20:
198:(LD50); a low LD50 means that just a little of the substance is lethal; a high LD50 means that it takes a high dose to kill.) Glyphosate has an LD50 ranging from 4.2 times that of POEA for midge larvae at pH 6.5, to 369 times that of POEA for rainbow trout at pH 9.5 (for comparison, at pH 6.5 the LC50 of glyphosate was 70 times that of POEA for rainbow trout). The pH value of most freshwater streams and lakes is between 6.0 and 9.0; fish species are harmed by water having a pH value outside of this range.
218:
Another review, published in 2004, said that with respect to glyphosate formulations, "experimental studies suggest that the toxicity of the surfactant, polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), is greater than the toxicity of glyphosate alone and commercial formulations alone. There is insufficient evidence to
282:
Ecological
Impacts of Toxic Chemicals, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd, 2011, Chapter 5, 88-110. quote"...owing to the chemical complexity of the POEA surfactant and resultant difficulty in analysing for it in complex environmental matrices, the environmental behaviour of POEA in natural forest
219:
conclude that glyphosate preparations containing POEA are more toxic than those containing alternative surfactants. Although surfactants probably contribute to the acute toxicity of glyphosate formulations, the weight of evidence is against surfactants potentiating the toxicity of glyphosate."
186:
In laboratory experiments POEA has a half-life in soils of less than 7 days. Washout from soil is assumed to be minimal, and the estimated half-life in bodies of water would be about 2 weeks. Field experiments have shown that the half-life of POEA in shallow waters is about 13 hours, "further
156:
POEA concentrations range from <1% in ready-to-use glyphosate formulations to 21% in concentrates. POEA constitutes 15% of
Roundup formulations and the phosphate ester neutralized polyethoxylated tallow amine surfactant constitutes 14.5% of Roundup Pro.
245:
Report submitted to Leslie Rubin, COTR, Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS). Biotechnology, Biologics and Environmental Protection, Environmental Analysis and Documentation, United States Department of Agriculture, February 6,
210:
formulations found "no convincing evidence for direct DNA damage in vitro or in vivo, and it was concluded that
Roundup and its components do not pose a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. ...Glyphosate,
152:
that contains a "phosphate ester neutralized polyethoxylated tallow amine" surfactant; as of 1997 there was no published information regarding the chemical differences between the surfactant in
Roundup and Roundup Pro.
187:
supporting the concept that any potential direct effects of formulated products on organisms in natural waters are likely to occur very shortly post-treatment rather than as a result of chronic or delayed toxicity."
215:, and POEA were not teratogenic or developmentally toxic. …Likewise there were no adverse effects in reproductive tissues from animals treated with glyphosate, AMPA, or POEA in chronic and/or subchronic studies."
190:
A review of the literature provided to the EPA in 1997 found that POEA was generally more potent in causing toxicity to aquatic organisms than glyphosate, and that POEA becomes more potent in more
42:). They are a class of polyethoxylated amines (POEAs). The abbreviation 'POEA' is often erroneously used to refer to POE-tallowamine. They are used primarily as
142:
294:
160:
Surfactants are added to glyphosate to allow effective uptake of water-soluble glyphosate across plant cuticles, which are
312:
Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide
Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans
329:
137:
is referred to in the literature as MON 0139 or polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA). It is contained in the herbicide
212:
117:. The length of the fatty tail and degree of exothylation will determine the overall properties of the
242:
175:
POEA is toxic to aquatic species like fish and amphibians. Like other surfactants, it can affect
121:. Due to it being synthesized from an impure material POEA is itself a mixture of compounds.
35:
8:
138:
243:
Effects of
Surfactants on the Toxicitiy of Glyphosate, with Specific Reference to RODEO
195:
176:
206:
A review published in 2000 examining the toxicity of POEA and other components in
130:
102:
172:
The chemical complexity of POEA makes it difficult to study in the environment.
311:
259:
110:
19:
323:
98:
94:
86:
47:
90:
54:
51:
161:
114:
106:
43:
207:
149:
134:
118:
82:
78:
66:
58:
62:
191:
180:
164:, and reduces the amount of glyphosate washed off plants by rain.
295:"Technical Memorandum pH Requirements of Freshwater Aquatic Life"
262:
Toxicol Rev. 2004;23(3):159-67. Review. (subscription required)
39:
279:
141:. An ethoxylated tallow amine (CAS No. 61791-26-2), is on the
23:
General structure (R is the hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid)
314:
Regul
Toxicol Pharmacol. 2000 Apr;31(2 Pt 1):117-65. Review.
101:(2–3%). These are then converted to fatty amines via the
16:
Range of non-ionic surfactants derived from animal fats
292:
77:Animal fat is hydrolysed to give a mixture of free
280:Ecological Impacts of Major Forest-Use Pesticides
321:
283:ecosystems has not been specifically studied."
274:
272:
270:
268:
237:
235:
233:
231:
143:United States Environmental Protection Agency
145:List 3 of Inert Ingredients of Pesticides."
265:
228:
194:environments. (Potency is measured by the
167:
18:
322:
254:
252:
241:Gary L. Diamond and Patrick R. Durkin
124:
300:. www.waterboards.ca.gov. p. 15.
258:Bradberry SM, Proudfoot AT, Vale JA.
113:; this makes them water-soluble and
293:Robertson-Bryan, Inc (1 May 2004).
249:
30:(also polyoxyethylene tallowamine,
13:
14:
341:
201:
310:Williams GM, Kroes R, Munro IC.
148:Roundup Pro is a formulation of
179:and can often act as a general
304:
286:
1:
222:
72:
28:Polyethoxylated tallow amine
7:
10:
346:
38:derived from animal fats (
133:tallow amine used as a
34:) refers to a range of
24:
330:Non-ionic surfactants
168:Environmental effects
36:non-ionic surfactants
22:
260:Glyphosate poisoning
125:Composition and use
196:median lethal dose
177:membrane transport
25:
278:Dean G. Thompson
337:
315:
308:
302:
301:
299:
290:
284:
276:
263:
256:
247:
239:
345:
344:
340:
339:
338:
336:
335:
334:
320:
319:
318:
309:
305:
297:
291:
287:
277:
266:
257:
250:
240:
229:
225:
204:
170:
131:polyethoxylated
127:
103:nitrile process
75:
32:POE-tallowamine
17:
12:
11:
5:
343:
333:
332:
317:
316:
303:
285:
264:
248:
226:
224:
221:
203:
202:Human toxicity
200:
169:
166:
126:
123:
111:ethylene oxide
74:
71:
48:wetting agents
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
342:
331:
328:
327:
325:
313:
307:
296:
289:
281:
275:
273:
271:
269:
261:
255:
253:
244:
238:
236:
234:
232:
227:
220:
216:
214:
209:
199:
197:
193:
188:
184:
182:
178:
173:
165:
163:
158:
154:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:before being
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
306:
288:
217:
205:
189:
185:
174:
171:
159:
155:
147:
128:
97:(3–6%), and
81:, typically
76:
55:formulations
52:agrochemical
31:
27:
26:
162:hydrophobic
115:amphiphilic
107:ethoxylated
79:fatty acids
44:emulsifiers
223:References
208:glyphosate
150:glyphosate
135:surfactant
119:surfactant
93:(20–25%),
89:(24–32%),
85:(37–43%),
67:glyphosate
63:herbicides
59:pesticides
57:, such as
73:Synthesis
324:Category
192:alkaline
181:narcotic
99:linoleic
95:myristic
87:palmitic
139:Roundup
91:stearic
65:(e.g.
40:tallow
298:(PDF)
109:with
83:oleic
246:1997
213:AMPA
129:The
61:and
50:for
46:and
69:).
326::
267:^
251:^
230:^
183:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
