661:. A similar view was held by Belinsky, who also stated that "Dostoyevsky's talent is ... not descriptive, but to the highest degree creative." Victor Terras thought that Dostoyevsky did not use satire except in a few cases, but instead employed a "humor derived from the eternal conflict between the simple soul of a good man and the complex apparatus of the soulless, institutionalized society run by 'clever' people." Joseph Frank, who suggested that the whole work is a "serious parody", recalled that
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546:, who was planning to issue an anthology in 1846. Dostoevsky took the manuscript to Nekrasov and returned home. Shortly afterwards the doorbell of his house rang, and he opened the door to the excited Nekrasov and Grigorovich, both of whom congratulated him on his debut novel, of which they had only read 10 pages. They finished the full 112-page work during the night at Dostoevsky's apartment. The next morning, the three men went to the critic
1333:Пушкин (Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich), Александр Сергеевич; (Князь,Prince Pyotr Andreyevich Vyazemsky), Петр Андреевич Вяземский; Жуковский (Zhukovsky, Vasily Andreyevich), Василий Андреевич; Плетнев (Pletnëv, Pëtr Alexandrovič), Петр Александрович; Некрасов (Nekrasov, Nikolay Alekseyevich), Николай Алексеевич; Панаев (Panaev, Ivan Ivanovich), Иван Иванович; Боград (Bograd, Vladimir Èmmanuilovich), Владимир Эммануилович (1846).
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generous settlement they seem to be destined to be perfectly happy, but the father dies, leaving his family in a shambles despite the money. Soon after this, Dobroselova announces that a rich man, Mr. Bykov who had dealings with Anna
Fyodorovna and Pokrovsky's father, has proposed to her. She decides to leave with him, and the last few letters attest to her slowly becoming accustomed to her new money.
239:. A deep but odd friendship develops between them until Dobroselova loses her interest in literature, and later in communicating with Devushkin after a rich widower Mr. Bykov proposes to her. Devushkin, a prototype of the clerk found in many works of naturalistic literature at that time, retains his sentimental characteristics; Dobroselova abandons art, while Devushkin cannot live without literature.
492:, it put strong emphasis on literature. As the school required 800 rubles per year, his father had to do additional work and ask his aristocratic relatives, the Kumanins, for money. Although Dostoevsky settled in well, he had to leave after his mother's death on 27 September 1837 led to financial problems for his family. He was sent to the
554:" though Belinsky replied sceptically "You find Gogols springing up like mushrooms". Dostoevsky himself did not believe his book would receive a positive review from Belinsky, but when Nekrasov visited Belinsky in the evening, the latter wanted to meet Dostoevsky to congratulate him on his debut. Dostoevsky proposed to issue
702:– to penetrate into the psychology of Gogol's characters. It is claimed that the result of Dostoevsky's unequivocal humanization of the Gogolian model intensified its effect. Gogol's debonair portrayal of sociopsychological frustrations is a case in point. Dostoevsky took a different path by highlighting its tragic aspect.
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who was previously cruel to them but at least pretends to feel sympathy for their situation. Dobroselova is tutored by a poor student named
Pokrovsky, whose drunken father occasionally visits. She eventually falls in love with Pokrovsky. She struggles to save a measly amount of money to purchase the complete works of
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opening the blinds to reveal grey clouds and dirty rain. In response
Pokrovsky only shakes his head and then passes away. Dobroselova's mother dies shortly afterwards, and Dobroselova is left in the care of Anna for a time, but the abuse becomes too much and she goes to live with Fedora across the street.
538:. It's a rather original work." Dostoevsky later wrote to his brother on 23 March 1845, "I finished the novel in November, then rewrote it in December, and again in February–March. I am seriously satisfied with my novel. It is a serious and elegant work ..." Sometime around April 1845, his friend
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noted after a number of publications by
Dostoevsky: "Gogol was usually the leading social poet, while Dostoevsky usually the leading psychological poet. The former is known as the representative of the contemporary society or contemporary circle, for the latter the society itself becomes interesting
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She asks
Devushkin to find linen for her and begins to talk about various luxuries, but leaves him alone in the end despite his improving fortunes. In the last correspondence in the story, on September 29, Devushkin begs Dobroselova to write to him. Dobroselova responds saying that "all is over" and
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The reader progressively learns their history. Dobroselova originally lived in the country, but moved to St. Petersburg (which she hates) when her father lost his job. Her father becomes very violent and her mother severely depressed. Her father dies and they move in with Anna
Fyodorovna, a landlady
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is the position that the former is considered the continuation of the latter, that
Dostoevsky picked up where Gogol left off in his tale about poor civil servants. This view does not imply that Dostoevsky did not offer innovations since this novel also distinguished itself by humanizing those that
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is a shy, poor and lonely forty-seven-year-old clerk and copyist. He has been compared to other clerks from the "natural school" such as "The
Overcoat"'s Akaky Akakievich. Although trying to use literature to understand life, Devushkin does not discuss these topics separately, and falsely believes
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Devushkin works as a lowly copyist, frequently belittled and picked on by his colleagues. His clothing is worn and dirty, and his living conditions are perhaps worse than
Dobroselova's. He considers himself a rat in society. He and Dobroselova exchange letters (and occasional visits that are never
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games were a huge drain on his funds because of his frequent losses. As a consequence, Dostoyevsky was often forced to ask his relatives for money, but he felt uncomfortable doing so and decided to write a novel to raise money. "It's simply a case", Dostoevsky wrote to his brother
Mikhail, "of my
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Varvara Dobroselova and Makar Devushkin are second cousins twice-removed and live across from each other on the same street in terrible apartments. Devushkin's, for example, is merely a portioned-off section of the kitchen, and he lives with several other tenants, such as the Gorshkovs, whose son
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as his diary. However, as an external narrator is missing the only source for the character's motivation and personality is available in the letters and Dobroselova's diary. The numerous different voices, that is Devushkin's quotations from stories, his commentaries about these books and his own
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The writer Ratazyayev, who jokes about using Devushkin as a character in one of his stories, offends him, but genuinely seems to like him. Eventually Devushkin's pride is assuaged and their friendship is restored. The Gorshkovs come into money because the father's case is won in court. With the
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Dobroselova considers moving to another part of the city where she can work as a governess. Just as he is out of money and risks being evicted, Devushkin has a stroke of luck: his boss takes pity on him and gives him 100 rubles to buy new clothes. Devushkin pays off his debts and sends some to
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at the market for his birthday present, then allows his father to give the books to him instead, claiming that just knowing he received the books will be enough for her happiness. Pokrovsky falls ill soon after, and his dying wish is to see the sun and the world outside. Dobroselova obliges by
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contained a great deal of parody and satire of Gogol books; however, there are some dissenters. Karin Jeanette Harmon guesses in "Double Parody Equals Anti-Parody" that Dostoyevsky mixes the parody of the sentimental epistolary novel with the parody of the naturalistic sketch of the clerk.
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is written in the form of letters between the two main characters, Makar Devushkin and Varvara Dobroselova, who are poor third cousins twice removed. The novel showcases the life of poor people, their relationship with rich people, and poverty in general, all common themes of
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714:, are mentioned in the letters between Dobroselova and Devushkin. Dostoevsky may have chosen the epistolary genre to include his personal critical observations, similar to real-life letters between writer and addressee. According to Yakubovich, Dostoevsky uses
496:; he had problems adjusting to life there, but nevertheless managed to graduate on 12 August 1843 as a military engineer. After his graduation, he lived a quite liberal lifestyle, attending many plays and the ballets of composers
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ideas. He also praised him for illustrating human nature and taking out "souls in the centre of the depth which are caged after protesting for identity against the exterior, violent pressure, and presents it to our verdict".
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According to critic Rebecca Epstein Matveyev, Pushkin's "The Stationmaster" serves as a "thematic subtext, as a basis for Devushkin's literary experiments, and as a resource for his epistolary relationship." Both,
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The Dostoevsky Archive: Firsthand Accounts of the Novelist from Contemporaries' Memoirs and Rare Periodicals, Most Translated Into English for the First Time, with a Detailed Lifetime Chronology and Annotated
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Varvara Alekseyevna Dobroselova (Варвара Алексеевна Добросёлова) – lives in similar conditions as Devushkin. Her decision to live with the unscrupulous Mr. Bykov makes her an outsider, not typical of
284:, on January 15, 1846. It became a huge success nationwide. Parts of it were translated into German by Wilhelm Wolfsohn and published in an 1846/1847 magazine. The first English translation was provided by
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Dobroselova. She sends him 25 rubles back because she does not need it. The future looks bright for both of them because he can now start to save money and it may be possible for them to move in together.
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groans in agonizing hunger almost the entire story. Devushkin and Dobroselova exchange letters attesting to their terrible living conditions and the former frequently squanders his money on gifts for her.
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played in German literature ... He became so deeply immersed in the life of civil servants that the dull and uninteresting everyday life became for him a nightmare close to madness". Count
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781:. I have read this novel and said: 'Poor Russian readers!' However, Mr. Dostoevsky is a man of some talent and, if he finds his way in literature, he will be able to write something decent."
777:
News about a new genius, Mr. Dostoevsky, is circulating across St. Petersburg. We do not know whether it is his real name or a pen-name. The reading audience is praising his new novel,
730:. This is demonstrated, for instance, in the suggestion of something dishonorable in Varvara's past as well as the fact that she and Devushkin are distantly related, hinting an
504:, and renting an expensive apartment, the Prianishnikov House, for 1,200 rubles, even though he was only earning 5,000 rubles per year. These events and his introduction to
36:
685:, "Dostoyevsky wanted to utilize Gogol's humour with naive simplicity of the undisturbed Osnovyanenko ." Another perspective that describes the connection between
211:, written over the span of nine months between 1844 and 1845. Dostoevsky was in financial difficulty because of his extravagant lifestyle and his developing
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burlesques the "high-society adventure novel, the Gogolian humorous local color-tale" and "the debunking physiological sketch". Victor Terras dubbed it a "
215:; although he had produced some translations of foreign novels, they had little success, and he decided to write a novel of his own to try to raise funds.
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that Dobroselova's letters reflect his life, taking short stories as realistic works. He exhibits typical sentimental characteristics; according to
639:. Additional elements include the backgrounds of the two protagonists and the tragic ending, both typical characteristics of a middle-class novel.
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were responsible for his deteriorating financial situation. He worked as a translator, but the translations he completed in 1843, such as Balzac's
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composed of letters written by Varvara and her close friend Makar Devushkin. The name of the book and the main female character were adapted from
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to not forget her. The last letter is from Devushkin saying that he loves her and that he will die when he leaves her and then she will cry.
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in early 1844. He first mentioned the upcoming work in a letter to Mikhail on 30 September 1844: "I am finishing up a novel of the size of
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of an old man's loving a girl with its vague interweaving of eroticism and 'paternal affection' is one of Dostoevsky's favorite themes."
387:, Dostoyevsky "writes on the edge of sentimentality, but he is a completely credible and rounded figure". Devushkin's name derives from
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Mr. Bykov (Быков) – an old, rich, brutal widower. Successfully proposes to Dobroselova at the end. His name derives from
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stated "In this work comedy is somehow explored and includes an appreciable tone, colour and even the language of Gogol and
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were – in Gogol's tale - mechanical and lifeless. This is aligned with the theory that Dostoevsky attempted – both in
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detailed), and eventually they also begin to exchange books. Devushkin becomes offended when she sends him a copy of "
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1976:Щкола сентиментального натурализма – Роман Достоевского "Бедные люди" на фоне литературной эволюции 40-х годов
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954:) has different meanings, such as misfortune, poverty, trouble or calamity, and the nearest translation for
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453:, was the first genre Dostoevsky was introduced to. Other formative influences were the works by the poets
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praised the book in his essay "About the Progress of Revolutionary Ideas in Russia", noting the book's "
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received nationwide critical acclaim. Dostoevsky observed that "the whole of Russia is talking about my
542:, with whom he had shared an apartment since the autumn of 1844, proposed giving the manuscript to poet
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Matveyev, Rebecca Epstein (Winter 1995). "Textuality and Intertextuality in Dostoevsky's Poor Folk".
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797:, in the 1861 essay "Downtrodden People", wrote that Dostoevsky studies poor reality and expresses
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also liked the novel, stating that "it was written with force and simplicity by a great talent".
413:, she chooses the materialistic path and loses her interest in literature. Her name derives from
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1737:
Dostoevsky and Romantic Realism: A Study of Dostoevsky in Relation to Balzac, Dickens, and Gogol
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Dostoevsky showed interest in literature since his childhood. His mother's subscription to the
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love. Other sources contributed in this view such as Konstantin Mochulsky who said that "the
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of voices from different perspectives and narrators. Initially offered by Dostoyevsky to the
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enabled the family entry into the leading contemporary Russian and non-Russian literature.
488:, the Chermak boarding school. Founded by a Czech immigrant who moved to Russia after the
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as the inspiration for the novel. Later critics stated that the sentimental-humanitarian
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1986:] (in Russian). Fundamental Electronic Library of Russian Literature and Folklore.
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1060:(4). American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages: 535–51.
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Makar Alekseyevich Devushkin (Макар Алексеевич Девушкин) – the protagonist of
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The following is a list of English versions (publication date in parentheses)
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1189:"Letters of Fyodor Michailovitch Dostoyevsky to his family and friends"
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rejects the idea of any satiric content; he notes that satire began in
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and the relationship between the poor and the rich, common themes of
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A Plot of Her Own: The Female Protagonist in Russian Literature
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The Making of a Counter-Culture Icon: Henry Miller's Dostoevsky
1608:(in Russian). Vol. 53. Andrei Kraevsky. 1847. pp. 2–4
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505:
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1446:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 105–06.
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tendencies and animations". The work was classified by critic
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Georgy Mikhailovich Fridlender. "Бедные Люди (Poor People)".
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812:: "Dostoevsky starts to play in our literature the same role
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1980:
School of the Sentimental Naturalism – Dostoyevsky's Novel
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as a work of the so-called "natural school". The newspaper
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723:. These effects confuse the reader and hide the narrator.
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novel covering all. If I fail in this, I'll hang myself."
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1984:
Against the Background of Literary Evolution of the 1840s
1471:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 36.
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Dostoevsky initially attended the best private school in
417:, meaning good, symbolizing her good-hearted personality.
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Depending on the translation, the work is also known as
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1417:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
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Dostojewskij: Sein Leben, Sein Werk, Sein Vermächtnis
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757:, Belinsky named it Russia's first "social novel".
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424:, meaning bull, symbolizing sexual power and lust.
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1498:(in Russian). Vol. 15th Letters 1834–1881.
1634:Dostoevsky's Secrets: Reading Against the Grain
2277:Another Man's Wife and a Husband Under the Bed
1186:
726:Sexual guilt is another recognizable theme in
564:, but it was instead published in the almanac
296:and publication by London's Mathews and Lane.
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1761:. Vol. 1–5. Princeton University Press.
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60:
2484:Twenty Six Days from the Life of Dostoyevsky
1884:
1712:
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992:
669:of the sentimental epistolary love story."
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1825:Dostoevsky and English Modernism 1900–1930
1800:
1779:Dostoevsky: The Seeds of Revolt, 1821–1849
1528:
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550:; Nekrasov proclaimed Dostoevsky "the New
395:remarked it is an incongruent description.
280:, the novel was published in the almanac,
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2326:The Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree
1893:
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1016:
753:". As soon as he read the manuscript for
494:Military Engineering-Technical University
230:, as well as English and French authors,
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825:through its influence on other people".
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432:
262:work, other critics detected parody and
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1444:Dostoevsky: The Author as Psychoanalyst
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958:in this case is "people", not "folk".
1821:
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1492:Fyodor Dostoevsky (8 October 1846).
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1054:The Slavic and East European Journal
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1004:
1191:. Translated by Ethel Golburn Mayne
571:
246:for its humanitarian themes. While
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2365:Winter Notes on Summer Impressions
1399:
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19:For people living in poverty, see
14:
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1992:
1956:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1807:. Northwestern University Press.
1801:Hoisington, Sona Stephan (1995).
1740:. Northwestern University Press.
1719:. Northwestern University Press.
1637:. Northwestern University Press.
288:in 1894, with an introduction by
250:dubbed the novel Russia's first "
2291:The Christmas Tree and a Wedding
2024:
1923:(in German). Erich Wewel Verlag.
1887:Dostoevsky: The Man and His Work
1758:Dostoevsky: A Writer in His Time
1413:Dostoevsky: A Writer in His Time
950:as the Russian word for "poor" (
518:, were not very successful. His
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313:
1679:. University of Toronto Press.
1658:. University Press of America.
1623:
1592:
1485:
1460:
1435:
1372:
1326:
1180:
828:
266:. The novel uses a complicated
1894:Mochulsky, Konstantin (1973).
1870:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1828:. Cambridge University Press.
1655:Dostoevsky's Polyphonic Talent
1541:Complete Letters in 15 Volumes
1467:Mochulsky, Konstantin (1971).
940:
617:Letters of Abelard and Heloise
40:First English language edition
1:
2347:The Dream of a Ridiculous Man
1897:Dostoevsky: His Life and Work
1694:Carr, Edward Hallett (1962).
1469:Dostoevsky: His Life and Work
965:
679:". "Through his tale", wrote
2144:The Village of Stepanchikovo
1885:Meier-Gräfe, Julius (1988).
1713:Dostoyevsky, Fyodor (1877).
1673:Bloshteyn, Maria R. (2007).
1078: – via JSTOR
741:
530:Dostoevsky began working on
242:Contemporary critics lauded
7:
2517:Novels by Fyodor Dostoevsky
2034:public domain audiobook at
1867:The Dostoevsky Encyclopedia
1381:, in Russian, 1846, vol. 25
919:
428:
201:), sometimes translated as
16:Novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
10:
2538:
1902:Princeton University Press
1864:Lantz, Kenneth A. (2004).
1784:Princeton University Press
1442:Santayana, George (1989).
437:Dostoyevsky as an engineer
18:
2418:
2382:
2356:
2261:
2226:
2111:
2088:
1652:Barnhart, Joe E. (2005).
1631:Apollonio, Carol (2009).
859:Poor Folk and the Gambler
789:, 1 February 1848, no. 27
566:St. Petersburg Collection
282:St. Petersburg Collection
218:Inspired by the works of
194:
170:
158:
144:
128:
120:Published in English
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110:
100:
90:
80:
70:
61:
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1975:
1700:. Taylor & Francis.
1602:Annals of the Fatherland
933:
642:Belinsky and others saw
595:. Largely influenced by
403:; unlike the heroine in
207:, is the first novel by
2152:Humiliated and Insulted
1950:Terras, Victor (1998).
1928:Sekirin, Peter (1997).
1919:Müller, Ludolf (1982).
1776:Frank, Joseph (1979) .
1734:Fanger, Donald (1998).
1080:(subscription required)
719:works, are examples of
307:The two main characters
299:
2251:Notes from Underground
2216:The Brothers Karamazov
1843:Kjetsaa, Geir (1989).
1755:Frank, Joseph (2009).
1409:Frank, Joseph (2010).
792:
581:
438:
292:, cover art design by
2160:The House of the Dead
1849:. Fawcett Columbine.
775:
579:
568:on January 15, 1846.
436:
2456:The Grand Inquisitor
2168:Crime and Punishment
1822:Kaye, Peter (1999).
1697:Dostoevsky 1821–1881
1187:Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
625:Héloïse d’Argenteuil
2507:1846 Russian novels
2432:Lyubov Dostoevskaya
2192:The Eternal Husband
795:Nikolay Dobrolyubov
593:literary naturalism
320:Varvara Dobroselova
237:literary naturalism
56:Original title
30:
2438:Mikhail Dostoevsky
2410:Rodion Raskolnikov
2390:Nastasya Filipovna
2136:Netochka Nezvanova
1972:Vinogradov, Viktor
1953:Reading Dostoevsky
1502:. pp. 51–53.
1311:, pp. 137–58.
1299:, pp. 226–27.
1248:, pp. 24, 46.
1236:, pp. 307–17.
810:The Finnish Herald
582:
548:Vissarion Belinsky
540:Dmitry Grigorovich
516:La dernière Aldini
443:Library of Reading
439:
401:sentimental novels
274:-leaning magazine
258:called it a major
248:Vissarion Belinsky
213:gambling addiction
65:(tr. Bednye lyudi)
28:
2522:1846 debut novels
2512:Epistolary novels
2494:
2493:
2450:Dostoevsky Museum
2426:Anna Dostoevskaya
2395:Alyosha Karamazov
2340:The Peasant Marey
2082:Fyodor Dostoevsky
2019:Project Gutenberg
1963:978-0-299-16054-8
1942:978-0-7864-0264-9
1877:978-0-313-30384-5
1835:978-0-521-62358-2
1814:978-0-8101-1224-7
1793:978-0-691-01355-8
1768:978-0-691-12819-1
1747:978-0-8101-1593-4
1686:978-0-8020-9228-1
1665:978-0-7618-3097-9
1644:978-0-8101-2532-2
1153:, pp. 51–52.
873:Constance Garnett
818:Vladimir Sollogub
806:Apollon Grigoriev
708:The Stationmaster
612:The Stationmaster
607:Alexander Pushkin
455:Alexander Pushkin
405:Samuel Richardson
209:Fyodor Dostoevsky
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111:Publication place
50:Fyodor Dostoevsky
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771:The Northern Bee
759:Alexander Herzen
682:The Northern Bee
672:The Contemporary
633:Nikolai Karamzin
629:epistolary novel
572:Themes and style
561:Fatherland Notes
544:Nikolay Nekrasov
471:chivalric novels
459:Vasily Zhukovsky
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277:Fatherland Notes
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522:and betting on
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1610:. Retrieved
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1587:Sekirin 1997
1582:
1575:Sekirin 1997
1570:
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1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1544:(in Russian)
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1523:Sekirin 1997
1518:
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1127:Kjetsaa 1989
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2487:(1981 film)
2375:(1873–1881)
2357:Non-fiction
2176:The Gambler
1394:Fanger 1998
1321:Terras 1998
1115:Müller 1982
981:Fanger 1998
948:Poor People
913:Poor People
889:Poor People
869:Poor People
843:Lena Milman
779:Poor People
763:socialistic
627:, it is an
514:and Sand's
502:Franz Liszt
465:usually by
286:Lena Milman
204:Poor People
195:Бедные люди
75:Lena Milman
62:Бедные люди
2501:Categories
2446:(mistress)
2434:(daughter)
2383:Characters
2128:The Double
1548:21 October
1478:0691060274
1367:Vinogradov
1309:Frank 1979
1285:Vinogradov
1273:Frank 2009
1210:Lantz 2004
1139:Lantz 2004
1103:Frank 2009
966:References
927:The Double
799:humanistic
773:recorded:
732:incestuous
700:The Double
658:The Double
71:Translator
29:Poor Folk
2440:(brother)
2184:The Idiot
2120:Poor Folk
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2000:Poor Folk
1982:Poor Folk
1612:4 October
1349:5 October
1195:3 October
1175:Carr 1962
1005:Kaye 1999
903:Poor Folk
879:Poor Folk
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808:wrote in
755:Poor Folk
751:Poor Folk
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742:Reception
728:Poor Folk
721:polyphony
716:Poor Folk
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637:Poor Liza
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475:Cervantes
461:, heroic
380:Poor Folk
268:polyphony
260:socialist
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138:Paperback
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920:See also
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784:—
667:travesty
524:billiard
520:gambling
498:Ole Bull
429:Creation
410:Clarissa
389:devushka
228:Karamzin
166:891.73/3
134:Hardback
81:Language
2419:Related
2098:Letters
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589:poverty
558:in the
506:casinos
346:Pushkin
272:liberal
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132:Print (
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21:poverty
2468:Vremya
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1500:Nauka
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952:bedny
934:Notes
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881:, by
871:, by
861:, by
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736:motif
552:Gogol
467:Homer
463:epics
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220:Gogol
91:Genre
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1351:2012
1197:2012
891:and
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