187:
383:, were mDNA haplotype A75 (40%) and "the dingo founder haplotype" A29 (8%). Also present were haplotypes A120 and A145. All 4 haplotypes fall within the a2 mDNA sub-haplogroup. The study also looked at archaeological specimens of ancient Polynesian dogs from which only a "short-haplotype" (a short sequence) could be derived. This short haplotype was named Arc2 and corresponds to mDNA haplotypes A75 and A120, and it could be found in 70% of samples found as far away as Hawaii and New Zealand. No dogs from Taiwan nor the Philippines carried the dingo or Polynesian haplotypes, which indicates that dogs did not enter the Pacific from a northeastern route.
334:
22:
394:
All of these dogs carry haplotypes that fall under the mDNA a2 sub-haplogroup and are therefore descendants of a dog/Chinese wolf hybrid ancestor. In 2015, the most comprehensive study of mDNA haplotypes to date found that the a2 sub-haplogroup represents 3% of all dogs in
Southeast Asia, 22% in the
1477:
The archaeology, ethnography and mitochondrial genetics of the extinct
Polynesian dog : a select annotated bibliography : submitted to the School of Communications and Information Management, Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
390:
and found they correspond to the a2 mDNA sub-haplogroup. The dog samples all carried the mDNA haplotype A192, which has only been reported in some modern village dogs from Bali, Indonesia. When compared with the two ancient
Polynesian haplotypes Arc1 and Arc2, all of the Wairau Bar dogs matched
277:
because of the scarcity of food in the native forests. The diet and environment of the islands resulted in a dog with small stature and a docile disposition, and
European explorers described them as lazy. They were said to rarely bark, but would howl occasionally.
45:. These dogs were used for both companionship and food and were introduced alongside poultry and pigs to various islands. They became extinct as a result of the crossbreeding that occurred after European breeds of dogs were introduced. Modern studies done on the
421:
showed that most of the ancient dogs fell within mDNA haplogroup A1b, as do the
Australian dingoes and the pre-colonial dogs of the Pacific, but in low frequency in China today. The specimen from the Tianluoshan archaeological site,
226:) by the time Europeans arrived. However, dogs brought on European ships were recognized by the natives when they were introduced as items of trade, indicating a universal cultural recognition of dogs across the islands. While
911:
Duleba, Anna; Skonieczna, Katarzyna; Bogdanowicz, Wiesław; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz (2015). "Complete mitochondrial genome database and standardized classification system for Canis lupus familiaris".
1217:
Pang, J.-F.; Kluetsch, C.; Zou, X.-J.; Zhang, A.-B.; Luo, L.-Y.; Angleby, H.; Ardalan, A.; Ekstrom, C.; Skollermo, A.; Lundeberg, J.; Matsumura, S.; Leitner, T.; Zhang, Y.-P.; Savolainen, P. (2009).
1424:
Zhang, Ming; Sun, Guoping; Ren, Lele; Yuan, Haibing; Dong, Guanghui; Zhang, Lizhao; Liu, Feng; Cao, Peng; Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Yang, Melinda A.; Hu, Songmei; Wang, Guo-Dong; Fu, Qiaomei (2020).
391:
Arc2. Dogs from Wairau Bar likely represent part of the initial population of dogs introduced to New
Zealand, having arrived with people around the beginning of the fourteenth century.
345:, the ancient Polynesian Arc2 to modern Polynesian, Indonesian and ancient New Zealand dogs, and the ancient Polynesian Arc1 is indistinguishable from a number of widespread modern
430:
to the entire lineage. The dogs belonging to this haplogroup were once widely distributed in southern China, then dispersed through
Southeast Asia into New Guinea and
1266:
996:
Greig, Karen; Walter, Richard; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A. (2015). "Dogs and people in
Southeast Asia and the Pacific". In M. Oxenham & H. Buckley (ed.).
325:. However, Atalaga is killed and dragged into a cave by the monster, which is later slain by Maui-Kijikiji, who wastes away mourning his dead father.
1188:
Millerstrom, Sidsel N. (2003). "Facts and
Fantasies: the Archaeology of the Marquesan Dog". In Sharyn Jones O'Day; Wim Van Neer; A. Ervynck (eds.).
1908:
206:
and the
Marquesas possessed domesticated dog populations after initial settlement that went extinct before the arrival of European explorers. On
464:
250:
was an important animal protein source for the human populations of Polynesia. For the most part, they were fed a vegetarian diet of either
386:
In 2015, a study looked at the mDNA sequences taken from ancient New Zealand Kurī dog samples discovered at an archaeological site at
1262:"Mitochondrial DNA data indicate an introduction through Mainland Southeast Asia for Australian dingoes and Polynesian domestic dogs"
1608:
941:
Greig, Karen; Boocock, James; Prost, Stefan; Horsburgh, K. Ann; Jacomb, Chris; Walter, Richard; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (2015).
859:
191:
1358:
1199:
1057:
1036:
1007:
893:
517:
2254:
1901:
1219:"MtDNA Data Indicate a Single Origin for Dogs South of Yangtze River, Less Than 16,300 Years Ago, from Numerous Wolves"
1481:
1406:
1133:
499:
1519:
1079:
1894:
186:
1371:
The Natural History of Dogs: Canidae Or Genus Canis of Authors; Including Also the Genera Hyaena and Proteles
79:
The Natural History of Dogs: Canidae Or Genus Canis of Authors; Including Also the Genera Hyaena and Proteles
285:
with introduced European dog breeds; the declining consumption of dog meat was another contributing factor.
1601:
281:
The distinct breeds of the Polynesian Dog became extinct between the 19th and early 20th centuries due to
2249:
1783:
1534:
1260:
Oskarsson, M. C. R.; Klutsch, C. F. C.; Boonyaprakob, U.; Wilton, A.; Tanabe, Y.; Savolainen, P. (2011).
1098:
83:
1917:
1497:
Luomala, Katharine (1960). Stanley Diamond (ed.). "The Native Dog in the Polynesian System of Values".
1094:
1886:
1502:
88:
1398:
1310:
246:
The Polynesians raised dogs for companionship and food. Along with domesticated pigs and chickens,
2239:
2143:
2123:
2108:
2033:
1928:
1809:
1594:
1988:
1335:
507:
317:, Maui-Atalaga and his son/brother Maui-Kijikiji attempted to hunt down Fulububuta, an enormous
1748:
342:
104:
66:
1392:
1369:
1189:
1047:
1022:
997:
532:
2053:
2023:
2018:
1953:
1824:
1344:
879:
459:
427:
2244:
2103:
1639:
956:
294:
1520:"Additional Eighteenth-Century Sketches of the Polynesian Native Dog, Including the Maori"
337:
Proposed route for the migration of dogs based on mDNA. Haplotype A29 relates most to the
313:, into the first dog, which was used to explain the human characteristics of dogs. In the
8:
2213:
2203:
2118:
2113:
2013:
1993:
1943:
1819:
495:
1558:
Skinner, Henry Devenish (March 1933). "Origin and Relationships of the Polynesian Dog".
960:
298:
2068:
1689:
1679:
1669:
1567:
1450:
1425:
1328:
1288:
1261:
1243:
1218:
1176:
979:
942:
333:
198:
The distribution of Polynesian dogs on other islands was somewhat patchy. Islands like
173:, this may have been a longer-haired version of the Tahitian Dog. Described by British
375:
found that the two most common dog haplotypes of the Indonesian region, in particular
302:
1958:
1738:
1733:
1575:
1546:
1506:
1485:
1455:
1412:
1402:
1379:
1354:
1314:
1293:
1248:
1205:
1195:
1180:
1168:
1139:
1129:
1110:
1075:
1063:
1053:
1032:
1003:
984:
929:
899:
889:
523:
513:
404:
152:
116:
2173:
2088:
2048:
2028:
1850:
1659:
1538:
1445:
1437:
1350:
1283:
1275:
1238:
1230:
1191:
Behaviour Behind Bones: The Zooarchaeology of Ritual, Religion, Status and Identity
1160:
1102:
974:
964:
921:
443:
338:
314:
134:
130:
1024:
The Routledge Handbook of Bioarchaeology in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands
999:
The Routledge Handbook of Bioarchaeology in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands
49:
of the Polynesian dogs indicate that they descended from the domesticated dogs of
2153:
2138:
2128:
2093:
2043:
1948:
1674:
1629:
1123:
969:
925:
372:
259:
235:
215:
161:
70:
356:
evidence indicates that Polynesian dogs descended from the domesticated dogs of
227:
2163:
2148:
2083:
2063:
1938:
1829:
1814:
1684:
1018:
418:
357:
310:
50:
1579:
1172:
1164:
2233:
2218:
2078:
1983:
1973:
1860:
1845:
1753:
1664:
1489:
1416:
1318:
1209:
1067:
503:
414:
282:
207:
177:
166:
148:
1550:
1510:
1441:
1234:
1143:
1114:
903:
527:
2208:
2183:
2178:
2158:
2098:
2038:
1963:
1870:
1801:
1723:
1649:
1644:
1459:
1375:
1297:
1279:
1252:
988:
933:
885:
651:
410:
157:
1383:
2198:
2008:
143:
120:
1571:
1978:
1763:
1718:
1426:"Ancient DNA evidence from China reveals the expansion of Pacific dogs"
1080:"A History of the Binomial Classification of the Polynesian Native Dog"
454:
387:
380:
346:
318:
297:. They are often associated with the legendary exploits of the demigod
263:
251:
174:
34:
1916:
1743:
1542:
1151:
Luomala, Katharine (1958). "Polynesian Myths about Maui and the Dog".
1106:
2168:
2003:
1968:
1708:
1028:
910:
830:
365:
199:
42:
1307:
Dog and Man in the Ancient Pacific, with Special Attention to Hawaii
2188:
1768:
1713:
1699:
947:
423:
322:
321:
dog, larger than a horse, living in a cave on the Fijian island of
270:, while the larger Kurī predominantly subsisted on a diet of fish.
247:
170:
119:
during their settlement of the far-flung islands, with a few major
21:
1259:
803:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
512:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 575–577.
434:, but were replaced in China 2,000 YBP by dogs of other lineages.
1634:
1586:
735:
723:
509:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
431:
306:
255:
231:
211:
203:
2058:
1855:
139:
1933:
1654:
1125:
Maui-of-a-thousand-tricks: His Oceanic and European Biographers
537:
711:
569:
567:
565:
563:
2193:
2133:
2073:
1875:
1791:
1773:
1758:
1728:
699:
449:
361:
274:
223:
219:
54:
1017:
Greig, K; Walter, R; Matisoo-Smith, L (2016). Marc Oxenham;
943:"Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of New Zealand's First Dogs"
627:
615:
603:
591:
836:
579:
560:
376:
267:
218:. They were virtually absent from Western Polynesia (i.e.,
1394:
The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand
940:
773:
1998:
687:
398:
353:
46:
38:
1016:
995:
758:
657:
1267:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
476:
409:
In 2020, an mDNA study of ancient dog fossils from the
1346:
The Dingo Debate: Origins, Behaviour and Conservation
675:
1216:
881:
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
815:
663:
778:
639:
210:, no evidence or traces of dogs have been found in
115:These dogs were introduced by the ancestors of the
1918:Extinct dog breeds, varieties, landraces and types
1327:
214:around the island or in the oral tradition of the
1499:Culture in History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin
2231:
1566:(1). Wellington: The Polynesian Society: 16–18.
799:
797:
795:
793:
1423:
842:
360:and may have shared a remote ancestor with the
53:and may have shared a remote ancestor with the
1390:
1305:Titcomb, Margaret; Pukui, Mary Kawena (1969).
705:
465:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
1902:
1602:
1002:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 462–482.
826:
824:
790:
488:
446:, an extinct breed of pariah dog from Hawaiʻi
1391:Worthy, T. H.; Holdaway, Richard N. (2002).
1304:
769:
767:
754:
752:
750:
693:
633:
621:
609:
597:
585:
573:
1334:. University of California Press. pp.
1187:
717:
364:. The study of mtDNA show they carried two
110:
1909:
1895:
1609:
1595:
821:
494:
395:Indian subcontinent and 16% in East Asia.
1478:Master of Library and Information Studies
1449:
1287:
1242:
1159:(1). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 139–162.
978:
968:
764:
747:
241:
99:Linneaus, 1758 ". Wozencraft then listed
1052:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
914:Forensic Science International: Genetics
858:
809:
332:
185:
20:
1150:
1121:
1074:
877:
741:
729:
681:
554:
192:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
2232:
1128:. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum.
759:Greig, Walter & Matisoo-Smith 2016
658:Greig, Walter & Matisoo-Smith 2015
399:Dogs enter Oceania from southern China
305:, Māui transformed his brother-in-law
16:Several extinct domestic dog varieties
1890:
1590:
1560:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
1367:
1342:
1325:
1313:Special Publications. pp. 1–48.
784:
669:
482:
2014:Dumfriesshire Black and Tan Foxhound
1045:
645:
1194:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxbow Book.
426:province dates to 7,000 YBP and is
371:In 2011, the mDNA of dogs from the
293:Dogs were an important part of the
87:published in 2005, the mammalogist
13:
1616:
1468:
1309:. Vol. 59. Honolulu, Hawaii:
328:
25:Geographic definition of Polynesia
14:
2266:
1518:Luomala, Katharine (April 1962).
1482:Victoria University of Wellington
238:at the time of European arrival.
230:brought dogs to New Zealand, the
1368:Smith, Charles Hamilton (1840).
65:In 1839, the British naturalist
1430:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1223:Molecular Biology and Evolution
851:
288:
1475:Clout, Stephanie Dale (2003).
1:
1330:Ancient Voyagers in Polynesia
470:
970:10.1371/journal.pone.0138536
926:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.014
123:developing isolated breeds.
7:
1535:Pacific Science Association
1122:Luomala, Katharine (1949).
1099:Pacific Science Association
437:
84:Mammal Species of the World
60:
10:
2271:
2255:Extinct animals of Oceania
1501:(1st ed.). New York:
1095:University of Hawaii Press
878:Diamond, Jared M. (1997).
744:, pp. 49–50, 202–203.
732:, pp. 49–50, 202–203.
706:Worthy & Holdaway 2002
402:
81:. In the third edition of
37:varieties of domesticated
1924:
1838:
1800:
1782:
1698:
1622:
1503:Columbia University Press
1165:10.1515/fabl.1959.2.1.139
1049:Inventing 'Easter Island'
557:, pp. 193, 203, 221.
89:W. Christopher Wozencraft
1399:Indiana University Press
1311:Bernice P. Bishop Museum
694:Titcomb & Pukui 1969
634:Titcomb & Pukui 1969
622:Titcomb & Pukui 1969
610:Titcomb & Pukui 1969
598:Titcomb & Pukui 1969
586:Titcomb & Pukui 1969
574:Titcomb & Pukui 1969
506:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
126:Notable breeds include:
111:History and distribution
105:junior taxonomic synonym
103:C. E. H. Smith, 1839 as
2124:Old Welsh Grey Sheepdog
2109:Old Croatian Sighthound
2034:Grand Fauve de Bretagne
1343:Smith, Bradley (2015).
1046:Haun, Beverley (2008).
2144:Saint John's water dog
1749:New Guinea singing dog
1326:Sharp, Andrew (1964).
1280:10.1098/rspb.2011.1395
350:
343:New Guinea Singing Dog
242:Relationship to humans
195:
107:for the domestic dog.
91:listed under the wolf
67:Charles Hamilton Smith
26:
2024:English White Terrier
2019:English Water Spaniel
1954:Black and Tan Terrier
1442:10.1093/molbev/msz311
1338:–. GGKEY:XL03UTGXNLD.
1235:10.1093/molbev/msp195
804:Oskarsson et al. 2011
460:Philippine forest dog
403:Further information:
336:
189:
24:
2104:North Country Beagle
1989:Córdoba fighting dog
1929:African hairless dog
1825:Peruvian Inca Orchid
1810:African hairless dog
1031:. pp. 471–475.
295:Polynesian narrative
169:– introduced to the
160:– introduced to the
151:– introduced to the
133:– introduced to the
41:from the islands of
2214:Tweed Water Spaniel
2204:Toy Trawler Spaniel
2119:Old Spanish Pointer
2114:Old English Bulldog
1994:Cumberland Sheepdog
1944:Argentine polar dog
1820:Chinese Crested Dog
1397:. Bloomington, IN:
961:2015PLoSO..1038536G
720:, pp. 144–152.
660:, pp. 462–482.
485:, pp. 210–212.
234:had no dogs in the
2250:Extinct dog breeds
2069:Lapponian Shepherd
2054:King's White Hound
1690:Podenco Valenciano
1680:Portuguese Podengo
1670:Phu Quoc Ridgeback
1076:Luomala, Katharine
833:, pp. 123–129
831:Duleba et al. 2015
818:, pp. 2849–64
806:, pp. 967–974
761:, pp. 471–475
351:
273:They never became
196:
69:gave this dog the
27:
2227:
2226:
1959:Blue Paul Terrier
1884:
1883:
1734:Indian pariah dog
1640:Cirneco dell'Etna
1360:978-1-4863-0030-3
1274:(1730): 967–974.
1201:978-1-78297-913-5
1059:978-0-8020-9888-7
1038:978-1-138-77818-4
1009:978-1-317-53401-3
895:978-0-393-03891-0
860:"Canis pacificus"
843:Zhang et al. 2020
774:Greig et al. 2015
636:, pp. 30–32.
624:, pp. 24–30.
612:, pp. 32–33.
600:, pp. 40–47.
519:978-0-8018-8221-0
500:"Order Carnivora"
496:Wozencraft, W. C.
405:Canis lupus dingo
368:: Arc1 and Arc2.
153:Marquesas Islands
117:Polynesian people
77:in his 1840 book
2262:
2174:Tahltan Bear Dog
2089:Moscow Water Dog
2049:Hawaiian Poi Dog
2029:Fila da Terceira
1911:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1851:Hawaiian Poi Dog
1660:Pampas Deerhound
1623:Primitive hounds
1611:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1554:
1524:
1514:
1493:
1463:
1453:
1436:(5): 1462–1469.
1420:
1387:
1364:
1351:CSIRO Publishing
1339:
1333:
1322:
1301:
1291:
1256:
1246:
1213:
1184:
1147:
1118:
1093:(13). Honolulu:
1084:
1071:
1042:
1013:
992:
982:
972:
955:(10): e0138536.
937:
907:
874:
872:
870:
846:
840:
834:
828:
819:
816:Pang et al. 2009
813:
807:
801:
788:
782:
776:
771:
762:
756:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
718:Millerstrom 2003
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
588:, pp. 2–24.
583:
577:
576:, pp. 1–48.
571:
558:
552:
535:
531:
492:
486:
480:
444:Hawaiian Poi Dog
339:Australian Dingo
315:Tongan narrative
142:– introduced to
135:Hawaiian Islands
131:Hawaiian Poi Dog
33:refers to a few
2270:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2154:Salish Wool Dog
2139:Russian tracker
2129:Paisley Terrier
2094:Norfolk Spaniel
2044:Hare Indian Dog
1949:Belgian Mastiff
1920:
1915:
1885:
1880:
1834:
1802:Hairless breeds
1796:
1778:
1694:
1675:Podenco Canario
1630:Podenco Andaluz
1618:
1615:
1557:
1533:(2). Honolulu:
1527:Pacific Science
1522:
1517:
1496:
1474:
1471:
1469:Further reading
1466:
1409:
1361:
1229:(12): 2849–64.
1202:
1136:
1087:Pacific Science
1082:
1060:
1039:
1010:
896:
868:
866:
854:
849:
841:
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592:
584:
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561:
553:
538:
520:
493:
489:
481:
477:
473:
440:
407:
401:
373:Malay Peninsula
331:
329:Genetic studies
303:Māori narrative
301:. According to
291:
244:
236:Chatham Islands
216:Rapa Nui people
190:Kurī specimen,
162:Society Islands
113:
101:Canis pacificus
75:Canis pacificus
71:scientific name
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2268:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2240:Polynesian Dog
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Southern Hound
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:Sakhalin Husky
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:Alpine Mastiff
1936:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1866:Polynesian Dog
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1839:Extinct breeds
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1830:Xoloitzcuintle
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Argentine Pila
1812:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1685:Thai Ridgeback
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:Primitive dogs
1614:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1555:
1515:
1494:
1480:. Wellington:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1421:
1407:
1388:
1365:
1359:
1340:
1323:
1302:
1257:
1214:
1200:
1185:
1148:
1134:
1119:
1072:
1058:
1043:
1037:
1019:Hallie Buckley
1014:
1008:
993:
938:
908:
894:
875:
855:
853:
850:
848:
847:
835:
820:
808:
789:
777:
763:
746:
734:
722:
710:
708:, p. 536.
698:
686:
674:
672:, p. 120.
662:
650:
648:, p. 242.
638:
626:
614:
602:
590:
578:
559:
536:
518:
487:
474:
472:
469:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
439:
436:
419:southern China
400:
397:
358:Southeast Asia
330:
327:
290:
287:
243:
240:
184:
183:
182:
181:
155:
146:
137:
112:
109:
62:
59:
51:Southeast Asia
31:Polynesian Dog
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2267:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2219:Welsh Hillman
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Marquesan Dog
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Chiribaya Dog
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Bullenbeisser
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:Marquesan Dog
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Chiribaya Dog
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:Sinhala Hound
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Pharaoh Hound
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1408:0-253-34034-9
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:. Edinburgh:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1349:. Melbourne:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:9780527023065
1131:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:(July 1960).
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1027:. Oxford UK:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:
994:
990:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
909:
905:
901:
897:
891:
887:
883:
882:
876:
865:
861:
857:
856:
844:
839:
832:
827:
825:
817:
812:
805:
800:
798:
796:
794:
787:, p. 72.
786:
781:
775:
770:
768:
760:
755:
753:
751:
743:
738:
731:
726:
719:
714:
707:
702:
695:
690:
684:, p. 60.
683:
678:
671:
666:
659:
654:
647:
642:
635:
630:
623:
618:
611:
606:
599:
594:
587:
582:
575:
570:
568:
566:
564:
556:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
534:
529:
525:
521:
515:
511:
510:
505:
504:Wilson, D. E.
501:
497:
491:
484:
479:
475:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
435:
433:
429:
425:
420:
416:
415:Yangtze River
412:
406:
396:
392:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
348:
344:
340:
335:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:, husband of
308:
304:
300:
296:
286:
284:
283:interbreeding
279:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:Easter Island
205:
201:
193:
188:
179:
178:Georg Forster
176:
172:
168:
167:Tuamotuan Dog
165:
164:
163:
159:
156:
154:
150:
149:Marquesan Dog
147:
145:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
122:
118:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
2209:Turnspit dog
2184:Talbot Hound
2179:Tahitian Dog
2159:Sleuth hound
2099:Norman Hound
2039:Halls Heeler
1964:Braque Dupuy
1871:Tahitian Dog
1865:
1724:Carolina Dog
1650:Ibizan Hound
1645:Cretan Hound
1563:
1559:
1530:
1526:
1498:
1476:
1433:
1429:
1393:
1376:W. H. Lizars
1370:
1345:
1329:
1306:
1271:
1265:
1226:
1222:
1190:
1156:
1152:
1124:
1090:
1086:
1048:
1023:
998:
952:
946:
917:
913:
886:W. W. Norton
884:. New York:
880:
867:. Retrieved
864:IBIS-Mammals
863:
852:Bibliography
838:
811:
780:
742:Luomala 1949
737:
730:Luomala 1958
725:
713:
701:
696:, p. 1.
689:
682:Diamond 1997
677:
665:
653:
641:
629:
617:
605:
593:
581:
555:Luomala 1960
533:Google Books
508:
490:
478:
411:Yellow River
408:
393:
385:
370:
352:
292:
289:In mythology
280:
272:
245:
197:
158:Tahitian Dog
125:
121:archipelagos
114:
100:
96:
92:
82:
78:
74:
64:
30:
28:
18:
2245:Dog as food
2199:Toy Bulldog
2009:Dogo Cubano
1537:: 170–180.
1505:: 190–240.
1101:: 193–223.
920:: 123–129.
252:breadfruits
144:New Zealand
95:the taxon "
93:Canis lupus
2234:Categories
1979:Chien-gris
1764:Taiwan Dog
1719:Canaan Dog
1580:6015261167
1543:10125/5950
1173:4958364642
1107:10125/8347
785:Smith 2015
670:Sharp 1964
483:Smith 1840
471:References
455:Taiwan dog
417:basins of
388:Wairau Bar
381:Kalimantan
366:haplotypes
347:haplotypes
319:man-eating
266:made from
175:naturalist
97:familiaris
2169:Staghound
2004:Dalbo dog
1969:Buckhound
1784:Wild dogs
1709:Africanis
1490:904068456
1417:248051318
1319:925631874
1210:891457752
1181:161088509
1068:166687891
1029:Routledge
869:14 August
646:Haun 2008
200:Mangareva
43:Polynesia
2189:Techichi
2084:Molossus
2064:Laconian
1769:Telomian
1714:Alopekis
1700:Landrace
1572:20702465
1551:16324444
1511:16324448
1460:31913480
1298:21900326
1253:19723671
1144:16792306
1115:78130351
1021:(eds.).
989:26444283
948:PLoS ONE
934:26218982
904:60820242
528:62265494
498:(2005).
438:See also
424:Zhejiang
341:and the
323:Moturiki
256:coconuts
248:dog meat
171:Tuamotus
61:Taxonomy
1744:Lài dog
1635:Basenji
1451:7182212
1289:3259930
1244:2775109
980:4596854
957:Bibcode
432:Oceania
307:Irawaru
232:Moriori
212:middens
204:Tokelau
35:extinct
1934:Alaunt
1655:Maneto
1578:
1570:
1549:
1509:
1488:
1458:
1448:
1415:
1405:
1384:860931
1382:
1357:
1317:
1296:
1286:
1251:
1241:
1208:
1198:
1179:
1171:
1153:Fabula
1142:
1132:
1113:
1066:
1056:
1035:
1006:
987:
977:
932:
902:
892:
526:
516:
194:, 1924
2194:Tesem
2134:Rache
2074:Limer
1876:Tesem
1792:Dingo
1774:Tugou
1759:Spitz
1739:Laika
1729:Husky
1568:JSTOR
1523:(PDF)
1177:S2CID
1083:(PDF)
502:. In
450:Askal
428:basal
362:dingo
275:feral
228:Māori
224:Tonga
220:Samoa
55:dingo
2059:Kurī
1856:Kurī
1702:dogs
1576:OCLC
1547:OCLC
1507:OCLC
1486:OCLC
1456:PMID
1413:OCLC
1403:ISBN
1380:OCLC
1355:ISBN
1315:OCLC
1294:PMID
1249:PMID
1206:OCLC
1196:ISBN
1169:OCLC
1140:OCLC
1130:ISBN
1111:OCLC
1064:OCLC
1054:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1004:ISBN
985:PMID
930:PMID
900:OCLC
890:ISBN
871:2018
524:OCLC
514:ISBN
413:and
379:and
377:Bali
311:Hina
299:Māui
268:taro
260:yams
222:and
140:Kurī
39:dogs
29:The
1999:Cur
1539:hdl
1446:PMC
1438:doi
1336:120
1284:PMC
1276:doi
1272:279
1239:PMC
1231:doi
1161:doi
1103:hdl
975:PMC
965:doi
922:doi
354:DNA
264:poi
262:or
73:of
47:DNA
2236::
1574:.
1564:42
1562:.
1545:.
1531:16
1529:.
1525:.
1484:.
1454:.
1444:.
1434:37
1432:.
1428:.
1411:.
1401:.
1378:.
1353:.
1292:.
1282:.
1270:.
1264:.
1247:.
1237:.
1227:26
1225:.
1221:.
1204:.
1175:.
1167:.
1155:.
1138:.
1109:.
1097:/
1091:14
1089:.
1085:.
1062:.
983:.
973:.
963:.
953:10
951:.
945:.
928:.
918:19
916:.
898:.
888:.
862:.
823:^
792:^
766:^
749:^
562:^
539:^
522:.
258:,
254:,
202:,
57:.
1910:e
1903:t
1896:v
1610:e
1603:t
1596:v
1582:.
1553:.
1541::
1513:.
1492:.
1462:.
1440::
1419:.
1386:.
1363:.
1321:.
1300:.
1278::
1255:.
1233::
1212:.
1183:.
1163::
1157:2
1146:.
1117:.
1105::
1070:.
1041:.
1012:.
991:.
967::
959::
936:.
924::
906:.
873:.
845:.
530:.
349:.
180:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
