546:
34:
1639:
1624:
491:, "In cases like this , we encourage the authorities to identify cases, to investigate any suspicious symptoms among close contacts, and to treat confirmed cases as soon as possible. So far, they have done exactly that. There have been sporadic cases reported around the country in the last few years so the authorities do have the experience to deal with this."
380:(WHO) has reported seven plague outbreaks, though some may go unreported because they often happen in remote areas. Between 1998 and 2009, nearly 24,000 cases have been reported, including about 2,000 deaths, in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Eastern Europe. Ninety-eight percent of the world's cases occur in Africa.
569:
were both involved in administering antibiotic compounds and attempting to stop the spread of the disease. By mid-October, there were an estimated 684 confirmed cases of plague with 474 pneumonic, 156 bubonic and one septicemic. The remainder were not classified. At least 74 deaths have been ascribed
512:
after eating wild rabbit in Inner
Mongolia. The region's health commission says it has no evidence to suggest that this case is linked to the previous two. By the end of November, a fourth case was confirmed. Chinese health authorities reported a fresh case of bubonic plague in the country's northern
400:
by air to be suspended until the outbreak was brought under control. The outbreak was feared to be much worse because the plague superficially resembles other common diseases such as influenza and bronchitis; over 200 people that had been quarantined were released when they did not test positive for
603:
In 2014, the
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment confirmed that a Colorado man had been diagnosed with pneumonic plague, the first confirmed human case in Colorado in more than 10 years, and one of only 60 cases since 1957. The man was found to have the disease after the family dog
564:
From 23 August to 30 September 2017, a total of 73 suspected, probable, and confirmed cases of pneumonic plague, including 17 deaths, were reported in
Madagascar. The diagnosis was confirmed by the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar by a polymerase chain reaction test, while field health workers used a
521:
In August 2010, Peru's health minister Oscar Ugarte announced that an outbreak of plague had killed a 14-year-old boy and had infected at least 31 people in a northern coastal province. The boy died of bubonic plague on 26 July 2010. Ugarte stated that authorities were screening sugar and fish meal
217:
Plague is present among rodents in Africa, the
Americas, and Asia. Pneumonic plague is more serious and less common than bubonic plague. The total reported number of cases of all types of plague in 2013 was 783. Left untreated, pneumonic plague is always fatal. Some hypothesize that the pneumonic
471:
The expert said at the time that, due to the region's remoteness, the disease killed more than half the infected people. The report also said that since the 1990s, there was a rise in plague cases in humans—from fewer than 10 in the 1980s to nearly 100 cases in 1996 and 254 in 2000. In
September
464:. Outbreaks can be caused when a person eats an infected marmot or comes into contact with fleas carried by rats. A 2006 WHO report from an international meeting on plague cited a Chinese government disease expert as saying that most cases of the plague in
892:
Bertherat, Eric; Thullier, Philippe; Shako, Jean
Christophe; England, Kathleen; Koné, Mamadou-Lamine; Arntzen, Lorraine; Tomaso, Herbert; Koyange, Louis; Formenty, Pierre; Ekwanzala, Florent; Crestani, Rosa; Ciglenecki, Isa; Rahalison, Lila (2011).
333:
like bubonic plague; instead, it can be spread from person to person. There have been cases of pneumonic plague resulting from the dissection or handling of contaminated animal tissue. This is one of the types of plague formerly known as the
1320:
194:
droplets from another person or animal infected with pneumonic plague. The difference between the forms of plague is the location of infection; in pneumonic plague the infection is in the lungs, in bubonic plague the
1151:
Dawa, W; Pan, W. J.; Gu, X. Y.; Zhang, S. Q.; Dawa, C; Yi, X; Ciwang, Z; Wang, Y; Li, S. Y.; Jiang, R. M. (2011). "Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of 5 cases of primary pneumonic plague in Tibet in 2010".
1688:
1673:
1299:
561:. As of 16 December, at least 89 people were infected, with 39 deaths with at least two cases involving pneumonic plague. However, as many as 90% of cases were later reported to have involved pneumonic plague.
234:(coughing up blood). With pneumonic plague, the first signs of illness are fever, headache, weakness and rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough and sometimes bloody or watery
800:
206:
are being developed, in most countries they are not yet commercially available. Prevention is by avoiding contact with infected rodents, people, or cats. It is recommended that those infected be
365:
Antibiotic treatment for seven days will protect people who have had direct, close contact with infected patients. Wearing a close-fitting surgical mask also protects against infection.
388:
Two outbreaks occurred in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2005 and 2006. The outbreak in 2005 was only detected by looking back at blood samples. The total death toll was 111.
1597:
1396:
1324:
1296:
1044:
1547:
1346:
792:
346:
Pneumonic plague is a very aggressive infection requiring early treatment, which must be given within 24 hours of first symptoms to reduce the risk of death.
1205:
508:, and authorities implemented preventative control measures. Later in November, a third case of plague was confirmed. A 55-year-old man was diagnosed with
1130:
965:"Validation of Inverse Seasonal Peak Mortality in Medieval Plagues, Including the Black Death, in Comparison to Modern Yersinia pestis-Variant Diseases"
1065:
1525:
1561:
1179:
1462:
1110:
1417:
1246:
1594:
537:
The first recorded plague outbreak in Peru was in 1903. Prior to the above case, the last known outbreak was in 1994, killing 35 people.
487:. The town was sealed off and several people died as a result of the disease. According to spokesperson Vivian Tan of the WHO office in
608:
revealed that the disease was the cause. Three additional pneumonic plague cases were confirmed in
Colorado before the outbreak ended.
582:
1393:
1444:
872:
693:
190:
The pneumonic form may occur following an initial bubonic or septicemic plague infection. It may also result from breathing in
829:
1509:
1372:
1729:
1048:
734:
545:
1220:
1088:
1643:
854:
566:
441:
to help prevent its spread. A second, less deadly outbreak occurred in 1920–21, killing approximately 9,300 people.
199:, and in septicemic plague within the blood. Diagnosis is by testing the blood, sputum, or fluid from a lymph node.
513:
Inner
Mongolia region, bringing the total number of reported plague cases originating from Inner Mongolia to four.
1719:
1127:
1023:
652:
448:
has eradicated pneumonic plague from most parts of the country, but still reports occasional cases in remote
445:
313:
Pneumonic plague can be caused in two ways: primary, which results from the inhalation of aerosolized plague
1533:
1062:
175:, and coughing. They typically start about three to seven days after exposure. It is one of three forms of
1271:
589:
573:
The outbreak officially ended on 26 November 2017 with 2,348 cases and 202 deaths officially reported.
505:
433:, to oversee disease control and treatment efforts. He made the novel observation that the disease was
1724:
1492:
Donnelly, Thomas M.; Bergin, Ingrid; Ihrig, Melanie (2015). "Biology and
Diseases of Other Rodents".
1470:
895:"Lessons Learned about Pneumonic Plague Diagnosis from 2 Outbreaks, Democratic Republic of the Congo"
377:
1421:
1114:
207:
396:
In September 1994, India experienced an outbreak of plague that killed 50 and caused travel to
1682:
1321:"Peru's health minister says plague outbreak has killed teenager, infected at least 31 people"
330:
976:
534:. Most of the infections in Peru were bubonic plague, with four cases of pneumonic plague.
430:
301:
218:
version of the plague, not the bubonic as commonly thought, was mainly responsible for the
869:
765:
8:
281:
242:
168:
980:
1501:
999:
964:
919:
894:
685:
60:
1569:
1505:
1199:
1161:
1138:
1004:
924:
850:
461:
418:
318:
180:
105:
50:
826:
549:
Medical team working together during a plague outbreak in Madagascar (October 2017).
241:
The pneumonia progresses for two to four days and may cause respiratory failure and
1497:
1364:
994:
984:
914:
906:
500:
On 12 November 2019, It was announced that two people from the Chinese province of
484:
434:
191:
176:
1103:
1629:
1601:
1400:
1303:
1134:
1069:
989:
876:
833:
523:
465:
359:
257:
159:
85:
531:
509:
501:
184:
151:
1697:
742:
1713:
1573:
588:
On 2 November 2007, wildlife biologist Eric York died of pneumonic plague in
449:
1165:
1008:
928:
910:
480:
422:
355:
347:
1096:
494:
In September 2010, five cases of pneumonic plague were reported in Tibet.
1247:"We never really got rid of the plague. 3 people in China just caught it"
426:
335:
219:
196:
121:
93:
1665:
963:
Welford, Mark R.; Bossak, Brian H.; Carter, Dee A. (22 December 2009).
558:
473:
438:
351:
286:
231:
211:
172:
66:
1063:
Entire town in quarantine after two die from pneumonic plague in China
230:
The most apparent symptom of pneumonic plague is coughing, often with
1445:"'It is a dangerous moment': Madagascar plague death toll reaches 74"
1074:
468:
occur when hunters are contaminated while skinning infected animals.
414:
397:
274:
262:
222:
that resulted in approximately 75 - 200 million deaths in the 1300s.
155:
128:
950:
Plague Fears Beginning to Recede. The Daily Gleaner, 2 October 1994.
368:
The mortality rate from untreated pneumonic plague approaches 100%.
605:
314:
248:
Initial pneumonic plague symptoms can often include the following:
245:. Patients will die without early treatment, some within 36 hours.
644:
401:
the plague. All but two of the deaths occurred around the city of
33:
1649:
593:
504:
were diagnosed with pneumonic plague. They received treatment in
488:
203:
98:
1394:"Bubonic plague 'worse than Black Death' kills 39 in Madagascar"
1692:
1677:
1638:
941:
Plague Fears Cancel Flights. The Daily Gleaner, 1 October 1994.
827:
Facts about Pneumonic Plague (Center for Disease Control, 2004)
597:
554:
457:
297:
267:
235:
110:
1221:"Two people got the plague in China. Why is it still a thing?"
497:
In July 2014, Chinese media reported one case found in Gansu.
891:
402:
291:
252:
164:
1297:
Peru suffers deadly outbreak of bubonic and pneumonic plague
479:
An outbreak of the disease in China began in August 2009 in
527:
322:
1186:. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014
453:
553:
In November 2013, an outbreak of plague occurred in the
1595:
Four Cases of Life-Threatening Plague Found in Colorado
210:
from others. Treatment of pneumonic plague consists of
592:. York was exposed to the bacteria while conducting a
1562:"A Colorado pit bull infected humans with the plague"
1180:"151 quarantined in Gansu after plague death – China"
526:, located about 325 miles (520 km) northwest of
413:
A major outbreak of the pneumonic plague occurred in
1655:
1619:
1548:
Man diagnosed with rare pneumonic plague in Colorado
1111:"4th plague patient near death in NW China province"
793:"Everything you know about the Black Death is wrong"
1491:
1045:"China disinfects town where plague killed 3rd man"
1039:
1037:
962:
383:
41:A scanning electron micrograph depicting a mass of
1089:"Canada Tibet Committee | Library | WTN"
1526:"Plague emerges in Grand Canyon, kills biologist"
1047:. Associated Press. 4 August 2009. Archived from
325:tissue from the bloodstream. Pneumonic plague is
1711:
1272:"China reports fourth case of plague this month"
1204:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1034:
847:The Black Death, 1346–1353: The Complete History
417:from 1910 to 1911, in what became known as the
1150:
362:are all able to kill the causative bacterium.
1652:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
1407:, 12 December 2013. Accessed 4 November 2014.
887:
885:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
65:Fever, headache, shortness of breath, cough,
1436:
958:
956:
1418:"Plague – Madagascar Disease outbreak news"
1310:, 3 August 2010. Accessed 4 November 2014.
882:
844:
667:
32:
1650:Frequently Asked Questions | Plague | CDC
1608:, 19 July 2014. Accessed 4 November 2014.
1024:"The untold origin story of the N95 mask"
1015:
998:
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953:
918:
729:
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639:
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635:
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631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
1442:
1144:
849:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 27–28.
544:
1113:. Xinhua. 5 August 2009. Archived from
452:areas, where the disease is carried by
1712:
1244:
1021:
708:
618:
1375:from the original on 16 December 2013
1365:"Madagascar hit by 'deadlier plague'"
822:
820:
818:
790:
225:
421:, killing around 60,000 people. The
133:Invariably fatal when left untreated
1443:Beaumont, Peter (19 October 2017).
803:from the original on 27 August 2016
565:Rapid Diagnostic Test. The WHO and
371:
13:
1559:
1502:10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00007-9
1245:Samuel, Sigal (14 November 2019).
863:
815:
696:from the original on 24 April 2015
655:from the original on 14 March 2017
14:
1741:
1615:
1593:Basak, Sonali; Oldham, Jennifer.
1218:
1061:Macartney, Jane (3 August 2009).
791:McCoy, Terrence (31 March 2014).
1637:
1622:
1128:Alert over China plague outbreak
583:outbreak occurred in Los Angeles
576:
384:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1587:
1553:
1540:
1518:
1485:
1455:
1410:
1387:
1357:
1347:"Plague kills 39 in Madagascar"
1339:
1313:
1290:
1264:
1238:
1212:
1172:
1154:Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi
1121:
1081:
1055:
944:
935:
879:. (Iowa State University, 2004)
845:Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (2004).
763:
1022:Wilson, Mark (24 March 2020).
838:
784:
757:
567:Institut Pasteur de Madagascar
1:
611:
540:
437:, and developed prototypical
1286:– via www.reuters.com.
990:10.1371/journal.pone.0008401
899:Emerging Infectious Diseases
341:
7:
1730:Zoonotic bacterial diseases
1463:"WHO | Plague – Madagascar"
530:, not far from the popular
300:(saliva and discharge from
10:
1746:
1494:Laboratory Animal Medicine
590:Grand Canyon National Park
506:Chaoyang District, Beijing
476:died of pneumonic plague.
446:People's Republic of China
1659:
690:World Health Organization
378:World Health Organization
308:
137:
127:
117:
104:
92:
80:
72:
59:
49:
40:
31:
26:
1550:, Reuters (9 July 2014).
1405:South China Morning Post
1399:16 December 2013 at the
1351:www.theaustralian.com.au
604:died unexpectedly and a
581:In the fall of 1924, an
408:
391:
1600:14 January 2015 at the
1302:4 February 2013 at the
875:31 January 2017 at the
799:. The Washington Post.
585:that killed 30 people.
516:
429:, a doctor educated at
911:10.3201/eid1705.100029
550:
179:, the other two being
1720:Insect-borne diseases
1133:3 August 2009 at the
1068:29 April 2011 at the
832:2 August 2013 at the
570:to pneumonic plague.
548:
460:that live across the
317:, or secondary, when
16:Severe lung infection
1646:at Wikimedia Commons
1496:. pp. 285–349.
1371:. 11 December 2013.
1099:on 14 November 2009.
472:2008, two people in
431:Cambridge University
302:respiratory passages
1473:on 28 November 2017
1353:. 12 December 2013.
981:2009PLoSO...4.8401W
282:Shortness of breath
273:Rapidly developing
169:shortness of breath
163:. Symptoms include
1278:. 28 November 2019
692:. September 2016.
551:
435:transmitted by air
226:Signs and symptoms
55:Infectious disease
1707:
1706:
1642:Media related to
1536:on 19 April 2012.
1511:978-0-12-409527-4
1424:on 2 October 2017
1327:on 17 August 2010
1184:Chinadaily.com.cn
1117:on 8 August 2009.
1051:on 8 August 2009.
557:island nation of
466:China's northwest
462:Himalayan plateau
419:Manchurian plague
319:septicemic plague
296:Bloody or watery
181:septicemic plague
145:
144:
106:Diagnostic method
21:Medical condition
1737:
1725:Plague (disease)
1657:
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1644:Pneumonic plague
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1591:
1585:
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1551:
1546:Coffman, Keith.
1544:
1538:
1537:
1532:. Archived from
1522:
1516:
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1489:
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1480:
1478:
1469:. Archived from
1459:
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1420:. Archived from
1414:
1408:
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1380:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1337:
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1323:. Archived from
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1142:
1141:. 3 August 2009.
1125:
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1095:. Archived from
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1079:
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1053:
1052:
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992:
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745:on 19 March 2017
741:. Archived from
731:
706:
705:
703:
701:
682:
665:
664:
662:
660:
641:
485:Qinghai Province
376:Since 2002, the
372:Modern outbreaks
148:Pneumonic plague
36:
27:Pneumonic plague
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23:
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1602:Wayback Machine
1592:
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1566:Washington Post
1560:Kaplan, Sarah.
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1219:Yeung, Jessie.
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519:
411:
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360:chloramphenicol
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160:Yersinia pestis
86:Yersinia pestis
43:Yersinia pestis
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17:
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1160:(6): 404–08.
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1589:
1579:21 September
1577:. Retrieved
1565:
1555:
1542:
1534:the original
1530:USAToday.com
1529:
1520:
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1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1466:
1457:
1449:The Guardian
1448:
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1422:the original
1412:
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1325:the original
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1224:
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1183:
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1146:
1123:
1115:the original
1105:
1097:the original
1093:www.tibet.ca
1092:
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1049:the original
1028:Fast Company
1027:
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769:
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743:the original
738:
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689:
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648:
645:"FAQ Plague"
602:
587:
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552:
536:
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499:
496:
493:
481:Ziketan Town
478:
470:
443:
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395:
387:
375:
367:
364:
348:Streptomycin
345:
331:vector-borne
329:exclusively
326:
312:
272:
247:
240:
229:
216:
201:
189:
167:, headache,
158:
150:is a severe
147:
146:
94:Risk factors
84:
42:
18:
1379:16 December
1230:14 November
739:www.who.int
649:www.cdc.gov
483:located in
439:respirators
427:Wu Lien-teh
425:dispatched
336:Black Death
220:Black Death
212:antibiotics
197:lymph nodes
122:Antibiotics
76:3 to 7 days
73:Usual onset
1714:Categories
1190:30 January
1139:Al Jazeera
764:who, who.
612:References
559:Madagascar
541:Madagascar
474:East Tibet
423:Qing court
352:gentamicin
287:Chest pain
232:hemoptysis
173:chest pain
67:hemoptysis
1606:Bloomberg
1574:0190-8286
1428:5 October
1078:(London).
1075:The Times
600:carcass.
415:Manchuria
398:New Delhi
342:Treatment
275:pneumonia
263:Headaches
156:bacterium
138:Frequency
129:Prognosis
118:Treatment
51:Specialty
1598:Archived
1477:7 August
1397:Archived
1373:Archived
1369:BBC News
1331:3 August
1300:Archived
1200:cite web
1166:21781509
1131:Archived
1066:Archived
1009:20027294
969:PLOS ONE
929:21529384
873:Archived
830:Archived
807:14 March
801:Archived
766:"plague"
749:14 March
735:"Plague"
700:14 March
694:Archived
686:"Plague"
659:13 March
653:Archived
606:necropsy
594:necropsy
456:and the
315:bacteria
258:Weakness
208:isolated
204:vaccines
192:airborne
61:Symptoms
45:bacteria
1282:25 July
1276:Reuters
1256:25 July
1000:2791870
977:Bibcode
920:3321750
776:23 June
770:who.int
555:African
489:Beijing
458:marmots
450:western
113:testing
99:Rodents
1683:1B93.2
1572:
1508:
1164:
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997:
927:
917:
870:Plague
853:
598:cougar
309:Causes
298:sputum
277:with:
268:Nausea
236:sputum
202:While
177:plague
111:Sputum
81:Causes
1698:A20.2
772:. WHO
596:on a
409:China
403:Surat
392:India
292:Cough
253:Fever
243:shock
165:fever
1581:2020
1570:ISSN
1506:ISBN
1479:2020
1430:2017
1381:2013
1333:2010
1284:2020
1258:2020
1232:2019
1206:link
1192:2018
1162:PMID
1005:PMID
925:PMID
851:ISBN
809:2017
778:2022
751:2017
702:2017
661:2017
528:Lima
517:Peru
454:rats
444:The
358:and
323:lung
183:and
141:Rare
1689:ICD
1674:ICD
1498:doi
1467:WHO
1251:Vox
1225:CNN
995:PMC
985:doi
915:PMC
907:doi
327:not
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