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advocacy. Cohen, de la Vega, and Watson (2001) state that this definition does not encompass the notions of power relations, people's participation, and a vision of a just society as promoted by social justice advocates. For them, advocacy represents the series of actions taken and issues highlighted
260:
Media advocacy: "the strategic use of the mass media as a resource to advance a social or public policy initiative" (Jernigan and Wright, 1996). In Canada, for example, the
Manitoba Public Insurance campaigns illustrate how media advocacy was used to fight alcohol and tobacco-related health issues.
491:
demonstrates the increasing importance of transnational advocacy and international advocacy. Transnational advocacy networks are more likely to emerge around issues where external influence is necessary to ease the communication between internal groups and their own government. Groups of advocates
240:: These two types of advocacy when grouped together usually refers to a debate in the United States whether a group is expressly making their desire known that voters should cast ballots in a particular way, or whether a group has a long-term issue that isn't campaign and election season specific.
167:
within political, economic, and social institutions. Advocacy includes activities and publications to influence public policy, laws and budgets by using facts, their relationships, the media, and messaging to educate government officials and the public. Advocacy can include many activities that a
479:
Advocates and advocacy groups represent a wide range of categories and support several issues as listed on worldadvocacy.com. The
Advocacy Institute, a US-based global organization, is dedicated to strengthening the capacity of political, social, and economic justice advocates to influence and
229:
Budget advocacy: another aspect of advocacy that ensures proactive engagement of Civil
Society Organizations with the government budget to make the government more accountable to the people and promote transparency. Budget advocacy also enables citizens and social action groups to compel the
202:
to change the "what is" into a "what should be", considering that this "what should be" is a more decent and a more just society Those actions, which vary with the political, economic and social environment in which they are conducted, have several points in common. For instance, they:
286:
In a social care context: Both terms (and more specific ones such as "independent advocacy") are used in the UK in the context of a network of interconnected organisations and projects which seek to benefit people who are in difficulty (primarily in the context of disability and mental
496:
250:
Interest-group advocacy: lobbying is the main tool used by interest groups doing mass advocacy. It is a form of action that does not always succeed at influencing political decision-makers as it requires resources and organization to be
243:
Health, environment and climate change negotiations advocacy: supports and promotes patients' health care rights as well as enhance community health and policy initiatives that focus on the availability, safety and quality of
188:
on a specific issue or specific piece of legislation. Research has started to address how advocacy groups in the United States and Canada are using social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action.
339:
to accomplish organizational goals. It has been argued that the
Internet helps to increase the speed, reach and effectiveness of advocacy-related communication as well as mobilization efforts, suggesting that
579:
Obar, J.A.; Zube, P.; Lampe, C. (2012). "Advocacy 2.0: An analysis of how advocacy groups in the United States perceive and use social media as tools for facilitating civic engagement and collective action".
233:
Bureaucratic advocacy: people considered "experts" have more chance to succeed at presenting their issues to decision-makers. They use bureaucratic advocacy to influence the agenda, although at a slower
417:
utilized such a meaning when he said, "this was the moment when we tore down barriers that have divided us for too long; when we rallied people of all parties and ages to a common cause."
294:(or programmes) seek to cause benefit by reconnecting people who have become isolated. Their practice was defined in two key documents: CAPE, and Learning from Citizen Advocacy Programs.
386:—are much more divisive and inspire strongly held opinions on both sides. There may never be a consensus on this latter type of issues, but intense advocacy is likely to remain. In the
409:
Topics that appear to involve advancing a certain positive ideal are often known as causes. A particular cause may be very expansive in nature — for instance, increasing
805:
447:"Social issues" as referred to in the United States also include topics (also known as "causes") intended by their advocates to advance certain ideals (such as
488:
197:
There are several forms of advocacy, each representing a different approach in a way to initiate changes in the society. One of the most popular forms is
261:
We can also consider the role of health advocacy and the media in "the enactment of municipal smoking bylaws in Canada between 1970 and 1995."
736:
Asbridge, M. (2004). "Public place restrictions on smoking in Canada: assessing the role of the state, media, science and public health advocacy".
314:
Information politics: quickly and credibly generating politically usable information and moving it to where it will have the most impact.
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Symbolic politics: calling upon symbols, actions, or stories that make sense of a situation for an audience that is frequently far away.
320:
Leverage politics: calling upon powerful actors to affect a situation where weaker members of a network are unlikely to have influence.
283:" is an organized collection of people who seek to influence political decisions and policy, without seeking election to public office.
247:
Ideological advocacy: in this approach, groups fight, sometimes during protests, to advance their ideas in the decision-making circles.
550:
492:
willing to further their mission also tend to promote networks and to meet with their internal counterparts to exchange ideas.
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draws a special attention to advocacy beyond countries’ borders. The core existence of networks such as World
Advocacy or the
276:" is the title of a specific person who is authorized/appointed in some way to speak on behalf of a person in a legal process.
785:
230:
government to be more alert to the needs and aspirations of people in general and the deprived sections of the community.
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Legislative advocacy: the "reliance on the state or federal legislative process" as part of a strategy to create change.
116:
17:
869:
Eaton, M. (2010). "Manufacturing
Community in an Online Activity Organization: The Rhetoric of MoveOn.org's E-mails".
264:
Special education advocacy: advocacy with a "specific focus on the educational rights of students with disabilities."
135:
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Transnational advocates spend time with local interest groups in order to better understand their views and wishes.
95:
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has assembled an extensive list of social issues in the United States, ranging from vast ones like abortion to
291:
73:
323:
Accountability politics: efforts to hold powerful actors to their previously stated policies or principles.
102:
922:
399:
628:"Canadian Advocacy 2.0: A Study of Social Media Use by Social Movement Groups and Activists in Canada"
390:, any issue of widespread debate and deeply divided opinion can be referred to as a social issue. The
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Topics upon which there is universal agreement that they need to be solved include, for example,
62:
500:
941:
649:
609:
904:
806:"Transnational Migrant Advocacy From Japan: Tipping the Scales in the Policy-making Process"
842:
Ope, J.A.M. (1999). "From the
Streets to the Internet: The Cyber-Diffusion of Contention".
30:
This article is about promotion of a cause or point of view. For legal representation, see
8:
525:
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have strategically called upon governments and international organizations for leverage.
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257:
Mass advocacy: any type of action taken by large groups (petitions, demonstrations, etc.)
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or fixing a broken political system. For instance in 2008, U.S. presidential candidate
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People advocate for a large number and variety of topics. Some of these are clear-cut
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These tactics have been also observed within advocacy organizations outside the USA.
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Target political systems "because those systems are not responding to people's needs"
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Advocacy toolkit - A guide to influencing decisions that improve children's lives
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are two popular websites that allow people to organize around a common cause.
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that are universally agreed to be problematic and worth solving, such as
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Transnational advocacy is increasingly playing a role in advocacy for
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Activists beyond
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Participate in the agenda-setting as they raise significant issues
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Groups involved in advocacy work have been using the
699:(6). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: .
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76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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905:"Table of contents for Social issues in America"
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1004:Cohen, D.; de la Vega, R.; Watson, G. (2001).
668:Cohen, D.; de la Vega, R.; Watson, G. (2001).
352:Advocacy activities may include conducting an
310:have observed four types of advocacy tactics:
268:Different contexts in which advocacy is used:
551:"Lobbying Versus Advocacy: Legal Definitions"
168:person or organization undertakes, including
774:Keck, Margaret E.; Sikkink, Kathryn (1998).
693:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
687:Loue, S.; Lloyd, L.S.; O'Shea, D.J. (2003).
37:For Knowledge's guidelines on advocacy, see
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1027:College Board Advocacy & Policy Center
344:are beneficial to the advocacy community.
712:
639:
574:
572:
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176:, commissioning and publishing research.
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
871:Information, Communication & Society
780:. Cornell University Press. p. 16.
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206:Question the way policy is administered
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626:Obar, Jonathan (4 December 2014).
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632:Canadian Journal of Communication
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225:Other forms of advocacy include:
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61:needs additional citations for
923:"Barack Obama's Caucus Speech"
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292:Citizen Advocacy organisations
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750:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00154-0
738:Social Science & Medicine
582:Journal of Information Policy
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290:In the context of inclusion:
238:Express versus issue advocacy
279:In a political context: An "
272:In a legal/law context: An "
7:
1006:Advocacy for social justice
856:10.1177/0002716299566001011
689:"Community health advocacy"
670:Advocacy for social justice
641:10.22230/cjc.2014v39n2a2678
553:. NP Action. Archived from
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215:Are inclusive and engaging
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987:"The Advocacy Institute"
804:Kremers, Daniel (2014).
705:10.1136/jech.2004.023044
218:Propose policy solutions
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163:that aims to influence
501:advocacy organizations
480:change public policy.
475:Transnational advocacy
991:advocacyinstitute.org
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398:to smaller ones like
1032:Public Affairs World
594:10.2139/ssrn.1956352
356:or the filing of an
70:improve this article
526:Disability advocacy
392:Library of Congress
331:Use of the Internet
1008:. Bloomfield, CT:
927:The New York Times
822:10.5509/2014874715
672:. Bloomfield, CT:
489:Advocacy Institute
483:The phenomenon of
39:Knowledge:Advocacy
18:Political advocacy
973:worldadvocacy.com
929:. 3 January 2008.
787:978-0-8014-7129-2
430:human trafficking
396:same-sex marriage
382:. Others—such as
380:human trafficking
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