77:, which has turned natural rubber into a practical engineering material. In 1870, J. W. Hyatt uses camphor to plasticize nitrocellulose to make nitrocellulose plastics industrial. 1907 L. Baekeland reported the synthesis of the first thermosetting phenolic resin, which was industrialized in the 1920s, the first synthetic plastic product. In 1920, H. Standinger proposed that polymers are long-chain molecules that are connected by structural units through common covalent bonds. This conclusion laid the foundation for the establishment of modern polymer science. Subsequently, Carothers divided the synthetic polymers into two broad categories, namely a polycondensate obtained by a polycondensation reaction and an addition polymer obtained by a polyaddition reaction. In the 1950s, K. Ziegler and G. Natta discovered a coordination polymerization catalyst and pioneered the era of synthesis of stereoregular polymers. In the decades after the establishment of the concept of macromolecules, the synthesis of high polymers has achieved rapid development, and many important polymers have been industrialized one after another.
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371:(LLDPE). Among them, HDPE has better thermal, electrical and mechanical properties, while LDPE and LLDPE have better flexibility, impact properties and film forming properties. LDPE and LLDPE are mainly used for plastic bags, plastic wraps, bottles, pipes and containers; HDPE is widely used in various fields such as film, pipelines and daily necessities because its resistance to many different solvents.
203:
melted or softened again. Common thermosetting plastics are phenolic plastics, epoxy plastics, aminoplasts, unsaturated polyesters, alkyd plastics, and the like. Thermoset plastics and thermoplastics together constitute the two major components of synthetic plastics. Thermosetting plastics are divided into two types: formaldehyde cross-linking type and other cross-linking type.
202:
resin is used as a main component, and a plastic which forms a product is formed by a cross-linking curing process in combination with various necessary additives. It is liquid in the early stage of the manufacturing or molding process, and it is insoluble and infusible after curing, and it cannot be
305:
refers to a continuous or discontinuous filament of one substance. Animals and plant fibers play an important role in maintaining tissue. Fibers are widely used and can be woven into good threads, thread ends and hemp ropes. They can also be woven into fibrous layers when making paper or feel. They
161:
generally refers to a material that can be restored to its original state after removal of an external force, whereas a material having elasticity is not necessarily an elastomer. The elastomer is only deformed under weak stress, and the stress can be quickly restored to a polymer material close to
326:
and a large molecular weight, often greater than several hundred thousand. Highly elastic polymer compounds can be classified into natural rubber and synthetic rubber. Natural rubber processing extracts gum rubber and grass rubber from plants; synthetic rubber is polymerized by various monomers.
286:. Resin accounts for approximately 40% - 100% of the total weight of the plastic. The basic properties of plastics are mainly determined by the nature of the resin, but additives also play an important role. Some plastics are basically made of synthetic resins, with or without additives such as
382:
is widely used in various applications due to its good chemical resistance and weldability. It has lowest density among commodity plastics. It is commonly used in packaging applications, consumer goods, automatic applications and medical applications. Polypropylene sheets are widely used in
108:
refers to a plastic that has heat softening and cooling hardening properties. Most of the plastics we use in our daily lives fall into this category. It becomes soft and even flows when heated, and the cooling becomes hard. This process is reversible and can be repeated. Thermoplastics have
306:
are also commonly used to make other materials together with other materials to form composites. Therefore, whether it is natural or synthetic fiber filamentous material. In modern life, the application of fiber is ubiquitous, and there are many high-tech products.
505:
are used most commonly because they have lower cost to produce and are easy to modify their surface, which make them suitable in different separation processes. Polymers helps in many fields including the application for separation of biological active compounds,
162:
the original state and size. Elastomers are polymers which have very low moduli and show reversible extension when strained, a valuable property for vibration absorption and damping. They may either be thermoplastic (in which case they are known as
317:
refers to highly elastic polymer materials and reversible shapes. It is elastic at room temperature and can be deformed with a small external force. After removing the external force, it can return to the original state. Rubber is a completely
443:. The quite different physical properties of composites gives designers much greater freedom in shaping parts, which is why composite products often look different from conventional products. On the other hand, some products such as
478:. Not like non biodegradable polymers, they won't require a second step of a removal from body. Biodegradable polymers will break down and are absorbed by the body after they served their purpose. Since 1960, polymers prepared from
383:
industrial sector to produce acid and chemical tanks, sheets, pipes, Returnable
Transport Packaging (RTP), etc. because of its properties like high tensile strength, resistance to high temperatures and corrosion resistance.
274:. It is free to change the composition and shape. It is made up of synthetic resins and fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, colorants and other additives. The main component of plastic is
278:. Resin means that the polymer compound has not been added with various additives. The term resin was originally named for the secretion of oil from plants and animals, such as
1892:
69:
The history of human use of polymers has been long since the mid-19th century, when it entered the chemical modification of natural polymers. In 1839,
242:. However, their very much lower densities compared with metals makes them ideal for lightweight structures. In addition, they suffer less from
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are widely used materials for many biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. These polymers are considered very promising for controlled
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678:(June 2006). "Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering".
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The word “polymer” was introduced by the
Swedish chemist J. J. Berzelius. He considered, for example, benzene (C
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and processing of polymers and description of major polymers, structure property relations and applications.
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Ho, Peter K. H. (2000-03-30). "Molecular-scale interface engineering for polymer light-emitting diodes".
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Ho, Peter K. H. (2000-03-30). "Molecular-scale interface engineering for polymer light-emitting diodes".
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Constitutive
Equations for Polymer Melts and Solutions : Butterworths Series in Chemical Engineering
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of these materials, they have physical properties more similar to traditional engineering materials like
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Rodriguez, Ferdinand; Cohen, Ferdinand; Ober, Christopher K.; Archer, Lynden (2003-07-29).
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look identical to metal precursors owing to the basic functional needs of such components.
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are successfully used in the separation in the liquid and gas systems for years, and the
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are popular for drug delivery system due to their fast and adjustable degradation rate.
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Rubber can be used as elastic, insulating, water-impermeable air-resistant materials.
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use an increasing proportion of composites in their fuselages, such as hydrophobic
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devices. Biodegradable polymers also offer great potential for wound management,
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Bartosz
Tylkowski; Karolina Wieszczycka; Renata JastrzÄ…b, eds. (2017-09-25).
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was the first all-composite aircraft, but many passenger aircraft like the
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973:"Polypropylene (PP) Plastic: Types, Properties, Uses & Structure Info"
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23:
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Sharma, Rajiv (January 1991). "Convenient use of applicators for PTLC".
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38:, structure and characterization of polymers, properties of polymers,
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Polymer modification : principles, techniques, and applications
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Forensic
Polymer Engineering: Why polymer products fail in service
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166:) or crosslinked, as in most conventional rubber products such as
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27:
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302:
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66:). Later, this definition underwent a subtle modification.
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Electronic
Technology / Semiconductor / Integrated Circuit
820:
486:
have found a multitude of uses in the medical industry.
399:
composite bicycle with aerodynamic wheels and aero bars
113:, but also have lower densities and properties such as
30:
materials. Polymer engineering covers aspects of the
73:found a critical advance in the research of rubber
997:"Polymer Technologies Receives 2012 Boeing Award"
787:
1963:
912:
853:
730:Polymer Engineering Science and Viscoelasticity
250:parts which are stressed regularly in service.
266:is a polymer compound which is polymerized by
170:. Typical rubbers used conventionally include
1106:
16:Engineering field studying polymer materials
26:field that designs, analyses, and modifies
1113:
1099:
921:(6777). Nature Publishing Group: 481–484.
862:(6777). Nature Publishing Group: 481–484.
458:
222:when reinforced with stiff fibers such as
149:, all of which are widely used materials.
823:Principles of Polymer Systems 5th Edition
579:Category:Polymer scientists and engineers
97:helps define their areas of application.
527:Petroleum / Chemical / Mineral / Geology
493:
419:, as well as more mundane products like
390:
334:
765:"Thermoplastics :: PlasticsEurope"
736:, Springer US, 2008, pp. 327–364,
640:
1964:
1893:Electrical and electronics engineering
674:Rezwan, K.; Chen, Q.Z.; Blaker, J.J.;
597:
545:Machinery / Equipment / Heavy Industry
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518:for carbon dioxide capture process.
85:The basic division of polymers into
1936:
13:
692:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.039
218:, all of which are used widely in
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1988:
641:Meister, John J. (25 July 2000).
474:devices, dental applications and
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369:linear low density polyethylene
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58:) to be a polymer of ethyne (C
1:
600:Journal of Chemical Education
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1143:List of engineering branches
1084:, Woodhead/CRC Press (2010).
742:10.1007/978-0-387-73861-1_10
530:Raw materials and processing
324:glass transition temperature
253:
7:
722:"Nonlinear Viscoelasticity"
552:
536:Automobiles and spare parts
10:
1993:
788:Larson, Ronald G. (2014).
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117:which make them ideal for
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365:high density polyethylene
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190:and fluorinated rubbers.
676:Boccaccini, Aldo Roberto
361:low density polyethylene
297:
236:thermoset polymer matrix
164:Thermoplastic elastomers
1977:Engineering disciplines
1804:Bachelor of Engineering
1646:Engineering mathematics
977:omnexus.specialchem.com
459:Biomedical applications
359:can be classified into
1903:Structural engineering
1898:Mechanical engineering
1641:Engineering management
1052:This section is empty.
769:www.plasticseurope.org
574:Medical grade silicone
464:Biodegradable polymers
400:
347:
342:stealth bomber of the
32:petrochemical industry
1883:Aerospace engineering
1796:Engineering education
494:Membrane technologies
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1824:Graduate certificate
792:. Elsevier Science.
206:Thermosets includes
1809:Bachelor of Science
1651:Engineering physics
1635:Engineering drawing
1157:Interdisciplinarity
1012:Polymer Engineering
927:2000Natur.404..481H
868:2000Natur.404..481H
612:1991JChEd..68...70S
503:polymeric membranes
499:Membrane techniques
488:Polylactates (PLAs)
322:polymer with a low
270:polymerization and
246:, so are ideal for
220:composite materials
20:Polymer engineering
1411:Telecommunications
1316:Naval architecture
476:tissue engineering
451:rotor blades, and
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1596:Health technology
1457:Chemical reaction
1406:Signal processing
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686:(18): 3413–3431.
559:Materials science
188:styrene-butadiene
119:consumer products
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1056:adding to it
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421:fishing rods
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351:Polyethylene
331:Applications
313:
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268:polyaddition
262:
232:crosslinking
216:epoxy resins
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139:acetal resin
127:polyethylene
115:transparency
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1696:and Control
1686:Information
1510:Biomaterial
1440:Bioresource
1431:/Bioprocess
1429:Biochemical
1381:Electronics
1152:Specialties
1122:Engineering
516:contractors
484:lactic acid
472:orthopaedic
417:automobiles
292:polystyrene
40:compounding
24:engineering
1966:Categories
1860:Glossaries
1681:Industrial
1661:Facilities
1656:Explosives
1581:Biomedical
1576:Automation
1525:Metallurgy
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1199:Ecological
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774:2019-01-25
661:1075130719
585:References
533:New energy
512:fuel cells
453:propellers
449:helicopter
437:Boeing 787
405:composites
387:Composites
340:B-2 Spirit
288:plexiglass
224:fiberglass
212:polyesters
194:Thermosets
153:Elastomers
95:thermosets
91:elastomers
1819:Doctorate
1733:Packaging
1703:Logistics
1676:Geomatics
1637:/graphics
1530:Molecular
1520:Corrosion
1502:Materials
1482:Petroleum
1472:Molecular
1354:Broadcast
1336:Tribology
1286:Aerospace
1221:Hydraulic
1063:July 2010
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1728:Ontology
1718:Military
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1591:Clinical
1550:Surfaces
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1515:Ceramics
1492:Reaction
1421:Chemical
1359:Computer
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1236:Offshore
1204:Sanitary
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569:Polymers
553:See also
435:and the
425:bicycles
363:(LDPE),
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1931:Commons
1773:Textile
1768:Systems
1738:Privacy
1723:Nuclear
1487:Process
1445:Genetic
1391:Optical
1371:Control
1364:outline
1331:Thermal
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1256:Traffic
1179:Coastal
1138:Outline
1133:History
959:4392276
923:Bibcode
900:4392276
864:Bibcode
608:Bibcode
294:, etc.
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