888:. For much of the year, these worms look like any other burrow-dwelling polychaete, but as the breeding season approaches, the worm undergoes a remarkable transformation as new, specialized segments begin to grow from its rear end until the worm can be clearly divided into two halves. The front half, the atoke, is asexual. The new rear half, responsible for breeding, is known as the epitoke. Each of the epitoke segments is packed with eggs and sperm and features a single eyespot on its surface. The beginning of the last lunar quarter is the cue for these animals to breed, and the epitokes break free from the atokes and float to the surface. The eye spots sense when the epitoke reaches the surface and the segments from millions of worms burst, releasing their eggs and sperm into the water.
1024:
1084:
470:, is relatively well developed, compared with other annelids. It projects forward over the mouth, which therefore lies on the animal's underside. The head normally includes two to four pair of eyes, although some species are blind. These are typically fairly simple structures, capable of distinguishing only light and dark, although some species have large eyes with lenses that may be capable of more sophisticated vision, including the Alciopids' complex eyes which rival cephalopod and vertebrate eyes.
669:
153:
127:
1052:
685:
505:
657:
699:
1013:
515:
1062:
1036:
1073:
994:; it tends to survive for at least 30 days after a polychaete's death. Although biomineralisation is usually necessary to preserve soft tissue after this time, the presence of polychaete muscle in the nonmineralised Burgess shale shows this need not always be the case. Their preservation potential is similar to that of
572:
themselves are contractile, helping to push the blood along, so most species have no need of a heart. In a few cases, however, muscular pumps analogous to a heart are found in various parts of the system. Conversely, some species have little or no circulatory system at all, transporting oxygen in the
843:. Females measure ~1 mm long and have simplified bodies containing six segments, a reduced coelom, and no appendages, parapodia, or chaetae. The males are only 50 μm long and consist of just a few hundred cells. They lack a digestive system and have just 68 neurons, and only live for roughly a week.
2661:
Martín-Durán, José M.; Vellutini, Bruno C.; Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Cetrangolo, Viviana; Cvetesic, Nevena; Thiel, Daniel; Henriet, Simon; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Carrillo-Baltodano, Allan M.; Gu, Wenjia; Kerbl, Alexandra; Marquez, Yamile; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Chourrout, Daniel; Gómez-Skarmeta, Jose Luis;
571:
A simple but well-developed circulatory system is usually present. The two main blood vessels furnish smaller vessels to supply the parapodia and the gut. Blood flows forward in the dorsal vessel, above the gut, and returns down the body in the ventral vessel, beneath the gut. The blood vessels
860:
directly into the body cavity, where they complete their development. Once mature, the gametes are shed into the surrounding water through ducts or openings that vary between species, or in some cases by the complete rupture of the body wall (and subsequent death of the adult). A few species
730:. Ectoparasitic polychaetes feed on skin, blood, and other secretions, and some are adapted to bore through hard, usually calcerous surfaces, such as the shells of mollusks. These "boring" polychaetes may be parasitic, but may be opportunistic or even obligate symbionts (commensals).
880:
into the adult form by adding segments. A few species have no larval form, with the egg hatching into a form resembling the adult, and in many that do have larvae, the trochophore never feeds, surviving off the yolk that remains from the egg.
446:
However, polychaetes vary widely from this generalized pattern, and can display a range of different body forms. The most generalised polychaetes are those that crawl along the bottom, but others have adapted to many different
709:
Polychaetes are predominantly marine, but many species also live in freshwater, and a few in terrestrial environments. They are extremely variable in both form and lifestyle, and include a few taxa that swim among the
542:. Additional oblique muscles move the parapodia. In most species the body cavity is divided into separate compartments by sheets of peritoneum between each segment, but in some species it is more continuous.
901:. The rear ends of the worm develop into "stolons" containing the eggs or sperm; these stolons then become detached from the parent worm and rise to the sea surface, where fertilisation takes place.
2045:
Struck, T. H.; Paul, C.; Hill, N.; Hartmann, S.; Hösel, C.; Kube, M.; Lieb, B.; Meyer, A.; Tiedemann, R.; Purschke, G. N.; Bleidorn, C. (2011). "Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution".
553:, and varies in form depending on their diets, since the group includes predators, herbivores, filter feeders, scavengers, and parasites. In general, however, they possess a pair of jaws and a
824:, the greatest depth in the oceans, near 10,902 m (35,768 ft) in depth. It was about an inch long visually, but the probe failed to capture it, so it could not be studied in detail.
602:
is attached to the ventral posterior surface of the brain, and appears to be involved in reproductive activity. In addition to the sensory organs on the head, photosensitive eye spots,
417:
Polychaetes are segmented worms, generally less than 10 cm (4 in) in length, although ranging at the extremes from 1 mm (0.04 in) to 3 m (10 ft), in
1487:
2115:
Glasby, Cristopher; Timm, Tarmo (2008). E. V. Balian; C. Lévêque; H. Segers; K. Martens (eds.). "Global diversity of polychaetes (Polychaeta: Annelida) in freshwater".
1233:
598:
and a series of small nerves in each segment. The brain is relatively large, compared with that of other annelids, and lies in the upper part of the head. An
2522:
2225:
Kanie, Shusei; Miura, Daisuke; Jimi, Naoto; Hayashi, Taro; Nakamura, Koji; Sakata, Masahiko; Ogoh, Katsunori; Ohmiya, Yoshihiro; Mitani, Yasuo (2021-09-27).
2476:
1895:
1696:
1361:
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that can be rapidly everted, allowing the worms to grab food and pull it into their mouths. In some species, the pharynx is modified into a lengthy
746:
3316:
2346:
Briggs, Derek E. G.; Kear, Amanda J. (8 February 2016). "Decay and preservation of polychaetes: taphonomic thresholds in soft-bodied organisms".
1443:
1411:
1098:, meaning the group excludes some descendants of its most recent common ancestor. Groups that may be descended from the polychaetes include the
1638:
3342:
3131:
1587:
745:. Underwater polychaetes have eversible mouthparts used to capture prey. A few groups have evolved to live in terrestrial environments, like
2227:"Violet bioluminescent Polycirrus sp. (Annelida: Terebelliformia) discovered in the shallow coastal waters of the Noto Peninsula in Japan"
749:
with many terrestrial species, but are restricted to humid areas. Some have even evolved cutaneous invaginations for aerial gas exchange.
2413:"Proceraea exoryxae sp. nov. (Annelida, Syllidae, Autolytinae), the first known polychaete miner tunneling into the tunic of an ascidian"
3434:
1888:
534:. Underneath this, in order, are a thin layer of connective tissue, a layer of circular muscle, a layer of longitudinal muscle, and a
3290:
2211:
2756:
3329:
833:) is a predatory species that can achieve a length at 3 m (10 ft)), with an average diameter of 25 mm (1 in).
409:, the deepest known spot in the Earth's oceans. Only 168 species (less than 2% of all polychaetes) are known from fresh waters.
2184:
1129:
Much of the classification below matches Rouse & Fauchald, 1998, although that paper does not apply ranks above family.
3334:
568:, breathing only through their body surfaces. Most other species have external gills, often associated with the parapodia.
2649:
814:
A still unclassified multilegged predatory polychaete worm was identified only by observation from the underwater vehicle
3137:
606:, and numerous additional sensory nerve endings, most likely involved with the sense of touch, also occur on the body.
1132:
Older classifications recognize many more (sub)orders than the layout presented here. As comparatively few polychaete
2739:
2506:
2538:"A novel symbiotic relationship between ascidians and a new tunic-boring polychaete (Annelida: Spionidae: Polydora)"
3401:
3269:
2784:"The Earliest Annelids: Lower Cambrian Polychaetes from the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland"
741:) lack them, but may have specialized gills or tentacles used for respiration and deposit or filter feeding, e.g.,
3117:
852:
Most polychaetes have separate sexes, rather than being hermaphroditic. The most primitive species have a pair of
617:
for excreting waste, which in some cases can be relatively complex in structure. The body also contains greenish "
387:
Polychaetes as a class are robust and widespread, with species that live in the coldest ocean temperatures of the
3347:
3282:
2536:
Abe, Hirokazu; Hoshino, Osamu; Yamada, Kazuyuki; Ogino, Tetsuya; Kawaida, Shun; Sato-Okoshi, Waka (2022-06-28).
3141:
579:
The blood may be colourless, or have any of three different respiratory pigments. The most common of these is
2633:
2098:
3439:
594:
The nervous system consists of a single or double ventral nerve cord running the length of the body, with
3212:
2731:
975:
815:
400:
17:
3217:
152:
2199:
3357:
929:
2998:
2131:
3122:
1007:
856:
in every segment, but most species exhibit some degree of specialisation. The gonads shed immature
139:
3406:
949:, long interpreted as an annelid, is now considered to represent a mollusc. An even older fossil,
811:
that reaches lengths of over 3 m and may be the most long-lived annelid, being over 250 years old.
399:
near the surface, to a 2- to 3-cm specimen (still unclassified) observed by the robot ocean probe
2292:"The spatial pattern of bioluminescent flashes in the polychaete Eusyllis blomstrandi (Annelida)"
780:
884:
However, some polychaetes exhibit remarkable reproductive strategies. Some species reproduce by
3152:
2993:
2126:
1140:
analysis, some groups which are usually considered invalid today may eventually be reinstated.
991:
862:
800:
788:
673:
3383:
3393:
3378:
2640:
Geography of the ocean floor near Guam with some notes on exploration of the
Challenger Deep.
2585:
963:
808:
3370:
722:. A few species, roughly 80 (less than 0.5% of species), are parasitic. These include both
365:. More than 10,000 species are described in this class. Common representatives include the
3429:
3321:
3238:
3199:
3190:
3088:
2948:
2832:
2675:
2355:
2238:
2054:
770:
of the
Pacific Ocean. Pompeii worms are among the most heat-tolerant complex animals known.
1023:
625:, which appears to function in metabolism, in a similar fashion to that of the vertebrate
8:
1083:
1055:
1028:
527:
395:. Polychaetes occur throughout the Earth's oceans at all depths, from forms that live as
3092:
2952:
2836:
2679:
2359:
2242:
2058:
959:
period; this has been interpreted as an early polychaete, although consensus is absent.
2966:
2908:
2875:
2856:
2848:
2724:
2696:
2663:
2537:
2516:
2447:
2412:
2379:
2371:
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2267:
2226:
2144:
2078:
1227:
829:
419:
147:
3365:
3225:
2913:
2735:
2701:
2567:
2559:
2502:
2452:
2434:
2313:
2272:
2254:
2180:
2070:
1537:
1148:
1122:
were once considered separate phyla, but are now classified in the polychaete family
939:
909:
840:
793:
767:
481:
392:
2970:
2860:
2383:
2148:
3204:
3096:
3059:
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2903:
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2795:
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2492:
2484:
2442:
2424:
2363:
2325:
2303:
2262:
2246:
2136:
2082:
2062:
2014:
1850:
1790:
1662:
1644:
1525:
1511:
1499:
1435:
1203:
1167:
966:, the fossil record of polychaetes is dominated by their fossilized jaws, known as
448:
315:
255:
31:
3015:"Inconsistencies in proposed annelid affinities of early biomineralized organism
2815:
Butterfield, N. J. (1990). "A reassessment of the enigmatic
Burgess Shale fossil
2637:
2102:
1946:
1760:
1730:
1674:
1455:
1323:
1179:
1087:
821:
737:) tend to have well-developed sense organs and jaws, while the stationary forms (
599:
474:
406:
378:
3230:
3277:
3264:
2687:
2250:
1979:
1973:
1723:
1650:
1569:
1449:
1329:
1239:
1191:
1185:
1153:
1119:
690:
610:
561:. The digestive tract is a simple tube, usually with a stomach part way along.
240:
3100:
2844:
2554:
2397:
Annelids in
Extreme Aquatic Environments: Diversity, Adaptations and Evolution
2367:
2308:
2291:
2140:
916:
668:
573:
435:, which are used for movement and, in many species, act as the worm's primary
3423:
2563:
2438:
2317:
2258:
2117:
2003:"Recent views on the status, delineation, and classification of the Annelida"
1778:
1716:
1680:
1605:
1575:
1543:
1335:
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1263:
1257:
1209:
1161:
1076:
934:
913:
893:
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727:
723:
715:
614:
588:
493:
388:
374:
83:
3064:
3047:
3175:
2917:
2899:
2705:
2571:
2456:
2276:
2074:
2019:
2002:
1860:
1814:
1808:
1784:
1772:
1766:
1751:
1709:
1702:
1623:
1549:
1517:
1429:
1403:
1379:
1373:
1355:
1311:
1291:
1197:
1123:
1095:
1051:
987:
759:
661:
584:
436:
294:
3079:
Westheide, W. (1997). "The direction of evolution within the
Polychaeta".
2800:
2783:
2662:
Irimia, Manuel; Lenhard, Boris; Worsaae, Katrine; Hejnol, Andreas (2020).
684:
3303:
3184:
3031:
3014:
2933:"Ontogeny, morphology and taxonomy of the soft-bodied Cambrian 'mollusc'
2603:
2396:
1920:
1856:
1690:
1656:
1593:
1285:
1279:
1221:
967:
919:, a rich, sedimentary deposit in Greenland tentatively dated to the late
869:
703:
678:
622:
618:
580:
546:
428:
302:
58:
2066:
839:
has the smallest known genome of any annelid. The species shows extreme
656:
504:
2961:
2932:
2852:
2719:
2660:
2497:
2429:
2375:
1940:
1914:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1744:
1617:
1611:
1562:
1531:
1505:
1493:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1423:
1417:
1397:
1385:
1215:
1173:
1099:
1044:
1039:
983:
979:
920:
738:
664:
lives at great depths by hydrothermal vents at temperatures up to 80 °C
636:
and may be 200 nm to 13 mm thick. Their jaws are formed from
550:
535:
467:
424:
231:
103:
68:
2488:
1143:
These divisions were shown to be mostly paraphyletic in recent years.
3308:
3251:
2726:
Extraordinary
Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
1952:
1934:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1802:
1668:
1599:
1581:
1391:
1367:
1347:
1341:
1317:
1272:
1137:
1111:
1103:
1012:
995:
956:
805:
719:
698:
603:
558:
456:
432:
354:
217:
164:
108:
3146:
3295:
3256:
3169:
2608:
2179:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 469–525.
1968:
1926:
1737:
1632:
1479:
1305:
1065:
951:
924:
873:
734:
711:
637:
633:
595:
514:
460:
431:. Each segment bears a pair of paddle-like and highly vascularized
396:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
48:
2630:
2095:
1061:
3243:
1907:
1250:
1115:
1035:
971:
945:
885:
742:
554:
531:
452:
366:
298:
222:
212:
184:
113:
88:
2757:"Some polychaetes have sex lives out of a science fiction movie"
2664:"Conservative route to genome compaction in a miniature annelid"
2000:
1747:(sometimes own suborder Poeobiida or included in Flabelligerida)
1079:
eat seaweed and microorganisms and can be longer than four feet
1072:
2411:
Martin, Daniel; Nygren, Arne; Cruz-Rivera, Edwin (2017-06-01).
898:
857:
775:
718:. Most burrow or build tubes in the sediment, and some live as
645:
539:
440:
391:, to forms which tolerate the extremely high temperatures near
362:
358:
174:
3134:, a guide to the marine zooplankton of south eastern Australia
339:
279:
1107:
853:
641:
626:
489:
353:). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called
463:, requiring various modifications to their body structures.
1133:
565:
564:
The smallest species, and those adapted to burrowing, lack
485:
285:
126:
324:
264:
330:
270:
30:"Polychaeta" redirects here. For the genus of flies, see
526:
The outer surface of the body wall consists of a simple
3039:
2410:
632:
The cuticle is constructed from cross-linked fibres of
2125:(1: Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment): 107–115.
2044:
492:, known as "nuchal organs". These latter appear to be
423:. They can sometimes be brightly coloured, and may be
2535:
2224:
1626:(formerly the phyla Pogonophora & Vestimentifera)
345:
336:
333:
276:
258:
2808:
891:
A similar strategy is employed by the deep sea worm
342:
327:
321:
282:
267:
261:
1090:
can tolerate extremely high hydrogen sulfide levels
318:
273:
3019:(Ediacaran): structural and ontogenetic evidences"
2884:: Implications for the ancestral molluscan radula"
2723:
499:
2819:(Matthew) and its relationship to the polychaete
2781:
2521:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2481:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review
2174:
3421:
2477:"SYMBIOTIC POLYCHAETES: REVIEW OF KNOWN SPECIES"
974:tubes that some of them secrete. Most important
1068:can be dangerous to touch, giving painful burns
2650:A tiny worm sheds light into genome compaction
2474:
2990:with ecological and phylogenetic implications
2983:
2924:
2289:
2200:High-resolution vision in pelagic polychaetes
1997:Campbell, Reece, and Mitchell. Biology. 1999.
1094:Taxonomically, polychaetes are thought to be
2755:Frost, Emily; Waters, Hannah (1 July 2015).
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2040:
2038:
865:, but most fertilize their eggs externally.
2814:
2754:
2748:
2475:Martin, Daniel; Britayev, Temir A. (1998).
2001:Rouse, Greg W.; Fauchald, Kristian (1998).
1001:
545:The mouth of polychaetes is located on the
3045:
2345:
2290:Zörner, S. A.; Fischer, A. (22 Dec 2006).
2114:
125:
3078:
3063:
3048:"Calcareous tubeworms of the Phanerozoic"
3030:
3012:
3006:
2997:
2960:
2907:
2876:"Mouthparts of the Burgess Shale fossils
2867:
2799:
2695:
2553:
2496:
2446:
2428:
2332:
2307:
2266:
2212:"14 Fun Facts About Marine Bristle Worms"
2130:
2035:
2018:
868:The fertilized eggs typically hatch into
234:included but traditionally excluded taxa
3013:Vinn, Olev; Zatoń, Michał (March 2012).
1082:
1071:
1060:
1050:
1034:
1022:
1011:
697:
683:
667:
655:
513:
503:
477:; eight families have luminous species.
134:"A variety of marine worms": plate from
2782:Conway Morris, S.; Peel, J. S. (2008).
2761:14 fun facts about marine bristle worms
1740:(sometimes included in Flabelligeridae)
943:, may also have polychaete affinities.
14:
3422:
2977:
1726:(sometimes own suborder Fauveliopsida)
912:polychaete fossils are known from the
752:
496:, and help the worm to seek out food.
439:surfaces. Bundles of bristles, called
3151:
3150:
2930:
2873:
2718:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2406:
2404:
1719:(sometimes own suborder Ctenodrilida)
609:Polychaetes have a varying number of
3358:d7e449b2-0fe5-4ba7-8452-758615b234f4
3283:c06c61df-86d6-4712-8e07-6e8d4eb27678
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
1754:(sometimes own suborder Sternaspida)
990:. Polychaete cuticle does have some
779:, includes a species nicknamed the "
1733:(sometimes suborder Flabelligerida)
621:" tissue, similar to that found in
24:
3052:Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences
2888:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2463:
2401:
25:
3451:
3435:Extant Cambrian first appearances
3111:
2604:"'Zombie worms' found off Sweden"
2155:
786:Another remarkable polychaete is
480:The head also includes a pair of
451:, including burrowing, swimming,
904:
576:that fills their body cavities.
488:, and a pair of pits lined with
357:that bear many bristles, called
314:
254:
151:
56:
3072:
2775:
2712:
2654:
2643:
2624:
2578:
2529:
2483:. CRC Press. pp. 225–254.
2390:
2105:ns.gov.gu Accessed Oct. 8, 2009
1991:
847:
509:General anatomy of a polychaete
500:Internal anatomy and physiology
455:life, tube-dwelling or boring,
3138:Key to Families of Polychaetes
2668:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2283:
2218:
2204:
2193:
2108:
2089:
1712:(sometimes placed in Spionida)
1705:(sometimes placed in Spionida)
872:larvae, which float among the
443:, project from the parapodia.
412:
13:
1:
2788:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1986:
773:A recently discovered genus,
758:One notable polychaete, the
7:
3046:Vinn, O; Mutvei, H (2009).
1962:
1488:Phyllodocida incertae sedis
976:biomineralising polychaetes
10:
3456:
3081:Journal of Natural History
2688:10.1038/s41559-020-01327-6
2251:10.1038/s41598-021-98105-6
2175:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1005:
933:. Many of the more famous
651:
297:class of generally marine
29:
3159:
3118:World Polychaeta Database
3101:10.1080/00222939700770011
2845:10.1017/S0094837300010009
2555:10.11646/zootaxa.5159.1.1
2368:10.1017/S0094837300012343
2309:10.1007/s10152-006-0053-4
2296:Helgoland Marine Research
2141:10.1007/s10750-007-9008-2
930:Phragmochaeta canicularis
688:The cold seep tube worm
677:lives at great depths on
549:, the segment behind the
238:
230:
209:
204:
148:Scientific classification
146:
133:
124:
41:
3128:dedicated to polychaetes
2986:A revised morphology of
2028:
1031:are used to filter water
1008:List of annelid families
1002:Taxonomy and systematics
955:, dates to the terminal
837:Dimorphilus gyrociliatus
3132:Marine Polychaete Larva
3065:10.3176/earth.2009.4.07
2491:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1118:. The Pogonophora and
927:). The oldest found is
897:, which lives inside a
781:bone-eating snot flower
694:can live over 250 years
583:, but some groups have
3142:Natural History Museum
2984:Miller, A. J. (2004).
2900:10.1098/rspb.2012.1577
1091:
1080:
1069:
1058:
1048:
1032:
1020:
992:preservation potential
801:Lamellibrachia luymesi
789:Hesiocaeca methanicola
706:
695:
681:
674:Hesiocaeca methanicola
665:
587:or the green-coloured
523:
511:
27:Class of annelid worms
3379:Paleobiology Database
2931:Smith, M. R. (2014).
2874:Smith, M. R. (2012).
2801:10.4202/app.2008.0110
2631:Accessed Oct. 8, 2009
1136:have been subject to
1086:
1075:
1064:
1054:
1038:
1026:
1015:
964:soft-bodied organisms
820:at the bottom of the
766:), is endemic to the
701:
687:
671:
659:
517:
507:
405:at the bottom of the
3278:Fauna Europaea (new)
2177:Invertebrate Zoology
2020:10.1093/icb/38.6.953
1234:Asteromyzostomatidae
1056:Christmas tree worms
640:collagen, and their
361:, which are made of
3440:Paraphyletic groups
3093:1997JNatH..31....1W
3023:Carnets de Géologie
2953:2014Palgy..57..215S
2894:(1745): 4287–4295.
2837:1990Pbio...16..287B
2680:2020NatEE...5..231M
2360:1993Pbio...19..107B
2243:2021NatSR..1119097K
2067:10.1038/nature09864
2059:2011Natur.471...95S
1029:feather duster worm
937:organisms, such as
764:Alvinella pompejana
753:Notable polychaetes
528:columnar epithelium
3032:10.4267/2042/46095
2962:10.1111/pala.12063
2636:1996-10-27 at the
2430:10.7717/peerj.3374
2231:Scientific Reports
2101:1996-10-27 at the
2096:Geography of Guam
2007:American Zoologist
1228:Endomyzostomatidae
1092:
1081:
1070:
1059:
1049:
1033:
1027:The plumes of the
1021:
1018:Phyllodoce lineata
830:Eunice aphroditois
768:hydrothermal vents
733:The mobile forms (
707:
696:
682:
666:
530:covered by a thin
524:
512:
473:Many species show
420:Eunice aphroditois
393:hydrothermal vents
3417:
3416:
3366:Open Tree of Life
3153:Taxon identifiers
3123:Special issue of
2817:Wiwaxia corrugata
2763:. Smithsonian.com
2612:. 18 October 2005
2489:10.1201/b12646-22
2186:978-0-03-056747-6
1538:Lopadorrhynchidae
876:, and eventually
841:sexual dimorphism
827:The Bobbit worm (
794:methane clathrate
792:, which lives on
644:from sclerotised
449:ecological niches
247:
246:
200:
119:
53:
16:(Redirected from
3447:
3410:
3409:
3397:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3374:
3373:
3361:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3312:
3311:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3285:
3273:
3272:
3260:
3259:
3247:
3246:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3220:
3208:
3207:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3148:
3147:
3105:
3104:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2729:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2557:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2512:
2500:
2472:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2432:
2408:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2343:
2330:
2329:
2311:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2172:
2153:
2152:
2134:
2112:
2106:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2042:
2024:
2022:
1851:Scalibregmatidae
1791:Trichobranchidae
1663:Poecilochaetidae
1645:Apistobranchidae
1526:Phyllodociformia
1512:Typhloscolecidae
1500:Nautiliniellidae
1436:Paralacydoniidae
1204:Protodriloididae
1168:Histriobdellidae
1088:Giant tube worms
538:surrounding the
520:Phyllodoce rosea
484:, tentacle-like
371:Arenicola marina
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
205:Groups included
198:
156:
155:
129:
118:
55:
51:
45:Temporal range:
44:
39:
38:
32:Polychaeta (fly)
21:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3405:
3400:
3392:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3369:
3364:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3333:
3328:
3320:
3315:
3307:
3302:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3224:
3216:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3155:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3077:
3073:
3044:
3040:
3011:
3007:
2999:10.1.1.526.5035
2982:
2978:
2929:
2925:
2872:
2868:
2821:Canadia spinosa
2813:
2809:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2732:Greenwood Press
2717:
2713:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2638:Wayback Machine
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2534:
2530:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2473:
2464:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2344:
2333:
2288:
2284:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2173:
2156:
2132:10.1.1.655.4467
2113:
2109:
2103:Wayback Machine
2094:
2090:
2053:(7336): 95–98.
2043:
2036:
2031:
1994:
1989:
1965:
1947:Thalassematidae
1896:Scolecidaformia
1761:Terebellomorpha
1731:Flabelligeridae
1697:Cirratuliformia
1675:Trochochaetidae
1456:Chrysopetalidae
1362:Aphroditiformia
1324:Hartmaniellidae
1180:Parergodrilidae
1010:
1004:
907:
850:
822:Challenger Deep
755:
654:
600:endocrine gland
522:
510:
502:
475:bioluminescence
415:
407:Challenger Deep
317:
313:
303:commonly called
257:
253:
197:
150:
140:M. J. Schleiden
120:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
47:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3398:
3388:
3375:
3362:
3352:
3339:
3326:
3313:
3300:
3287:
3274:
3265:Fauna Europaea
3261:
3248:
3235:
3222:
3209:
3196:
3181:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3129:
3125:Marine Ecology
3120:
3113:
3112:External links
3110:
3107:
3106:
3071:
3038:
3005:
2976:
2947:(1): 215–229.
2923:
2878:Odontogriphus
2866:
2831:(3): 287–303.
2807:
2774:
2747:
2740:
2711:
2674:(2): 231–242.
2653:
2642:
2623:
2595:
2577:
2528:
2507:
2462:
2400:
2389:
2354:(1): 107–135.
2331:
2282:
2217:
2203:
2192:
2185:
2154:
2107:
2088:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2013:(6): 953–964.
1998:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:Australonuphis
1976:
1974:Edith Berkeley
1971:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:(nomen dubium)
1892:
1891:(nomen dubium)
1885:
1884:(nomen dubium)
1878:
1877:(nomen dubium)
1871:
1870:(nomen dubium)
1864:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1724:Fauveliopsidae
1720:
1713:
1706:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1651:Longosomatidae
1647:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1572:
1570:Chaetopteridae
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1450:Antonbruunidae
1440:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1330:Ichthyotomidae
1326:
1320:
1314:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1282:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1240:Myzostomatidae
1236:
1230:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1192:Psammodrilidae
1188:
1186:Potamodrilidae
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1154:incertae sedis
1120:Vestimentifera
1003:
1000:
906:
903:
849:
846:
845:
844:
834:
825:
812:
797:
784:
771:
754:
751:
747:Namanereidinae
702:The predatory
691:Lamellibrachia
653:
650:
611:protonephridia
574:coelomic fluid
518:
508:
501:
498:
494:chemoreceptors
414:
411:
245:
244:
241:Chaetopteridae
236:
235:
228:
227:
226:
225:
220:
215:
207:
206:
202:
201:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
144:
143:
131:
130:
122:
121:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3452:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:Palaeontology
2938:
2936:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2741:9780313339226
2737:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2586:"Bristleworm"
2581:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2508:9780429210600
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2118:Hydrobiologia
2111:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1779:Pectinariidae
1776:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1717:Ctenodrilidae
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1681:Uncispionidae
1678:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:Sabellariidae
1603:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:Canalipalpata
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:Phyllodocidae
1541:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:Nereidiformia
1441:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:Glyceriformia
1409:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1336:Lumbrineridae
1333:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:Euphrosinidae
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1264:Polygordiidae
1261:
1259:
1258:Protodrilidae
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:Saccocirridae
1207:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1162:Diurodrilidae
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
953:
948:
947:
942:
941:
936:
935:Burgess Shale
932:
931:
926:
922:
918:
915:
914:Sirius Passet
911:
905:Fossil record
902:
900:
896:
895:
894:Syllis ramosa
889:
887:
882:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
859:
855:
842:
838:
835:
832:
831:
826:
823:
819:
818:
813:
810:
807:
803:
802:
798:
795:
791:
790:
785:
782:
778:
777:
772:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
728:endoparasites
725:
724:ectoparasites
721:
717:
716:abyssal plain
714:or above the
713:
705:
700:
693:
692:
686:
680:
676:
675:
670:
663:
658:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:metanephridia
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
589:chlorocruorin
586:
582:
577:
575:
569:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
521:
516:
506:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
471:
469:
466:The head, or
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:
410:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
390:
389:abyssal plain
385:
383:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
350:
311:
307:
306:bristle worms
304:
300:
299:annelid worms
296:
290:
251:
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:Cladistically
229:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
208:
203:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
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170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
128:
123:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
52:(or earlier?)
50:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3160:
3124:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3022:
3016:
3008:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2926:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2828:
2825:Paleobiology
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2760:
2750:
2725:
2714:
2671:
2667:
2656:
2645:
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2607:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2480:
2420:
2416:
2392:
2351:
2348:Paleobiology
2347:
2302:(1): 55–66.
2299:
2295:
2285:
2237:(1): 19097.
2234:
2230:
2220:
2206:
2195:
2176:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2091:
2050:
2046:
2010:
2006:
1992:Bibliography
1978:
1905:
1861:nomen dubium
1815:Capitellidae
1809:Arenicolidae
1785:Terebellidae
1773:Ampharetidae
1767:Alvinellidae
1752:Sternaspidae
1710:Cirratulidae
1703:Acrocirridae
1639:Spioniformia
1624:Siboglinidae
1560:
1550:Pontodoridae
1518:Tomopteridae
1430:Lacydoniidae
1404:Sigalionidae
1380:Eulepethidae
1374:Aphroditidae
1356:Phyllodocida
1312:Dorvilleidae
1292:Amphinomidae
1270:
1248:
1198:Spintheridae
1152:
1147:
1142:
1131:
1128:
1124:Siboglinidae
1096:paraphyletic
1093:
1043:
1042:bristleworm
1017:
968:scolecodonts
961:
950:
944:
938:
928:
908:
892:
890:
883:
878:metamorphose
867:
851:
848:Reproduction
836:
828:
816:
799:
787:
774:
763:
760:Pompeii worm
732:
708:
689:
672:
662:Pompeii worm
631:
623:oligochaetes
608:
593:
585:haemerythrin
578:
570:
563:
544:
525:
519:
479:
472:
465:
457:commensalism
445:
418:
416:
401:
386:
381:
370:
309:
305:
295:paraphyletic
249:
248:
239:
194:
142:(1804–1881)
135:
36:
3430:Polychaetes
3304:iNaturalist
3185:Wikispecies
3087:(1): 1–15.
3025:(Lettres).
2794:: 137–148.
2720:Piper, Ross
2616:12 February
2548:(1): 1–22.
2498:10261/39328
1921:Bonelliidae
1857:Capitellida
1801:Infraclass
1691:Terebellida
1657:Magelonidae
1594:Fabriciidae
1588:Caobangidae
1574:Infraclass
1286:Amphinomida
1280:Levidoridae
1222:Myzostomida
1112:sipunculans
1100:clitellates
988:cirratulids
972:mineralized
917:Lagerstätte
870:trochophore
704:Bobbit worm
679:methane ice
638:sclerotised
619:chloragogen
591:, instead.
581:haemoglobin
547:peristomium
540:body cavity
437:respiratory
429:luminescent
413:Description
310:polychaetes
199:Grube, 1850
42:Polychaetes
18:Polychaetes
3424:Categories
3205:Polychaeta
3191:Polychaeta
3161:Polychaeta
3058:(4): 286.
2823:Walcott".
1987:References
1941:Echiuridae
1915:Bonelliida
1845:Paraonidae
1839:Orbiniidae
1833:Opheliidae
1827:Maldanidae
1821:Cossuridae
1745:Poeobiidae
1618:Serpulidae
1612:Sabellidae
1563:Sedentaria
1532:Alciopidae
1506:Nephtyidae
1494:Iospilidae
1474:Pilargidae
1468:Nereididae
1462:Hesionidae
1424:Goniadidae
1418:Glyceridae
1398:Polynoidae
1386:Iphionidae
1216:Haplodrili
1174:Nerillidae
1104:earthworms
1045:Tomopteris
1040:Planktonic
1006:See also:
970:, and the
921:Atdabanian
910:Stem-group
739:Sedentaria
720:commensals
604:statocysts
551:prostomium
536:peritoneum
468:prostomium
461:parasitism
425:iridescent
373:) and the
250:Polychaeta
195:Polychaeta
2994:CiteSeerX
2564:1175-5334
2517:cite book
2439:2167-8359
2423:: e3374.
2318:1438-3888
2259:2045-2322
2127:CiteSeerX
1953:Urechidae
1935:Echiurida
1906:Subclass
1882:Orbiniida
1875:Opheliida
1868:Cossurida
1803:Scolecida
1759:Suborder
1695:Suborder
1669:Spionidae
1637:Suborder
1600:Oweniidae
1582:Sabellida
1561:Subclass
1524:Suborder
1486:Suborder
1442:Suborder
1410:Suborder
1392:Pholoidae
1368:Acoetidae
1360:Suborder
1348:Onuphidae
1342:Oenonidae
1318:Eunicidae
1273:Aciculata
1271:Subclass
1249:Subclass
1138:cladistic
1116:echiurans
1077:Sandworms
1066:Rag worms
996:jellyfish
984:sabellids
980:serpulids
957:Ediacaran
809:tube worm
806:cold seep
796:deposits.
559:proboscis
433:parapodia
379:clam worm
355:parapodia
218:Scolecida
171:Kingdom:
165:Eukaryota
54:– present
3244:64043293
3170:Wikidata
3017:Cloudina
2988:Cloudina
2971:84616434
2918:22915671
2861:88100863
2767:9 August
2722:(2007).
2706:33199869
2634:Archived
2609:BBC News
2572:36095560
2457:28584710
2384:84073818
2277:34580316
2149:13143924
2099:Archived
2075:21368831
1969:Aelosoma
1963:See also
1927:Ikedidae
1889:Questida
1738:Flotidae
1633:Spionida
1480:Syllidae
1306:Eunicida
1016:Head of
952:Cloudina
925:Cambrian
874:plankton
863:copulate
743:fanworms
735:Errantia
712:plankton
634:collagen
482:antennae
427:or even
397:plankton
375:sandworm
185:Annelida
181:Phylum:
175:Animalia
161:Domain:
136:Das Meer
49:Cambrian
3394:4305648
3089:Bibcode
2949:Bibcode
2935:Wiwaxia
2909:3441091
2882:Wiwaxia
2853:2400789
2833:Bibcode
2697:7854359
2676:Bibcode
2542:Zootaxa
2448:5457667
2376:2400774
2356:Bibcode
2326:2473677
2268:8476577
2239:Bibcode
2083:4428998
2055:Bibcode
1951:Family
1945:Family
1939:Family
1925:Family
1919:Family
1908:Echiura
1849:Family
1843:Family
1837:Family
1831:Family
1825:Family
1819:Family
1813:Family
1807:Family
1789:Family
1783:Family
1777:Family
1771:Family
1765:Family
1750:Family
1743:Family
1736:Family
1729:Family
1722:Family
1715:Family
1708:Family
1701:Family
1679:Family
1673:Family
1667:Family
1661:Family
1655:Family
1649:Family
1643:Family
1622:Family
1616:Family
1610:Family
1604:Family
1598:Family
1592:Family
1586:Family
1568:Family
1548:Family
1542:Family
1536:Family
1530:Family
1516:Family
1510:Family
1504:Family
1498:Family
1492:Family
1478:Family
1472:Family
1466:Family
1460:Family
1454:Family
1448:Family
1434:Family
1428:Family
1422:Family
1416:Family
1402:Family
1396:Family
1390:Family
1384:Family
1378:Family
1372:Family
1366:Family
1346:Family
1340:Family
1334:Family
1328:Family
1322:Family
1316:Family
1310:Family
1296:Family
1290:Family
1278:Family
1262:Family
1256:Family
1251:Palpata
1238:Family
1232:Family
1226:Family
1208:Family
1202:Family
1196:Family
1190:Family
1184:Family
1178:Family
1172:Family
1166:Family
1160:Family
1108:leeches
946:Wiwaxia
940:Canadia
923:(early
886:epitoky
858:gametes
652:Ecology
596:ganglia
555:pharynx
532:cuticle
453:pelagic
441:chaetae
367:lugworm
359:chaetae
293:) is a
223:Echiura
213:Palpata
191:Class:
3391:uBio:
3371:941618
3355:NZOR:
3257:1POLYC
3176:Q18952
2996:
2969:
2916:
2906:
2859:
2851:
2738:
2704:
2694:
2570:
2562:
2505:
2455:
2445:
2437:
2382:
2374:
2324:
2316:
2275:
2265:
2257:
2183:
2147:
2129:
2081:
2073:
2047:Nature
1933:Order
1913:Order
1894:Order
1887:Order
1880:Order
1873:Order
1866:Order
1855:Order
1689:Order
1631:Order
1580:Order
1354:Order
1304:Order
1284:Order
1220:Order
1214:Order
1114:, and
986:, and
962:Being
899:sponge
854:gonads
817:Nereus
776:Osedax
646:chitin
459:, and
402:Nereus
382:Alitta
363:chitin
3402:WoRMS
3335:64358
3317:IRMNG
3309:47490
3270:15467
3218:24489
2967:S2CID
2857:S2CID
2849:JSTOR
2417:PeerJ
2380:S2CID
2372:JSTOR
2322:S2CID
2145:S2CID
2079:S2CID
2029:Notes
1149:Basal
804:is a
642:setae
627:liver
566:gills
490:cilia
486:palps
3384:7022
3348:6341
3343:NCBI
3330:ITIS
3322:1321
3291:GBIF
3252:EPPO
3213:BOLD
2914:PMID
2880:and
2769:2017
2736:ISBN
2702:PMID
2618:2010
2590:MESA
2568:PMID
2560:ISSN
2546:5159
2523:link
2503:ISBN
2453:PMID
2435:ISSN
2314:ISSN
2273:PMID
2255:ISSN
2181:ISBN
2071:PMID
1134:taxa
1106:and
978:are
726:and
660:The
59:PreꞒ
3407:883
3296:256
3239:EoL
3226:CoL
3200:ADW
3097:doi
3060:doi
3027:doi
2957:doi
2904:PMC
2896:doi
2892:279
2841:doi
2796:doi
2692:PMC
2684:doi
2550:doi
2493:hdl
2485:doi
2443:PMC
2425:doi
2364:doi
2304:doi
2263:PMC
2247:doi
2137:doi
2123:595
2063:doi
2051:471
2015:doi
1151:or
1110:),
613:or
377:or
308:or
138:by
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