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are pink with five perianth segments, eight stamens, three fused carpels, and three free styles. The fruit is a glossy black nut. Flowering takes place in June and July. The plant grows in moist soils and under dry conditions goes dormant, losing its foliage until adequate moisture exists again.
409:
with a few smaller leaves produced near the lower end of the flowering stems. The leaves usually hairless; the basal ones are longish-oval with long winged stalks and rounded or heart-shaped bases; the upper ones are few and are triangular, tapered and stalkless. There are stipules at their base
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growing to 20 to 80 centimetres (8 to 31 in) tall by 90 cm (35 in) wide. It has a thick, twisted rootstock which has probably given it its common name of snakeroot. The foliage is normally
478:
Numerous other vernacular names have been recorded for the species in historical texts, though none is used to any extent. Many of the following refer to the plant's use in making puddings:
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are broadly winged. The inflorescence is a spike. The plant blooms from late spring into autumn, producing tall, erect, unbranched, and hairless stems ending in single terminal
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In
Northern England, the plant was used to make a bitter pudding in Lent from a combination of the leaves, oatmeal, egg, and other herbs. It is the principal ingredient of
591:. Bistort has been cultivated as a vegetable, its roots, leaves, and young shoots being steamed or boiled. Many of its occurrences in the wild may be as a garden escape.
1679:
1179:
571:. It is typically found growing in moist meadows, nutrient-rich wooded swamps, forest edges, wetlands, parks, gardens, and disturbed ground.
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Bistort is a native of Europe but is often cultivated and has become naturalized in other parts of the world such as in the United States in
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This species is grown as an ornamental garden plant, especially the form 'Superba' which has larger, more showy flowers, and has gained the
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that are club-like spikes, 5–7 cm (2–3 in) long, of rose-pink flowers. The individual
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The generic placement of this species was historically in flux, having been placed in
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945:"An updated molecular phylogeny of Polygonoideae (Polygonaceae): Relationships of
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Bistort has been used traditionally for medicinal purposes. The roots are rich in
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that was used in medicine. The roots are also eaten in Russia and northern Asia.
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or Easter-Ledge pudding. The root of
Bistort can be used to produce an
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to Europe and northern and western Asia. Other common names include
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and both these and the leaves have been used to treat wounds.
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774:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
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which are fused into a sheath surrounding the stem. The
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http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3789
471:("twisted"), refers to the twisted appearance of the
27:
943:; Bayly, Michael J. & Kron, Kathleen A. (2015).
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Easter man-giant
651:
Bistort or Easter Ledges in the spring in
Scotland.
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526:Patience dock
1823:
910:(2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
889:Easter-Ledge or Dock Pudding - Historical Foods
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587:. It is suitable for use as a marginal or in
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772:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
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1257:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60430545-2
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860:. New England Wildflower Society
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957:, and a new circumscription of
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912:The Cultural History of Plants
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753:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
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1857:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
834:this name is also used for
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203:(K.Koch) Kom. ex Tzvelev
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751:Plants of the World Online
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914:. Routledge. p. 35.
682:'Superba' is grown as an
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52:Scientific classification
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41:
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1852:Plants described in 1753
563:Distribution and habitat
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443:but is now accepted as
322:
240:Bistorta subauriculata
585:Award of Garden Merit
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263:Polygonum abbreviatum
1031:Bistorta officinalis
1001:Bistorta officinalis
939:Schuster, Tanja M.;
852:Bistorta officinalis
801:Bistorta officinalis
742:Bistorta officinalis
680:Bistorta officinalis
663:Common bistort stem.
635:Common bistorta, in
395:Bistorta officinalis
327:Bistorta officinalis
320:Bistorta officinalis
248:Persicaria bistorta
170:Bistorta officinalis
36:Bistorta officinalis
1481:Persicaria_bistorta
1318:Persicaria bistorta
823:Schuster et al 2015
675:The large-flowered
363:in the dock family
336:Persicaria bistorta
303:Polygonum lapidosum
295:Polygonum ensigerum
192:Bistorta abbreviata
152:B. officinalis
1555:Polygonum bistorta
894:2011-06-24 at the
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306:(Kitag.) Kitag.
287:Polygonum confusum
271:Polygonum bistorta
211:(Meisn.) Greene
18:Polygonum bistorta
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854:(meadow bistort)"
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807:. Retrieved
805:. NatureGate
800:
771:
766:
755:. Retrieved
750:
741:
679:
612:dock pudding
609:
605:gallic acids
598:
578:
566:
554:Water ledges
542:Pudding dock
529:Patient dock
523:Passion dock
492:Easter giant
477:
468:
467:("twice") +
464:
460:
454:
444:
438:
432:
430:
394:
393:
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:Polygonaceae
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:), known as
335:
334:
326:
325:
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138:
128:Polygonaceae
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
1719:NatureServe
1654:iNaturalist
1494:kew-2571994
1404:iNaturalist
1244:kew-2676825
1128:iNaturalist
1025:Wikispecies
589:bog gardens
575:Cultivation
569:New England
536:Pink pokers
511:Gentle dock
390:Description
95:Angiosperms
1826:Categories
1489:Plant List
1239:Plant List
1146:60430545-2
921:0415927463
864:2013-12-30
809:2013-12-30
799:"Bistort:
757:2019-03-01
722:References
702:, Bulgaria
616:astringent
520:Oysterloit
489:Dragonwort
440:Persicaria
399:herbaceous
376:snake-root
1620:200006715
1570:Q12954907
1333:Q14927381
1094:242308528
858:Go Botany
548:Snakeweed
486:Adderwort
451:Etymology
434:Polygonum
402:perennial
380:snakeweed
372:snakeroot
290:Meisn.
282:K.Koch
227:Kitag.
146:Species:
65:Kingdom:
1847:Bistorta
1793:VASCAN:
1786:26000065
1781:Tropicos
1724:2.160370
1685:10588093
1672:302681-2
1564:Wikidata
1527:VASCAN:
1520:50002190
1515:Tropicos
1478:PalDat:
1422:694924-1
1327:Wikidata
1290:VASCAN:
1283:50271024
1278:Tropicos
1039:BioLib:
1010:Wikidata
959:Koenigia
947:Oxygonum
892:Archived
745:Delarbre
677:cultivar
545:Red legs
517:Osterick
461:bistorta
445:Bistorta
427:Taxonomy
412:petioles
258:Samp.
183:Synonyms
176:Delarbre
139:Bistorta
124:Family:
108:Eudicots
1633:5334323
1589:Ecocrop
1383:6391589
1221:1053455
1167:MoBotPF
1107:6390806
1016:Q112917
700:Vitosha
622:Gallery
463:, from
420:flowers
416:racemes
357:species
355:, is a
341:bistort
332:synonym
298:Juz.
266:Kom.
243:Kom.
235:Gray
195:Kom.
134:Genus:
114:Order:
69:Plantae
1755:PLANTS
1747:152716
1731:NZOR:
1698:116444
1659:242366
1607:177743
1581:151486
1578:APDB:
1455:NZOR:
1435:823834
1409:320988
1396:416906
1370:177744
1344:151429
1341:APDB:
1270:320645
1208:910202
1192:NZOR:
1185:125587
1172:440954
1159:823770
1133:133487
1120:448786
1068:585444
953:, and
918:
778:
637:Valais
601:tannic
397:is an
382:, and
368:native
1796:19035
1760:POBI5
1711:20850
1680:IRMNG
1646:29240
1602:EUNIS
1530:19037
1365:EUNIS
1357:4F9QL
1228:PFI:
1081:POLBI
1042:38814
966:Taxon
955:Rumex
715:Seeds
469:torta
459:name
457:Latin
407:basal
351:, or
274:L.
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
1768:POWO
1706:ITIS
1667:IPNI
1641:GRIN
1628:GBIF
1594:8821
1502:POWO
1471:7153
1430:ITIS
1417:IPNI
1391:GRIN
1378:GBIF
1293:8103
1252:POWO
1180:NCBI
1154:ITIS
1141:IPNI
1115:GRIN
1102:GBIF
1076:EPPO
1055:LX6F
916:ISBN
776:ISBN
603:and
595:Uses
473:root
455:The
1804:WFO
1693:ISC
1615:FoC
1538:WFO
1443:NBN
1352:CoL
1301:WFO
1265:RHS
1231:385
1089:FNA
1063:EoL
1050:CoL
975:doi
698:In
583:'s
465:bis
437:or
359:of
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