306:, which has since been widely circulated. The top five plastic polluters included China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand. The United States ranked twentieth, the only wealthy nation on the list. “We were not attempting to re-do the 2015 study,” says Kara Lavender Law, a marine scientist at the Sea Education Association in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and the new study’s lead author. “The whole point was to examine the United States.” Analysing, 2016 data, the team found that as much as 3 percent of all plastic waste generated in the U.S. was either littered or illegally dumped in the environment. In all, the United States contributed up to 2.24 million metric tons into the environment in 2016, and of that, more than half—1.5 million metric tons—was along coastlines, meaning it had a high probability of slipping into the oceans.
259:
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462:(PERI), an institute at the university off Massachusetts Amherst, of the United States' top polluters. PERI uses a formula: Emissions (millions of pounds) x Toxicity x Population Exposure. Population is measured by its proximity to nearby residents, as well as, prevailing winds and the height of smokestacks. The data on chemical releases come from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI).
424:
It is a social movement that aims to ensure all citizens have equal rights and opportunities to reside in a safe environment. The movement began in the 1980s as evidence was mounting that companies were targeting minority and low-income communities. Due to the lack of community action among minorities and low-come, corporations found little resistance when applying to build environmentally polluting factories.
423:
is defined as "the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, sex, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies" by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency.
116:
Air pollution is caused predominantly by burning fossil fuels, cars and much more. Natural sources of air pollution include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds, and natural radioactivity. These natural sources of pollution often soon
432:
On
February 11, 1994, President William Clinton signed Executive Order 12898 "Federal Actions To Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations". Its purpose was to create the "Interagency Working Group on Environmental Justice". It provided directions to the
457:
Common offenders of environmental discrimination are corporations that build environmentally hazardous sites. These are typically waste processing facilities, energy companies such as coal plants, chemical plants, and manufacturers who use specific chemicals known to be hazardous to both the
448:
The goals of the plan are to: • Protect health in communities over-burdened by pollution • Empower communities to take action to improve their health and environment • Establish partnerships with local, state, tribal and federal organizations to achieve healthy and sustainable communities.
433:"Working Group" on how to develop and manage an effective system for preventing environmental injustices. The "Working Group" was made up of various heads of federal agencies and tasked with creating guidelines for reporting, tracking, and developing regulations to curb
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environment and/or human health. Other industries known for being responsible for negatively impacting the United States include transportation and energy mining and drilling. A list called The Toxic 100 is maintained by the
158:
costs U.S. government agencies, drinking water facilities and individual
Americans at least $ 4.3 billion annually. Of that, they calculated that $ 44 million a year is spent just protecting aquatic species from
407:(EPA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged with protecting human health and with safeguarding the natural environment: air, water, and land. The EPA was proposed by President
912:
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and began operation on 2 December 1970, when it was passed by
Congress, and signed into law by President Nixon, and has since been chiefly responsible for the environmental policy of the United States.
354:"This is a long time coming. Polystyrene foam products rely on nonrenewable sources for production, are nearly indestructible and leave a legacy of pollution on our urban and natural environments. If
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disperse and thin settling near their locale. However, major natural events such as volcanic activity can convey throughout the air spreading, thinning and settling over continents.
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In a report published in the
November 12, 2008 online issue of Environmental Science and Technology, researchers found that freshwater pollution by
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330:, was one of the first cities in the world to ban polystyrene food packaging (called Styrofoam in the media announcements). It was also banned in
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state legislatures are currently considering bills which would effectively ban expanded polystyrene in all takeout food packaging statewide.
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burning for heating, electrical generation, and in motor vehicles are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States.
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The overall benefits of the ban in
Portland, Oregon have been questioned, as have the general environmental concepts of the use of
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772:"SAN FRANCISCO / Styrofoam ban for restaurants proposed for '07 / Business owners split on forced switch to eco-friendly options"
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could see the light and phase out polystyrene foam more than a decade ago, it's about time San
Francisco got with the program."
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Pollution from U.S. manufacturing has declined massively since 1990 (despite an increase in production). A 2018 study in the
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543:"Why Is Pollution from US Manufacturing Declining? The Roles of Environmental Regulation, Productivity, and Trade"
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698:"www.berkeleydaily.org » Admission Requirements At The University Of Berkeley | Berkeley Daily"
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Miller, G. Tyler Jr. Living in the
Environment. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1987.
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In 2014, EPA has a strategy known as Plan EJ 2014. It is not, however, a rule or regulation.
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In 2015 study, the scientists also published a chart listing the top 20 nations contributing
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825:. Center for Environmental Communications, Loyola University, New Orleans. Archived from
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found that environmental regulation is the primary driver of the reduction in pollution.
791:"Paper Waste: Why Portland's Ban on Polystyrene Foam Products Has Been a Costly Failure"
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Racial/Ethnic
Inequality in Environmental-Hazard Exposure in Metropolitan Los Angeles
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introduced a ban on the packaging on June 1, 2007: Board of
Supervisors President
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in 1990. Now, over 20 US cities have banned polystyrene food packaging, including
518:- a landmark federal case concerning toxic contamination in Woburn, Massachusetts
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Fossil fuels lobby § Influence of the energy lobby in the United States
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647:"U.S. generates more plastic trash than any other nation, report finds"
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894:. Berkeley, California: California Policy Research Center. p. 15.
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and its consequences as a pollutant is attributed as sparking the
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Zamora, Jim Herron; Writer, Chronicle Staff (June 28, 2006).
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Goodyear, Charlie; Writer, Chronicle Staff (June 27, 2006).
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Freshwater Pollution Costs at Least $ 4.3 Billion Annually
221:
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619:. Detroit: Gale Research International Limited, 1994.
753:"San Francisco / Committee approves ban on Styrofoam"
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16:
Overview of pollution in the United States of America
510:(RECLAIM, an emission trading scheme in California)
522:Hexavalent chromium pollution in the United States
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823:"Where Might We Look for Environmental Heroes?"
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1024:United States Environmental Protection Agency
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405:United States Environmental Protection Agency
130:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
716:"Styrofoam food packaging banned in Oakland"
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676:"Business Gives Styrofoam a Rare Redemption"
97:List of Superfund sites in the United States
1032:(data about pollution in the United States)
384:Environmental movement in the United States
226:environmental movement in the United States
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796:. Cascade Policy Institute. Archived from
631:Newswise, Retrieved on November 28, 2008.
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541:Walker, Reed; Shapiro, Joseph S. (2018).
21:Environmental issues in the United States
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617:'Environmental Encyclopedia. Acid Rain'
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322:. One such organization in the U.S. is
101:Category:Landfills in the United States
74:Murphy Oil Spill (Chalmette, Louisiana)
44:, government agencies and individuals.
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1620:Family responsibilities discrimination
980:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
935:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
889:
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751:Goodyear, Charlie (November 7, 2006).
709:
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866:"Environmental Justice | US EPA"
996:"PERI: Toxic 100 Air Polluters 2013"
734:"Californians Against Waste website"
678:. Stockton Record. 21 September 2007
508:Regional Clean Air Incentives Market
492:Uranium mining and the Navajo people
460:Political Economy Research Institute
298:resources-conservation-and-recycling
253:
141:Water pollution in the United States
59:Examples of land pollution include:
821:Thomas, Robert A. (March 8, 2005).
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126:Climate change in the United States
13:
1067:Social issues in the United States
789:Eckhardt, Angela (November 1998).
216:Pesticide use in the United States
112:Air pollution in the United States
14:
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504:- the top 100 polluters in the US
1630:Institutionalized discrimination
584:Environment And Global Community
477:Environment of the United States
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189:2007 San Francisco Bay oil spill
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38:pollution in the United States
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318:attempting to ban the use of
314:Worldwide there are numerous
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653:. 2020-10-30. Archived from
435:environmental discrimination
416:Environmental discrimination
184:1969 Santa Barbara oil spill
84:
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1224:Water supply and sanitation
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316:environmental organizations
199:1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
42:environmental organizations
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582:Shapiro, Susan G. (2005).
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366:versus polystyrene. The
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233:DDT in the United States
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49:American Economic Review
36:As with many countries,
1181:Higher education bubble
890:Pastor, Manuel (2001).
497:List of Superfund sites
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1625:Housing discrimination
1431:Racial achievement gap
1176:Educational inequality
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31:Exxon Valdez oil spill
428:Executive Order 12898
421:Environmental justice
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79:Prudhoe Bay oil spill
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1615:Caste discrimination
1416:Mass racial violence
1406:Interminority racism
1401:Environmental racism
560:10.1257/aer.20151272
482:Environmental racism
328:Berkeley, California
69:Greenpoint oil spill
1479:Prison overcrowding
1469:Illegal immigration
1158:Widening income gap
1083:Abusive supervision
515:Anderson v. Cryovac
340:Oakland, California
29:Pollution from the
1610:Age discrimination
1315:Child prostitution
1133:Standard of living
342:, on Jan 1, 2007.
269:. You can help by
161:nutrient pollution
34:
1704:
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1572:Freedom of speech
1464:Human trafficking
1396:African Americans
1388:racial inequality
1320:Child trafficking
1247:Domestic violence
1214:Natural disasters
1098:Farmers' suicides
553:(12): 3814–3854.
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40:is a concern for
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1696:Police brutality
1671:Political apathy
1436:Racial profiling
1421:Native Americans
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1026:- Pollution page
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1644:Other issues
1527:Malnutrition
1411:Islamophobia
1363:Prostitution
1343:Acid attacks
1267:Martial rape
1242:Cohabitation
1218:
1204:Conservation
1153:Unemployment
1148:Urbanization
1108:Land reforms
1004:. Retrieved
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1691:Prohibition
1499:Vigilantism
1484:Prison rape
1305:Child labor
1300:Child abuse
1262:Infertility
1196:Environment
1123:Remittances
651:Environment
320:polystyrene
310:Polystyrene
220:The use of
119:Fossil fuel
1666:Plutocracy
1587:Truthiness
1582:Post-truth
1555:Censorship
1504:Cybercrime
1459:Corruption
1006:2016-05-24
967:2014-08-15
922:2014-08-15
876:2014-08-15
833:2007-10-23
807:2007-10-23
682:2007-10-09
661:2023-02-17
528:References
382:See also:
368:California
356:McDonald's
278:April 2009
231:See also:
210:Pesticides
178:Oil spills
152:phosphorus
146:Freshwater
124:See also:
95:See also:
64:Love Canal
1676:Sexuality
1656:Extremism
1577:Fake news
1494:Terrorism
1219:Pollution
1168:Education
1143:Transport
569:0002-8282
502:Toxic 100
91:Superfund
85:Superfund
1711:Category
1661:Gambling
1651:Colorism
1560:Internet
1522:HIV/AIDS
1353:Feminism
1295:Abortion
1287:Children
1277:Polygamy
1186:Literacy
1113:Pensions
976:cite web
931:cite web
848:"AB 904"
586:. IDEA.
466:See also
378:Lobbying
372:New York
295:See also
156:nitrogen
1605:Ableism
1537:Suicide
1532:Obesity
1118:Poverty
1075:Economy
350:noted:
1514:Health
1383:Racism
1373:Sexism
1234:Family
776:SFGate
757:SFGate
720:SFGate
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393:Policy
167:Oceans
1547:Media
1451:Crime
1335:Women
1103:Labor
961:(PDF)
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794:(PDF)
364:paper
250:Waste
135:Water
1681:LGBT
1385:and
1368:Rape
982:link
937:link
588:ISBN
565:ISSN
403:The
386:and
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172:Oils
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222:DDT
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
