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123:. Fodder pollards produced "pollard hay" for livestock feed; they were pruned at intervals of two to six years so their leafy material would be most abundant. Wood pollards were pruned at longer intervals of eight to fifteen years, a pruning cycle tending to produce upright poles favored for fencing and boat construction. Supple young willow or hazel branches may be harvested as material for weaving baskets, fences, and garden constructions such as
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in certain areas for reasons such as tree size management, safety, and health concerns. It removes rotting or diseased branches to support the overall health of the tree and removes living and dead branches that could harm property and people, as well as increasing the amount of foliage in spring for
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growth may be pollarded. In these species (which include many broadleaved trees but few conifers), removal of the main apical stems releases the growth of many dormant buds under the bark on the lower part of the tree. Trees without this growth will die without their leaves and branches. Some smaller
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An incidental effect of pollarding in woodland is the encouragement of underbrush growth due to increased light reaching the woodland floor. This can increase species diversity. However, in woodland where pollarding was once common but has now ceased, the opposite effect occurs, as the side and top
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mentioned pollarding during the 1st century BCE. The practice has occurred commonly in Europe since medieval times, and takes place today in urban areas worldwide, primarily to maintain trees at a determined height or to place new shoots out of the reach of grazing animals.
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meaning 'to crop the hair'. This use was extended to similar treatment of the branches of trees and the horns of animals. A pollard simply meant someone or something that had been polled (similar to the formation of "drunkard" and "sluggard"); for example, a hornless
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Pollards cut at about a metre above the ground are called stubs (or stubbs). These were often used as markers in coppice or other woodland. Stubs cannot be used where the trees are browsed by animals, as the regrowing shoots are below the browse line.
179:, to five years or more for larger timber. Sometimes, only some of the regrown stems may be cut in a season – this is thought to reduce the chances of death of the tree when recutting long-neglected pollards.
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tree species do not readily form pollards, because cutting the main stem stimulates growth from the base, effectively forming a coppice stool instead. Examples of trees that do well as pollards include broadleaves such as
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of the top part of the tree. Older pollards often become hollow, so it can be difficult to determine age accurately. Pollards tend to grow slowly, with denser growth-rings in the years immediately after cutting.
175:. In some areas, dried leafy branches are stored as winter fodder for stock. Depending on the use of the cut material, the length of time between cutting will vary from one year for tree hay or
443:"pollard" came to be used as a verb: "pollarding". Pollarding has now largely replaced polling as the verb in the forestry sense. Pollard can also be used as an adjective: "pollard tree".
241:, the majority of which was pollarded until the late 19th century. Here, the light that reaches the woodland floor is limited owing to the thick growth of the pollarded trees.
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Oaks, when very old, can form new trunks from the growth of pollard branches; that is, surviving branches which have split away from the main branch naturally.
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Pollarding was preferred over coppicing in wood-pastures and other grazed areas, because animals would browse the regrowth from coppice stools. Historically in
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system involving the removal of the upper branches of a tree, which promotes the growth of a dense head of foliage and branches. In
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aesthetic, shade and air quality reasons. Some trees may be rejuvenated by pollarding – for example, Bradford pear (
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Pollarding tends to make trees live longer by maintaining them in a partially juvenile state and by reducing the weight and
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trees to bring the nutritious leaves into easier reach for harvesting. Pollarding is also used in
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Traditionally, people pollarded trees for one of two reasons: for
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Oak pollard marking part of the ancient parish boundary of
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637:, p. 38, published 2006 by National Arborist Association
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720:. Dorking, Surrey: Friends of Box Hill. pp. 6–7.
575:, Joyce and Brickell, p. 55, Simon and Schuster, 1992
677:"Forests and Chases of England and Wales: A Glossary"
649:"A brief review of pollards and pollarding in Europe"
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517:The tree marks the boundary between two parishes:
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552:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 318.
594:"How to Make Biomass Energy Sustainable Again"
549:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
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269:As with coppicing, only species with vigorous
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163:Pollarding of plane trees on Mallorca, Spain
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367:The technique is used in Africa for
27:Technique of severe pruning of trees
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619:Southern Living 2003 garden annual
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1083:Global Forest Information Service
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298:), black locust or false acacia (
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131:in southern states of the US.
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647:Read, Helen (October 2006).
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703:Royal Horticultural Society
633:Tree Care Industry Magazine
573:Pruning and Training Plants
546:Richardson, jr, L. (1992).
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1194:Growth and yield modelling
779:Collier's New Encyclopedia
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1768:Earth sciences portal
1754:Climate change portal
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913:Close to nature forestry
592:De Decker, Kris (n.d.).
406:Origin and usage of term
50:Shortly after pollarding
1374:Million Tree Initiative
261:, part of Newbury, and
229:, which is within both
1796:Environment portal
1228:Sustainable management
1123:Trillion Tree Campaign
716:Bannister, NR (1999).
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1721:Wood process engineer
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766:London UK Royal Parks
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1325:Forest fragmentation
1295:Carbon sequestration
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953:Sustainable forestry
324:), horse chestnuts (
301:Robinia pseudoacacia
151:A line of pollarded
32:For other uses, see
1189:Formally designated
1033:Ecological thinning
943:Plantation forestry
851:Research institutes
679:. Info.sjc.ox.ac.uk
521:(to the north) and
345:Ailanthus altissima
342:), tree of heaven (
336:), Eastern redbud (
1782:Ecology portal
1315:Forest degradation
1310:Ecosystem services
918:Community forestry
484:Fruit tree pruning
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205:Ancient pollarded
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598:Low-Tech Magazine
505:Explanatory notes
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1716:Tree planter
1696:Resin tapper
1676:Truck driver
1671:River driver
1420:Tree hugging
1405:
1388:
1355:timber mafia
1345:High grading
1330:Ghost forest
1300:Clearcutting
1223:Silviculture
1199:Horticulture
1043:Fire ecology
958:Urban forest
933:Mycoforestry
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889:Agroforestry
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699:"Pollarding"
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101:ancient Rome
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1740:WikiProject
1664:smokejumper
1644:Firefighter
1607:Occupations
1591:Woodworking
1172:Forestation
1103:restoration
1058:informatics
923:Ecoforestry
399:Cryptomeria
318:), planes (
259:Wash Common
188:common land
84:Netherlands
1860:Categories
1686:Lumberjack
1681:Log scaler
1564:engineered
1515:non-timber
1488:sawmilling
1440:Industries
1407:svedjebruk
1118:transition
1098:protection
1088:old-growth
1073:governance
1028:Dendrology
978:management
844:Ministries
683:8 February
533:References
388:In Japan,
263:Sandleford
155:in Germany
105:Propertius
93:Pollarding
70:A line of
1634:Ecologist
1547:Tree farm
1448:Coppicing
1390:chitemene
1290:Acid rain
1238:allometry
1160:SmartWood
1108:secondary
1093:pathology
1068:inventory
1006:driftwood
872:Arbor Day
519:Mickleham
494:Shredding
489:Pleaching
474:Coppicing
418:pollard,
306:hornbeams
271:epicormic
169:coppicing
117:livestock
1835:Category
1649:handcrew
1619:Arborist
1614:Forester
1574:mahogany
1520:palm oil
1510:charcoal
1495:Products
1430:Wildfire
1243:breeding
1204:GM trees
1053:dynamics
865:Journals
858:Colleges
818:Forestry
603:27 April
447:See also
414:Ancient
327:Aesculus
321:Platanus
310:Carpinus
209:tree in
143:Practice
115:to feed
18:Pollards
1845:Outline
1659:lookout
1654:hotshot
1535:tanbark
1505:biomass
1500:biochar
1478:plywood
1463:Logging
1367:wilding
1016:log jam
973:Ecology
782:. 1921.
635:, v. 17
523:Dorking
479:Daisugi
392:Daisugi
369:moringa
350:willows
288:Quercus
276:beeches
249:Species
219:England
196:estover
184:England
177:withies
153:willows
136:windage
119:or for
97:pruning
80:Zeeland
34:Pollard
1691:Ranger
1639:Feller
1624:Bucker
1530:rubber
1473:lumber
1283:topics
1270:volume
1265:height
1211:i-Tree
1048:Forest
1001:coarse
996:Debris
895:dehesa
724:
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556:
469:Bonsai
292:maples
231:London
190:or in
167:As in
125:bowers
113:fodder
72:willow
1876:Trees
1525:rayon
1260:girth
1255:crown
1216:urban
1113:stand
1021:slash
1011:large
882:Types
830:Index
663:(PDF)
652:(PDF)
422:, UK.
416:beech
362:Taxus
354:Salix
333:Morus
315:Tilia
280:Fagus
235:Essex
215:Essex
207:beech
95:is a
76:Sluis
1584:teak
1569:fuel
1559:Wood
1379:REDD
1233:Tree
1150:PEFC
1135:ATFS
722:ISBN
685:2011
605:2021
577:ISBN
554:ISBN
441:noun
428:verb
358:yews
296:Acer
284:oaks
265:, UK
233:and
173:fuel
121:wood
1155:SFI
1145:FSC
1140:CFS
1078:law
1063:IPM
975:and
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
