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48:, but like mineral clay a liquid is added to dry particles until it achieves gel-like working properties. Similarly, the part is put into an oven to harden, hence its colloquial designation as clay. Polymer clay is generally used for making arts and craft items, and is also used in commercial applications to make decorative parts. Art made from polymer clay can now be found in major museums.
253:. When used as a toy or child care item, it should not contain more than 0.1% of any of the six phthalates restricted or banned by the safety regulatory boards. These six phthalates are: DEHP (Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), DBP (Dibutyl phthalate), BBP (Benzyl butyl phthalate), DINP (Di-isononyl phthalate), DIDP (Di-isodecyl phthalate), and DnOP (Di-n-octyl phthalate, according to the
233:
Oven-hardenable PVC plastisol, "liquid polymer clay," is a complement to polymer clay that can be used as an adhesive to combine pieces, or to create various effects. Pigments, chalk pastel, and regular polymer clay can be added to make colored liquid clay. The liquid can also be poured into molds to
264:
Due to the testing requirements and regulations, clay products that would be used to hold or serve food or beverages are not recommended or intended for these applications. All polymer clay products are NOT labeled as "food safe". Plasticizers remain in the cured product and can leach out, making it
229:
A home pasta-making machine is a popular multi-purpose tool for polymer clay artists. It is used to create sheets of uniform thickness, to mix colors or create variegated sheets, and to condition (soften) the clay. Polymer clay generally needs to be conditioned before use. This involves kneading the
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material: when a sufficient force is applied, the material yields, flowing like a viscous liquid until that force is removed, whereupon it returns to being a solid. This plasticity is what makes it useful as modeling clay as opposed to putty or paste. Plastigels retain their shape even when heat is
167:. Polymer clay is available in many colors, which can be mixed to create a wide range of colors or gradient blends. Special-effect colors and composites include translucent, fluorescent, phosphorescent, and faux "pearls", "metallics", and "stone."
193:
inch (6.4 mm) of thickness. This temperature is significantly less than for mineral clays and can be achieved using a home oven. Professional polymer clay brands shrink very little when cured Brands of polymer clay include
257:(CPSIA). If the instructions on the package are followed (i.e. low temperatures and brief baking times) one will not burn the clay. If the clay does burn because of a mistake or if the oven malfunctions, a small amount of
82:
in 1939. While it was not suitable for use in her factory, Kruse gave some to her daughter Sophie, who was known in the family as "Fifi", who successfully used it as modeling clay. The formulation was later sold to
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clay by hand, passing it between two rollers, or using a low-shear mixer to break up any resin particle adhesions. Once conditioned, the clay will remain pliable until the particles eventually re-adhere.
430:
Severs ET, Lebanon M, Frechtling AC (1956-07-03). "Composition comprising a gelling agent and a dispersion of a vinyl resin in a plasticizer". United States Patent Office, patent 2,753,314.
78:
and was eventually discontinued. Polymer clays were first formulated as a possible replacement for
Bakelite. One of these formulations was brought to the attention of German doll maker
545:
261:
gas could be released, which may cause odor and some eye or nose irritation. The amount of hydrogen chloride gas released from the clay could cause a health problem.
183:
Polymer clay remains workable until cured. Curing occurs at temperatures from 265 °F (129 °C) to 275 °F (135 °C) sustained for 15 minutes per
495:
467:
Cheraghian, Goshtasp (1 January 2017). "Synthesis and properties of polyacrylamide by nanoparticles, effect nanoclay on stability polyacrylamide solution".
219:
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applied, which is why polymer clay does not melt or droop when oven cured. Various gelling agents are added to give it this property, such as aminated
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a potential health hazard for both the modeler and end user. Restrictions on use of certain phthalates took effect in 2009 in both the
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389:"Determination of the Magnitude of Clay to Skin and Skin to Mouth Transfer of Phthalates Associated with the Use of Polymer Clays"
519:
254:
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147:, and odorless mineral spirits can be added to reduce its viscosity or alter its working properties. Small amounts of
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Polymer clay safety is the subject of concern specifically regarding the long-term effects of exposure to certain
575:
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and United States. Not all phthalates pose a health hazard and some are approved for medical applications.
533:"Guidance for Industry Limiting the Use of Certain Phthalates as Excipients in CDER-Regulated Products"
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70:, an early plastic, was popular with designers and was an early form of polymer clay, but the
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Polymer clay can be used to make a variety of folk-crafts and jewelry.
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The base resin can be modified in various ways. Mineral oil,
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394:. Division of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.
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115:
Polymer clays contain a basis of PVC resin and a liquid
429:
307:. Gaithersburg, MD 20883 USA: Flower Valley Press.
155:, or other fillers are sometimes added to increase
300:
123:. Polymer clay plastisol is also categorized as a
387:Stopford W, Turner J, Cappellini D (2003-08-03).
179:Custom built clay conditioner for industrial use.
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23:Two ounce and one pound blocks of polymer clay.
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496:"Health Impacts of Toxins in Polymer Clays"
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18:
520:Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act
342:Moses, Monica (October–November 2011).
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255:Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act
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354:from the original on 31 August 2017
140:, metallic soaps, or fumed silica.
13:
440:
419:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
16:PVC-based hardenable modeling clay
14:
592:
111:Figurines made from polymer clay.
401:from the original on 2012-02-22.
374:"STAEDTLER® FIMO® - The history"
41:(PVC). It typically contains no
551:from the original on 2012-03-01
513:
131:properties. It is a high yield
460:
434:
344:"How Polymer Hit the Big Time"
102:
1:
280:
272:
249:that have been classified as
87:and marketed under the name "
74:base of uncured Bakelite was
541:Food and Drug Administration
7:
443:"Does Polymer Clay Shrink?"
10:
597:
63:conditioning polymer clay.
51:
417:Plastisols and organosols
469:Micro & Nano Letters
327:: CS1 maint: location (
30:is a type of hardenable
415:Sarvetnick HA. (1972).
348:American Craft Magazine
180:
170:
112:
64:
24:
576:Plastics applications
481:10.1049/mnl.2016.0419
234:produce cast parts.
178:
110:
59:
22:
447:Polymer Clay Journey
251:endocrine disruptors
165:compression strength
61:Pasta-making machine
299:Roche, Nan (1992).
494:Miller S. (2012).
181:
113:
99:deling compound).
65:
39:polyvinyl chloride
25:
441:Cahill, Phyllis.
259:hydrogen chloride
238:Health and safety
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498:. Archived from
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220:Crafty Argentina
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161:elastic modulus
127:because of its
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581:Modelling clay
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267:European Union
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119:, making it a
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85:Eberhard Faber
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502:on 2012-12-15
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376:. 2011-05-10.
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314:0-9620543-4-8
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216:PVClay Brasil
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208:Kato Polyclay
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34:based on the
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32:modeling clay
29:
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553:. Retrieved
539:
531:FDA (2012).
526:
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504:. Retrieved
500:the original
489:
475:(1): 40–44.
472:
468:
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450:. Retrieved
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356:. Retrieved
347:
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303:The New Clay
302:
276:
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247:plasticizers
241:
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182:
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114:
96:
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28:Polymer clay
27:
26:
452:13 December
133:thixotropic
129:rheological
117:plasticizer
103:Composition
80:Käthe Kruse
570:Categories
555:2012-01-10
506:2012-12-19
281:References
273:Other uses
149:zinc oxide
323:cite book
244:phthalate
138:bentonite
125:plastigel
121:plastisol
76:flammable
546:Archived
396:Archived
352:Archived
145:lecithin
68:Bakelite
46:minerals
224:Cosclay
212:Sculpey
188:⁄
157:opacity
52:History
36:polymer
311:
196:Cernit
153:kaolin
72:phenol
549:(PDF)
536:(PDF)
399:(PDF)
392:(PDF)
358:3 May
200:Oytra
163:, or
95:fi's
454:2018
360:2014
329:link
309:ISBN
222:and
204:Fimo
89:FIMO
43:clay
477:doi
171:Use
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