1275:
1468:
1484:
1310:
1221:
1433:
1385:
1256:
1291:
1080:
1348:
1329:
1240:
749:
1452:
679:
1417:
1401:
2924:
1369:
537:
42:
675:, reducing Poland from a major European player to the puppet of its neighbours. Thus, while men of the Enlightenment in France and Prussia wrote about the need for more checks and balances on their kings, Polish Enlightenment was geared towards fighting the abuses stemming from too many checks and balances.
811:
2954:
939:
2608:
701:(forming 10% of its population) considered the idea of equality to be one of the foundations of its culture, and reformers fought to expand it towards other social classes.
1012:
1557:
693:
The differences did not end there. Townsfolk and bourgeoisie dominated
Western Enlightenment movement, while in the Commonwealth most of the reformers came from
1274:
1467:
659:. Polish Enlightenment, however, developed in a very different background. The Polish political system was almost the opposite of the absolute monarchy:
667:). Polish reforms desired the elimination of laws that transformed their system into a near-anarchy, resulting from abuse of consensus voting in Sejm (
775:
and until the aftermath of the
Constitution of May 3, 1791, Poland experienced a large output of political, particularly constitutional, writing.
1988:
1726:
1533:
1483:
664:
2099:
1309:
1220:
927:
567:
105:
648:
2741:
643:, also differed from them in many important aspects. Much of the thought of the Western Enlightenment evolved under the oppressive
1255:
1761:
2179:
1851:
1507:
1384:
484:
476:
1432:
967:
799:
1489:
1290:
1347:
2949:
1924:
1074:
2219:
1328:
1719:
1565:
1239:
605:
100:
2746:
1688:
1667:
1646:
1184:
963:
95:
2275:
787:
718:
462:
110:
2819:
2144:
1451:
560:
447:
342:
2577:
1103:
978:
783:
620:
2692:
1934:
2124:
2964:
2959:
2927:
2356:
2003:
1712:
627:(1795) – a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing – and ended in 1822, replaced by
457:
452:
347:
2265:
1177:
2794:
2751:
1416:
1368:
791:
1400:
2321:
2169:
1296:
859:
714:
615:) were in deep crisis. The period of Polish Enlightenment began in the 1730s–40s, peaked in the reign of
442:
139:
721:, first ministry of education in the world) which attempted to transform the Commonwealth into a modern
639:
Polish
Enlightenment, while sharing many common qualities with the classical Enlightenment movements of
2756:
2366:
2291:
2229:
2094:
1203:
in Warsaw, the edifices of the
Treasury, Revenue and the Commission of Government, the building of the
922:
807:
663:
were elected and their position was very weak, with most of the powers in the hands of the parliament (
553:
259:
60:
2204:
2154:
1622:
Butterwick, Richard (May 2005). "What Is
Enlightenment (Oswiecenie)? Some Polish Answers, 1765-1820".
907:
2311:
2018:
1939:
1095:
624:
521:
489:
1530:
2351:
2316:
1885:
1558:"Literary Activities and Attitudes in the Stanislavian Age in Poland (1764–1795): A Social System?"
1199:. The leading figure in the Congress Kingdom was Antoni Corrazzi. Corazzi has created a complex of
795:
779:
383:
378:
2572:
2549:
2514:
2296:
2260:
2184:
2119:
1119:
1083:
951:
734:
722:
310:
124:
75:
1602:
1049:
1022:
865:
823:
2864:
2766:
2723:
2582:
2463:
1870:
1815:
996:
516:
315:
305:
1031:
1002:
871:
2649:
2435:
2374:
2270:
1781:
1657:
1438:
842:
686:
628:
159:
80:
65:
2562:
2557:
1127:
1123:
901:
883:
877:
2914:
2774:
2736:
2687:
2331:
2301:
2129:
1844:
1735:
1200:
1165:
981:- king, co-organiser of Thursday's dinners, great supporter of arts and sciences in Poland,
832:
738:
652:
581:
410:
329:
232:
2708:
2587:
984:
892:
8:
2657:
2341:
2109:
2078:
1188:
1143:
1087:
972:
847:
702:
266:
248:
203:
180:
164:
154:
2214:
2189:
1697:
Stanley, John "Towards A New Nation: The
Enlightenment and National Revival in Poland,"
2667:
2529:
2519:
2504:
2494:
2448:
2336:
2159:
1880:
1196:
1147:
1041:
437:
287:
243:
208:
144:
2639:
1808:
1226:
1169:
1114:
in the 18th century. The best known architects and artists, who worked in Poland were
1037:
850:- Last Grand Chancellor of the Lithuania, journalist, poet, translator, and physiocrat
752:
2872:
2677:
2672:
2634:
2624:
2473:
2389:
2384:
2326:
2174:
2164:
1929:
1786:
1684:
1663:
1642:
1079:
957:
880:- priest, social and political activist, political thinker, historian and philosopher
768:
767:
The ideas of the Polish
Enlightenment also had a significant impact abroad. From the
644:
503:
373:
365:
238:
222:
85:
70:
52:
32:
2713:
2134:
853:
2877:
2509:
2489:
2458:
2149:
2114:
2058:
1334:
1208:
1054:
945:
917:
608:
415:
2592:
1018:
990:
2682:
2567:
2443:
2405:
2224:
2068:
2063:
1865:
1771:
1678:
1636:
1537:
1159:
1135:
1115:
1026:
913:
726:
429:
405:
397:
361:
280:
213:
198:
188:
149:
23:
2731:
2854:
2804:
2662:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2420:
2346:
2255:
2250:
2073:
2048:
2028:
2013:
1998:
1983:
1315:
1204:
1131:
1045:
896:
838:
827:
756:
742:
672:
640:
612:
589:
511:
273:
1261:
1173:
647:
and was dedicated towards fighting for more freedom. Western thinkers desired
2943:
2882:
2839:
2809:
2789:
2453:
2379:
2306:
2209:
2139:
2053:
2008:
1993:
1890:
1839:
1139:
1062:
760:
748:
541:
337:
297:
217:
134:
737:) and military intervention of the Commonwealth's neighbours, ending in the
2892:
2887:
2834:
2824:
2799:
2779:
2499:
2468:
2415:
2410:
2194:
2104:
2043:
2023:
1910:
1834:
934:
678:
668:
616:
227:
90:
2844:
2629:
2425:
2199:
2038:
1917:
1900:
1895:
660:
593:
1859:
1183:
From the period of the
Congress Kingdom are Koniecpolski Palace and the
2849:
2829:
2814:
2784:
2033:
1944:
1801:
1776:
1766:
1704:
1107:
1006:
772:
1157:, followed by an almost complete inhibition and a period known as the
1034:- poet, comedy writer, secretary of Towarzystwo do Ksiąg Elementarnych
671:) that paralyzed the Commonwealth, especially during the times of the
1875:
1796:
803:
730:
601:
1423:
1391:
1375:
1354:
1246:
1192:
2234:
1829:
1822:
1281:
1168:
in Warsaw, rebuilt by
Dominik Merlini and Jan Christian Kamsetzer,
1164:. The most famous buildings of the Stanislavian period include the
1058:
698:
694:
597:
916:- one of Poland's greatest poets, writer, bishop, co-organiser of
1407:
841:- education, economy, founder of Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk and
798:
among others. In expanding the field of knowledge, there was the
656:
193:
41:
1905:
1493:
1474:
1458:
1442:
1338:
1319:
1300:
1265:
1230:
1111:
1099:
585:
1634:
623:(second half of the 18th century), went into decline with the
1791:
937:- chairman of Towarzystwo do Ksiąg Elementarnych, creator of
966:- writer, social, science and cultural activist, founder of
778:
1600:
1676:
16:
Aspect of Polish history in the 18th-19th centuries
2955:18th century in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
802:set up in 1800 soon after the Partitions. Popular
2941:
1655:
856:- poet, general, radical supporter of revolution
741:, the cultural impact of that period persevered
655:to restrict the nearly unlimited power of their
1590:. Columbia University Press. pp. 192, 343.
904:- military engineer, statesman, revolutionary.
1638:The Polish renaissance in its European context
925:- king of Poland, political activist, writer (
1720:
1585:
1531:"The Polish Literature of the Enlightenment."
1021:- political activist, author of the words of
786:; and in the field of advanced learning: the
561:
1849:
1820:
1806:
1555:
717:and other reforms (like the creation of the
1915:
975:- writer, philosopher, educational activist
886:- precursor of education reform, author of
874:(Franciszek Dionizy Kniażin) - poet, writer
713:Ideas of that period led eventually to the
1727:
1713:
1699:Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism,
1621:
796:Corps of Cadets (Knight's military school)
568:
554:
1635:Fiszman, Samuel; Jan Kochanowski (1988).
1588:A survey of Polish literature and culture
954:- poet, playwright, independence activist
1734:
1078:
993:- astronomer, mathematician, philosopher
747:
677:
708:
2942:
1965:
1746:
1708:
1662:. Central European University Press.
790:established by the Sejm in 1773; the
1525:
1523:
1075:Neoclassical architecture in Poland
13:
1659:Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918
1615:
835:- poet, writer, publisher, teacher
817:
782:founded in 1765 in Warsaw by King
14:
2976:
1520:
928:Głos wolny wolność ubezpieczający
771:(1768) through the period of the
725:. Although attempts of political
2923:
2922:
1701:1983, Vol. 10 Issue 2, pp 83–110
1556:John Stanley (March–June 2004).
1482:
1466:
1450:
1431:
1415:
1399:
1383:
1367:
1346:
1327:
1308:
1289:
1273:
1254:
1238:
1219:
1211:and designed the Grand Theatre.
1086:(1790-1793), a companion to the
968:Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich
788:Commission of National Education
719:Commission of National Education
653:separation and balance of powers
535:
40:
1508:History of philosophy in Poland
1068:
1601:Wojciech Słowakiewicz (2000).
1594:
1579:
1549:
910:- writer, educational activist
705:was an ideal of the szlachta.
606:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
948:- poet, translator, historian
814:(Games Pleasant and Useful).
812:Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne
800:Society of Friends of Science
683:Portrait of the Prozor Family
588:were developed later than in
1966:
1852:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
1677:Suchodolski, Bogdan (1986).
1153:The first stage, called the
1104:Stanisław August Poniatowski
1061:, politician, author of the
979:Stanisław August Poniatowski
964:Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński
862:- writer, political activist
792:Society for Elementary Books
784:Stanisław August Poniatowski
621:Stanisław August Poniatowski
7:
1821:
1680:A history of Polish culture
1501:
1142:, Christian Piotr Aigner,
1044:- founders of first Polish
860:Franciszek Salezy Jezierski
715:Constitution of May 3, 1791
10:
2981:
2950:Cultural history of Poland
1747:
1604:Wielka encyklopedia polski
1545:Retrieved October 7, 2011.
1072:
634:
2909:
2863:
2765:
2722:
2701:
2648:
2617:
2601:
2548:
2482:
2434:
2398:
2365:
2284:
2243:
2087:
1976:
1972:
1961:
1866:Methodological skepticism
1757:
1753:
1742:
1683:. Interpress Publishers.
1656:Janowski, Maciej (2004).
1096:neoclassical architecture
1084:Roman theater on the Isle
888:O skutecznym rad sposobie
697:(nobility). Commonwealth
625:Third Partition of Poland
1513:
1013:Tomasz Kajetan Węgierski
940:Słownik Języka Polskiego
895:- teacher, precursor of
106:Polish People's Republic
1120:Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer
952:Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
908:Michał Dymitr Krajewski
735:Targowica Confederation
723:constitutional monarchy
1916:
1850:
1816:Enlightened absolutism
1807:
1586:Manfred Kridl (1967).
1185:St. Alexander's Church
1091:
764:
690:
1782:Counter-Enlightenment
1082:
923:Stanisław Leszczyński
843:Liceum Krzemienieckie
751:
729:were thwarted by the
687:Franciszek Smuglewicz
681:
2965:Polish Enlightenment
2960:Age of Enlightenment
1736:Age of Enlightenment
1353:Czartoryski Palace,
1050:Biblioteka Załuskich
1023:Mazurek Dąbrowskiego
935:Samuel Bogumił Linde
866:Franciszek Karpiński
833:Franciszek Bohomolec
824:Wojciech Bogusławski
739:partitions of Poland
709:Constitution of 1791
604:) together with the
600:(nobility) culture (
582:Age of Enlightenment
485:World Heritage Sites
223:North Central Romani
2742:Feijóo y Montenegro
2693:Vorontsova-Dashkova
1607:(in Polish). Fogra.
1473:Treasury Ministry,
1457:Commission Palace,
1297:Presidential Palace
1189:Temple of the Sibyl
1170:Palace on the Water
1144:Wawrzyniec Gucewicz
1102:under the reign of
1088:Palace on the Water
1032:Franciszek Zabłocki
1003:Stanisław Trembecki
987:- writer, economist
973:Grzegorz Piramowicz
872:Franciszek Kniaźnin
848:Joachim Chreptowicz
703:Religious tolerance
645:absolute monarchies
1881:Natural philosophy
1536:2011-10-05 at the
1374:Działyński House,
1280:Gorzeński Palace,
1262:Królikarnia Palace
1245:Marynka's Palace,
1176:and the palace in
1155:Stanislavian style
1148:Bertel Thorvaldsen
1128:Stanisław Zawadzki
1124:Szymon Bogumił Zug
1094:The center of the
1092:
902:Tadeusz Kościuszko
884:Stanisław Konarski
765:
691:
2937:
2936:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1930:Scientific method
1787:Critical thinking
1195:, rebuilding the
997:Jędrzej Śniadecki
985:Stanisław Staszic
958:Jan Piotr Norblin
893:Onufry Kopczyński
794:; as well as the
769:Bar Confederation
755:, Poland's first
580:The ideas of the
578:
577:
542:Poland portal
140:Ethnic minorities
33:Culture of Poland
2972:
2926:
2925:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1921:
1855:
1826:
1812:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1743:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1694:
1673:
1652:
1631:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1564:. Archived from
1562:findarticles.com
1553:
1547:
1546:
1527:
1486:
1470:
1454:
1435:
1419:
1403:
1390:Zbaraski House,
1387:
1371:
1350:
1335:Mostowski Palace
1331:
1312:
1293:
1277:
1258:
1242:
1223:
1209:Mostowski Palace
1160:Congress Kingdom
1055:Andrzej Zamoyski
1015:- poet, explorer
946:Adam Naruszewicz
918:Thursday dinners
780:National Theatre
745:for many years.
609:political system
596:was weaker, and
592:, as the Polish
570:
563:
556:
540:
539:
538:
44:
35:
19:
18:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2919:
2897:
2859:
2761:
2718:
2697:
2644:
2613:
2609:Carvalho e Melo
2597:
2544:
2478:
2430:
2394:
2361:
2280:
2239:
2083:
1968:
1949:
1935:Spanish America
1809:Encyclopédistes
1772:Civil liberties
1749:
1738:
1733:
1691:
1670:
1649:
1641:. Indiana U.P.
1618:
1616:Further reading
1613:
1612:
1599:
1595:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1538:Wayback Machine
1528:
1521:
1516:
1504:
1497:
1487:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1436:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1388:
1379:
1372:
1363:City structures
1358:
1351:
1342:
1332:
1323:
1313:
1304:
1294:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1259:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1227:Łazienki Palace
1224:
1187:in Warsaw, the
1136:Antonio Corazzi
1116:Dominik Merlini
1077:
1071:
1027:national anthem
914:Ignacy Krasicki
820:
818:Notable persons
753:Załuski Library
711:
637:
574:
536:
534:
527:
526:
522:National anthem
507:
506:
495:
494:
480:
479:
468:
467:
433:
432:
421:
420:
401:
400:
389:
388:
369:
368:
366:performing arts
353:
352:
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332:
321:
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301:
300:
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253:
184:
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170:
169:
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56:
55:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2240:
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2217:
2212:
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2167:
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2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2079:Wollstonecraft
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
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1940:Universality
1911:Reductionism
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1835:Human rights
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1570:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1561:
1551:
1541:
1477:, 1825-1828
1461:, 1823-1825
1422:Guardhouse,
1410:, 1766-1769
1378:, 1773-1776
1341:, 1823-1824
1322:, 1820-1823
1268:, 1782-1786
1182:
1166:Royal Castle
1158:
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1093:
1069:Architecture
938:
926:
887:
826:- father of
777:
766:
712:
692:
682:
669:liberum veto
661:Polish kings
638:
579:
517:Coat of arms
448:Horse Racing
316:Architecture
228:Sinte Romani
101:World War II
91:Young Poland
2915:Romanticism
2737:Charles III
2578:Poniatowski
2515:Leeuwenhoek
2495:de la Court
2483:Netherlands
2327:Mendelssohn
2322:Lichtenberg
2200:Montesquieu
1918:Sapere aude
1901:Rationalism
1896:Rationality
1886:Objectivity
1445:, 1825-1833
1426:, 1783-1787
1406:Town Hall,
1394:, 1777-1783
1357:, 1840-1843
1284:, 1795-1799
1249:, 1790-1794
1233:, 1764-1795
1201:Bank Square
1174:Królikarnia
649:Montesquieu
629:Romanticism
594:bourgeoisie
233:Vlax Romani
160:Health care
96:Interbellum
81:Romanticism
66:Renaissance
61:Middle Ages
2944:Categories
2757:Villarroel
2752:Jovellanos
2688:Radishchev
2635:Micu-Klein
2573:Niemcewicz
2540:Swammerdam
2530:Nieuwentyt
2520:Mandeville
2375:Farmakidis
2261:Burlamaqui
2170:La Mettrie
2145:Fontenelle
2100:d'Argenson
2095:d'Alembert
2019:Harrington
1945:Utopianism
1845:Liberalism
1802:Empiricism
1777:Classicism
1767:Capitalism
1572:2009-04-23
1542:Poland.pl.
1162:classicism
1108:Classicism
1007:Classicism
804:newspapers
773:Great Sejm
458:Volleyball
453:Motorsport
411:Television
330:Literature
260:Traditions
249:Vilamovian
204:Lithuanian
111:Modern-day
86:Positivism
2878:Jefferson
2820:Hutcheson
2709:Obradović
2678:Lomonosov
2673:Kheraskov
2583:Śniadecki
2347:Weishaupt
2342:Thomasius
2332:Pufendorf
2175:Lavoisier
2160:d'Holbach
2155:Helvétius
2135:Descartes
2130:Condorcet
2125:Condillac
2059:Priestley
1876:Modernity
1797:Democracy
1496:, 1825–28
1025:, Polish
999:- chemist
960:- painter
806:included
731:civil war
602:Sarmatism
477:Monuments
384:Musicians
379:Composers
281:Festivals
267:Mythology
244:Kashubian
209:Ruthenian
181:Languages
165:Languages
155:Education
2928:Category
2873:Franklin
2840:Playfair
2810:Ferguson
2767:Scotland
2714:Mrazović
2668:Kantemir
2663:Fonvizin
2602:Portugal
2568:Krasicki
2563:Konarski
2558:Kołłątaj
2510:Koerbagh
2459:Genovesi
2444:Beccaria
2406:Berkeley
2337:Schiller
2302:Humboldt
2276:Saussure
2271:Rousseau
2235:Voltaire
2190:Maréchal
2165:Jaucourt
2120:Châtelet
2115:Chamfort
2064:Reynolds
1967:Thinkers
1871:Midlands
1860:Lumières
1830:Humanism
1823:Haskalah
1534:Archived
1502:See also
1282:Dobrzyca
1178:Jabłonna
1110:came to
1059:kanclerz
1005:- poet (
699:szlachta
695:szlachta
657:monarchs
598:szlachta
443:Handball
438:Football
311:Painters
288:Religion
239:Silesian
145:Refugees
24:a series
22:Part of
2883:Madison
2855:Stewart
2795:Burnett
2790:Boswell
2775:Beattie
2747:Moratín
2732:Cadalso
2683:Novikov
2618:Romania
2593:Wybicki
2588:Staszic
2535:Spinoza
2505:Huygens
2500:Grotius
2454:Galvani
2449:Galiani
2399:Ireland
2380:Feraios
2352:Wieland
2317:Lessing
2312:Leibniz
2285:Germany
2266:Prévost
2251:Abauzit
2215:Quesnay
2205:Morelly
2195:Meslier
2180:Leclerc
2140:Diderot
2029:Johnson
2004:Collins
1999:Bentham
1984:Addison
1977:England
1925:Science
1762:Atheism
1408:Siedlce
1215:Palaces
1038:Andrzej
808:Monitor
635:History
504:Symbols
490:Castles
374:Theatre
343:Authors
306:Artists
274:Cuisine
194:Yiddish
71:Baroque
53:History
2835:Newton
2825:Hutton
2805:Cullen
2702:Serbia
2650:Russia
2640:Șincai
2550:Poland
2490:Bekker
2464:Pagano
2426:Toland
2390:Korais
2385:Kairis
2367:Greece
2297:Herder
2292:Goethe
2256:Bonnet
2244:Geneva
2230:Turgot
2220:Raynal
2210:Pascal
2150:Gouges
2088:France
2074:Tindal
2069:Sidney
2044:Newton
2039:Milton
2014:Godwin
2009:Gibbon
1906:Reason
1748:Topics
1687:
1666:
1645:
1494:Warsaw
1475:Warsaw
1459:Warsaw
1443:Warsaw
1424:Poznań
1392:Kraków
1376:Poznań
1355:Puławy
1339:Warsaw
1320:Warsaw
1303:, 1818
1301:Warsaw
1266:Warsaw
1247:Puławy
1231:Warsaw
1193:Puławy
1112:Poland
1100:Warsaw
1009:style)
868:- poet
763:, 1801
727:reform
689:, 1789
586:Poland
416:Cinema
338:Comics
214:Romani
199:German
189:Polish
125:People
26:on the
2893:Paine
2888:Mason
2850:Smith
2800:Burns
2785:Blair
2780:Black
2724:Spain
2630:Maior
2525:Meyer
2469:Verri
2436:Italy
2421:Swift
2416:Burke
2411:Boyle
2357:Wolff
2185:Mably
2105:Bayle
2054:Price
2034:Locke
2024:Hooke
1994:Bacon
1792:Deism
1514:Notes
759:, by
685:, by
430:Sport
406:Radio
398:Media
362:Music
348:Poets
150:Crime
135:Poles
2845:Reid
2830:Mill
2815:Hume
2474:Vico
2307:Kant
2225:Sade
2049:Pope
1685:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1630:(1).
1146:and
1040:and
810:and
665:Sejm
512:Flag
364:and
1191:in
1048:,
651:'s
584:in
298:Art
2946::
1626:.
1560:.
1522:^
1492:,
1441:,
1337:,
1318:,
1299:,
1264:,
1229:,
1207:,
1180:.
1172:,
1150:.
1138:,
1134:,
1130:,
1126:,
1122:,
1118:,
1106:.
1057:-
631:.
619:,
2917:→
1728:e
1721:t
1714:v
1693:.
1672:.
1651:.
1628:3
1575:.
1090:.
931:)
733:(
611:(
569:e
562:t
555:v
235:)
216:(
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