shan
1880:Laos
1845:Iraq
1835:Iran
1803:Cebu
1783:Asir
1771:Asia
1732:Inca
1679:Yeke
1619:Mali
1609:Luba
1458:Niue
1308:list
1282:Oman
1234:Asia
1223:list
1177:Shah
1167:Tsar
1162:khan
1157:Raja
1140:King
981:Type
854:ISBN
704:ISBN
667:ISBN
634:ISBN
609:ISBN
605:1–56
576:ISBN
344:The
275:The
117:lit.
74:The
5314:Art
5018:Law
2918:New
2165:Man
883:doi
860:).
325:of
125:as
5754::
2441:/
2429:,
897:.
889:.
879:22
877:.
770:^
725:.
665:,
607:.
548:^
503:.
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372:.
356:.
263:.
245:r.
227:.
163:.
141:,
114:,
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1994:(
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885::
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764:.
738:.
676:.
642:.
617:.
584:.
542:.
518:.
242:(
106:(
64:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
