40:
1457:
437:. In the Third Republic a coalition of the CDS and PNDS was formed with many small parties, in part to keep the former military party of the MNSD out of power. This coalition collapsed in recriminations in 1995, leading to a PNDS and MNSD government facing a CDS President. The bad blood and gridlock resulting was one reasons for General MaĂŻnassara's
1133:
686:
On
February 19 a group calling itself the Supreme Council for Restoration of Democracy (CSRD) stormed the presidential palace during a meeting and took the president Mamadou Tandja hostage. Colonel Goukoye Abdul Karimou, spokesman for CSRD announced on state television that the country's constitution
612:
Then, in early May 2009, when questioned by the press on his visit to Agadez to begin peace talks with Tuareg rebels, Tandja announced that "the people have demanded I remain." His spokesman then outlined a plan in which a referendum could be held in mid-2009, not to amend the 1999 constitution, but
601:". Through several well funded and well attended public rallies in late 2008, the President remained silent on the calls for him to remain. The 1999 constitution made the serving of more than two term impossible (article 36), and the revision of that article illegal by any means (article 136). The
664:, the party without which the MNSD could not have formed governments in 1999, 2004, and 2007, came out opposing the referendum, and calling the constitution unalterable. Neither party moved into the opposition, and both Ousmane and Djermokoye said they were willing to negotiate with the president.
563:
In
December 2004 Hama Amadou was again chosen as Prime Minister. Mahamane Ousmane, the head of the CDS, was re-elected President of the National Assembly. The new second term government of the Fifth Republic took office on 30 December 2004. In June 2007, a no confidence vote against the government
667:
On 26 March, within hours of the
Constitutional courts statement, official media read out a statement that President Tandja had dissolved the National Assembly. Under the 1999 Constitution he is allowed to do once every two years, but he must call parliamentary elections with three months. This
432:
Since the creation of the Fifth
Republic in 1999, the political rivalries and parties of the Third Republic have maintained their central role in national politics. There continue to be three large parties, and several smaller ones, with no single party gaining a majority in the
1121:
1112:« je ne cherche pas un autre mandat. Donc je suis trĂšs clair lĂ -dessus, je nâai demandĂ© Ă aucun nigĂ©rien si on peut faire ceci ou cela. Jamais, et je nâai jamais demandĂ© quoi que ce soit pour changer la constitution nigĂ©rienne ou Ă y chercher des modifications »
1268:
588:
In the run up to the 2009 elections (Presidential, Assembly, and
Municipal), a movement to draft President Tandja for a third term appeared. Led by public figures of the MNSD outside government, the group took the name of Tandja's 2004 re-election slogan,
539:(4). With the PNDS' 17 seats this coalition took 25 seats. The MNSD remained the largest party at 47 seats, be relied again on CDS-Rahama's 22 seats to govern. A minor portfolios in the Council of Ministers were given to two smaller parties as well, the
721:
on 12 May 1996 and, again, by referendum, revised to the current version on 18 July 1999. It restored the semi-presidential system of government of the
December 1992 constitution (Third Republic) in which the president of the republic, elected by
647:
must advise the president, but there is no provision that the president must heed their advice. On 25 May 2009, the
Constitutional Court, made up of appointed judges, released a ruling that any referendum to create a new constitution would be
981:
1284:
409:
In practice, politics in Niger is unstable. During its independent history, Niger has a long history of dictatorships, coups, and rebellions. The first transfer of power between democratically chosen presidents took place in the
1233:
1252:
608:
reiterated on 22 January that all scheduled elections would go ahead before the end of 2009. In March, during his meetings with French
President Sarkozy, Tandja explicitly stated that he would not seek a third term.
733:
was expanded in 2004 to 113 deputies elected for a 5-year term under a majority system of representation. Political parties must attain at least 5% of the vote in order to gain a seat in the legislature.
978:
1713:
672:
in
September, two months early, and a referendum on a new constitution before Presidential elections which can take place no later than December, assuming the 1999 constitution is in effect.
1353:
1079:
1708:
1107:
1230:
628:
were replaced with ministers drawn from the MNSD-Nassara. With the continued support of the CDS, the MNSD maintained a working majority of 67 seats in the 113 seat
National Assembly.
511:, leaving the opposition Coordination of Democratic Forces. Djermakoye joined the government as a Minister of State in November 2002, serving in that position until December 2004.
263:
1703:
1667:
1639:
1634:
656:(a serious matter in this overwhelmingly Muslim country). The week prior, two major parties had come out in their opposition to the referendum proposal as well. On 13 May, the
687:
had been suspended and all state institutions dissolved. It is believed that the president is being held in a garrison in the capital city with his resignation being sought.
1249:
1218:
1296:
853:
and 8 members elected in single-seat national minority constituencies. Political parties must attain at least 5% of the vote in order to gain a seat in the legislature.
1662:
1134:
Chronogramme Tazartché: Bonus de 3 ans pour Tandja, Elections locales et législatives en 2009, Elections présidentielles (auxquelles Tandja pouvait participer) en 2012
1167:
1148:
269:
1004:
157:
580:, with MNSD-Nassara continuing to take the majority of portfolios, but with the CDS, RDP-Jama'a, and NDP-Zaman Lahiya retaining Ministerial appointments.
1379:
532:
507:, a former split for the MNSD held only four seats. In 2002, this coalition was shored up when the ANDP joined the parliamentary majority coalition, the
1672:
772:
86:
613:
to scrap it and begin work on a constitution of the Sixth Republic of Niger, which would contain no term limits for the President, and create a fully
1423:
1206:
2094:
1864:
1186:
620:
On 15 May 2009, in response to their parties opposition to a proposed referendum to allow the President to seek a third term, the three members of
1343:
639:
on any matter (except for a revision of those elements of the Constitution outlined in Article 136âincluding the presidential term limits). The
726:
for a five-year term, and a prime minister named by the president share executive power. As a reflection of Niger's increasing population, the
1420:. ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Democratic Governance Thematic Trust Fund (DGTTF). 1998â2009.
1414:. ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Democratic Governance Thematic Trust Fund (DGTTF). 1998â2009.
1540:
1445:
1401:
Gen. Salifou Modi, Bazoum's former army chief of staff and the ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, is now vice president of the junta.
1555:
1550:
1545:
342:
819:'s new constitution restores the semi-presidential system of government of the December 1992 constitution (Third Republic) in which the
492:
457:
1723:
1687:
1682:
2009:
1312:
1849:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1031:
296:
1786:
527:
were closer. The PNDS formed a coalition to contest the expanded 113 seats of the National Assembly, which also included the
315:
1869:
1615:
1522:
1122:
Le président de la République Mamadou Tandja: «Le peuple demande que je reste, je ne peux pas rester insensible à son appel.»
669:
524:
484:
411:
226:
134:
1600:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1560:
477:
283:
279:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1477:
1164:
1145:
1091:
1051:
696:
236:
1453:
1269:
Declaration du Bureau Politique CDS Rahama sur le schéma « Tazartché » proposé au président de la république
979:"RAPPORT DE LA MISSION DâOBSERVATION DES ELECTIONS PRESIDENTIELLES ET LEGISLATIVES DES 17 OCTOBRE ET 24 NOVEMBRE 1999"
660:, led by former MNSD number two Djermokoye declared its opposition to any change in the constitution. On 15 May the
177:
1438:
117:
1001:
1469:
768:
576:
party, leading to infighting within a portion of the party still loyal to Amadou. Broad changes were made to the
335:
91:
681:
2120:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1570:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1487:
528:
221:
1319:. School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. University of California, San Diego (September 2005).
1884:
1644:
640:
577:
2167:
2163:
1329:
438:
241:
1431:
950:
1067:
476:
Following another coup in April 1999, in which MaĂŻnassara was killed, the MNSD-Nassara's Tandja won the
2198:
2176:
1779:
1654:
842:
836:
730:
644:
434:
403:
328:
256:
1108:
Niger : « Je suis prĂȘt Ă partir Ă la fin de mon mandat », affirme le PrĂ©sident nigĂ©rien
1924:
1532:
149:
2159:
2034:
2024:
1829:
1348:
893:
365:
362:
1183:
2039:
1929:
1859:
1411:
824:
805:
792:
602:
380:
103:
2099:
2019:
1984:
1969:
1954:
1909:
1844:
1677:
2150:
487:, the MNSD won 38 of the 83 seats, forming a government under Hama Amadou with the support of
1974:
1772:
777:
712:
632:
614:
96:
61:
53:
875:
2074:
2049:
1899:
1894:
1874:
1839:
1824:
962:
Myriam Gervais, "Niger: Regime Change, Economic Crisis, and Perpetuation of Privilege", in
301:
189:
1417:
8:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2059:
2029:
2014:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1944:
1939:
1889:
1834:
1809:
1309:
395:
19:
1080:
Le PrĂ©sident Tandja reste muet sur les appels en faveur dâune prolongation de son mandat
2069:
2064:
2004:
1959:
1919:
1814:
1795:
1461:
1366:
saying he was the 'president of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland'
820:
782:
743:
723:
700:
520:
496:
453:
387:
383:
372:
207:
168:
1028:
2124:
2044:
1949:
1934:
1914:
1904:
1879:
1819:
932:
657:
625:
544:
504:
444:
The same three men who dominated the parties in the Third Republic returned in 1999:
399:
291:
194:
2054:
1964:
1854:
1389:
1231:
La Cour constitutionnelle du Niger sâoppose au projet de changement de constitution
924:
912:
849:) has 113 members, elected for a five-year term, 105 members elected in multi-seat
649:
500:
461:
184:
129:
122:
66:
928:
1380:"Niger junta appoints civilians to Cabinet, member of military as vice president"
1316:
1285:
Ousmane et Djermokoye espĂšrent toujours lâouverture des nĂ©gociations avec Tandja
1256:
1237:
1190:
1171:
1152:
1035:
1008:
985:
391:
519:
While Tandja easily retained the presidency against a second round challenge by
1384:
1194:
1095:
594:
536:
652:, and further would be a violation of the oath the president had taken on the
2192:
936:
621:
605:
569:
540:
445:
376:
850:
798:
573:
449:
108:
565:
552:
548:
1344:"Niger general Tchiani named head of transitional government after coup"
39:
1272:
727:
718:
661:
636:
495:
led the opposition with 16 seats, but the continued antagonism between
488:
465:
1310:
Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns
966:(1997), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, pages 100–101.
951:"The rise to power of an opposition party: the MNSD in Niger Republic"
1764:
1207:
Remaniement gouvernemental au Niger, nouveau ministre de la Justice
368:
1250:
Le principal parti allié de Tandja contre son projet de référendum
1165:
RĂFĂRENDUM CONSTITUTIONNEL Une prĂ©sidence Ă vie s'annonce !
264:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and African Integration
1184:
ALa Cedeao contre la réforme constitutionnelle prévue au Niger
699:. An overview on elections and election results is included in
1456:
823:
is elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term, and a
816:
653:
414:. However, a coup overthrew the civilian government in 2023.
357:
795:
of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland
717:
The constitution of December 1992 was revised by national
1002:"LâANDP de Djermakoye rallie la mouvance prĂ©sidentielle"
1330:"Breaking News, World News and Video from al Jazeera"
1092:
Niger Plans Election by December, Prime Minister Says
1377:
668:would mean the government of Niger would carry out
773:National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland
417:
87:National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland
1155:. Oumarou KeĂŻta. Republicain-Niger. 15 May 2009.
1054:, National Assembly web site (2001 archive page)
876:"Niger: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report"
827:, named by the president, share executive power.
2190:
1219:Niger court says third-term referendum unlawful
1174:Oumarou KeĂŻta. Republicain-Niger. 15 May 2009.
1146:ANNONCE DU RĂFĂRENDUM Le planning du TazartchĂ©
953:, Unisa Press, Politeia, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1996.
503:meant that no other coalition was available.
1780:
1439:
1052:Parliamentary groups in the National Assembly
949:Jibrin Ibrahim and Abdoulayi Niandou Souley,
336:
1787:
1773:
1446:
1432:
568:and his ministers. Amadou was replaced by
343:
329:
974:
972:
913:"Niger's Long Cycle of Poverty and Coups"
402:is vested in both the government and the
809:
894:"Niger - Independence, Conflict, Sahel"
555:(1 seat) remained aloof of both blocs.
485:October 1999 National Assembly Election
2191:
1794:
1412:Niger: Description of Electoral System
1378:Sidonie Aurore Bonny (3 August 2023).
969:
964:Political Reform in Francophone Africa
564:led to the fall of the Prime Minister
1768:
1427:
910:
830:
870:
868:
866:
690:
1297:Niger's Tandja dissolves parliament
943:
737:
13:
1462:Elections and referendums in Niger
697:List of political parties in Niger
478:October 1999 presidential election
14:
2210:
1418:Niger: Comparative Electoral Data
1356:from the original on 28 July 2023
1136:. LE TEMOIN du 11 au 15 mai 2009
1068:Niger's ruling party faces crisis
956:
863:
695:For other political parties, see
670:scheduled parliamentary elections
558:
514:
471:
422:
2095:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1865:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1455:
525:2004 National Assembly elections
361:takes place in a framework of a
38:
1371:
1336:
1322:
1302:
1290:
1287:. LE TEMOIN du 11 au 15 mai 200
1278:
1262:
1243:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1177:
1158:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1101:
1085:
1073:
1061:
706:
418:Political parties and elections
1045:
1022:
995:
988:, democratie.francophonie.org
904:
886:
1:
929:10.1525/curh.2024.123.853.181
911:Miles, William F. S. (2024).
856:
641:Constitutional Court of Niger
578:Council of Ministers of Niger
509:Alliance of Democratic Forces
427:
1124:. LE TEMOIN 04 - 8 May 2009.
1029:List of governments of Niger
675:
7:
635:, the President may call a
10:
2215:
837:National Assembly of Niger
834:
741:
710:
694:
679:
645:National Assembly of Niger
583:
572:, also of the president's
435:National Assembly of Niger
17:
2108:
2083:
1802:
1696:
1653:
1624:
1531:
1468:
1110:. APA 28 Mars 2009 11:34
1007:29 September 2007 at the
821:President of the Republic
786:
781:
762:
759:
756:
753:
682:2010 Nigerien coup d'Ă©tat
439:1996 Nigerien coup d'etat
366:representative democratic
1850:Central African Republic
1308:Matthew SĂžberg Shugart.
1094:. Abdoulaye Ibbo Daddy,
1015:, No. 253, 30 July 2002
178:Administrative divisions
1533:Parliamentary elections
1082:. APA 19 December 2008
984:18 October 2005 at the
381:Prime Minister of Niger
1470:Presidential elections
1315:19 August 2008 at the
1299:. Reuters. 26 May 2009
1240:APA News. 25 May 2009.
1221:. Reuters. 26 May 2009
631:According to the 1999
280:Diplomatic missions of
2010:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1870:Republic of the Congo
778:Abdourahamane Tchiani
713:Constitution of Niger
633:Constitution of Niger
615:Presidential republic
97:Abdourahamane Tchiani
1271:. Bureau Politique
1170:15 July 2011 at the
1151:15 July 2011 at the
1034:14 June 2007 at the
749:Main office-holders
394:is exercised by the
2085:States with limited
1796:Politics of Africa
1255:19 May 2009 at the
1236:4 June 2009 at the
1189:19 May 2009 at the
1098:. 22 January 2009.
847:Assemblée Nationale
750:
270:Bakary Yaou Sangaré
20:Government of Niger
1259:. AFP 15 May 2009.
831:Legislative branch
783:Niger Armed Forces
748:
744:President of Niger
724:universal suffrage
701:Elections in Niger
521:Mahamadou Issoufou
497:Mahamadou Issoufou
454:Mahamadou Issoufou
388:multi-party system
384:head of government
373:President of Niger
2199:Politics of Niger
2186:
2185:
2112:other territories
1885:Equatorial Guinea
1762:
1761:
1352:. 6 August 2023.
1209:. AFP 15 May 2009
843:National Assembly
814:
813:
731:National Assembly
691:Political parties
658:ANDP-Zaman Lahiya
626:ANDP-Zaman Lahiya
545:ANDP-Zaman Lahiya
505:ANDP-Zaman Lahiya
491:'s 17 seats. The
412:2020â21 elections
404:National Assembly
400:Legislative power
363:semi-presidential
353:
352:
297:Visa requirements
257:Foreign relations
237:Political parties
214:Recent elections
150:National Assembly
31:Politics of Niger
2206:
2173:
2172:(United Kingdom)
2168:Tristan da Cunha
2164:Ascension Island
2156:
2143:
2134:
2110:Dependencies and
1803:Sovereign states
1789:
1782:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1655:French elections
1460:
1459:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1390:Douala, Cameroon
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1247:
1241:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1181:
1175:
1162:
1156:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1070:. AFP 04/07/2008
1065:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1020:
1018:
999:
993:
991:
976:
967:
960:
954:
947:
941:
940:
923:(853): 181â186.
908:
902:
901:
890:
884:
883:
872:
751:
747:
738:Executive branch
650:unconstitutional
501:Mahamane Ousmane
462:Mahamane Ousmane
345:
338:
331:
123:Ali Lamine Zeine
42:
26:
25:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2154:
2141:
2132:
2113:
2111:
2104:
2088:
2086:
2079:
1798:
1793:
1763:
1758:
1692:
1649:
1625:Local elections
1620:
1527:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1408:
1407:
1394:
1392:
1376:
1372:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1317:Wayback Machine
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1275:. 15 May 2009.
1267:
1263:
1257:Wayback Machine
1248:
1244:
1238:Wayback Machine
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1191:Wayback Machine
1182:
1178:
1172:Wayback Machine
1163:
1159:
1153:Wayback Machine
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:Wayback Machine
1027:
1023:
1016:
1013:Afrique Express
1009:Wayback Machine
1000:
996:
989:
986:Wayback Machine
977:
970:
961:
957:
948:
944:
917:Current History
909:
905:
900:. 19 July 2024.
892:
891:
887:
874:
873:
864:
859:
839:
833:
746:
740:
715:
709:
704:
693:
684:
678:
586:
561:
531:(2 seats), the
517:
474:
430:
425:
420:
392:Executive power
349:
320:
316:Other countries
307:
306:
288:
276:
259:
249:
248:
231:
210:
200:
199:
180:
163:
162:
153:
142:
141:
82:
74:
73:
57:
33:
22:
12:
11:
5:
2212:
2202:
2201:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:Western Sahara
2174:
2157:
2144:
2135:
2121:Canary Islands
2117:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1385:Anadolu Agency
1370:
1335:
1321:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1261:
1242:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1197:. 15 May 2009.
1195:Deutsche Welle
1176:
1157:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1100:
1096:Bloomberg news
1084:
1072:
1060:
1044:
1021:
994:
968:
955:
942:
903:
885:
861:
860:
858:
855:
851:constituencies
835:Main article:
832:
829:
825:prime minister
812:
811:
808:
806:Prime Minister
802:
801:
796:
793:Vice President
789:
788:
785:
780:
775:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
742:Main article:
739:
736:
711:Main article:
708:
705:
692:
689:
680:Main article:
677:
674:
603:Prime Minister
597:word meaning "
585:
582:
560:
559:2007 PM crisis
557:
551:(7 seats) and
543:(6 seats) and
516:
515:2004 elections
513:
473:
472:1999 elections
470:
429:
426:
424:
423:Fifth Republic
421:
419:
416:
371:, whereby the
351:
350:
348:
347:
340:
333:
325:
322:
321:
319:
318:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
294:
287:
286:
275:
274:
273:
272:
260:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
245:
244:
234:
233:
232:
230:
229:
224:
217:
211:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
192:
187:
181:
176:
175:
172:
171:
165:
164:
161:
160:
154:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:
127:
126:
125:
118:Prime Minister
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
104:Vice President
101:
100:
99:
83:
80:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
58:
52:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2211:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Guinea-Bissau
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1053:
1048:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
998:
987:
983:
980:
975:
973:
965:
959:
952:
946:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
899:
895:
889:
881:
880:Freedom House
877:
871:
869:
867:
862:
854:
852:
848:
844:
838:
828:
826:
822:
818:
807:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
790:
787:26 July 2023
784:
779:
776:
774:
770:
767:
766:
752:
745:
735:
732:
729:
725:
720:
714:
702:
698:
688:
683:
673:
671:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
618:
616:
610:
607:
606:Seyni Oumarou
604:
600:
596:
592:
581:
579:
575:
571:
570:Seyni Oumarou
567:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:(2), and the
534:
530:
526:
522:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:Mamadou Tanja
442:
440:
436:
415:
413:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:
378:
377:head of state
374:
370:
367:
364:
360:
359:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
326:
324:
323:
317:
314:
313:
311:
310:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
285:
281:
278:
277:
271:
267:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
253:
252:
243:
240:
239:
238:
235:
228:
225:
223:
219:
218:
216:
215:
213:
212:
209:
204:
203:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
179:
174:
173:
170:
167:
166:
159:
156:
155:
151:
146:
145:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
78:
77:
68:
65:
64:
63:
60:
59:
55:
50:
49:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
16:
2160:Saint Helena
2131:
2035:South Africa
2025:Sierra Leone
1994:
1830:Burkina Faso
1400:
1393:. Retrieved
1383:
1373:
1365:
1358:. Retrieved
1347:
1338:
1324:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1264:
1245:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1179:
1160:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1103:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1047:
1024:
1012:
997:
963:
958:
945:
920:
916:
906:
897:
888:
879:
846:
840:
815:
799:Salifou Modi
716:
707:Constitution
685:
666:
630:
619:
611:
598:
590:
587:
574:MNSD-Nassara
562:
518:
508:
482:
475:
450:MNSD-Nassara
443:
431:
408:
356:Politics of
355:
354:
109:Salifou Modi
62:Human rights
54:Constitution
30:
23:
15:
2087:recognition
2040:South Sudan
1930:Ivory Coast
1697:Referendums
1056:(in French)
1040:(in French)
1017:(in French)
990:(in French)
566:Hama Amadou
553:PSDN-Alheri
549:RSD-Gaskiya
547:(5 seats).
537:PNA-Al'ouma
386:, and of a
302:Visa policy
242:Politicians
190:Departments
152:(dissolved)
56:(suspended)
2142:(Portugal)
2100:Somaliland
2020:Seychelles
1985:Mozambique
1970:Mauritania
1955:Madagascar
1910:The Gambia
1845:Cape Verde
1714:1946 (Oct)
1709:1946 (May)
1673:1946 (Nov)
1668:1946 (Jun)
1349:Al Jazeera
1273:CDS-Rahama
1038:, izf.net
898:Britannica
857:References
728:unicameral
719:referendum
662:CDS-Rahama
637:referendum
622:RDP-Jama'a
599:Continuity
541:RDP-Jama'a
489:CDS-Rahama
466:CDS-Rahama
428:Continuity
396:government
268:Minister:
81:Government
18:See also:
1975:Mauritius
937:0011-3530
769:President
676:2010 Coup
220:General:
208:Elections
169:Judiciary
158:President
135:Ministers
92:President
2193:Category
2166: /
2162: /
2155:(France)
2149: /
2127: /
2123: /
2075:Zimbabwe
2050:Tanzania
1900:Ethiopia
1895:Eswatini
1875:Djibouti
1840:Cameroon
1825:Botswana
1395:6 August
1354:Archived
1313:Archived
1253:Archived
1234:Archived
1187:Archived
1168:Archived
1149:Archived
1032:Archived
1005:Archived
982:Archived
643:and the
448:for the
379:and the
369:republic
292:Passport
284:in Niger
195:Communes
2151:RĂ©union
2147:Mayotte
2138:Madeira
2133:(Spain)
2129:Melilla
2060:Tunisia
2030:Somalia
2015:Senegal
2000:Nigeria
1990:Namibia
1980:Morocco
1945:Liberia
1940:Lesotho
1890:Eritrea
1860:Comoros
1835:Burundi
1810:Algeria
1541:1946â47
1523:2020â21
1360:29 July
882:. 2024.
810:Vacant
771:of the
754:Office
591:Tazarce
584:Tazarce
483:In the
456:of the
227:2020â21
185:Regions
130:Cabinet
67:Slavery
2170:
2153:
2140:
2070:Zambia
2065:Uganda
2005:Rwanda
1960:Malawi
1920:Guinea
1815:Angola
935:
763:Since
760:Party
523:, the
460:, and
2125:Ceuta
2045:Sudan
1995:Niger
1950:Libya
1935:Kenya
1915:Ghana
1905:Gabon
1880:Egypt
1820:Benin
817:Niger
757:Name
654:Koran
595:Hausa
358:Niger
2055:Togo
1965:Mali
1855:Chad
1754:2010
1749:2009
1744:1999
1739:1996
1734:1992
1729:1989
1724:1987
1719:1958
1704:1945
1688:1956
1683:1951
1678:1948
1663:1945
1645:2020
1640:2011
1635:2004
1616:2020
1611:2016
1606:2011
1601:2009
1596:2004
1591:1999
1586:1996
1581:1995
1576:1993
1571:1989
1566:1970
1561:1965
1556:1958
1551:1957
1546:1952
1518:2016
1513:2011
1508:2004
1503:1999
1498:1996
1493:1993
1488:1989
1483:1970
1478:1965
1397:2023
1362:2023
933:ISSN
841:The
624:and
593:: a
499:and
493:PNDS
458:PNDS
222:2016
1631:...
1193:.
925:doi
921:123
533:PPN
529:UNI
464:of
375:is
2195::
1399:.
1388:.
1382:.
1364:.
1346:.
1011:,
971:^
931:.
919:.
915:.
896:.
878:.
865:^
617:.
480:.
468:.
452:,
441:.
406:.
398:.
390:.
282:/
1788:e
1781:t
1774:v
1447:e
1440:t
1433:v
1332:.
1058:.
1042:.
1019:.
992:.
939:.
927::
845:(
703:.
344:e
337:t
330:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
