Polish People's Republic

2838: 3463: 2295: 2090: 1780: 3246: 2358: 1799: 1302: 1702:. The election of a Polish Pope had an electrifying effect on what had been, even under communist rule, one of the most devoutly Catholic nations in Europe. Gierek is alleged to have said to his cabinet, "O God, what are we going to do now?" or, as occasionally reported, "Jesus and Mary, this is the end". When John Paul II made his first papal tour of Poland in June 1979, half a million people heard him speak in Warsaw; he did not call for rebellion, but instead encouraged the creation of an "alternative Poland" of social institutions independent of the government, so that when the next economic crisis came, the nation would present a united front. 384: 1639: 5185: 4022: 4010: 1942: 2584: 436: 1570: 1042: 1706: 5754:

desired testimonies; also an entire system of legal norms, regulating the organisation and functioning of bodies of the judiciary, was used for victimising. Nuns also stood trials in communist courts, becoming victims of the fight of the atheist state against the Catholic Church. The majority of trials from the first decade of the Polish People's Republic in which nuns were in the dock had a political character. A mass propaganda campaign, saturated with hate, led in the press and on the radio, measured up against defendants, was their distinctive feature.

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infrastructure amounted to approximately 38%. The implementation of the immense tasks involved with the reconstruction of the country was intertwined with the struggle of the new government for the stabilisation of power, made even more difficult by the fact that a considerable part of society was mistrustful of the communist government. The occupation of Poland by the Red Army and the support the Soviet Union had shown for the Polish communists was decisive in the communists gaining the upper hand in the new Polish government.

86: 10901: 3727: 6371: 4042: 1753: 1496: 2661: 3652: 2405: 10976: 3421: 2985: 370: 190: 1666:, to re-equip and modernize Polish industry, and to import consumer goods to give the workers some incentive to work. While it boosted the Polish economy, and is still remembered as the "Golden Age" of socialist Poland, it left the country vulnerable to global economic fluctuations and Western undermining, and the repercussions in the form of massive debt are still felt in Poland even today. This Golden Age came to an end after the 2275: 6357: 45: 1067: 3632:' of the Eastern Catholics in Poland. After the removal of Metropolitan Dionizy from the leadership of the Polish Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Macarius was placed in charge. He was from western Ukraine (previously eastern Poland) and had been instrumental in the compulsory conversion of eastern Catholics to orthodoxy there. Polish security forces assisted him in suppressing resistance to his taking control of 3024: 446: 1678: 1526:

arrest. Later, some historiansannounced that the official results were only obtained through massive fraud. Government officials didn't even count the real votes in many areas and simply filled in the relevant documents in accordance with instructions from the communists. In other areas, the ballot boxes were either destroyed or replaced with boxes containing prefilled ballots.

2915: 1554: 2431:, state-owned enterprises and state-controlled prices and trade. After the West refused to grant Poland further loans, the living standards began to sharply fall again as the supply of imported goods dried up, and as Poland was forced to export everything it could, particularly food and coal, to service its massive debt, which would reach US$ 23 billion by 1980. 1590:, the land seized from the pre-war landowners and redistributed to the lower-class farmers, and millions of Poles were transferred from the lost eastern territories to the lands acquired from Germany. Poland was now to be brought into line with the Soviet model of a "people's democracy" and a centrally planned socialist economy. The government also embarked on the 2622:

However, at this point, the communists generally still believed that they should retain the reins of power for the near future, and only allowed the opposition limited, advisory participation in the running of the country. They believed that this would be essential to pacifying the Soviet Union, which they felt was not yet ready to accept a non-Communist Poland.

1776:). The government then disallowed Solidarity on 8 October 1982. Martial law was formally lifted in July 1983, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid-to-late-1980s. Jaruzelski stepped down as prime minister in 1985 and became president (chairman of the Council of State). 2474: 2672: 3075:(1973) was so controversial, the communist government forbade Wojciech Has to direct for a period of ten years. The authorities also hired or bribed film critics and literary scholars to poorly review the film. The reviewers, however, were so ineffective that in turn the film was applauded in the West and won the Jury Prize at the 422: 1488:(PSL) in particular suffered persecution; it had opposed the abolition of the Senate as a test of strength against the government. Although it supported the other two questions, the Communist-dominated government branded the PSL "traitors". This massive oppression was overseen by Gomułka and the provisional president, 3292:, with archways, decorated cornices, mosaics, forged gates and columns. It was under this style that the first skyscrapers were erected in communist states. Stalin wanted to ensure that Poland would remain under communist yoke and ordered the construction of one of the largest buildings in Europe at the time, the 3455:, the communists took full control of education in the newly formed Polish People's Republic. All private schools were nationalized, subjects that could question the socialist ideology (economics, finance) were either supervised or adjusted and religious studies were completely removed from the curriculum ( 3778:

According to the national census, which took place on 14 February 1946, the population of Poland was 23.9 million, out of which 32% lived in cities and towns, and 68% lived in the countryside. The 1950 census (3 December 1950) showed the population rise to 25 million, and the 1960 census (6

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The Allied punishment of Germany for the war of destruction was intended to include large-scale reparations to Poland. However, those were truncated into insignificance by the break-up of Germany into East and West and the onset of the Cold War. Poland was then relegated to receive her share from the

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squads committed various serious crimes to maintain the communists in power, including the harsh treatment of protesters, arrest of opposition leaders and in some cases, murder. According to Rudolph J. Rummel, at least 22,000 people killed by the regime during its rule. As a result, Poland had a high

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Planned atheisation afflicted all areas of activity of monastic communities To victimise clergymen and consecrated people not only provisions of the criminal procedure were used, often violating not only the right for defence, but also basic human rights, allowing to use tortures in order to extort

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to direct work in the factories — it grudgingly accepted pressures to liberalize the economy. The government introduced a series of small-scale reforms, such as allowing more small-scale private enterprises to function. However, the government also realized that it lacked the legitimacy to carry out

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government on 6 September 1944. All estates over 0.5 km in pre-war Polish territories and all over 1 km in former German territories were nationalised without compensation. In total, 31,000 km of land were nationalised in Poland and 5 million in the former German territories, out

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This did not prevent Solidarity from gaining more support and power. Eventually, it eroded the dominance of the PUWP, which in 1981 lost approximately 85,000 of its 3 million members. Throughout the mid-1980s, Solidarity persisted solely as an underground organization, but by the late 1980s was

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parishes. Many eastern Catholics who remained in Poland after the postwar border adjustments were resettled in Western Poland in the newly acquired territories from Germany. The state in Poland gave the POC a greater number of privileges than the Roman Catholic Church in Poland; the state even gave

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in charge. The Film Polski output was limited; only thirteen features were released between 1947 and its dissolution in 1952, concentrating on Polish suffering at the hands of the Nazis during World War II for propaganda purposes. In 1947, Ford's contribution to film was crucial in establishing the

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was regularly watched by over 11 million viewers, approximately in every third household in the Polish People's Republic. The long legacy of communist television continues to this day; the older generation in contemporary Poland refers to every televised news program as "Dziennik" and the term

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in Kraków, were eventually finished decades later, most were never finished at all, wasting the considerable resources devoted to their construction. Polish investment in economic infrastructure and technological development fell rapidly, ensuring that the country lost whatever ground it had gained

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In this desperate situation, all development and growth in the Polish economy slowed to a crawl. Most visibly, work on most of the major investment projects that had begun in the 1970s was stopped. As a result, most Polish cities acquired at least one infamous example of a large unfinished building

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apartment blocks began to appear in Poland in the 1960s and their construction continued until the early 1990s, although the first examples of multi-dwelling units in Poland date back to the 1920s. The aim was to quickly urbanize rural areas, create space between individual blocks for green spaces

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they were fairly certain they had total control of the state and could deal a heavy blow to eventual public protests. Some semi-official nationalisation of various private enterprises had begun also in 1944. In 1946, all enterprises with over 50 employees were nationalised, with no compensation to

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intensified, included the harsh treatment of protesters, arrest of opposition leaders and in extreme cases, executions, with an estimated 22,000 people killed or disappeared from 1947 to 1989. Despite the numerous economic hardships, some achievements were established during this period, including

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in Warsaw. With the permission of the Polish authorities who wouldn't dare to object, the construction started in 1952 and lasted until 1955. It was deemed a "gift from the Soviet Union to the Polish people" and at 237 meters in height it was an impressive landmark on European standards. With its

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The only way to carry out such changes without social upheaval would be to acquire at least some support from the opposition side. The government accepted the idea that some kind of a deal with the opposition would be necessary, and repeatedly attempted to find common ground throughout the 1980s.

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The official results of the election showed the Democratic Bloc with 80.1 percent of the vote. The Democratic Bloc was awarded 394 seats to only 28 for the PSL. Mikołajczyk immediately resigned to protest this so-called 'implausible result' and fled to the United Kingdom in April rather than face

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death squads. Between 40,000 and 100,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust in Poland, and another 50,000 to 170,000 were repatriated from the Soviet Union, and 20,000 to 40,000 from Germany and other countries. At its postwar peak, there were 180,000 to 240,000 Jews in Poland, settled mostly in

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in order to use it as a weapon against the anti-communist efforts of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, and it attempted to control the person who was named as Metropolitan for the Polish Orthodox Church; Metropolitan Dionizy (the post-war head of the POC) was arrested and retired from service

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was also seen as superfluous. In order to strengthen the post-war Polish economy, the government created many common-labour faculties across the country, including dairying, fishing, tailoring, chemistry and mechanics to achieve a better economic output alongside efficiency. However, by 1980 the

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Poland's western border. The communist-controlled Interior Ministry issued results showing that all three questions passed overwhelmingly. Years later, however, evidence was uncovered showing that the referendum had been tainted by large-scale fraud, and only the third question actually passed.

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In 1973, Poland's voivodeships were changed again. This reorganization of the administrative division of Poland was mainly a result of local government reform acts of 1973 to 1975. In place of the three-level administrative division (voivodeship, county, commune), a new two-level administrative

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also sanctioned the transfer of the German population out of the acquired territories. Stalin was determined that Poland's new communist government would become his tool towards making Poland a satellite state like other countries in Central and Eastern Europe. He had severed relations with the

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provided more information on world news, particularly bad events, war, corruption or scandals in the West. This method was intentionally used to minimize the effects of the issues that were occurring in communist Poland at the time. With its format, the show shared many similarities with the

2572:). During the era, hundreds of thousands of Poles left the country permanently and settled in the West, few of them returning to Poland even after the end of socialism in Poland. Tens of thousands of others went to work in countries that could offer them salaries in hard currency, notably 2392:. However, even this was attenuated, as the Soviets pressured the Polish Government to cease receiving the reparations far ahead of schedule as a sign of 'friendship' between the two new communist neighbors and, therefore, now friends. Thus, without the reparations and without the massive 2290:

Poland suffered tremendous economic losses during World War II. In 1939, Poland had 35.1 million inhabitants, but the census of 14 February 1946 showed only 23.9 million inhabitants. The difference was partially the result of the border revision. Losses in national resources and

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The Catholic Church unequivocally condemned communist ideology. This led to the antireligious activity in Poland being compelled to take a more cautious and conciliatory line than in other Communist countries, largely failing in their attempt to control or suppress the Polish Church.

1626:. Voices began to be raised in the Party and among the intellectuals calling for wider reforms of the Stalinist system. Eventually, power shifted towards Gomułka, who replaced Ochab as party leader. Hardline Stalinists were removed from power and many Soviet officers serving in the 2677: 2676: 2673: 2544:

at the same time. The trend led to an unhealthy state of affairs where the chief determinant of economic status was access to hard currency. This situation was incompatible with any remaining ideals of socialism, which were soon completely abandoned at the community level.

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often directed films which were a political satire aimed at stultifying the communist authorities in the most gentle manner as possible. However, due to censorship, some films were not screened in cinemas until 1989 when communism ended in Central and Eastern Europe.

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December 1960) placed the population of Poland at 29.7 million. In 1950, Warsaw was again the biggest city, with a population of 804,000 inhabitants. Second was Łódź (pop. 620,000), then Kraków (pop. 344,000), Poznań (pop. 321,000), and Wrocław (pop. 309,000).

3984:" and was also Minister of National Defense. It was heavily tied into the Soviet military structures and was intended to increase Soviet influence as well as control over the Polish units in case of war. This process, however, was stopped in the aftermath of the 2568:

relative to Western European economies in the 1970s. To escape the constant economic and political pressures during these years, and the general sense of hopelessness, many family income providers traveled for work in Western Europe, particularly West Germany (

3398:'s personal patronage. It was the most modern railway station building in that part of Europe when completed and was equipped with automatic glass doors and escalators, an unlikely sight in communist countries. Another example of pure late modernism was the 3470:

Primary as well as secondary, tertiary, vocational and higher education was made free. Attendance gradually grew, which put an end to illiteracy in rural areas. The communist government also introduced new beneficial content into the system; sports and

1533:. However, Gomułka never supported Stalin's control over the Polish communists and was soon replaced as party leader by the more pliable Bierut. In 1948, the communists consolidated their power, merging with Cyrankiewicz' faction of the PPS to form the 1857:

and Democratic Party, to switch their support to Solidarity. This all but forced Jaruzelski, who had been named president in July, to appoint a Solidarity member as prime minister. Finally, he appointed a Solidarity-led coalition government with

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primary school was made compulsory. Furthermore, the pre-war system of education was in disarray; many educational facilities were much more accessible in wealthier western and central Poland than in the rural east (Kresy), particularly in the

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Zdzislawa Walaszek. An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 483, Religion and the State: The Struggle for Legitimacy and Power (January 1986), pp.

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to members of the anti-Stalinist left. By the end of 1981, Solidarity had nine million members—a quarter of Poland's population and three times as many as the PUWP had. Kania resigned under Soviet pressure in October and was succeeded by

3887:. Almost half of the soldiers and recruits in the Polish People's Army were Soviet. In March 1945, Red Army officers accounted for approximately 52% of the entire corps (15,492 out of 29,372). Around 4,600 of them remained by July 1946. 5807:

Ediger, Ruth M. (2005). "History of an institution as a factor for predicting church institutional behavior: the cases of the Catholic Church in Poland, the Orthodox Church in Romania, and the Protestant churches in East Germany".

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After several years of the situation continuing to worsen, during which time the socialist government unsuccessfully tried various expedients to improve the performance of the economy—at one point resorting to placing military

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Despite the political agenda of Telewizja Polska, the authorities did emphasize the need to provide entertainment for younger viewers without exposing the children to inappropriate content. Initially created in the 1950s, an

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to express their dissatisfaction with the government repression of the opposition, while at the same time, the government had to use most of the foreign currency it could obtain to pay the crushing rates on its foreign debt.

130:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 3486:

The number of universities nearly doubled between 1938 and 1963. Medical, agricultural, economical, engineering and sport faculties became separate colleges, under a universal communist model used in other countries of the

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or newsreaders in military uniforms and broadcast 24-hours a day. The running time has also been extended to 60 minutes. The program returned to its original form in 1983. The audience viewed this move as an attempt to

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Being produced in a then-socialist country, the shows did contain a socialist agenda, but with a more informal and comical tone; they concentrated on everyday life which was appealing to ordinary people. These include

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Females were the majority in the country. In 1931, there were 105.6 women for 100 men. In 1946, the difference grew to 118.5/100, but in subsequent years, number of males grew, and in 1960, the ratio was 106.7/100.

2707:, was founded after the war in 1952 and was hailed as a great success by the communist authorities. The foundation date corresponds to the time of the first regularly televised broadcast which occurred at 07:00 p.m 1681:

Queues waiting to enter grocery stores in Warsaw and other Polish cities and towns were typical in the late 1980s. The availability of food and goods varied at times, and the most sought-after basic item was toilet

1469:, argued that the socialists should support the communists in carrying through a socialist program while opposing the imposition of one-party rule. Pre-war political hostilities continued to influence events, and 2711:

on 25 October 1952. Initially, the auditions were broadcast to a limited number of viewers and at set dates, often a month apart. On 23 January 1953 regular shows began to appear on the first and only channel,

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As Western currency came into the country from emigrant families and foreign workers, the government in turn attempted to gather it up by various means, most visibly by establishing a chain of state-run

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gave clients an exchange rate far better than the official one and became wealthy from their opportunism albeit at the risk of punishment, usually diminished by the wide-scale bribery of the Milicja.

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began in 1944, with the pro-Soviet government taking over industries in the newly acquired territories along with the rest of the country. As nationalization was unpopular, the communists delayed

3699:. At the same time, approximately 5 million remaining Germans (about 8 million had already fled or had been expelled and about 1 million had been killed in 1944–46) were similarly 3276:

in the late 1940s and 1950s, the Eastern Bloc countries adopted socialist realism, an idealized and monumental realistic art intended to promote communist values, such as the emancipation of the

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in exchange for the promise of social and economic reforms. None of these were delivered due to resistance from the hardline communist leadership as it would effectively require abandoning the

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in Poland, which formed the largest Jewish community in pre-war Europe at about 3.3 million people, was all but destroyed by 1945. Approximately 3 million Jews died of starvation in

6079: 3383:, were built on East German and Czechoslovak standards, alongside department stores, pavilions and public spaces. As of 2017, 44% of Poles reside in blocks built between the 1960s and 1980s. 116: 12153: 3849: 2674: 3582:, was seen as a rival competing for the citizens' allegiance by the government, which attempted to suppress it. To this effect the communist state conducted anti-religious propaganda and 1968:

because these two parties were completely subservient to the Communists and had to accept the PZPR's "leading role" as a condition of their existence. It was politically influenced by the

7454: 7241: 3605:. It became the strongest anti-communist body during the epoch of Communism in Poland, and provided a more successful resistance than had religious bodies in most other Communist states. 2899:. The goal was to strengthen the artificial Polish-Soviet friendship and eliminate any knowledge of the crimes or acts of terror committed by the Soviets during World War II, such as the 2066:

were the chief intelligence agencies that acted as secret police. The official police organization, which was also responsible for peacekeeping and suppression of protests, was renamed

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provided strong resistance to Communist rule and Poland itself had a long history of dissent to foreign rule. The Polish nation rallied to the Church, as had occurred in neighbouring

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The Parliament amended the Constitution on 29 December 1989 to formally rescind the PUWP's constitutionally-guaranteed power and restore democracy and civil liberties. This began the

2508:, since the government exchange rate undervalued the dollar and placed heavy restrictions on the amount that could be exchanged, and so the only practical way to obtain it was from 1529:

The 1947 election marked the beginning of undisguised communist rule in Poland, though it was not officially transformed into the Polish People's Republic until the adoption of the

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had automatic doors and escalators. It was a flagship project during the 1970s economic boom and was dubbed the most modern station in Europe at the time of its completion in 1975.

2618:, a decision in some ways justifiable from an economic point of view but also largely political, there was a wave of public outrage and the government was forced to back down. 10954: 1717:

A new wave of labour strikes undermined Gierek's government, and in September Gierek, who was in poor health, was finally removed from office and replaced as Party leader by

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would not agree to form a united front with the socialists. The communists played on these divisions by dismissing Osóbka-Morawski and making Cyrankiewicz Prime Minister.

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and blind children. Such institutions for the impaired were almost nonexistent in the Second Polish Republic. During the 1960s, thousands of modern schools were founded.

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were enforced and students were encouraged to learn foreign languages, especially German, Russian, or French, and from the 1980s also English. On July 15, 1961, two-year

9472: 5578: 4033: 9217: 5868: 8825: 4123:(the Polish unit of administrative division). After World War II, the new administrative divisions were based on the pre-war ones. The areas in the East that were not 3601:, which made it more difficult for the government to impose its antireligious policies as it had in the USSR, where the populace did not hold mass solidarity with the 3402:, constructed in 1952 when socialist realism was still in effect; it was criticized for its appearance as it resembled the styles and motifs of the pre-war capitalist 2610:

any large-scale reforms, which would inevitably cause large-scale social dislocation and economic difficulties for most of the population, accustomed to the extensive

4857: 2810:, which was targeted at young children, is still broadcast today under a different format. Among the most well-known animations of the 1970s and 1980s in Poland were 2438:(a group of Western-European central banks) of its insolvency, and a series of negotiations on the repayment of its foreign debt was completed between 1989 and 1991. 10823: 8841: 1594:

of agriculture, although the pace was slower than in other satellites: Poland remained the only Eastern Bloc country where individual farmers dominated agriculture.

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was made obligatory to boost the number of skilled labourers and the minimum age of graduation rose to 15. Additionally, special schools were established for deaf,

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region where there was one large school per 100 square kilometers (39 square miles). Schools were also in desperate need of staff, tutors and teachers before 1939.

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which had a significant population of Eastern Orthodox Belarusians and Ukrainians, led to Poland becoming more homogeneously Catholic than it had previously been.

1772:, suspended Solidarity, and temporarily imprisoned most of its leaders. This sudden crackdown on Solidarity was reportedly out of fear of Soviet intervention (see 9161: 11785: 8764: 8736: 7880: 3613: 3890:

It was not the only Polish formation that fought along the Allied side, nor the first one in the East – although the first Polish force formed in the USSR, the

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was established in June 1946 with the communists holding a majority of key posts, and with Soviet support they soon gained almost total control of the country.

12477: 11790: 10802: 9481: 9168: 8302: 1916: 1480:, the opposition was subjected to persecution. Only the candidates of the pro-government "Democratic Bloc" (the PPR, Cyrankiewicz' faction of the PPS, and the 3014:(1946), which was seen by 10.8 million people in its initial theatrical screening, almost half of the population at the time. Ford's biggest success was 11419: 11200: 9784: 9147: 8456: 8081: 7620: 4768: 1773: 2354:"PGR"). However, the collectivization of Polish farming never reached the same extent as it did in the Soviet Union or other countries of the Eastern Bloc. 8797: 8743: 7929: 2240: 5091: 1721:. However, Kania was unable to find an answer for the fast-eroding support of communism in Poland. Labour turmoil led to the formation of the independent 1253:

squads, conducted mass surveillance and violent suppression of protests. The various crimes committed to maintain the PZPR in power, especially after the

12472: 9254: 8750: 8366: 7381: 7227: 2373: 2205: 5262: 3462: 10947: 7776: 2837: 2720:, was launched in 1970 and coloured television was introduced in 1971. Most reliable sources of information in the 1950s were newspapers, most notably 7263: 6054: 5498: 3880: 9140: 8587: 8463: 5973: 5411: 3825:, the population of Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous in the world. Virtually all people in Poland claim Polish nationality, with 3386:

Some groundbreaking architectural achievements were made during the People's Republic, most notably the reconstruction of Warsaw with its historical

2007:. Despite these changes, Poland was one of the most liberal communist nations and was the only communist country in the world which did not have any 6083: 3284:

due to its grandeur, excessive size and political message (a powerful state) it tried to convey. This expensive form greatly resembled a mixture of

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of which 12,000 km were redistributed to farmers and the rest remained in the hands of the government (Most of this was eventually used in the

1513:", were granted as war reparations. Despite the western lands being more industrialized, Poland lost 77,035 km (29,743 sq mi) and major cities like 133:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

12393: 12143: 8440: 7820: 7291: 2453:, Poland entered a decade of economic crisis, officially acknowledged as such even by the regime. Rationing and queuing became a way of life, with 1346: 1597:

Through a careful balance of agreement, compromise and resistance — and having signed an agreement of coexistence with the communist government —

12336: 12251: 8877: 8189: 7396: 3625: 1992: 1576: 1530: 1484:) were allowed to campaign completely unmolested. Meanwhile, several opposition candidates were prevented from campaigning at all. Mikołajczyk's 1207: 818: 4894: 4573: 2294: 11979: 8696: 7998: 2958:

if necessary and political content was erased. Ridiculing the communist government was illegal, though Poland remained the most liberal of the

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in December the same year resulted in a number of deaths. They also forced another major change in the government, as Gomułka was replaced by

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and resettle people from densely-populated poorer districts to increase living conditions. The apartment blocks in Poland, commonly known as

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eventually lost its authority by the mid-1980s. The majority of the TV shows and serials made during the Polish People's Republic earned a

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architecture was promoted globally, with simplistic designs made of glass, steel and concrete. Due to previous extravagances, the idea of

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remained as Poland's national emblem; the only feature removed by the communists from the pre-war design was the crown, which was seen as

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or an educated class that would accept and favour socialist ideas over capitalism to maintain the communists in power for a long period.

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since 1965, it was infamous for its manipulative techniques and emotive language as well as the controversial content. For instance, the

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were made available, and the population almost doubled between 1947 and 1989. Poland also maintained a large standing army, known as the

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In 1970, Gomułka's government decided to adopt massive increases in the prices of basic goods, including food. The resulting widespread

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movement, a training ground for some of the icons of the world cinematography. It was then that independent Polish filmmakers such as

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were taboo topics, avoided and downplayed when possible. In most cases, producers and directors were encouraged to portray the Soviet

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In response to this situation, the government, which controlled all official foreign trade, continued to maintain a highly artificial

1417:. These were confirmed, pending a final peace conference with Germany, at the Tripartite Conference of Berlin, otherwise known as the 497: 12467: 12173: 11908: 11448: 11253: 10985: 10816: 9444: 7834: 7792: 7170: 5629: 5608: 5452:

architektura socrealistyczna – cechy stylu – architektura socrealistyczna – cechy stylu – Architektura – Wiedza – HISTORIA: POSZUKAJ

4631: 3818:. Groups of Ukrainians and Polish Ruthenians also lived in western Poland, where they were forcefully resettled by the authorities. 2309:. It was also a major industrial centre in Europe and served as the temporary capital due to its economic significance in the 1940s. 12311: 12276: 12225: 12010: 11291: 11195: 11020: 10665: 8484: 8258: 8021: 7887: 7698: 7301: 4798: 4124: 2089: 1903:, the first democratic election since the 1920s. This completed Poland's transition from a communist party rule to a Western-style 1537:(known in Poland as 'the Party'), which would monopolise political power in Poland until 1989. In 1949, Polish-born Soviet Marshal 1431: 1047: 6024: 3578:, actively advocated for the disenfranchisement of religion and planned atheisation. The Catholic Church, as the religion of most 233: 11658: 9560: 9357: 8394: 7894: 7806: 7742: 7296: 6485: 3787: 3700: 3090:

by Polanski in 1963. Between 1974 and 1981, Polish films were nominated five times and three consecutively from 1974 to 1976.

2338: 1670:. The failure of the Gierek government, both economically and politically, soon led to the creation of opposition in the form of 1338: 5948: 5221: 4468: 383: 12462: 12299: 11933: 11826: 11663: 11395: 11147: 11085: 9763: 9275: 8125: 7663: 7590: 7082: 5891: 5353: 4518: 2220: 2174: 1485: 5586: 5025: 1779: 1430:

in London in 1943, but to appease Roosevelt and Churchill he agreed at Yalta that a coalition government would be formed. The

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money to this Church, although it often defaulted on promised payments, leading to a perpetual financial crisis for the POC.

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or work outside the country. An entire illegal industry of street-corner money changers emerged as a result. These so-called

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in Poland. His armed forces were in occupation of the country, and the communists were in control of its administration. The

12432: 4144: 2693:, the chief news program in communist Poland. The famous melody became one of the most recognizable tunes in Polish history. 1662:

as the new First Secretary. Gierek's plan for recovery was centered on massive borrowing, mainly from the United States and

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minorities found themselves now mostly within the borders of the Soviet Union; those who opposed this new policy (like the

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number of graduates from primary and secondary schools was so high that admission quotas for universities were introduced.

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in an efficient and orderly manner. A great influence on this type of architecture was Swiss-French architect and designer

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interrupted further progress at establishing a regularly televised program. The first prime state television corporation,

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Ekiert, Grzegorz (March 1997). "Rebellious Poles: Political Crises and Popular Protest Under State Socialism, 1945–89".

6046: 1674:, student groups, clandestine newspapers and publishers, imported books and newspapers, and even a "flying university." 12316: 12005: 11943: 11454: 11210: 10716: 10585: 10463: 10041: 9756: 9707: 9465: 9020: 8272: 8111: 7959: 7813: 7321: 6704: 6633: 5737: 3391: 2908: 2244: 1900: 1885: 1757: 1465:, wanted to join forces with the Peasant Party and form a united front against the communists. Another faction, led by 1175: 1171: 222: 141: 5043: 1107:. With a population of approximately 37.9 million near the end of its existence, it was the second most-populous 12291: 12118: 12098: 12023: 11938: 11903: 11861: 11459: 10832: 9714: 9686: 9503: 9085: 8804: 8771: 7556: 7250: 6873: 6815: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6543: 6228: 5312: 4929: 4902: 4727: 4714: 4641: 4614: 4439: 4412: 4391: 4370: 3245: 2492:

with Western currencies. The exchange rate worsened distortions in the economy at all levels, resulting in a growing

2201: 1866: 1854: 1835: 1291: 1215: 880: 857: 291: 273: 72: 7987: 5245:"Najlepsze seriale PRL. "Czterej pancerni", "Czterdziestolatek" i inne kultowe seriale sprzed lat! – Telemagazyn.pl" 3031:, Poland, 1989. Newspapers visible are from all Eastern Bloc countries including East Germany, the Soviet Union and 1607:

maintained and even strengthened the Polish church through a series of failed government leaders. He was put under

154:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

12457: 12178: 11989: 11585: 11444: 11325: 11261: 10990: 10869: 10027: 9964: 9099: 8935: 8058: 7444: 7326: 6928: 6903: 6803: 3452: 3178: 1889: 1839: 1477: 163: 64: 8612: 5302: 2867: 2504:, which in effect became a parallel currency. However, it could not simply be exchanged at the official banks for 12183: 11532: 11415: 11266: 11205: 10995: 10393: 10234: 10223: 10059: 9818: 9777: 9670: 9608: 8995: 8265: 8134: 8102: 7531: 7371: 4078: 3989: 3655:

A demographics graph illustrating population growth between 1900 and 2010. The highest birth rate was during the

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Mirek, Agata (2014). "Law as an Instrument of the Communist Authorities in the Fight against Orders in Poland".

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In November 1945 the newly formed communist government founded the film production and distribution corporation

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of 1943 at the insistence of the Soviet Union. Poland lost 77,000 km of territory in its eastern regions (

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faculties were deemed unnecessary or potentially dangerous and were therefore removed from state universities.

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The party was forced to raise prices, which led to further large-scale social unrest and the formation of the

12215: 12113: 11893: 11537: 11286: 11015: 10839: 10772: 10723: 10654: 10479: 9985: 9936: 9700: 9693: 9296: 9057: 8848: 7901: 7600: 7551: 7526: 7506: 6822: 6592: 6220: 3899: 3646: 3548: 3532: 3293: 2798:. As a result, several newsreaders had difficulty in finding employment after the fall of communism in 1989. 2530:

stores in all Polish cities, where goods could only be bought with hard currency. It even introduced its own

2129: 1245:(SB) were the chief intelligence agencies that acted as the secret police. The official police organization, 5668: 5128: 3528: 2063: 1899:

was dissolved on 1 July 1991 and the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991. On 27 October 1991, the

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minorities resided along the borders, and a German minority was concentrated near the southwestern city of

3735: 3680: 3351: 3266: 3240: 3215: 2136:, Poland attempted to remain neutral to the conflict between the Soviets and the Americans. In particular, 1827: 1798: 1695: 986: 978: 6105: 5977: 5690:"Polska. Oświata. Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa – Encyklopedia PWN – źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy" 12304: 11984: 11578: 11507: 10876: 10200: 10152: 9770: 9742: 9595: 9210: 9189: 8710: 8373: 7769: 7386: 7105: 6793: 6734: 6709: 6653: 6478: 3974: 3856: 3258: 2396:

implemented in the West at that time, Poland's postwar recovery was much harder than it could have been.

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The PZPR was disbanded on 30 January 1990, and Wałęsa was elected as president eleven months later. The

1834:) saw the PUWP abandon power and radically altered the shape of the country. In June, shortly after the 247: 12070: 11953: 11752: 11140: 10674: 10170: 10089: 10034: 9922: 9878: 9528: 9154: 9078: 8980: 8857: 8729: 8722: 8682: 8655: 8387: 8320: 7915: 7726: 7656: 7331: 7140: 7072: 6955: 6602: 6587: 6512: 4670: 4098: 4082: 3963: 3915: 3335:

in the foreground) in Warsaw, April 1977. Most apartment blocks built from the 1960s to the 1990s used

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Communist authorities placed an emphasis on education since they considered it vital to create a new

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Working for the enemy: Ford, General Motors, and forced labor in Germany during the Second World War

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to the west. After World War II, Poland's borders were redrawn, following the decision taken at the

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The architecture in Poland under the Polish People's Republic had three major phases – short-lived

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This article is about the Cold War-era Polish government. For the provisional 1918 government, see

8359: 8336: 4985: 3590:) and was permitted by the constitution, but the state attempted to achieve an atheistic society. 3253:, constructed in 1955. At the time of its completion it was one of the tallest buildings in Europe 12128: 11633: 11502: 11428: 11232: 10737: 10681: 10551: 10411: 10096: 9749: 9645: 9551: 9119: 8987: 8957: 8921: 8906: 8778: 8670: 8648: 8594: 8580: 8562: 8226: 8007: 7735: 7684: 7469: 6893: 6863: 6771: 6648: 6530: 5007:"Symboliczny początek Telewizji Polskiej. Te 30 minut powojenne pokolenie wspomina z łezką w oku" 4666:"Pirates and imperialists: Taiwan and the United States in the Polish communist press, 1953-1955" 3872: 3838: 3821:

As a result of the migrations and the Soviet Union's radically altered borders under the rule of

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was a Roman Catholic priest who supported the anti-communist opposition. He was murdered by the

3269:. Each of these styles or trends was imposed either by the government or by communist doctrine. 3055: 1687: 1638: 1623: 12346: 12341: 12281: 11732: 11675: 11621: 11616: 11469: 10429: 10322: 10124: 10075: 9978: 9871: 9841: 9624: 9512: 9238: 9029: 8620: 8601: 8571: 8118: 8088: 7153: 7148: 7092: 6985: 6923: 6739: 6719: 6471: 5393: 4114: 3977: 3852: 3656: 3617: 3436: 3403: 3298: 3281: 3262: 3208: 3194: 3172: 2848: 2614:

that the socialist system had provided. For example, when the government proposed to close the

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in 1988 were one of the factors that forced the government to open a dialogue with Solidarity.

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from 1953 to 1956 for failing to punish priests who participated in anti-government activity.

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Throughout the late 1940s and early 50s the Polish Army was under the command of Polish-born

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division was introduced (49 small voidships and communes). The three smallest voivodeships:

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Following the Second World War, the Polish Army was reorganized into six (later seven) main

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in 1953 and 1954, respectively, particularly inflamed tensions between the two countries.

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During its existence, the Polish People's Republic maintained relations not only with the

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Był sobie kraj... Polska w publicystyce i eseistyce niemieckiej. Grass – Bienek – Dönhoff

4140: 3347: 3167: 2875:(1967–1968), but were purely fictional and not based on real events. The horrors of war, 2786: 2461:) necessary to buy even such basic consumer staples as milk and sugar. Access to Western 2334: 2112:, but several communist states around the world. It also had friendly relations with the 2067: 2000: 1816: 1791: 1746: 1710: 1647: 1275: 1246: 1211: 895: 720: 7521: 7316: 5429: 4093:), gaining instead the smaller but much more industrialized (however ruined) so-called " 3316: 3008:, where he taught for 20 years. The first film produced in Poland following the war was 2699:

The origins of Polish television date back to the late 1930s, however, the beginning of

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Curtis, Glenn E., ed. (1992). "The Society: The Polish Catholic Church and the State".

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to Orthodoxy, the Polish government called on the Orthodox church in Poland to assume '

3515: 3472: 3327: 3313:, but with style it possesses traditionally Polish and Art Deco architectural details. 3087: 3039: 2876: 2283: 2209: 2140:

sought to establish Poland as a mediator between the two powers in the 1970s. Both the

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took place. Much to its own surprise, Solidarity took all contested (35%) seats in the

1667: 1627: 1418: 1096: 768: 575: 435: 7362: 5647: 5560: 4538:

Millard, Francis (September 1994). "The Shaping of the Polish Party System, 1989–93".

2615: 1718: 1545:, and in 1952 he became Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers (deputy premier). 1489: 705: 655: 12040: 11806: 11707: 11512: 10846: 10730: 10620: 10560: 10521: 10454: 10436: 10402: 10345: 10299: 10243: 10068: 9806: 9798: 9735: 9588: 9182: 8714: 8175: 8154: 7864: 7511: 7286: 7194: 7067: 7022: 6977: 6967: 6913: 6898: 6841: 6673: 6638: 6503: 6224: 6204: 6080:"21–26 kwietnia 1945 r. – bitwa pod Budziszynem. Hekatomba 2. Armii Wojska Polskiego" 6058: 5849:

Wynot, Edward D. Jr. (2002). "Captive faith: the Polish Orthodox Church, 1945–1989".

5790: 5333: 5308: 4946:"Building Export from Socialist Poland: On the Traces of a Photograph – Stadtaspekte" 4925: 4898: 4777: 4747: 4689: 4637: 4610: 4559: 4435: 4408: 4387: 4366: 4175: 4086: 3981: 3935: 3860: 3720: 3587: 3232: 3121: 3059: 3010: 2950:, work issues, human behaviour and interaction as well as comedy, sarcasm, drama and 2930: 2904: 2611: 2424: 2260: 2236: 2156: 2152: 2020: 2008: 1699: 1618:, who held the position for seven months. In June, workers in the industrial city of 1542: 1422: 1369: 1341:

was established by Soviet-backed Polish communists to control territory retaken from

1230:

on 17 October 1997, abolishing the socialist structure entirely and replacing with a

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Billstein, Reinhold; Fings, Karola; Kugler, Anita; Levis, Billstein (October 2004).

3898:. The Polish forces soon grew beyond the 1st Division into two major commands – the 3520: 2540:

in Polish). This paralleled the financial practices in East Germany running its own

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voivodeships. In addition, three other cities were granted the voivodeship status:

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and was viewed as an illegitimate state by Poland's government. The seizure of the

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The government and politics of the Polish People's Republic were dominated by the

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sufficiently strong to frustrate Jaruzelski's attempts at reform, and nationwide

1741: 1587: 1560: 1509:) were annexed by the Soviet Union. The western territories, referred to as the " 1438: 1317:

occupied the entire country, presented several alternatives which granted Poland

1194:

and internal opposition. The state's official name was the "Republic of Poland" (

1183: 1167: 593: 590: 532: 348: 324: 10900: 6938: 6196: 4551: 3671:. After the war, however, Poland's minorities were mostly gone, due to the 1945 2991:

was a key figure in Polish cinematography during and after the fall of communism

1960:). Despite the presence of two minor parties, the United People's Party and the 12246: 11811: 11547: 11542: 10795: 10331: 10257: 8309: 8168: 7583: 7421: 7158: 7000: 6663: 6267: 5999: 5769:

Dinka, Frank (1966). "Sources of Conflict between Church and State in Poland".

5533: 4523: 4066: 3985: 3864: 3759: 3726: 3456: 3429: 3359: 3343: 3047: 3032: 2947: 2900: 2795: 2791: 2216: 2145: 2117: 2024: 1981: 1924: 1870: 1737: 1267: 1092: 831: 619: 612: 375: 6212: 5917: 5782: 5283: 4921:

The Political Economy of Poland's Transition: New Firms and Reform Governments

2196:, which led to Israel's recognition by Poland on 19 May 1948. However, by the 1713:

served as the last leader of the Polish People's Republic from 1981 until 1989

12426: 12408: 12395: 12326: 12080: 11836: 11747: 11626: 11557: 11391: 10606: 8531: 8380: 8219: 7480: 7376: 7357: 7208: 7100: 6756: 6443:

PRL Tube, a categorized collection of videos from the Polish Communist period

6362: 6062: 5412:"70 lat temu wprowadzono w Polsce socrealizm jako programowy kierunek sztuki" 5263:"Niezręczna prawda o "Czterech Pancernych". W rzeczywistości byli… Rosjanami" 4917: 4693: 4074: 3822: 3629: 3579: 3395: 3310: 3149: 3043: 2988: 2970:

status in Poland today, particularly due to their symbolism of a bygone era.

2946:(1987–1988). The wide range of topics covered featured petty disputes in the 2936: 2923:(People's Tribune) was a government-sponsored newspaper and propaganda outlet 2872: 2489: 2481: 2435: 2420: 2416: 2393: 2200:, it severed diplomatic relations with Israel in June 1967 and supported the 2137: 2113: 2040: 1823: 1659: 1374: 1361: 1330: 1310: 1151: 1013: 584: 568: 564: 549: 512: 499: 3020:

from 1960, one of the most celebrated and attended Polish films in history.

12331: 12220: 12200: 11742: 11271: 11168: 11156: 11104: 11047: 11000: 10905: 10709: 9009: 8914: 8545: 7908: 7672: 7496: 7042: 5073: 5051: 4863:. Portal Naukowy Wiedza i Edukacja. pp. 13, 22–23 / 25. Archived from 4058: 4054: 3993: 3884: 3876: 3799: 3664: 3540: 3488: 3371: 3363: 3100: 3067: 3051: 2959: 2919: 2757: 2747:

as a propaganda tool to control the masses. Transmitted daily at 07:30 p.m

2722: 2700: 2552: 2541: 2505: 2493: 2389: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2125: 2109: 1985: 1977: 1969: 1663: 1615: 1608: 1500: 1410: 1379: 1342: 1259: 1144: 1136: 1112: 932: 608: 602: 6330:

Work covers the secret police in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany.

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and the annexed east German territories at the end of the war, while many

3764: 3738:, built due to the ever-growing population and high birth rate at the time 3346:

in 1956, the concept of socialist realism was condemned. It was then that

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in the west whilst the Red Army simultaneously permanently annexed Polish

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policies than other socialist states due to its strategic location in the

1124: 12060: 12045: 11692: 11320: 11109: 10544: 10530: 10192: 8868: 8689: 8674: 8028: 7005: 6455: 5827:

Clark, Joanna Rostropowicz (2010). "The Church and the Communist Power".

4968:"80 lat temu wyemitowano pierwszy w Polsce oficjalny program telewizyjny" 4494: 4120: 3891: 3807: 3795: 3731: 3492: 3277: 2996: 2892: 2588: 2509: 2462: 2454: 2404: 2248: 2224: 2197: 2101: 2036: 1896: 1722: 1671: 1402: 1383: 1279: 1116: 473: 5720: 5186:"Kultowe dobranocki wychowały całe pokolenia. Pamiętasz swoją ulubioną?" 3612:

The state attempted to take control of minority churches, including the

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as a friendly and victorious force which entirely liberated Poland from

456:

Location of the Polish People's Republic (dark green)

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in 1956. Rokossovsky, viewed as a Soviet puppet, was excluded from the

3791: 3751: 3651: 3496: 3367: 3332: 3228: 3201: 2955: 2896: 2660: 2564: 2561: 2380: 2160: 2155:, which had retreated to Taiwan following the Communist victory in the 2044: 1810:

were instrumental in strengthening the Solidarity movement's influence.

1749:, who had been Defence minister since 1968 and Premier since February. 1650:. The riots resulted in the deaths of 42 people and over 1,000 injured. 1187: 1132: 152:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

4199: 3772: 1559:

A propaganda poster encouraging a vote for Communist policies in the "

11601: 11310: 11173: 10964: 10162: 9567: 9364: 9175: 8973: 8928: 6242:. Yale-Hoover Series on Authoritarian Regimes. Yale University Press. 6047:"Oficerowie Armii Radzieckiej w wojskach lądowych w Polsce 1945–1956" 6025:"Dr J. Pałka: Ludowe Wojsko Polskie wymyka się prostym klasyfikacjom" 5476: 4358: 3676: 3598: 3273: 3236: 3135: 2984: 2942: 2880: 2606: 2597: 2333:

economy. One of the first major steps in that direction involved the

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As control of the Polish territories passed from occupying forces of

2212:

on 14 December 1988. In 1989, Poland restored relations with Israel.

2189: 1394: 605: 8449: 7249: 6418: 6000:"Languages in Poland · Explore which languages are spoken in Poland" 4219: 4207: 4203: 3951: 3943: 3938:: the Warsaw Military District with its headquarters in Warsaw, the 3768: 1846:, the Parliament's lower house, and all but one seat in the elected 1619: 1393:

In compensation, Poland was granted German-populated territories in

1128: 189: 11762: 8433: 8161: 5896: 5707:

Cieplak, Tadeusz N. (1969). "Church and State in People's Poland".

3967: 3480: 3289: 2884: 2730: 2548: 2329:

was forcibly imposed and began moving towards a radical, communist

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became the Minister of National Defence, with the additional title

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was in the process of reincorporating the lands to the east of the

1349:, all the key posts of which were held by members of the communist 1314: 1254: 1191: 1159: 1008: 936: 792: 596: 6463: 5092:"30 lat temu wyemitowano ostatnie wydanie Dziennika Telewizyjnego" 3959: 2560:

languishing in a state of limbo. While some of these, such as the

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imprisonment rate but one of the lowest crime rates in the world.

1853:

Solidarity persuaded the communists' longtime allied parties, the

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Under pressure from the Soviet Union, Poland participated in the

1518: 1398: 1206:. The name "People's Republic" was introduced and defined by the 559: 477: 2774:, propaganda, manipulation, lies, deception and disinformation. 1862:

as the country's first non-communist prime minister since 1948.

127: 11851: 11643: 11125: 9043: 7641: 6494: 6393: 4799:"Próby reform realnego socjalizmu (gospodarka PRL – 1956–1989)" 4226:

had a special status of municipal voivodeship; the city mayor (

4215: 4156: 3939: 3747: 3302: 3063: 3023: 2999:, and placed the well-known Polish filmmaker of Jewish descent 2951: 2812: 2593: 2532: 2302: 2185: 2121: 1874: 1761: 1120: 1119:

alliance. The largest city and official capital since 1947 was

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Security Empire: The Secret Police in Communist Eastern Europe

4630:

Daems, Tom; Smit, Dirk van Zyl; Snacken, Sonja (17 May 2013).

4131:

in the west and north were organized into the voivodeships of

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One of many schools constructed in central Warsaw in the 1960s

3038:

The change in political climate in the 1950s gave rise to the

2914: 12065: 12035: 9231: 4090: 3811: 3692: 3560: 2824: 2573: 2522: 2477: 2377: 2215:

The Polish People's Republic participated as a member of the

2058:

in its territory, as Poland was a Warsaw Pact signatory. The

2016: 1505: 1441:" referendum was held on a number of issues—abolition of the 1322: 1095:

that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic

445: 27:

Country of the Warsaw Pact and Eastern Bloc from 1947 to 1989

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offered value meals to citizens throughout Communist Poland.

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became even more restricted, as Western governments applied

1790:

which toppled the communist government. He later became the

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in World War II. Communist control was strengthened through

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Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900

4404:

The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under international law

4328:

Statistics of democide: genocide and mass murder since 1900

3895: 3435:

Prior to the Second World War, education in the capitalist

2967: 2888: 2717: 2713: 2577: 2071: 1920: 1843: 1677: 1514: 1250: 1210:. The Polish People's Republic was dissolved following the 782: 6442: 4918:

Jackson, John E.; Jacek Klich; Krystyna Poznanska (2005).

4155:

voivodeships. Two cities were granted voivodeship status:

4049:

Geographically, the Polish People's Republic bordered the

1630:

were dismissed. This marked the end of the Stalinist era.

1115:

country in Europe, and one of the main signatories of the

5129:"Dziennikarze w mundurach – Propaganda w stanie wojennym" 4891:

Taking Liberties: Four Decades in the Struggle for Rights

4770:

Multilateralism, German foreign policy and Central Europe

4739: 3743: 3703:

from those territories into the Allied occupation zones.

2733:

under the Polish People's Republic for over 31 years was

2321:, and from the Soviet Union to the Soviet-imposed puppet 1884:, and served as a prelude to the democratic elections of 1258:

improved living conditions, rapid industrialization, and

1202:) between 1947 and 1952 in accordance with the temporary 32:

Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland

4034:

Administrative divisions of the Polish People's Republic

3566:

The Polish anti-religious campaign was initiated by the

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social movement ranging from people associated with the

1553: 2743:, aired in the years 1958–1989 and was utilized by the 2739:(Television Journal). Commonly known to the viewers as 1421:

in August 1945 after the end of the war in Europe. The

8303:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4825:"Agreements concluded with Paris Club | Club de Paris" 4499:. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress 4362:

The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics

4119:

The Polish People's Republic was divided into several

2484:

stores which sold unobtainable Western goods and items

2411:, the first self-serve shopping centre in Poland, 1969 1345:. On 1 January 1945 the committee was replaced by the 10963:

Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their

7621:

1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum

6191:(2). American Council of Learned Societies: 299–338. 5630:"Miliardy na budowę. Tak powstawał Dworzec Centralny" 4609:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Transaction Publishers. 4344:

History of Modern Europe Ad 1789-2002: A.D. 1789-2002

1911:

left Poland on 18 September 1993. After ten years of

6352: 6211: 5844: 5842: 5802: 5800: 4379: 4330:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Transaction Publishers. 3659:

and consequently under the Polish People's Republic.

3297:

proportions and shape it was to mediate between the

2282:

in south-eastern Poland. State farms were a form of

2241:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

123: 5764: 5762: 5150:"Gwiazda stanu wojennego pracował jako nocny stróż" 5026:"55. rocznica pierwszej audycji Telewizji Polskiej" 4574:"Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego – Virtual Shtetl" 4303:"Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego - Virtual Shtetl" 3922:before taking part in its final offensive with the 2301:was Poland's largest city after the destruction of 214:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 119:

a machine-translated version of the Polish article.

6074: 6072: 5527: 5300: 4855: 4720: 3719:region) were suppressed by the end of 1947 in the 1182:(PZPR) became the dominant political faction in a 5839: 5797: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4519:"Upheaval in the East; Lenin Statue in Mothballs" 4469:"Wyszynski Fortified Church Under Communist Rule" 4400: 4338: 4336: 3667:, a third of Poland's population was composed of 2003:. Elections were held on the single lists of the 1774:Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981 12424: 7292:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland 5949:"Is Anyone German Here?; A Journey Into Silesia" 5759: 5727: 5673:Niepodległa – stulecie odzyskania niepodległości 5609:"Dworzec Centralny wpisany do rejestru zabytków" 5378:[Poet of Polish cinema – Wojciech Has]. 5127:S.A, Wirtualna Polska Media (11 December 2013). 4629: 1614:Bierut died in March 1956 and was replaced with 1347:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland 1158:government established in the country after the 6069: 5929:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 5700: 5024:S.A, Wirtualna Polska Media (23 October 2007). 3881:Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division 3424:Polish university students during lecture, 1964 1646:were put down by the communist authorities and 1234:that has remained in place to the present-day. 5820: 4842: 4663: 4359:Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood (2013). 4333: 3559:at the end of the war, along with the loss of 1822:From 6 February to 15 April 1989, talks of 13 1278:were also stationed in Poland as in all other 160:{{Translated|pl|Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa}} 148:accompanying your translation by providing an 110:Click for important translation instructions. 97:expand this article with text translated from 12478:States and territories disestablished in 1989 11586: 11141: 10948: 7657: 7235: 6479: 5373: 2188:were on a fair level in the aftermath of the 1579:(Russian version) with Stalin's remarks, 1952 1325:, resulting in Poland losing over 20% of its 6456:Articles related to Polish People's Republic 5528:Kieszek-Wasilewska, Iza (18 December 2013). 5448:"architektura socrealistyczna – cechy stylu" 5327: 4924:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–. 4888: 3914:. The Polish First Army participated in the 3545:large ethnic Polish population was decimated 1993:Constitution of the Polish People's Republic 1586:Over the coming years, private industry was 1577:Constitution of the Polish People's Republic 1196: 405: 340: 316: 5934: 5530:"Prawdy i legendy o Pałacu Kultury i Nauki" 4707: 4664:Łuszczykiewicz, Antonina (2 October 2023). 3798:lived in territories incorporated into the 3280:. This style became alternatively known as 3084:nominated Polish film at the Academy Awards 2365:workers in a state-run factory, Łódź, 1950s 2194:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 1826:in 94 sessions, which became known as the " 1305:Poland's fate was heavily discussed at the 73:Learn how and when to remove these messages 12473:States and territories established in 1947 11593: 11579: 11148: 11134: 10955: 10941: 7664: 7650: 7242: 7228: 6486: 6472: 5301:Burakowska-Ogińska, Lidia (7 March 2011). 4268:Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych (2013). 3354:(serving for a purpose) was encouraged by 2317:to the subsequent occupying forces of the 2050:The Polish People's Republic maintained a 1958:Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR 1930: 1388:invaded and occupied between 1939 and 1941 444: 434: 5946: 4766: 4760: 4683: 4386:. Harvard University Press. p. 303. 4127:had their borders left almost unchanged. 3980:, who was intentionally given the title " 3416:Education in the Polish People's Republic 2841:The cast, crew and creators of TV series 2192:. In 1947, Poland voted in favour of the 907:312,685 km (120,728 sq mi) 292:Learn how and when to remove this message 274:Learn how and when to remove this message 11600: 11292:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 7402:Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia 7302:Provisional Government of National Unity 5684: 5682: 5663: 5661: 5624: 5622: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5463: 5461: 5369: 5367: 5278: 5276: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5144: 5142: 4911: 4444: 4432:Referendum 30 czerwca 1946 roku w Polsce 4407:. East European Monographs. p. 33. 4166:In 1950, new voivodeships were created: 4040: 3847: 3725: 3650: 3584:persecution of clergymen and monasteries 3519: 3461: 3419: 3326: 3315: 3244: 3022: 2983: 2913: 2836: 2582: 2547: 2472: 2403: 2356: 2293: 2273: 2088: 1940: 1797: 1778: 1751: 1704: 1676: 1637: 1622:went on strike, in what became known as 1494: 1432:Provisional Government of National Unity 1364:was able to present his Western allies, 1300: 1103:, and it was also often simply known as 1099:. From 1947 to 1952 it was known as the 1048:Provisional Government of National Unity 439: 7297:Polish Committee of National Liberation 7277:Polish population transfers (1944–1946) 6044: 5889: 5706: 5579:"Ponad połowa Polaków mieszka w domach" 5001: 4999: 4537: 4531: 4365:. Oxford University Press. p. 50. 3251:Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw 2636: 2632:Culture in the Polish People's Republic 2339:Polish Committee of National Liberation 1732:) in September 1980, originally led by 1339:Polish Committee of National Liberation 14: 12425: 11396:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 9511: 9489:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7591:Military Council of National Salvation 6182: 5927:, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 5806: 5321: 4730:Encyklopedia.PWN.pl (Internet Archive) 4717:Encyklopedia.PWN.pl (Internet Archive) 4703:– via Taylor and Francis Online. 4602: 4540:East European Politics & Societies 4492: 3996:where he remained a hero until death. 2855:Countless shows were made relating to 2221:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1454:then took advantage of a split in the 11574: 11362:1949 East German State Railway strike 11334:World Federation of Democratic Youth 11129: 10936: 10360:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 9792:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 9438:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 9394:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8499:Rape during the occupation of Germany 7645: 7223: 6467: 6454: 6344:Bibliography of the history of Poland 6237: 5848: 5826: 5768: 5746: 5679: 5658: 5619: 5548: 5458: 5394:"Knife in the Water – Roman Polański" 5376:"Poeta polskiego kina – Wojciech Has" 5364: 5273: 5232: 5139: 4882: 4566: 4466: 4276:. Kancelaria Sejmu RP. Archived from 3624:Following the forcible conversion of 2148:or leaders visited communist Poland. 1736:. In fact, Solidarity became a broad 1162:'s takeover of Polish territory from 1123:, followed by the industrial city of 11233:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 9482:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8514:Rape during the liberation of France 6185:East European Politics and Societies 5911: 4996: 3855:, pictured in a Polish uniform, was 3734:in Warsaw representing the style of 3331:Domaniewska housing estate (with an 2078: 212:adding citations to reliable sources 183: 79: 38: 6493: 5469:"Pałac Kultury i Nauki w Warszawie" 5126: 5023: 4272:[Mała Konstytucja z 1947]. 4261: 3184:Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz 1991:From 1952, the highest law was the 1905:liberal democratic political system 1150:The Polish People's Republic was a 869:• People's Republic abolished 24: 11455:Sovietization of the Baltic states 9708:German invasion of the Netherlands 7988:Weather events during World War II 6337: 5947:Schneider, Peter (15 April 1990). 5751:. Teka Komisji Prawniczej: 64–72. 5332:. Berghahn Books. pp. 49–50. 4045:Poland's old and new borders, 1945 3875:(LWP) was initially formed during 3557:forcibly expelled from the country 3392:Warszawa Centralna railway station 2419:, Poland borrowed large sums from 2245:International Atomic Energy Agency 2035:founded by Polish monarchs in the 1901:1991 Polish parliamentary election 1758:Warszawa Centralna railway station 1633: 1176:1947 Polish parliamentary election 1131:. The country was bordered by the 25: 12494: 11326:World Federation of Trade Unions 10339:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 7557:1981 Polish hunger demonstrations 7537:Independent Students' Association 7455:Bishops' Letter of Reconciliation 7392:Mokotów Prison executions of 1951 6544:Partitions, duchies and kingdoms 6419:Komunizm, socjalizm i czasy PRL-u 6394:Internetowe Muzeum Polski Ludowej 6348: 5918:"Jews in Poland Since 1939" (PDF) 5222:"Kultowe dobranocki z czasów PRL" 4274:Original text at the Sejm website 4108: 3883:, but more commonly known as the 3788:Germans were expelled from Poland 3754:, were slaughtered at the German 3695:region and settle in the western 2785:was presented by officers of the 2202:Palestine Liberation Organization 1808:Summer 1981 Hunger Demonstrations 1409:, including the southern half of 1216:1990 Polish presidential election 54:This article has multiple issues. 12468:1989 disestablishments in Poland 11543:January 1991 events in Lithuania 11201:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 11155: 11030: 10974: 10899: 7671: 7445:1957 Polish legislative election 7327:1947 Polish legislative election 6929:Upper Silesian Industrial Region 6369: 6355: 5669:"Edukacja w II Rzeczypospolitej" 4020: 4008: 3929: 3555:, the large German minority was 3453:1947 Polish legislative election 2670: 2659: 1840:1989 Polish legislative election 1768:On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski 1568: 1552: 1226:, until the introduction of the 1222:retained the 1952 constitution, 1065: 1040: 418: 382: 368: 188: 84: 43: 11267:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 7532:Solidarity (Polish trade union) 7322:1946 Polish people's referendum 6324: 6176: 6154:"POLAND: Distrust in the Ranks" 6146: 6120: 6098: 6082:. 26 April 2016. Archived from 6038: 6017: 5992: 5974:"Poland most homogeneous in EU" 5966: 5940: 5883: 5861: 5640: 5601: 5571: 5521: 5491: 5440: 5422: 5404: 5386: 5380:Podkowiański Magazyn Kulturalny 5346: 5294: 5255: 5214: 5196: 5178: 5160: 5120: 5102: 5084: 5074:"Aktuelle Kamera – tvpforum.pl" 5066: 5036: 5017: 4978: 4960: 4938: 4817: 4791: 4733: 4657: 4623: 4596: 4511: 4507:– via Country Studies US. 4486: 4467:Saxon, Wolfgang (29 May 1981). 4460: 4424: 4349: 4346:, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 3863:until being deposed during the 3843: 3802:. Small Ukrainian, Belarusian, 3640: 3362:was seen as a way to construct 3222: 2180:The Polish People's Republic's 1499:Border changes of Poland after 1476:Between the referendum and the 1172:1946 Polish people's referendum 199:needs additional citations for 62:or discuss these issues on the 12099:Azerbaijan People's Government 10586:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 8296:Territorial changes of Germany 8204:Indonesian National Revolution 7450:Millennium of the Polish State 6307: 6291: 6275: 6254: 5890:Olchawa, Maciej (2 May 2017). 5585:. 19 July 2017. Archived from 4452:Stefan Wyszyński, (1901–1981). 4320: 4295: 4240: 4230:) was also province governor. 4027:Polish voivodeships after 1975 4015:Polish voivodeships after 1957 3510:Polish anti-religious campaign 3155:Anna Constantia von Brockdorff 2909:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2687:Opening panel and sequence of 2651:Censorship in Communist Poland 2399: 2269: 1478:January 1947 general elections 1458:. One faction, which included 1445:, land reform, and making the 1091:(1947–1952), was a country in 158:You may also add the template 13: 1: 12463:1947 establishments in Poland 11548:January 1991 events in Latvia 11538:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 11287:Socialist Republic of Romania 11262:People's Republic of Bulgaria 11254:People's Republic of Albania 11223:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 9986:Japanese invasion of Thailand 9937:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9701:German invasion of Luxembourg 8082:Mediterranean and Middle East 7552:1981 warning strike in Poland 6168:– via content.time.com. 6142:– via content.time.com. 6128:"POLAND: Child of the People" 5931:, Yale University Press, 2005 5892:"Ghosts of Operation Vistula" 4685:10.1080/14682745.2023.2206650 4434:, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 2000, 4380:Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). 4233: 3685:Państwowy Urząd Repatriacyjny 3647:Demographic history of Poland 3626:Eastern Catholics in the USSR 3574:which, under the doctrine of 3539:The experiences in and after 3294:Palace of Culture and Science 3129:Knights of the Teutonic Order 3017:Knights of the Teutonic Order 1292:History of Poland (1945–1989) 18:Poland People's Republic 11533:Collapse of the Soviet Union 11523:Fall of communism in Albania 9893:Invasion of the Soviet Union 9582:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 8900:Independent State of Croatia 7631:Polish Round Table Agreement 7611:Federation of Fighting Youth 7460:1968 Polish political crisis 7372:Polish United Workers' Party 5307:. Lidia Burakowska-Oginska. 5284:"Filmy prl, socjalizm – FDB" 5204:"Kultowe polskie dobranocki" 4527:. Reuters. 11 December 1989. 4450:Britannica (10 April 2013), 4383:The United States and Poland 4270:"Small Constitution of 1947" 4248:"What Was the Eastern Bloc?" 3999: 3990:Polish United Workers' Party 3956:Pomeranian Military District 3894:, had by that time moved to 3732:socialist apartment building 3681:National Repatriation Office 3533:Ministry of Internal Affairs 3409: 3216:How I Unleashed World War II 3006:National Film School in Łódź 2847:at its premiere in Warsaw's 2770:also became synonymous with 2745:Polish United Workers' Party 2449:years and the imposition of 2219:(as a founding member), the 1954:Polish United Workers' Party 1947:Polish United Workers' Party 1535:Polish United Workers' Party 1296: 1274:. In addition, units of the 1180:Polish United Workers' Party 342:Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa 7: 12139:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 11508:End of communism in Hungary 11277:Hungarian People's Republic 10877:End of World War II in Asia 10717:Western invasion of Germany 10224:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 10201:Second Battle of El Alamein 9771:Hundred Regiments Offensive 9743:Battle of the Mediterranean 9596:Italian invasion of Albania 7770:Air warfare of World War II 7387:Socialist realism in Poland 6710:Central European Initiative 6521:Prehistory and protohistory 6197:10.1177/0888325497011002006 4893:. Public Affairs. pp. 4868:(PDF file, direct download) 4856:Karolina Szamańska (2008). 4603:Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997). 4552:10.1177/0888325494008003005 4125:annexed by the Soviet Union 3992:and driven out back to the 3975:Marshal of the Soviet Union 3857:Marshal of the Soviet Union 3832: 3689:forced to leave their homes 3503: 2954:. Every televised show was 2376:until 1946, when after the 2233:International Energy Agency 2085:Foreign relations of Poland 1972:to the extent of being its 1877:by the Polish authorities. 1804:1980 Gdańsk Shipyard Strike 1503:. The eastern territories ( 1337:In the summer of 1944, the 1239:Ministry of Public Security 10: 12499: 12443:Former socialist republics 11272:German Democratic Republic 10803:Naval bombardment of Japan 10171:First Battle of El Alamein 10090:Battle of Christmas Island 10035:Japanese invasion of Burma 9799:Italian invasion of Greece 9715:German invasion of Belgium 9687:German invasion of Denmark 9660:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 9529:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 7793:Comparative military ranks 7572:autocratic rule and demise 7507:Workers' Defence Committee 7332:Small Constitution of 1947 6341: 6215:; Żakowski, Jacek (1995). 5110:"W mrokach propagandy PRL" 4986:"Zapomniany jubileusz TVP" 4774:(Google Books, no preview) 4401:Phillip A. Bühler (1990). 4129:Newly acquired territories 4112: 3964:Silesian Military District 3836: 3687:), millions of Poles were 3644: 3553:annihilated by the Germans 3513: 3507: 3477:vocational career training 3413: 3226: 2977: 2640: 2629: 2625: 2374:the nationalization reform 2258: 2254: 2175:invasion of Czechoslovakia 2151:Poland was hostile to the 2130:People's Republic of China 2082: 1934: 1786:co-founded and headed the 1428:Polish government-in-exile 1331:Soviet sphere of influence 1319:industrialized territories 1289: 1285: 1204:Small Constitution of 1947 1087:(1952–1989), formerly the 634:First Secretary and Leader 223:"Polish People's Republic" 122:Machine translation, like 29: 12373: 12234: 12166: 12091: 11998: 11967: 11881: 11870: 11799: 11778: 11609: 11483: 11460:Information dissemination 11437: 11387:1956 Hungarian Revolution 11377:1953 East German uprising 11345: 11303: 11246: 11183: 11163: 11100: 11081: 11039: 11028: 10981: 10972: 10892: 10724:Bratislava–Brno offensive 10664: 10655:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 10392: 10279:Allied invasion of Sicily 10233: 10139:Aleutian Islands campaign 10111:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 10058: 10049:Greek famine of 1941–1944 9944:Second Battle of Changsha 9849:German invasion of Greece 9817: 9694:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9669: 9607: 9502: 9383: 9109: 9019: 8867: 8570: 8561: 8319: 8144: 8036:North and Central Pacific 7997: 7759: 7752: 7679: 7565: 7478: 7431: 7355: 7261: 7188: 7139: 7091: 6976: 6963: 6954: 6849: 6840: 6700: 6691: 6629: 6620: 6580: 6511: 6502: 6461: 6045:Kałużny, Ryszard (2007). 5783:10.1017/S0034670500007130 5430:"Socrealizm nieoczywisty" 5382:(in Polish). No. 63. 5317:– via Google Books. 5267:CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl 4767:Hofhansel, Claus (2005). 4653:– via Google Books. 4636:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3958:with its headquarters in 3697:former German territories 3595:Catholic Church in Poland 3077:1973 Cannes Film Festival 2973: 2496:and the development of a 2434:In 1981, Poland notified 1865:On 10 December 1989, the 1836:Tiananmen Square protests 1218:, but the post-communist 1186:but the country had more 1019: 1007: 995: 985: 961: 943: 928: 918: 911: 901: 894: 890: 877: 867: 854: 841: 828: 815: 802: 798: 788: 778: 774: 759: 744: 740: 730: 726: 711: 696: 692: 682: 678: 661: 646: 642: 632: 574: 558: 538: 528: 484: 469: 431: 400: 364: 359: 306: 99:the corresponding article 12433:Polish People's Republic 11445:Emigration and defection 11282:Polish People's Republic 10316:Allied invasion of Italy 10293:Solomon Islands campaign 10042:Third Battle of Changsha 9639:First Battle of Changsha 9545:Second Sino-Japanese War 8485:German military brothels 8351:United States war crimes 7527:Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes 7255:Polish People's Republic 6705:Administrative divisions 6435:Propaganda komunistyczna 6247: 6238:Pucci M (14 July 2020). 6221:Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie 5648:"Centralny Dom Towarowy" 5048:www.irekw.internetdsl.pl 4143:and partially joined to 3920:Battle of Kolberg (1945) 3829:as their native tongue. 3756:Nazi extermination camps 3713:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 3376:multi-family residential 3337:large panel construction 3073:The Hourglass Sanatorium 2765:. Throughout the 1970s, 2352:State Agricultural Farms 1913:democratic consolidation 1686:On 16 October 1978, the 1085:Polish People's Republic 332:Polish People's Republic 12458:Soviet satellite states 12149:North Korea (1947–1948) 12144:North Korea (1946–1947) 11503:Fall of the Berlin Wall 11429:1981 protests in Kosovo 11367:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 10738:Second Guangxi campaign 10593:Philippines (1944–1945) 10097:Battle of the Coral Sea 10000:Fall of the Philippines 9646:Battle of South Guangxi 9552:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 8958:Italian Social Republic 7470:Polish protests of 1970 7417:Poznań protests of 1956 6904:Regional GDP per capita 6106:"Śląski Okręg Wojskowy" 5923:7 November 2006 at the 5851:East European Quarterly 5810:East European Quarterly 5709:Polish American Studies 5561:"Skąd się wzięły bloki" 5499:"Pałac Kultury i Nauki" 4728:Nacjonalizacja w Polsce 4496:Poland: A Country Study 4455:Encyclopædia Britannica 3954:Military District, the 3603:Russian Orthodox Church 3561:the eastern territories 3286:classicist architecture 3161:Salt of the Black Earth 2868:Stakes Larger Than Life 2862:Four Tank-Men and a Dog 2844:Four Tank-Men and a Dog 2592:, a former milk bar in 2280:State Agricultural Farm 2132:. At the height of the 2005:Front of National Unity 1997:Polish Council of State 1931:Government and politics 1832:Rozmowy Okrągłego Stołu 1323:territories in the east 529:Official languages 169:For more guidance, see 11871:Current and historical 10323:Armistice of Cassibile 10125:Battle of Dutch Harbor 10076:Battle of the Java Sea 9979:Attack on Pearl Harbor 9879:Syria–Lebanon campaign 9872:Battle of South Shanxi 9842:Invasion of Yugoslavia 9625:Battle of the Atlantic 9239:Korean Liberation Army 8952:(until September 1943) 8909:(until September 1944) 8887:(until September 1944) 7171:Orders and decorations 6408:2 October 2015 at the 6318: 6301: 6285: 6265: 6223:. pp. 348 pages. 6219:(in Polish). Wrocław: 6217:PRL dla początkujących 5771:The Review of Politics 5330:Polish national cinema 5226:wiadomosci.dziennik.pl 5096:wiadomosci.dziennik.pl 5044:"Dziennik Telewizyjny" 4858:"Sklepy w czasach PRL" 4326:Rummel, R. J. (1997). 4115:Voivodeships of Poland 4046: 3978:Konstantin Rokossovsky 3916:Vistula–Oder Offensive 3868: 3853:Konstantin Rokossovsky 3739: 3660: 3657:Second Polish Republic 3618:Polish Orthodox Church 3536: 3467: 3437:Second Polish Republic 3425: 3404:Second Polish Republic 3390:and the completion of 3339: 3324: 3282:Stalinist Empire style 3254: 3173:Battle of Westerplatte 3035: 2992: 2924: 2852: 2716:. The second channel, 2601: 2556: 2485: 2412: 2366: 2310: 2287: 2265:Eastern Bloc economies 2105: 2070:. The Milicja's elite 1949: 1811: 1795: 1770:proclaimed martial law 1765: 1714: 1683: 1651: 1539:Konstantin Rokossovsky 1522: 1463:Edward Osóbka-Morawski 1456:Polish Socialist Party 1334: 1197: 881:Presidential elections 413:Poland Is Not Yet Lost 406: 341: 317: 11553:Breakup of Yugoslavia 10487:Second Battle of Guam 10383:Bengal famine of 1943 10353:Second Battle of Kiev 10309:Battle of the Dnieper 10014:Battle of Wake Island 9886:East African campaign 9828:Battle of South Henan 9473:atrocities by Germans 9246:Korean Volunteer Army 8227:Occupation of Germany 7981:Music in World War II 7596:Pacification of Wujek 7579:Martial law in Poland 7485:international opening 7465:Kniefall von Warschau 7407:Trial of the Generals 7272:Recovered Territories 6302:Rzeczpospolita Polska 6286:Rzeczpospolita Polska 6051:Zeszyty Naukowe WSOWL 5328:Marek Haltof (2002). 4889:Neier, Aryeh (2003). 4713:Wojciech Roszkowski, 4281:(PDF direct download) 4186:– previously part of 4178:– previously part of 4170:– previously part of 4044: 3851: 3729: 3654: 3645:Further information: 3523: 3465: 3423: 3400:Smyk Department Store 3374:. Mass-prefabricated 3330: 3321:Smyk Department Store 3319: 3307:Empire State Building 3248: 3026: 2987: 2917: 2840: 2828:(Polish: Krecik) and 2804:evening cartoon block 2781:, from December 1981 2779:martial law in Poland 2586: 2551: 2476: 2445:movement. During the 2407: 2360: 2297: 2277: 2259:Further information: 2092: 1944: 1882:Third Polish Republic 1855:United People's Party 1801: 1782: 1755: 1708: 1680: 1641: 1511:Recovered Territories 1498: 1486:Polish People's Party 1471:Stanisław Mikołajczyk 1351:Polish Workers' Party 1304: 1264:universal health care 1249:(MO), along with its 1220:Third Polish Republic 1198:Rzeczpospolita Polska 1127:and cultural city of 1061:Third Polish Republic 318:Rzeczpospolita Polska 171:Knowledge:Translation 142:copyright attribution 12376:History of socialism 11401:1970 Polish protests 11382:1956 Poznań protests 11247:Soviet-allied states 10773:Surrender of Germany 10251:Battle of West Hubei 10208:Guadalcanal campaign 10178:Battle of Stalingrad 10104:Battle of Madagascar 8878:Albania protectorate 8665:(formerly Swaziland) 8374:Wehrmacht war crimes 8190:Expulsion of Germans 7974:Art and World War II 7872:British contribution 7821:Governments in exile 7307:Trial of the Sixteen 7282:Expulsion of Germans 7083:World Heritage Sites 6424:3 April 2008 at the 6396:at PolskaLudowa.com 6004:languageknowledge.eu 4803:www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl 4095:Regained Territories 3873:Polish People's Army 3839:Polish People's Army 3717:Bieszczady Mountains 3568:communist government 3179:Death of a President 3029:communist censorship 2794:the country under a 2767:Dziennik Telewizyjny 2736:Dziennik Telewizyjny 2726:(People's Tribune). 2643:Dziennik Telewizyjny 2637:Television and media 2323:satellite government 2001:presidency of Poland 1964:, the country was a 1688:Archbishop of Kraków 1644:1970 Polish protests 1624:1956 Poznań protests 1272:Polish People's Army 1232:parliamentary system 1228:current constitution 1208:Constitution of 1952 963:• Summer ( 920:• 1989 estimate 407:Mazurek Dąbrowskiego 208:improve this article 12483:Totalitarian states 12453:Communism in Poland 12405: / 12312:Estonia (1918–1919) 12206:Hungary (1949–1989) 11518:Romanian revolution 11491:Revolutions of 1989 11372:1953 Plzeň uprising 10863:Potsdam Declaration 10752:Italy (Spring 1945) 10515:Liberation of Paris 9972:Siege of Sevastopol 8990:(until August 1944) 8893:Wang Jingwei regime 8715:from September 1943 8675:from September 1944 8613:from September 1944 8473:Romanian war crimes 8464:Persecution of Jews 8450:Croatian war crimes 8420:Japanese war crimes 8234:Occupation of Japan 8183:First Indochina War 7895:Military production 7807:Declarations of war 7626:1988 Polish strikes 7606:Fighting Solidarity 7601:1982 demonstrations 7517:1980 Lublin strikes 7438:autarchic communism 6823:Political prisoners 5694:encyklopedia.pwn.pl 5589:on 10 February 2020 5374:Piotr Łopuszański. 5192:. 21 February 2020. 5156:. 13 December 2008. 5098:. 17 November 2019. 4829:www.clubdeparis.org 4342:Rao, B. V. (2006), 3950:Military District, 3946:Military District, 3942:Military District, 3673:revision of borders 3621:after his release. 3441:Jędrzejewicz reform 3394:in the 1970s under 2787:Polish Armed Forces 2335:agricultural reform 2146:general secretaries 2068:Milicja Obywatelska 2052:large standing army 1792:President of Poland 1788:Solidarity movement 1747:Wojciech Jaruzelski 1711:Wojciech Jaruzelski 1694:Karol Wojtyła, was 1648:Milicja Obywatelska 1437:In June 1946, the " 1276:Soviet Armed Forces 1247:Milicja Obywatelska 1241:(UB) and later the 1212:Revolutions of 1989 721:Wojciech Jaruzelski 672:Mieczysław Rakowski 509: / 12277:Byelorussia (1919) 11528:Singing Revolution 11411:June 1976 protests 11196:Soviet occupations 10856:Surrender of Japan 10689:Battle of Iwo Jima 10538:Belgrade offensive 9951:Siege of Leningrad 9835:Battle of Shanggao 9764:British Somaliland 9729:Dunkirk evacuation 9680:Norwegian campaign 9618:Invasion of Poland 9445:Japanese prisoners 8413:Italian war crimes 8344:British war crimes 8259:Soviet occupations 8043:South-West Pacific 7930:Allied cooperation 7888:Military equipment 7616:Orange Alternative 7502:June 1976 protests 6134:. 21 November 1949 5953:The New York Times 5479:on 26 January 2017 5269:. 16 October 2014. 5249:www.telemagazyn.pl 5054:on 5 December 2014 4870:on 19 October 2014 4633:European Penology? 4473:The New York Times 4430:Czesław Osękowski 4063:Kaliningrad Oblast 4053:to the North; the 4047: 3936:military districts 3912:Karol Świerczewski 3908:Polish Second Army 3869: 3742:The population of 3740: 3661: 3537: 3516:Religion in Poland 3473:physical education 3468: 3426: 3340: 3325: 3255: 3108:Ashes and Diamonds 3088:Knife in the Water 3040:Polish Film School 3036: 2993: 2925: 2853: 2851:, 3 January, 1966. 2602: 2557: 2486: 2467:economic sanctions 2413: 2388:Soviet-controlled 2367: 2311: 2288: 2284:collective farming 2210:State of Palestine 2168:Prezydent Gottwald 2106: 1950: 1937:Politics of Poland 1909:post-Soviet troops 1888:— the first since 1860:Tadeusz Mazowiecki 1812: 1796: 1766: 1715: 1698:, taking the name 1684: 1668:1973 energy crisis 1652: 1523: 1467:Józef Cyrankiewicz 1419:Potsdam Conference 1415:pre-WWII territory 1366:Franklin Roosevelt 1360:in February 1945, 1335: 1309:in February 1945. 1143:to the south, and 1135:to the north, the 1101:Republic of Poland 1097:Republic of Poland 1089:Republic of Poland 806:Small Constitution 769:Tadeusz Mazowiecki 754:E. Osóbka-Morawski 450:Show map of Europe 308:Republic of Poland 150:interlanguage link 12409:52.250°N 18.833°E 12388: 12387: 12382: 12381: 12369: 12368: 12365: 12364: 12162: 12161: 11904:Congo-Brazzaville 11800:Regional variants 11568: 11567: 11513:Velvet Revolution 11475:Telephone tapping 11449:list of defectors 11238:Tito–Stalin split 11123: 11122: 10930: 10929: 10888: 10887: 10731:Battle of Okinawa 10630:Burma (1944–1945) 10464:Mariana and Palau 10244:Tunisian campaign 10069:Fall of Singapore 9993:Fall of Hong Kong 9736:Battle of Britain 9589:Operation Himmler 9498: 9497: 9162:Dutch East Indies 8805:Southern Rhodesia 8557: 8556: 8457:Genocide of Serbs 8360:German war crimes 8337:Soviet war crimes 8330:Allied war crimes 8176:Division of Korea 8155:Chinese Civil War 7953:Strategic bombing 7865:Manhattan Project 7639: 7638: 7512:Flying University 7492:1971 Łódź strikes 7397:1952 Constitution 7287:Operation Vistula 7217: 7216: 7184: 7183: 7106:Ethnic minorities 6950: 6949: 6836: 6835: 6789:Political parties 6735:Foreign relations 6687: 6686: 6616: 6615: 6572:Poland since 1989 6412:at MuzeumPRL.com 6086:on 16 August 2018 6053:(in Polish) (2). 5536:on 14 August 2019 5503:otwartezabytki.pl 5339:978-1-57181-276-6 4992:. 23 August 2009. 4974:. 26 August 2019. 4783:978-0-415-36406-5 4753:978-1-84545-013-7 4726:Zbigniew Landau, 4584:on 6 January 2020 4087:Tehran Conference 4081:to the south and 3982:Marshal of Poland 3900:Polish First Army 3861:Marshal of Poland 3721:Operation Vistula 3669:ethnic minorities 3614:Polish Protestant 3588:Communist Albania 3529:Security Services 3525:Jerzy Popiełuszko 3356:Władysław Gomułka 3259:socialist realism 3233:Socialist realism 2931:Czterdziestolatek 2905:Kingdom of Poland 2679: 2612:social safety net 2421:Western creditors 2331:centrally planned 2261:Economy of Poland 2237:Council of Europe 2157:Chinese Civil War 2153:Republic of China 2094:Władysław Gomułka 2079:Foreign relations 2021:hammer and sickle 2015:, stars, ears of 2009:communist symbols 1974:satellite country 1563:" 1946 referendum 1543:Marshal of Poland 1531:1952 Constitution 1452:Władysław Gomułka 1423:Potsdam Agreement 1370:Winston Churchill 1164:German occupation 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1053: 1052: 819:July Constitution 764: 749: 746:• 1944–1947 716: 713:• 1985–1989 701: 698:• 1947–1952 666: 651: 648:• 1947–1956 543:Roman Catholicism 513:52.217°N 21.033°E 462: (dark grey) 423: 302: 301: 294: 284: 283: 276: 258: 182: 181: 111: 107: 77: 16:(Redirected from 12490: 12448:Communist states 12420: 12419: 12417: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12406: 12403: 12402: 12401: 12398: 12232: 12231: 12089: 12088: 11879: 11878: 11874:socialist states 11753:African-American 11595: 11588: 11581: 11572: 11571: 11357:Goryani Movement 11337: 11329: 11295: 11257: 11191:Yalta Conference 11150: 11143: 11136: 11127: 11126: 11034: 10978: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10934: 10933: 10923: 10916: 10909: 10906:World portal 10904: 10903: 10879: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10849: 10842: 10835: 10826: 10819: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10791: 10782: 10775: 10768: 10766:Prague offensive 10761: 10759:Battle of Berlin 10754: 10747: 10740: 10733: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10705: 10703:Vienna offensive 10698: 10691: 10684: 10682:Battle of Manila 10677: 10657: 10648: 10639: 10632: 10623: 10616: 10609: 10602: 10595: 10588: 10581: 10572: 10563: 10556: 10547: 10540: 10533: 10526: 10517: 10510: 10503: 10496: 10489: 10482: 10475: 10466: 10459: 10450: 10441: 10432: 10425: 10423:Korsun–Cherkassy 10418: 10407: 10385: 10376: 10369: 10362: 10355: 10348: 10341: 10334: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10304: 10295: 10288: 10281: 10274: 10267: 10265:Bombing of Gorky 10260: 10253: 10246: 10226: 10219: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10187: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10155: 10148: 10141: 10134: 10132:Battle of Midway 10127: 10120: 10118:Battle of Gazala 10113: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10085: 10078: 10071: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10030: 10028:Battle of Borneo 10023: 10021:Malayan campaign 10016: 10009: 10002: 9995: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9965:Bombing of Gorky 9960: 9958:Battle of Moscow 9953: 9946: 9939: 9932: 9925: 9918: 9902: 9895: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9810: 9801: 9794: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9724: 9722:Battle of France 9717: 9710: 9703: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9662: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9634: 9627: 9620: 9598: 9591: 9584: 9577: 9575:Munich Agreement 9570: 9563: 9554: 9547: 9540: 9531: 9524: 9509: 9508: 9491: 9484: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9460:Soviet prisoners 9454: 9447: 9440: 9431: 9424: 9415: 9408: 9401: 9400:German prisoners 9396: 9376: 9367: 9360: 9353: 9348: 9341: 9334: 9327: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9178: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9129: 9122: 9102: 9095: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8983: 8976: 8969: 8960: 8953: 8945: 8938: 8936:French Indochina 8931: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8880: 8860: 8851: 8844: 8835: 8828: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8783:from August 1944 8774: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8718: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8666: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8568: 8567: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8520: 8509: 8494: 8487: 8480: 8475: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8427:Nanjing Massacre 8422: 8415: 8406: 8404:Nuremberg trials 8397: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8362: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8332: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8245: 8236: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8137: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8084: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8010: 8008:Asia and Pacific 7990: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7939: 7937:Mulberry harbour 7932: 7925: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7788: 7779: 7772: 7757: 7756: 7745: 7738: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7708: 7701: 7694: 7687: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7643: 7642: 7547:Bydgoszcz events 7542:Rural Solidarity 7522:Gdańsk Agreement 7382:Collectivization 7342:Battle for trade 7317:Augustów roundup 7244: 7237: 7230: 7221: 7220: 7197: 6961: 6960: 6942: 6869:Economic history 6859:Balcerowicz Plan 6847: 6846: 6698: 6697: 6634:Cities and towns 6627: 6626: 6567:Communist Poland 6547: 6539: 6509: 6508: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6465: 6464: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6431: 6415: 6399: 6390: 6379: 6377:Communism portal 6374: 6373: 6372: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6331: 6328: 6322: 6311: 6305: 6295: 6289: 6279: 6273: 6258: 6243: 6234: 6208: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6076: 6067: 6066: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5976:. 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Archived from 4570: 4564: 4563: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4464: 4458: 4448: 4442: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4397: 4376: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4282: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4244: 4228:prezydent miasta 4103:Oder-Neisse line 4024: 4012: 3924:Battle of Berlin 3634:Eastern Catholic 2980:Cinema of Poland 2940:(1986–1987) and 2865:(1966–1970) and 2859:history such as 2857:Second World War 2772:authoritarianism 2705:Telewizja Polska 2681: 2680: 2663: 2647:Telewizja Polska 2498:shortage economy 2429:central planning 2346:and creation of 2344:collectivization 2286:created in 1949. 1962:Democratic Party 1923:in 1999 and the 1915:, Poland joined 1828:Roundtable Talks 1656:violent protests 1605:Stefan Wyszyński 1592:collectivisation 1572: 1556: 1482:Democratic Party 1447:Oder–Neisse line 1443:Senate of Poland 1407:Oder–Neisse line 1358:Yalta Conference 1307:Yalta Conference 1243:Security Service 1200: 1156:Marxist–Leninist 1069: 1068: 1057: 1056: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1021: 1020: 976: 952: 873:31 December 1989 850:13 December 1981 811:19 February 1947 762: 747: 714: 699: 674: 664: 649: 588:Marxist–Leninist 554: 547: 524: 523: 521: 520: 519: 514: 510: 507: 506: 505: 502: 487:and largest city 451: 448: 441: 438: 425: 424: 409: 386: 372: 354: 353: 352: 344: 337: 330: 329: 328: 320: 313: 304: 303: 297: 290: 279: 272: 268: 265: 259: 257: 216: 192: 184: 161: 155: 128:Google Translate 109: 106:(September 2021) 105: 88: 87: 80: 69: 47: 46: 39: 21: 12498: 12497: 12493: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12488: 12487: 12423: 12422: 12413: 12411: 12407: 12404: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12384: 12383: 12378: 12361: 12342:Slovakia (1919) 12242:Alsace-Lorraine 12230: 12158: 12087: 11994: 11963: 11872: 11866: 11795: 11774: 11605: 11599: 11569: 11564: 11479: 11433: 11420:Soviet reaction 11406:Croatian Spring 11350: 11348: 11341: 11335: 11327: 11299: 11293: 11255: 11242: 11228:Berlin Blockade 11179: 11178: 11159: 11154: 11124: 11119: 11096: 11093: 11077: 11074: 11035: 11026: 11023: 10979: 10968: 10961: 10931: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10898: 10896: 10884: 10875: 10868: 10861: 10854: 10845: 10838: 10831: 10822: 10817:Atomic bombings 10815: 10808: 10801: 10794: 10787: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10729: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10694: 10687: 10680: 10673: 10660: 10653: 10642: 10635: 10628: 10619: 10612: 10605: 10598: 10591: 10584: 10575: 10566: 10559: 10550: 10543: 10536: 10529: 10520: 10513: 10508:Eastern Romania 10506: 10501:Warsaw Uprising 10499: 10494:Tannenberg Line 10492: 10485: 10480:Western Ukraine 10478: 10469: 10462: 10453: 10444: 10435: 10428: 10421: 10410: 10401: 10388: 10381: 10372: 10365: 10358: 10351: 10344: 10337: 10330: 10321: 10314: 10307: 10298: 10291: 10284: 10277: 10272:Battle of Kursk 10270: 10263: 10256: 10249: 10242: 10229: 10222: 10213: 10206: 10199: 10190: 10183: 10176: 10169: 10160: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10083:St Nazaire Raid 10081: 10074: 10067: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10033: 10026: 10019: 10012: 10005: 9998: 9991: 9984: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9956: 9949: 9942: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9907: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9865:Anglo-Iraqi War 9863: 9856:Battle of Crete 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9813: 9804: 9797: 9790: 9785:Eastern Romania 9783: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9644: 9637: 9630: 9623: 9616: 9603: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9550: 9543: 9536: 9527: 9520: 9494: 9487: 9480: 9471: 9464: 9459: 9450: 9443: 9436: 9427: 9420: 9411: 9404: 9399: 9392: 9379: 9372: 9363: 9356: 9351: 9346:Western Ukraine 9344: 9337: 9330: 9323: 9316: 9309: 9302: 9295: 9290:Northeast China 9288: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9223: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9160: 9153: 9146: 9139: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9070: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8996:Slovak Republic 8994: 8986: 8979: 8972: 8967:Empire of Japan 8965: 8956: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8883: 8876: 8863: 8856: 8847: 8840: 8831: 8824: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8796: 8789: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8669: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8619: 8607: 8600: 8593: 8586: 8579: 8553: 8544: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8512: 8497: 8490: 8483: 8479:Sexual violence 8478: 8471: 8462: 8455: 8448: 8439: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8402: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8365: 8358: 8349: 8342: 8335: 8328: 8315: 8308: 8301: 8294: 8285: 8278: 8271: 8264: 8257: 8248: 8239: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8209: 8202: 8197:Greek Civil War 8195: 8188: 8181: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8140: 8133: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8071: 8064: 8057: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8022:South-East Asia 8020: 8013: 8006: 7993: 7986: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7944: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7900: 7893: 7886: 7881:Military awards 7879: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7775: 7768: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7725: 7718: 7711: 7706: 7697: 7690: 7683: 7675: 7670: 7640: 7635: 7571: 7561: 7484: 7474: 7437: 7427: 7412:PAX Association 7360: 7351: 7347:Three-Year Plan 7337:Amnesty of 1947 7312:Cursed soldiers 7257: 7248: 7218: 7213: 7200: 7193: 7180: 7135: 7087: 7053:Public holidays 6972: 6946: 6940: 6934:Venture capital 6832: 6762:Law enforcement 6683: 6669:Protected areas 6612: 6576: 6545: 6537: 6498: 6492: 6457: 6445: 6437: 6429: 6428:at Komunizm.eu 6426:Wayback Machine 6413: 6410:Wayback Machine 6397: 6388: 6387:at Czas-PRL.pl 6375: 6370: 6368: 6361: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6346: 6340: 6338:Further reading 6335: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6312: 6308: 6296: 6292: 6280: 6276: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6231: 6179: 6174: 6173: 6163: 6161: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6111: 6109: 6108:. 14 April 2003 6104: 6103: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6070: 6043: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5925:Wayback Machine 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5847: 5840: 5825: 5821: 5805: 5798: 5767: 5760: 5745: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5705: 5701: 5688: 5687: 5680: 5667: 5666: 5659: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5559: 5558: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5509:on 28 July 2021 5497: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5372: 5365: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5299: 5295: 5282: 5281: 5274: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5243: 5242: 5233: 5228:. 28 June 2009. 5220: 5219: 5215: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5148: 5147: 5140: 5125: 5121: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5022: 5018: 5005: 5004: 4997: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4854: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4738: 4734: 4725: 4721: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4536: 4532: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4465: 4461: 4449: 4445: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4394: 4373: 4354: 4350: 4341: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4117: 4111: 4077:) to the east; 4039: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4002: 3932: 3904:Zygmunt Berling 3846: 3841: 3835: 3691:in the eastern 3649: 3643: 3549:Jewish minority 3518: 3512: 3506: 3418: 3412: 3243: 3227:Main articles: 3225: 3189:The Coup d'Etat 3115:Nights and Days 3011:Forbidden Songs 3001:Aleksander Ford 2982: 2976: 2877:Soviet invasion 2819:Bolek and Lolek 2762:Aktuelle Kamera 2697: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2671: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2653: 2641:Main articles: 2639: 2634: 2628: 2616:Gdańsk Shipyard 2570:Wyjazd na saksy 2555:for sugar, 1977 2536:U.S. currency ( 2425:Marxian economy 2409:Supersam Warsaw 2402: 2384:Polish owners. 2370:Nationalisation 2327:economic system 2325:, Poland's new 2272: 2267: 2257: 2144:and the Soviet 2142:U.S. presidents 2128:as well as the 2098:Leonid Brezhnev 2087: 2081: 2062:and succeeding 1966:one-party state 1939: 1933: 1873:was removed in 1806:and subsequent 1742:Catholic Church 1719:Stanisław Kania 1636: 1634:1970s and 1980s 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1565: 1564: 1561:Three Times Yes 1557: 1490:Bolesław Bierut 1439:Three Times Yes 1386:, which it had 1327:pre-war borders 1299: 1294: 1288: 1224:with amendments 1184:one-party state 1168:electoral fraud 1066: 1041: 971: 968: 947: 921: 904: 886:9 December 1990 883: 870: 860: 847: 837:21 October 1956 834: 821: 808: 765: 750: 717: 706:Bolesław Bierut 702: 684:Head of Council 670: 667: 656:Bolesław Bierut 652: 583: 552: 548: 545: 517: 515: 511: 508: 503: 500: 498: 496: 495: 494: 488: 465: 464: 453: 452: 449: 442: 427: 426: 419: 410: 396: 395: 394: 391: 387: 379: 378: 373: 355: 346: 339: 338: 335: 334: 333: 331: 322: 315: 314: 311: 310: 309: 298: 287: 286: 285: 280: 269: 263: 260: 217: 215: 205: 193: 178: 177: 176: 159: 153: 112: 89: 85: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12496: 12486: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12414:52.250; 18.833 12386: 12385: 12380: 12379: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12322:Hungary (1919) 12319: 12314: 12309: 12308: 12307: 12302: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12268: 12267: 12262: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12238: 12236: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12197: 12196: 12191: 12189:Czech Republic 12184:Czechoslovakia 12181: 12176: 12170: 12168: 12164: 12163: 12160: 12159: 12157: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12124:Inner Mongolia 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12104:East Turkestan 12101: 12095: 12093: 12086: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12013: 12008: 12002: 12000: 11996: 11995: 11993: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11971: 11969: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11925: 11924: 11919: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11885: 11883: 11876: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11803: 11801: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11793: 11788: 11786:United Kingdom 11782: 11780: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11772: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11745: 11743:United Kingdom 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11679: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11667: 11666: 11653: 11648: 11647: 11646: 11636: 11631: 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11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10996:Czechoslovakia 10993: 10988: 10982: 10980: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10960: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10937: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10924: 10917: 10910: 10893: 10890: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10873: 10866: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10836: 10833:South Sakhalin 10829: 10828: 10827: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10792: 10785: 10784: 10783: 10769: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10741: 10734: 10727: 10720: 10713: 10706: 10699: 10692: 10685: 10678: 10670: 10668: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10651: 10650: 10649: 10633: 10626: 10625: 10624: 10610: 10603: 10596: 10589: 10582: 10573: 10564: 10557: 10548: 10541: 10534: 10527: 10518: 10511: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10483: 10476: 10467: 10460: 10451: 10442: 10433: 10426: 10419: 10408: 10398: 10396: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10386: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10370: 10356: 10349: 10342: 10335: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10312: 10305: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10275: 10268: 10261: 10258:Battle of Attu 10254: 10247: 10239: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10227: 10220: 10211: 10204: 10197: 10188: 10181: 10174: 10167: 10158: 10157: 10156: 10149: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10064: 10062: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10052: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10017: 10010: 10007:Battle of Guam 10003: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9975: 9968: 9961: 9954: 9947: 9940: 9933: 9930:Battle of Kiev 9926: 9919: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9823: 9821: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9802: 9795: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9690: 9683: 9675: 9673: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9613: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9599: 9592: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9548: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9517: 9515: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9492: 9485: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9469: 9457: 9456: 9455: 9441: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9429:United Kingdom 9425: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9397: 9389: 9387: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9377: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9361: 9349: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9242: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9172: 9165: 9158: 9151: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9115: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9054: 9047: 9040: 9033: 9025: 9023: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8992: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8962: 8961: 8946: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8903: 8896: 8889: 8881: 8873: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8854: 8853: 8852: 8838: 8837: 8836: 8833:British Empire 8826:United Kingdom 8822: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8667: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8642:Czechoslovakia 8638: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8576: 8574: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8542: 8539:Rape of Manila 8535: 8528: 8521: 8510: 8495: 8488: 8476: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8460: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8416: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8391: 8377: 8370: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8325: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8310:United Nations 8306: 8299: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8255: 8246: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8169:Decolonization 8165: 8158: 8150: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8115: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8099: 8092: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8069: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8046: 8039: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8003: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7933: 7919: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7861: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7845: 7842:United Kingdom 7838: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7765: 7763: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7739: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7688: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7669: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7646: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7584:Militsiya hour 7575: 7573: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7441: 7439: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7422:Polish October 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7368: 7366: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7268: 7266: 7264:Early post-war 7259: 7258: 7247: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7224: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7199: 7198: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7156: 7151: 7145: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7009: 7008: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6982: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6909:Stock exchange 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6828:Visegrád Group 6825: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6811:Prime Minister 6808: 6807: 6806: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6772:Prison Service 6769: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6715:Climate change 6712: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6664:Poland A and B 6661: 6659:National parks 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6557:Interwar years 6554: 6549: 6541: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: articles 6491: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6468: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6449: 6448: 6440: 6432: 6416: 6400: 6391: 6381: 6380: 6366: 6350: 6349:External links 6347: 6342:Main article: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6323: 6306: 6290: 6274: 6268:Rzeczpospolita 6252: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6235: 6229: 6209: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6145: 6119: 6097: 6068: 6037: 6016: 5991: 5980:on 9 July 2018 5965: 5939: 5933: 5910: 5882: 5860: 5838: 5819: 5796: 5777:(3): 332–349. 5758: 5736: 5726: 5699: 5678: 5657: 5639: 5618: 5600: 5570: 5547: 5520: 5490: 5457: 5439: 5421: 5403: 5385: 5363: 5345: 5338: 5320: 5313: 5293: 5272: 5254: 5231: 5213: 5195: 5177: 5159: 5138: 5119: 5101: 5083: 5065: 5035: 5016: 4995: 4977: 4959: 4948:. 2 April 2016 4937: 4930: 4910: 4903: 4881: 4841: 4816: 4790: 4782: 4759: 4752: 4732: 4719: 4706: 4678:(4): 517–535. 4656: 4642: 4622: 4615: 4595: 4565: 4546:(3): 467–494. 4530: 4524:New York Times 4510: 4485: 4459: 4443: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4398: 4392: 4377: 4371: 4355: 4348: 4332: 4319: 4294: 4283:on 3 June 2015 4260: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4113:Main article: 4110: 4109:Administration 4107: 4079:Czechoslovakia 4075:Ukrainian SSRs 4032: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3986:Polish October 3931: 3928: 3865:Polish October 3845: 3842: 3837:Main article: 3834: 3831: 3760:Einsatzgruppen 3642: 3639: 3543:, wherein the 3508:Main article: 3505: 3502: 3457:secularization 3430:intelligentsia 3414:Main article: 3411: 3408: 3360:Prefabrication 3344:Polish October 3342:Following the 3249:The 237-meter 3224: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3175: 3164: 3157: 3150:Countess Cosel 3146: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3095: 3048:Roman Polanski 3033:Czechoslovakia 2978:Main article: 2975: 2972: 2948:block of flats 2901:Katyn massacre 2796:military junta 2686: 2685: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2638: 2635: 2630:Main article: 2627: 2624: 2401: 2398: 2337:issued by the 2271: 2268: 2256: 2253: 2217:United Nations 2118:United Kingdom 2080: 2077: 1982:Czechoslovakia 1932: 1929: 1925:European Union 1871:Vladimir Lenin 1838:in China, the 1824:working groups 1738:anti-communist 1635: 1632: 1574: 1567: 1566: 1558: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1460:Prime Minister 1298: 1295: 1290:Main article: 1287: 1284: 1268:free education 1141:Czechoslovakia 1093:Central Europe 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1063: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1005: 1004: 999: 993: 992: 989: 983: 982: 969: 962: 959: 958: 945: 941: 940: 930: 926: 925: 922: 919: 916: 915: 909: 908: 905: 902: 899: 898: 892: 891: 888: 887: 884: 878: 875: 874: 871: 868: 865: 864: 861: 858:Free elections 855: 852: 851: 848: 842: 839: 838: 835: 832:Polish October 829: 826: 825: 822: 816: 813: 812: 809: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 790: 789:Historical era 786: 785: 780: 776: 775: 772: 771: 766: 760: 757: 756: 751: 745: 742: 741: 738: 737: 734: 732:Prime Minister 728: 727: 724: 723: 718: 712: 709: 708: 703: 697: 694: 693: 690: 689: 686: 680: 679: 676: 675: 668: 662: 659: 658: 653: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 636: 630: 629: 628: 627: 620:military junta 616: 578: 572: 571: 562: 556: 555: 540: 536: 535: 530: 526: 525: 518:52.217; 21.033 489: 486: 482: 481: 471: 467: 466: 455: 454: 443: 433: 432: 429: 428: 417: 416: 398: 397: 388: 381: 380: 374: 367: 366: 365: 362: 361: 357: 356: 307: 300: 299: 282: 281: 196: 194: 187: 180: 179: 175: 174: 167: 156: 134: 131: 120: 113: 94: 93: 92: 90: 83: 78: 52: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12495: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12421: 12418: 12377: 12372: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12292:Crimea (1919) 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12233: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12165: 12155: 12154:South Vietnam 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12090: 12082: 12081:North Vietnam 12079: 12078: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11997: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11966: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11869: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11798: 11792: 11791:United States 11789: 11787: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11777: 11771: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11754: 11751: 11750: 11749: 11748:United States 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11628: 11627:New Australia 11625: 11624: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11608: 11603: 11596: 11591: 11589: 11584: 11582: 11577: 11576: 11573: 11559: 11558:Yugoslav Wars 11556: 11555: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11482: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11436: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11392:Prague Spring 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11344: 11338: 11332: 11330: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11304:Organizations 11302: 11296: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11245: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11206:Baltic states 11204: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11182: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11151: 11146: 11144: 11139: 11137: 11132: 11131: 11128: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11099: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11080: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11044:Soviet Russia 11042: 11041: 11038: 11033: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10977: 10971: 10966: 10958: 10953: 10951: 10946: 10944: 10939: 10938: 10935: 10922: 10918: 10915: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10902: 10895: 10894: 10891: 10878: 10874: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10848: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10840:Kuril Islands 10837: 10834: 10830: 10825: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10793: 10790: 10786: 10781: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10763: 10760: 10756: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10735: 10732: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10679: 10676: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10663: 10656: 10652: 10647: 10646: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10627: 10622: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10608: 10607:Syrmian Front 10604: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10590: 10587: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10562: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10553:Market Garden 10549: 10546: 10542: 10539: 10535: 10532: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10519: 10516: 10512: 10509: 10505: 10502: 10498: 10495: 10491: 10488: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10468: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10434: 10431: 10427: 10424: 10420: 10417: 10413: 10412:Monte Cassino 10409: 10406: 10405: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10391: 10384: 10380: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10350: 10347: 10343: 10340: 10336: 10333: 10329: 10324: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10313: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10297: 10294: 10290: 10287: 10283: 10280: 10276: 10273: 10269: 10266: 10262: 10259: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10232: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10212: 10209: 10205: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10189: 10186: 10182: 10179: 10175: 10172: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10136: 10133: 10129: 10126: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10108: 10105: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10080: 10077: 10073: 10070: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10057: 10050: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10032: 10029: 10025: 10022: 10018: 10015: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10001: 9997: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9983: 9980: 9976: 9973: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9955: 9952: 9948: 9945: 9941: 9938: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9915: 9910: 9906: 9901: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9800: 9796: 9793: 9789: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9778:Baltic states 9775: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9723: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9702: 9698: 9695: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9668: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9650: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9606: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9558: 9553: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9530: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9501: 9490: 9486: 9483: 9479: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9462: 9458: 9453: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9435: 9430: 9426: 9423: 9422:United States 9419: 9414: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9382: 9375: 9371: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9358:Quốc dân Đảng 9355: 9354: 9350: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9252: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9142: 9138: 9135: 9131: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9062: 9059: 9058:Liechtenstein 9055: 9052: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9018: 9011: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8959: 8955: 8954: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8866: 8859: 8855: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842:United States 8839: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8809: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8773: 8769: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8532:Comfort women 8529: 8526: 8522: 8519: 8516: / 8515: 8511: 8508: 8505: / 8504: 8501: / 8500: 8496: 8493: 8492:Camp brothels 8489: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381:The Holocaust 8378: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8367:forced labour 8364: 8363: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8288: 8284: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8235: 8231: 8228: 8224: 8221: 8220:Marshall Plan 8217: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8113: 8109: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8074: 8073:Eastern Front 8070: 8067: 8066:Western Front 8063: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8040: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7960:Puppet states 7957: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7902:Naval history 7899: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7850: 7849:United States 7846: 7843: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7667: 7662: 7660: 7655: 7653: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7377:Six-Year Plan 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7359: 7358:Sovietization 7354: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7240: 7238: 7233: 7231: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7187: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6889:Merchant Navy 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6542: 6540: 6536:Early Modern 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6460: 6453: 6444: 6441: 6436: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6395: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6367: 6364: 6363:Poland portal 6353: 6345: 6327: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6287: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6230:83-7023-461-5 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6160:. 1 July 1957 6159: 6155: 6149: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6107: 6101: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6073: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6026: 6020: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5937: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5914: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5886: 5871:. 23 May 2017 5870: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5843: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5801: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5763: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5741: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5355: 5354:"Wyborcza.pl" 5349: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5314:9788360902455 5310: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5168:"Wyborcza.pl" 5163: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4947: 4941: 4933: 4931:0-521-83895-9 4927: 4923: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4904:1-891620-82-7 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4785: 4779: 4772: 4771: 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2873:Kapitan Kloss 2870: 2869: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2850: 2849:Congress Hall 2846: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2691: 2662: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2633: 2623: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2542:ration stamps 2539: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:exchange rate 2483: 2482:hard currency 2480:, a chain of 2479: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2436:Club de Paris 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2397: 2395: 2394:Marshall Plan 2391: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2281: 2278:An abandoned 2276: 2266: 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6986:Architecture 6924:Unemployment 6864:Central bank 6740:Human rights 6720:Constitution 6562:World War II 6326: 6309: 6293: 6277: 6256: 6239: 6216: 6213:Kuroń, Jacek 6188: 6184: 6177:Bibliography 6162:. 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Under the 3665:World War II 3662: 3641:Demographics 3623: 3611: 3607: 3592: 3565: 3541:World War II 3538: 3531:"SB" of the 3489:Eastern Bloc 3485: 3469: 3450: 3434: 3427: 3385: 3380: 3372:Le Corbusier 3364:tower blocks 3341: 3271: 3256: 3223:Architecture 3214: 3207: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3177: 3168:Westerplatte 3166: 3159: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3101:A Generation 3099: 3081: 3068:Andrzej Munk 3052:Wojciech Has 3037: 3027:Allegory of 3015: 3009: 2994: 2962:members and 2960:Eastern Bloc 2941: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920:Trybuna Ludu 2918: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2842: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2782: 2776: 2766: 2760: 2752: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2723:Trybuna Ludu 2721: 2701:World War II 2698: 2688: 2620: 2603: 2587: 2569: 2558: 2553:Ration cards 2537: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2494:black market 2487: 2463:luxury goods 2458: 2455:ration cards 2440: 2433: 2414: 2390:East Germany 2386: 2368: 2319:Soviet Union 2315:Nazi Germany 2312: 2307:World War II 2289: 2214: 2179: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2150: 2126:Western Bloc 2110:Soviet Union 2107: 2049: 2029:coat of arms 1990: 1986:Eastern Bloc 1978:East Germany 1970:Soviet Union 1957: 1951: 1945:Logo of the 1894: 1879: 1864: 1852: 1831: 1821: 1813: 1767: 1729: 1716: 1700:John Paul II 1696:elected Pope 1685: 1672:trade unions 1664:West Germany 1653: 1616:Edward Ochab 1613: 1609:house arrest 1596: 1588:nationalised 1585: 1528: 1524: 1504: 1501:World War II 1475: 1436: 1411:East Prussia 1405:east of the 1392: 1380:Soviet Union 1373: 1355: 1343:Nazi Germany 1336: 1262:. Access to 1260:urbanization 1236: 1195: 1149: 1145:East Germany 1137:Soviet Union 1113:Eastern Bloc 1104: 1100: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1030:Succeeded by 1029: 1024: 997:Calling code 903:• Total 824:22 July 1952 761:• 1989 663:• 1989 609:dictatorship 603:totalitarian 580: 457: 401: 390:Coat of arms 288: 270: 261: 251: 244: 237: 230: 218: 206:Please help 201:verification 198: 146:edit summary 137: 104: 96: 70: 63: 57: 56:Please help 53: 36: 12412: / 12235:Short-lived 12092:Short-lived 12061:South Yemen 12046:North Korea 12006:Afghanistan 11723:New Zealand 11718:Netherlands 11484:Dissolution 11424:Martial law 11347:Revolts and 11321:Warsaw Pact 11110:Warsaw Pact 11086:Byelorussia 10645:Bodenplatte 10531:Gothic Line 9757:West Africa 9304:Philippines 9283:Netherlands 9148:Czech lands 9086:Switzerland 9030:Afghanistan 8981:Philippines 8849:Puerto Rico 8765:Philippines 8751:New Zealand 8737:Netherlands 8690:Free France 8441:Prosecution 8242:Osoaviakhim 8112:West Africa 8096:East Africa 7743:Conferences 7126:Health care 7078:Video games 7018:Folk dances 6854:Agriculture 6794:Politicians 6593:Demographic 6552:World War I 6546:(1795–1918) 6538:(1569–1795) 6526:Middle Ages 6446:(in Polish) 6438:(in Polish) 6430:(in Polish) 6414:(in Polish) 6398:(in Polish) 6389:(in Polish) 5613:www.mwkz.pl 5583:Onet Biznes 5473:www.pkin.pl 5190:Portal I.pl 5172:wyborcza.pl 5114:histmag.org 5078:tvpforum.pl 4990:Newsweek.pl 4834:12 December 4809:19 December 4805:(in Polish) 4503:10 December 4478:10 December 4287:21 February 3892:Anders Army 3796:Belarusians 3752:labor camps 3493:Theological 3278:proletariat 2997:Film Polski 2893:Imperialism 2831:The Moomins 2758:East German 2589:Bar mleczny 2510:remittances 2502:U.S. dollar 2451:martial law 2415:During the 2400:Later years 2381:referendums 2270:Early years 2249:Interkosmos 2225:Warsaw Pact 2198:Six-Day War 2161:cargo ships 2102:East Berlin 2054:and hosted 2037:Middle Ages 2033:White Eagle 1907:. The last 1897:Warsaw Pact 1784:Lech Wałęsa 1734:Lech Wałęsa 1730:Solidarność 1723:trade union 1628:Polish Army 1403:Brandenburg 1384:Curzon Line 1282:countries. 1280:Warsaw Pact 1117:Warsaw Pact 1025:Preceded by 863:4 June 1989 845:Martial law 779:Legislature 516: / 474:Warsaw Pact 392:(1980–1990) 336:(1952–1989) 312:(1947–1952) 12427:Categories 12347:Tarnobrzeg 12272:Bessarabia 12226:Yugoslavia 11949:Seychelles 11944:Mozambique 11939:Madagascar 11862:Vietnamese 11857:Venezuelan 11847:Nicaraguan 11842:Melanesian 11759:Venezuela 11671:Kuomintang 11664:since 1978 11634:Bangladesh 11610:By country 11604:by country 11438:Conditions 11416:Solidarity 11349:opposition 11021:Yugoslavia 10745:West Hunan 10578:Pointblank 9914:Silver Fox 9900:Summer War 9653:Winter War 9632:Phoney War 9413:Azerbaijan 9374:Yugoslavia 9269:Luxembourg 9111:Resistance 8858:Yugoslavia 8723:Luxembourg 8525:Sook Ching 8321:War crimes 7923:Technology 7916:Opposition 7858:Lend-Lease 7835:Australian 7828:Home front 7786:Blitzkrieg 7736:Casualties 7727:Commanders 7699:Operations 7568:Jaruzelski 7073:Traditions 7023:Literature 6941:(currency) 6784:Parliament 6725:Corruption 6403:Muzeum PRL 5652:Culture.pl 5565:Culture.pl 5434:Culture.pl 5398:Culture.pl 5208:Culture.pl 5011:naTemat.pl 4874:15 October 4234:References 4067:Lithuanian 4051:Baltic Sea 3910:headed by 3906:, and the 3808:Lithuanian 3792:Ukrainians 3758:or by the 3730:A typical 3709:Belarusian 3675:, and the 3514:See also: 3497:Philosophy 3451:After the 3368:plattenbau 3333:FSO Syrena 3229:Plattenbau 3209:Teddy Bear 3202:Sexmission 3195:The Cruise 3122:The Deluge 3082:The first 3056:Kieślowski 2964:censorship 2897:Capitalism 2808:Dobranocka 2792:militarize 2729:The chief 2607:commissars 2565:skyscraper 2562:Szkieletor 2538:bony PeKaO 2514:Cinkciarze 2447:Solidarity 2443:Solidarity 2417:Gierek era 2206:recognized 2124:, and the 2083:See also: 2045:monarchist 1995:, and the 1984:and other 1935:See also: 1726:Solidarity 1133:Baltic Sea 924:37,970,155 913:Population 581:1947–1989: 576:Government 560:Demonym(s) 546:(de facto) 440:Show globe 234:newspapers 59:improve it 12305:1939–1940 12260:1918–1919 12029:1982–1992 12024:1979–1992 12019:1975–1979 12015:Cambodia 11990:Nicaragua 11922:1987–1991 11917:1974–1987 11913:Ethiopia 11852:Tanzanian 11733:Sri Lanka 11676:Hong Kong 11659:Communist 11622:Australia 11617:Argentina 11602:Socialism 11497:Die Wende 11470:Economies 11311:Cominform 11294:(to 1948) 11256:(to 1961) 11184:Formation 11174:Communism 11072:1982–1991 11067:1964–1982 11062:1953–1964 11057:1927–1953 11052:1917–1927 10965:Communist 10810:Manchuria 10696:Indochina 10472:Bagration 9923:Lithuania 9568:Anschluss 9365:Viet Minh 9262:Lithuania 9204:Hong Kong 8974:Manchukuo 8929:Azad Hind 8588:Australia 8388:Aftermath 8251:Paperclip 8146:Aftermath 7946:Total war 7814:Diplomacy 7777:In Europe 7131:Languages 7121:Education 7048:Name days 6919:Transport 6799:President 6752:Judiciary 6730:Elections 6654:Mountains 6622:Geography 6205:144514807 6164:16 August 6138:16 August 6112:16 August 6090:16 August 6063:1731-8157 6057:: 86–87. 6030:16 August 5791:146704335 5416:dzieje.pl 4694:1468-2745 4560:144432959 4057:(via the 4000:Geography 3705:Ukrainian 3677:Holocaust 3599:Lithuania 3410:Education 3348:modernist 3274:Stalinism 3263:modernism 3237:Modernism 3136:The Quack 2943:Zmiennicy 2881:Holocaust 2190:Holocaust 2182:relations 2177:in 1968. 2023:) on its 1988:members. 1927:in 2004. 1919:in 1996, 1575:Draft of 1395:Pomerania 1372:, with a 1297:1945–1956 1109:communist 987:Drives on 944:Time zone 624:1981–1983 606:Stalinist 594:socialist 591:one-party 553:(de jure) 539:Religion 360:1947–1989 164:talk page 101:in Polish 65:talk page 12357:Würzburg 12332:Naissaar 12296:Finland 12256:Bavaria 12194:Slovakia 12179:Bulgaria 12109:Far East 12056:Mongolia 11968:Americas 11832:European 11763:Chavismo 11728:Pakistan 11465:Politics 10991:Bulgaria 10921:Category 10870:document 10780:document 10637:Ardennes 10621:Budapest 10569:Crossbow 10447:Overlord 10286:Smolensk 9504:Timeline 9339:Slovakia 9325:Thailand 9176:Ethiopia 9141:Bulgaria 9065:Portugal 9003:Thailand 8885:Bulgaria 8663:Eswatini 8656:Ethiopia 8609:Bulgaria 8434:Unit 731 8395:Response 8212:Keelhaul 8162:Cold War 8135:Americas 8126:timeline 8119:Atlantic 7999:Theaters 7566:1981–89 7479:1970–81 7432:1956–70 7356:1948–56 7262:1945–48 7204:Category 7111:Refugees 7058:Religion 6779:Military 6693:Politics 6603:Military 6598:Economic 6588:Cultural 6581:By topic 6531:Monarchs 6513:Timeline 6422:Archived 6406:Archived 5921:Archived 5897:HuffPost 5721:20147803 4196:Szczecin 4180:Katowice 4172:Szczecin 4168:Koszalin 4149:Katowice 4133:Szczecin 3968:Katowice 3962:and the 3918:and the 3867:in 1956. 3833:Military 3763:Warsaw, 3701:expelled 3504:Religion 3388:Old Town 3311:New York 3305:and the 3290:Art Deco 3143:The Doll 2956:censored 2885:Red Army 2879:and the 2783:Dziennik 2753:Dziennik 2741:Dziennik 2731:newscast 2690:Dziennik 2598:canteens 2596:. These 2134:Cold War 2013:red star 1756:The new 1709:General 1692:Cardinal 1599:cardinal 1315:Red Army 1313:, whose 1255:Cold War 1214:and the 1192:Cold War 1174:and the 1160:Red Army 929:Currency 793:Cold War 618:under a 601:under a 597:republic 140:provide 12400:18°50′E 12397:52°15′N 12327:Ireland 12317:Galicia 12216:Romania 12174:Albania 12129:Jiangxi 12076:Vietnam 11980:Grenada 11954:Somalia 11837:Israeli 11827:Chinese 11822:Burmese 11817:British 11807:African 11779:History 11770:Vietnam 11738:Tunisia 11688:Finland 11683:Estonia 11316:COMECON 11216:Romania 11211:Hungary 11115:Comecon 11091:Ukraine 11016:Romania 11006:Hungary 10986:Albania 10847:Shumshu 10614:Hungary 10561:Estonia 10545:Lapland 10523:Dragoon 10456:Neptune 10438:Ichi-Go 10404:Tempest 10346:Changde 10301:Cottage 10193:Jubilee 9909:Finland 9807:Compass 9513:Prelude 9466:Finland 9352:Vietnam 9318:Romania 9190:Germany 9169:Estonia 9155:Denmark 9134:Belgium 9127:Austria 9120:Albania 9051:Ireland 9037:Andorra 9021:Neutral 8988:Romania 8922:Hungary 8907:Finland 8779:Romania 8671:Finland 8649:Denmark 8595:Belgium 8581:Algeria 8287:Romania 8273:Hungary 8029:Pacific 7753:General 7707:Leaders 7692:Battles 7685:Outline 7434:Gomułka 7365:'s rule 7253:of the 7251:History 7195:Outline 7176:Polonia 7141:Symbols 7068:Theatre 7001:Cuisine 6978:Culture 6968:Lawyers 6956:Society 6914:Tourism 6899:Poverty 6884:Exports 6842:Economy 6674:Regions 6644:Islands 6639:Forests 6504:History 6266:Polska 5734:118–134 5593:7 March 5540:7 March 5513:7 March 5483:7 March 5058:7 March 4699:30 June 4200:Wrocław 4192:Wrocław 4141:Olsztyn 4137:Wrocław 4099:east of 3879:as the 3816:Masuria 3814:and in 3773:Wrocław 3748:ghettos 3715:in the 3663:Before 3576:Marxism 3446:Polesie 3323:, 1960s 3060:Zanussi 2907:or the 2806:called 2626:Culture 2528:Baltona 2363:textile 2361:Female 2348:sovkhoz 2305:during 2255:Economy 2229:Comecon 1817:strikes 1602:primate 1519:Vilnius 1399:Silesia 1356:At the 1286:History 1188:liberal 1170:in the 1154:with a 879:• 856:• 843:• 830:• 817:• 804:• 748:(first) 700:(first) 650:(first) 585:Unitary 504:21°02′E 501:52°13′N 485:Capital 478:Comecon 402:Anthem: 248:scholar 162:to the 144:in the 103:. 12337:Saxony 12282:Bremen 12211:Poland 12167:Europe 12134:Kuwait 12114:Fujian 11929:Guinea 11889:Angola 11882:Africa 11698:Greece 11693:France 11655:China 11651:Canada 11644:Lulism 11639:Brazil 11336:(WFDY) 11328:(WFTU) 11011:Poland 10967:period 10824:Debate 10796:Taipei 10789:Borneo 10367:Tarawa 9561:Europe 9522:Africa 9311:Poland 9297:Norway 9276:Malaya 9255:Latvia 9197:Greece 9183:France 9079:Sweden 9044:Bhutan 8772:Poland 8758:Norway 8730:Mexico 8697:Greece 8683:France 8621:Canada 8602:Brazil 8572:Allies 8518:Serbia 8507:Poland 8280:Poland 8266:Baltic 8059:Europe 7761:Topics 7713:Allied 7481:Gierek 7424:(1956) 7363:Bierut 7361:under 7209:Portal 7149:Anthem 6996:Cinema 6939:Złoty 6894:Mining 6879:Energy 6767:Police 6679:Rivers 6608:Postal 6495:Poland 6319:Polska 6315:Polish 6298:Polish 6282:Polish 6272:, PRL) 6270:Ludowa 6262:Polish 6227: 6203: 6061: 6009:9 July 5984:9 July 5958:9 July 5903:9 July 5875:9 July 5789: 5749:OL PAN 5719: 5336: 5311: 5288:fdb.pl 4952:9 July 4928: 4901: 4895:p. 251 4788: 4780: 4750: 4692: 4649:9 July 4640: 4613: 4588:9 July 4558: 4438: 4411: 4390: 4369: 4312:9 July 4253:9 July 4220:Kraków 4216:Warsaw 4208:Poznań 4204:Kraków 4188:Poznań 4182:, and 4157:Warsaw 4153:Poznań 4145:Gdańsk 3952:Poznań 3944:Kraków 3940:Lublin 3827:Polish 3806:, and 3804:Slovak 3769:Kraków 3572:Poland 3547:, its 3303:Moscow 3272:Under 3239:, and 3094:Movies 3064:Bareja 2974:Cinema 2952:satire 2889:Nazism 2813:Reksio 2777:Under 2649:, and 2594:Gdynia 2533:ersatz 2506:zlotys 2459:Kartki 2350:-like 2303:Warsaw 2243:, the 2239:, the 2235:, the 2231:, the 2223:, the 2204:which 2186:Israel 2122:France 2104:, 1967 2031:. The 1875:Warsaw 1867:statue 1848:Senate 1762:Warsaw 1682:paper. 1620:Poznań 1401:, and 1362:Stalin 1178:. The 1129:Kraków 1121:Warsaw 1105:Poland 763:(last) 736: 715:(last) 688: 665:(last) 638: 611:(1947– 565:Polish 533:Polish 492:Warsaw 480:member 470:Status 460:Europe 404: 349:Polish 345: 325:Polish 321: 250: 243: 236: 229: 221: 12352:Užice 12287:Bihać 12247:Banat 12119:Gilan 12066:Syria 12036:China 12011:Burma 11985:Chile 11959:Sudan 11934:Libya 11909:Egypt 11894:Benin 11713:Italy 11703:India 10600:Leyte 10430:Narva 10416:Anzio 10374:Makin 10332:Burma 10216:Torch 10185:Rzhev 10146:Kiska 9232:Korea 9218:Japan 9211:Italy 9093:Tibet 9072:Spain 8950:Italy 8711:Italy 8704:India 8628:China 8503:Japan 8103:Italy 8015:China 7967:Women 7116:Crime 7101:Poles 7063:Sport 7038:Names 7033:Music 7028:Media 6649:Lakes 6248:Notes 6201:S2CID 5787:S2CID 5717:JSTOR 4861:(PDF) 4556:S2CID 4176:Opole 4091:Kresy 3960:Toruń 3812:Opole 3786:Most 3693:Kresy 3580:Poles 3381:bloki 2871:with 2825:Krtek 2574:Libya 2523:Pewex 2478:Pewex 2427:with 2378:3xTAK 2184:with 2164:Praca 2019:, or 2017:wheat 1506:Kresy 991:right 933:Złoty 896:Area 255:JSTOR 241:books 124:DeepL 12300:1918 12265:1919 12071:Tuva 12051:Laos 12041:Iraq 11999:Asia 11975:Cuba 11812:Arab 11708:Iran 10666:1945 10394:1944 10235:1943 10163:Blue 10153:Attu 10060:1942 9819:1941 9671:1940 9609:1939 9538:Asia 9385:POWs 9225:Jews 8943:Iraq 8869:Axis 8819:Tuva 8635:Cuba 7720:Axis 7164:list 7159:Flag 7006:Wine 6816:List 6804:List 6745:LGBT 6304:(RP) 6288:(RP) 6225:ISBN 6166:2018 6158:Time 6140:2018 6132:Time 6114:2018 6092:2018 6059:ISSN 6032:2018 6011:2018 5986:2018 5960:2018 5905:2018 5877:2018 5857:(3). 5835:(2). 5816:(3). 5595:2020 5542:2020 5515:2020 5485:2020 5334:ISBN 5309:ISBN 5060:2020 4954:2018 4926:ISBN 4899:ISBN 4876:2014 4836:2017 4811:2019 4778:ISBN 4748:ISBN 4701:2024 4690:ISSN 4651:2018 4638:ISBN 4611:ISBN 4590:2018 4505:2017 4480:2017 4436:ISBN 4409:ISBN 4388:ISBN 4367:ISBN 4314:2018 4289:2015 4255:2018 4224:Łódź 4222:and 4206:and 4194:and 4161:Łódź 4159:and 4151:and 4101:the 4073:and 3948:Łódź 3896:Iran 3871:The 3859:and 3800:USSR 3771:and 3765:Łódź 3750:and 3744:Jews 3707:and 3616:and 3593:The 3551:was 3481:mute 3288:and 3265:and 3086:was 3066:and 3004:new 2968:cult 2718:TVP2 2714:TVP1 2578:Iraq 2576:and 2526:and 2299:Łódź 2263:and 2247:and 2208:the 2166:and 2096:and 2072:ZOMO 2043:and 2027:and 2025:flag 1921:NATO 1917:OECD 1890:1928 1886:1991 1844:Sejm 1802:The 1642:The 1517:and 1515:Lviv 1368:and 1266:and 1251:ZOMO 1237:The 1125:Łódź 1111:and 1083:The 979:CEST 783:Sejm 613:1956 569:Pole 476:and 376:Flag 227:news 138:must 136:You 117:View 7483:'s 6991:Art 6874:EEZ 6757:Law 6385:PRL 6193:doi 6055:AWL 5779:doi 4680:doi 4548:doi 4065:), 3966:in 3570:in 3459:). 3366:or 3309:in 3301:in 2895:or 2749:CET 2709:CET 2100:in 1869:of 1830:" ( 1760:in 1002:+48 973:UTC 965:DST 955:CET 949:UTC 937:PLZ 458:in 210:by 126:or 12429:: 11422:/ 11418:/ 11394:/ 11050:: 11046:/ 10414:/ 7570:'s 7436:'s 6317:: 6300:: 6284:: 6264:: 6199:. 6189:11 6187:. 6156:. 6130:. 6071:^ 6049:. 6002:. 5951:. 5894:. 5855:36 5853:. 5841:^ 5833:30 5831:. 5814:39 5812:. 5799:^ 5785:. 5775:28 5773:. 5761:^ 5739:^ 5713:26 5711:. 5692:. 5681:^ 5671:. 5660:^ 5650:. 5632:. 5621:^ 5611:. 5581:. 5563:. 5550:^ 5501:. 5471:. 5460:^ 5450:. 5432:. 5414:. 5396:. 5366:^ 5356:. 5286:. 5275:^ 5265:. 5247:. 5234:^ 5224:. 5206:. 5188:. 5170:. 5152:. 5141:^ 5131:. 5112:. 5094:. 5076:. 5046:. 5028:. 5009:. 4998:^ 4988:. 4970:. 4897:. 4844:^ 4827:. 4801:. 4776:. 4746:. 4688:. 4676:23 4674:. 4668:. 4576:. 4554:. 4542:. 4521:. 4471:. 4335:^ 4305:. 4218:, 4210:. 4202:, 4190:, 4174:, 4163:. 4147:, 4139:, 4135:, 4105:. 4097:" 4069:, 3970:. 3926:. 3775:. 3767:, 3723:. 3491:. 3406:. 3358:. 3261:, 3235:, 3231:, 3182:– 3171:– 3153:– 3079:. 3062:, 3058:, 3054:, 3050:, 3046:, 2911:. 2891:, 2834:. 2822:, 2816:, 2645:, 2580:. 2251:. 2227:, 2120:, 2116:, 2064:SB 2060:UB 2047:. 1980:, 1892:. 1850:. 1690:, 1492:. 1397:, 1390:. 1353:. 1014:PL 975:+2 951:+1 567:, 68:. 11594:e 11587:t 11580:v 11451:) 11447:( 11149:e 11142:t 11135:v 10956:e 10949:t 10942:v 9917:) 9911:( 8785:) 8781:( 8717:) 8713:( 8677:) 8673:( 8615:) 8611:( 7665:e 7658:t 7651:v 7243:e 7236:t 7229:v 6487:e 6480:t 6473:v 6321:) 6313:( 6260:( 6233:. 6207:. 6195:: 6116:. 6094:. 6065:. 6034:. 6013:. 5988:. 5962:. 5907:. 5879:. 5793:. 5781:: 5723:. 5696:. 5675:. 5654:. 5636:. 5615:. 5597:. 5567:. 5544:. 5517:. 5487:. 5454:. 5436:. 5418:. 5400:. 5360:. 5342:. 5290:. 5210:. 5174:. 5135:. 5116:. 5080:. 5062:. 5032:. 5013:. 4956:. 4934:. 4907:. 4878:. 4838:. 4813:. 4786:. 4756:. 4682:: 4619:. 4592:. 4562:. 4550:: 4544:8 4482:. 4457:. 4417:. 4396:. 4375:. 4316:. 4291:. 4257:. 4061:( 3683:( 3535:. 2457:( 2011:( 1956:( 1794:. 1728:( 1521:. 1333:. 981:) 977:( 967:) 957:) 953:( 939:) 935:( 626:) 622:( 615:) 415:" 411:" 351:) 347:( 327:) 323:( 295:) 289:( 277:) 271:( 266:) 262:( 252:· 245:· 238:· 231:· 204:. 173:. 166:. 75:) 71:( 34:. 20:)

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