Plug-in electric vehicle

1469:, almost all new cars in the United States are sold through dealerships, so they play a crucial role in the sales of electric vehicles, and negative attitudes can hinder early adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. Dealers decide which cars they want to stock, and a salesperson can have a big impact on how someone feels about a prospective purchase. Sales people have ample knowledge of internal combustion cars while they do not have time to learn about a technology that represents a fraction of overall sales. As with any new technology, and in the particular case of advanced technology vehicles, retailers are central to ensuring that buyers, especially those switching to a new technology, have the information and support they need to gain the full benefits of adopting this new technology. 76: 1330:

time, or during the normal summer peak loads. To avoid such problems, utility executives recommend owners to charge their vehicles overnight when the grid load is lower or to use smarter electric meters that help control demand. When market penetration of plug-in electric vehicles begins to reach significant levels, utilities will have to invest in improvements for local electrical grids in order to handle the additional loads related to recharging to avoid blackouts due to grid overload. Also, some experts have suggested that by implementing variable time-of-day rates, utilities can provide an incentive for plug-in owners to recharge mostly overnight when rates are lower.

96: 332: 2174: 2303: 2561: 2963: 895: 1224: 547: 12285: 2659: 1291: 116: 2331: 2147: 2464: 1349: 1555: 1407: 2006: 2419: 2116: 2228: 666: 12291: 2612: 1473: 1824: 1028: 2520: 56: 1937: 13010: 1074: 13020: 2379: 1528: 2045: 1141:(V2G) system would take advantage of the fact that most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time. During such idle times the electricity stored in the batteries could be transferred from the PEV to the power lines and back to the grid. In the U.S. this transfer back to the grid have an estimated value to the utilities of up to $ 4,000 per year per car. In a V2G system it would also be expected that 1162: 1769:, the license plate lottery scheme specifies a fixed number of vehicle purchase permits each year, but to promote the electrification of its fleet, the city government split the number of purchase permits into two lots, one for conventional vehicles, and another dedicated for all-electric vehicle applicants. In the case of cities with driving alternate-days based on the license plate number, such as 985:, where most energy comes from natural gas, hydroelectric and nuclear plants can also secure substantial emission benefits. The United Kingdom also has a significant potential to benefit from PEVs as low carbon sources such as wind turbines dominate the generation mix. Nevertheless, the location of the plants is not relevant when considering greenhouse gas emission because their effect is global. 3334:"The top 5 global best selling plug-in electric cars during the first half of 2023 were the Tesla Model Y (579,552), the Tesla Model 3 (279,320), the BYD Song (BEV + PHEV) with 259,723, the BYD Qin Plus (BEV + PHEV) with 204,529 and the BYD Yuan Plus/Atto 3 (201,505). The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV sold 122,052 units, the BYD Han (BEV + PHEV) 96,437 units and the VW ID.4 86,481 units." 2982:. Global sales achieved the 250,000 unit milestone in May 2020, and the 300,000 mark in January 2022. Europe is the Outlander P-HEV leading market with 126,617 units sold through January 2019, followed by Japan with 42,451 units through March 2018. European sales are led by the UK with 36,237 units delivered, followed by the Netherlands with 25,489 units, both through March 2018. 2155:

best-selling plug-in electric passenger car country market in 2015. About 775,000 plug-in cars and vans were sold in 2016, and cumulative global sales passed the 2 million milestone by the end of 2016. The global market share of the light-duty plug-in vehicle segment achieved a record 0.86% of total new car sales in 2016, up from 0.62% in 2015 and 0.38% in 2014.

2406:, plug-in electric car sales in France rose to a record of 315,978 light-duty plug-in vehicles in 2021, up 62% from 2020. The plug-in electric passenger car market share rose to 11.2% in 2020 and achieved a record market share of 18.3% in 2021. The combined light-duty plug-in vehicle segment (cars and utility vans) achieved a market share of 15.1% in 2021. 7729:"Global sales totaled 2,209,831 plug-in passenger cars in 2019, with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 74:26, and a global market share of 2.5%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 300,075 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 367,820 units, followed by BYD with 229,506." 10106:"Global sales totaled 3,124,793 plug-in passenger cars in 2020, with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a global market share of 4%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 365,240 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 499,535 units, followed by VW with 220,220." 2352:, the segment market share achieved a record 13.6% in 2020. with a record volume of 394,632 plug-in passenger cars registered in 2020, up 263% from 2019, allowing Germany to be listed for a second year running as the best selling European plug-in market. Both years, the German market led both the fully electric and plug-in hybrid segments. 6714:

country markets are Norway (135,276), the Netherlands (113,636), France (108,065), and the UK (91,000). Total Chinese sales of domestically produced new energy vehicles, including buses and truck, totaled 951,447 vehicles. China was the top selling plug-in car market in 2016, and also has the world's largest stock of plug-in electric cars.

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cars on Dutch roads at the end of 2021. The market share of the plug-in passenger car segment was 29.8% in 2021. Source includes figures from 2016 to 2021. Note: an improved methodology was introduced beginning January 2021. Some numbers in this new version are different than statistics published before in the old format.

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market share of the plug-in car segment achieved a new record of 91.5% of new passenger car registrations, 77.5% for all-electric cars and 13.9% for plug-in hybrids, becoming the world's highest-ever monthly plug-in car market share attained by any country. The plug-in segment market share rose to 86.2% in 2021.

844:. However, like ICE cars, electric cars emit particulates from brake and tyres. Depending on the source of the electricity used to recharge the batteries, air pollutant emissions are shifted to the location of the generation plants where they can be more easily captured from flue gases. Cities with chronic 2993:) with about 225,000 units sold worldwide of both generations through December 2020. The United States is the market leader with over 93,000 units delivered through December 2018. Japan ranks next with about 61,200 units through December 2018, followed by Europe with almost 14,800 units through June 2018. 2240:

passenger cars represent 2.6% of all cars on Chinese roads at the end of 2021. Domestically produced cars dominate new energy car sales in China, accounting for about 96% of sales in 2017. Another particular feature of the Chinese passenger plug-in market is the dominance of small entry level vehicles.

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Global cumulative sales of plug-in electric vehicles totaled about 1.9 million units through November 2016. The Nissan Leaf is the world's leading plug-in car with more than 240,000 units delivered. As of November 2016, the Tesla Model S ranks next with over 151,000, followed by the Vollt/Ampera

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Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on the corresponding link to download the file "MONTHLY-SALES_DEC-2021.XLSX - 692 KB", and open the tab "Sales by Model" to access sales figures for cumulative sales CYTD 2021. Global Zoe sales totaled 77,529 units inf 2021, including

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See Chart: "2019 Monthly/Q4 Sales Chart : Annual" - Cumulative sales in the U.S. totaled 329,528 units in 2019, and the top selling models were the Tesla Model 3 with 158,925 units, the Toyota Prius Prime with 23,630, The Tesla Model X with 19,225, the Chevrolet Bolt EV with 16,418 and the Tesla

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A total of 53,745 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2018 consisting of 31,055 all-electric cars plus 1,148 REx vehicles, 8,103 electric utility vans, and 13,439 plug-in hybrid cars. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 2.1% of new car registrations in the

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As of December 2021, a total of 786,274 plug-in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in France, consisting of 512,178 all-electric cars and vans, and 274,096 plug-in hybrids in circulation. Registrations of all-electric cars and vans totaled 174,191 units in 2021, and plug-in hybrids

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As of November 2016, cumulative sales of plug-in vehicles in China totaled 846,447 units, including passenger and commercial vehicles, making it the world's leader in overall plug-in vehicle sales. With cumulative sales of about 600,000 passenger plug-ins through November 2016, China is also the

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After the introduction of the first mass-production plug-in cars by major carmakers in late 2010, plug-in car global sales went from about 50,000 units in 2011, to 125,000 in 2012, almost 213,000 in 2013, and over 315,000 units in 2014. By mid-September 2015, the global stock of highway legal plug-in

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and cell rupture if overheated or overcharged, and in extreme cases this can lead to combustion. Reignition may occur days or months after the original fire has been extinguished. To reduce these risks, lithium-ion battery packs contain fail-safe circuitry that shuts down the battery when its voltage

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achieved the 1 million unit mark in September 2015, 5 million in December 2018. and the 10 million unit milestone in 2020. Despite the rapid growth experienced, however, the stock of plug-in electric cars represented just 1% of all passengers vehicles on the world's roads by the end of

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Three BYD Auto models topped the Chinese ranking of best-selling new energy passenger cars in 2016. The BYD Tang SUV was the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units sold, followed by the BYD Qin with 21,868 units sold, and ranking third overall in 2016 was the BYD e6 with

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There were 618,460 all-electric cars and 565,956 plug-in hybrids registered in Germany on January 1, 2022 (total 1,184,416 plug-in cars). The share of all-electric cars rose to 1.3% percent (+100.1%) and that of plug-in hybrids doubled to 1.2%, for a total of 2.5% of plug-in cars on German roads on

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Sales of plug-in electric cars in China, including imports, totaled 600,174 units in 2017. The BAIC EC-Series was the top selling plug-in with 78,079 units sold in China, making the city car the world's top selling plug-in car in 2017. The top selling plug-in hybrid was the BYD Song PHEV with 30,920

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with cumulative global sales since inception of 577,000 units by February 2022. As of September 2021, Europe listed as the biggest market with more than 208,000 units sold, of which, 72 620 units have been registered in Norway, the leading European country market. As of December 2021, U.S.

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in the world after Norway. Plug-in sales fell sharply in 2016 due to changes in tax rules, and as a result of the change in government's incentives, the plug-in market share declined from 9.9% in 2015, to 6.7% in 2016, and fell to 2.6% in 2017. The intake rate rose to 6.5% in 2018 in anticipation of

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Cumulative global light-duty plug-in vehicle sales passed the 3 million milestone in November 2017. About 1.2 million plug-ins cars and vans were sold worldwide in 2017, with China accounting for about half of global sales. The plug-in car segment achieved a 1.3% market share. Plug-in passenger

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As of 31 December 2021, there were 390,454 highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in the Netherlands, consisting of 137,663 fully electric cars, 243,664 plug-in hybrid cars and 9,127 light duty plug-in commercial vehicles. Plug-in passenger cars represented 4.33% of all

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surpassed the Nissan Leaf in early 2020 to become the world's all-time best selling electric car, and, in June 2021, became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally. The Model 3 has been the world's best selling plug-in electric car for four consecutive years, from 2018 to 2021.

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The market share of all-electric passenger cars increased from 0.30% of new car registered in 2012, to 0.59% in 2014. After the introduction of the super-bonus for the scrappage of old diesel-power cars in 2015, sales of both pure electric cars and plug-in hybrids surged, rising the market share to

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deployment, with its stock reaching over 500,000 buses in 2019, 98% of the global stock, and 247,500 electric light commercial vehicles, 65% of the global fleet. In addition, the country also leads sales of medium- and heavy duty electric trucks, with over 12,000 trucks sold, and nearly all battery

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By the end of 2019 the stock of light-duty plug-in vehicles totaled 7.55 million units, consisting of 4.79 million all-electric cars, 2.38 million plug-in hybrid cars, and 377,970 electric light commercial vehicles. Plug-in passenger cars still represented less than 1% of the world's

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The global stock of plug-in electric vehicles between 2005 and 2009 consisted exclusively of all-electric cars, totaling about 1,700 units in 2005, and almost 6,000 in 2009. The plug-in stock rose to about 12,500 units in 2010, of which, only 350 vehicles were plug-in hybrids. By comparison, during

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Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 1,206,000 units in 2019, down 4.0% from 2018, and includes 2,737 fuel cell vehicles. Battery electric vehicle sales totaled 972,000 units (down 1.2%) and plug-in hybrid sales totaled 232,000 vehicles (down 14.5%). Sales figures include passenger cars, buses and

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Chinese sales of domestically-built new energy vehicles in 2017 totaled 777,000, consisting of 652,000 all-electric vehicles and 125,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles. Sales of domestically-produced new energy passenger vehicles totalled 579,000 units, consisting of 468,000 all-electric cars and 111,000

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See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12). The global stock of plug-in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7.2 million cars at the end of 2019, of which, 47% were on the road in China. The stock of plug-in cars consist of 4.8 million battery electric cars (66.6%) and 2.4 million

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Combined global sales of the Chevrolet Volt and its rebadged models totaled about 186,000 units by the end of 2018, including about 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe through June 2016. Volt sales are led by the United States with 157,054 units delivered through December 2019, followed by

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has been the highest in the world for several years, reaching 39.2% in 2017, up from 29.1% in 2016, 49.1% in 2018, rose to 55.9% in 2019, and reached 74.7% in 2020, meaning that three out of every four new passenger car sold in Norway in 2020 was a plug-in electric. In September 2021, the combined

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The stock of plug-in electric cars in Germany is the largest in Europe, there were 1,184,416 plug-in cars in circulation on January 1, 2022, representing 2.5% of all passenger cars on German roads, up from 1.2% the previous year. As of December 2021, cumulative sales totaled 1.38 million

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continued. The global ratio between all-electrics (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) went from 56:44 in 2012, to 60:40 in 2015, increased to 66:34 in 2017, and rose to 69:31 in 2018, and reached 74:26 in 2019. Out of the 7.2 million plug-in passenger cars in use at the end of 2019, two thirds

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Light-duty plug-in electric vehicle sales in 2015 increased to more than 565,000 units in 2015, about 80% from 2014, driven mainly by China and Europe. Both markets passed in 2015 the U.S. as the largest plug-in electric car markets in terms of total annual sales, with China ranking as the world's

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There are several reasons for the reluctance of some dealers to sell plug-in electric vehicles. PEVs do not offer car dealers the same profits as a gasoline-powered cars. Plug-in electric vehicles take more time to sell because of the explaining required, which hurts overall sales and sales people

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As of April 2016, the United States is the leading country market with a stock of about 450,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with around 300,000 units sold since 2011, followed by Japan with about 150,000 plug-in units sold since

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Registrations in 2017 totaled 47,263 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 13,597 all-electric cars and 33,6663 plug-in hybrids. Of these, a total of 45,187 cars were eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant. Since its launch in 2011, a total of 127,509 cars eligible for the PICG have been registered

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BYD Auto sold 247,811 new energy vehicles in 2018 (including commercial heavy-duty vehicles), up 118% from 2018, of which, 227,152 were passenger cars, consisting of 103,263 units all-electric cars and 123,889 units were plug-in hybrid vehicles. In addition, 20,659 new energy commercial vehicles

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Plug-in sales totaled 24,660 units in 2015 and 24,851 units in 2016. The rate of growth of the Japanese plug-in segment slowed down from 2013, with annual sales falling behind Europe, the U.S. and China during 2014 and 2015. The segment market share fell from 0.68% in 2014 to 0.59% in 2016. Sales

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The plug-in car segment had a market share of 1.3% of new car registrations in 2016, rose to 3.6% in 2019, and achieved 11.4% in 2020. The largest country markets in the European region in terms of EV stock and annual sales are Germany, Norway, France, the UK, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Germany

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As of December 2021, China had the world's largest stock of highway legal plug-in cars with 7.84 million units, corresponding to about 46% of the global plug-in car fleet in use. Of these, all-electric cars accounted for 81.6% of the all new energy passenger cars in circulation. Plug-in

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could pose an unexpected hazard when operating at low speeds. Several tests conducted in the U.S. have shown that this is a valid concern, as vehicles operating in electric mode can be particularly hard to hear below 20 mph (30 km/h) for all types of road users and not only the visually

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load that might be required in certain areas with high plug-in electric car concentrations. As recharging a single electric-drive car could consume three times as much electricity as a typical home, overloading problems may arise when several vehicles in the same neighborhood recharge at the same

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Despite the widespread assumption that plug-in recharging will take place overnight at home, residents of cities, apartments, dormitories, and townhouses do not have garages or driveways with available power outlets, and they might be less likely to buy plug-in electric vehicles unless recharging

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This provides a longer driving range compared to a pure electric vehicle, as the gasoline engine acts as a range extender. PHEVs can be charged by plugging into a charging station or using a home charging system. They are a good option for those who want the benefits of electric driving, but also

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BEVs are all-electric vehicles that use only electricity to power the motor, with no internal combustion engine. The energy stored in the rechargeable battery pack is used to power the electric motor, which propels the vehicle. BEVs have no tailpipe emissions and can be charged by plugging into a

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Click on the tab "Elbil" for the stock of electric cars and "Ladbar hybrid" for the stock of plug-in hybrids. As of 31 December 2021, the stock of registered light-duty plug-in electric vehicles totaled 647,000 units, consisting of 470,309 battery electric vehicles and 176,691 plug-in

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An estimated 2,032,000 highway-legal plug-in passenger cars and vans have been sold worldwide at the end of 2016. The top selling markets are China (645,708 new energy cars, including imports), Europe (638,000 plug-in cars and vans), and the United States (570,187 plug-in cars). The top European

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In October 2018, Norway became the first country where 1 in every 10 passenger cars in use was a plug-in electric vehicle. and by the end of 2021, plug-in electric cars were 22.1% of all passenger cars on Norwegian roads. The country's fleet of plug-in electric cars is one of the cleanest in the

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Since 2016, China has the world's largest fleet of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles, after having overtaken during 2016 both the U.S. and Europe in terms of cumulative sales. The fleet of Chinese plug-in passenger cars represented 46.7% of the global stock of plug-in cars at the end of 2019.

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Several national, provincial, and local governments around the world have introduced policies to support the mass market adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. A variety of policies have been established to provide direct financial support to consumers and manufacturers; non-monetary incentives;

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PHEVs are a hybrid between a traditional gasoline-powered vehicle and an all-electric vehicle. They have both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor powered by a rechargeable battery pack. PHEVs operate as all-electric vehicles when the battery has a sufficient charge, and switch to

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According to Jato Dynamics, the best selling plug-in electric models across 23 European markets in 2020, including the European Union member states, the UK, Norway and Switzerland, were the Renault Zoe (99,261), Tesla Model 3 (85,713), Volkswagen ID 3 (56,118), Hyundai Kona (47,796), and the VW

2002:, there were about 250 models of highway-capable plug-in electric passenger cars available for sale in the world, up from 70 in 2014. There are also available several commercial models of electric light commercial vehicles, plug-in motorcycles, all-electric buses, and plug-in heavy-duty trucks. 8471:

The share of electric cars (BEV ) rose from 0.3 percent (136,617) on January 1, 2020 to 0.6 percent (309,083) and that of hybrid cars from 1.1 percent (539,383) to 2.1 percent (1.004.089). The number of plug-in hybrid vehicles grew from 102,175 to 279,861 (+ 173.9%). Their share tripled to 0.6

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Global registrations totaled around 1.2 million units in 2017, 57 % higher than 2016. These include all global BEV and PHEV passenger cars sales, light trucks in USA/Canada and light commercial vehicle in Europe. The segment market share was 1.3%, and in December the global plug-in share

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and plug-in hybrid vehicles also have lower maintenance costs as compared to internal combustion vehicles, since electronic systems break down much less often than the mechanical systems in conventional vehicles, and the fewer mechanical systems onboard last longer due to the better use of the

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As of 31 December 2018, there were 145,882 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in the Netherlands, consisting of 97,702 plug-in hybrids, 44,984 pure electric cars, and 3,196 all-electric light utility vans. With a total of 24,273 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs

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About 520,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were sold worldwide in 2015, with cumulative global sales reaching 1,235,000. The United States was the leading market with 411,120 units sold since 2008, followed by China with 258,328 units sold since 2011. Japan ranks third,

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Europe had about 5.67 million plug-in electric passenger cars and light commercial vehicles in circulation at the end of 2021, consisting of 2.9 million fully electric passenger cars, 2.5 million plug-in hybrid cars, and about 220,000 light commercial all-electric vehicles. The

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BYD Auto ended 2015 as the world's best selling manufacturer of highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles, with 61,722 units sold, followed by Tesla, with 50,580 units. BYD was again the world's top selling plug-in car manufacturer in 2016, with 101,183 units delivered, one more time

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As of December 2021, a total of 786,274 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in France since 2010, consisting of 512,178 all-electric passenger cars and commercial vans, and 274,096 plug-in hybrids. Of these, over 60,000 were all-electric light commercial vehicles.

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Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) concludes that battery costs are on a trajectory to make electric vehicles without government subsidies as affordable as internal combustion engine cars in most countries by 2022. BNEF projects that by 2040, long-range electric cars will cost less than

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for PEVs to have almost none or zero well-to-wheel emissions. In the case of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in hybrid mode with assistance of the internal combustion engine, tailpipe and greenhouse emissions are lower in comparison to conventional cars because of their higher

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As of December 2019, France ranked as the country with the world's second largest stock of light-duty electric commercial vehicles after China, with 49,340 utility vans in use. The market share of all-electric utility vans reached a market share of 1.22% in 2014, and 1.77% in 2018.

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According to the data released by China Passenger Car Association (CPCA), BYD topped the rank with annual NEV delivery of 113,669 units, increasing 11% year on year. With NEV deliveries soaring 125% on an annual basis to 104,520 units, BAIC BJEV took the second place among the top ten

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depending on battery size and their all-electric range. In some European countries, particularly in France, "electrically chargeable vehicle" is the formal term used to designate the vehicles eligible for these incentives. While the term "plug-in electric vehicle" most often refers to

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As of December 2023, cumulative sales of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars in the U.S. totaled 4,684,128 units since 2010. The U.S. has the world's third largest stock of plug-in passenger cars, after having been overtaken by Europe in 2015 and China during 2016.

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They are known for their quiet operation, instant torque, and smooth ride, and are also more environmentally friendly than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. However, the range of a BEV is limited by the size of its battery, so it may not be suitable for long-distance travel.

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The Chevrolet Volt is the best selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. with 152,144 units sold through the end of 2018. American sales totaled 20,349 units in 2017 and 18,306 in 2018. Combined sales of both generations of the Toyota Prius plug-in hybrid totaled more than 93,000

6568:"Global sales totaled 2,018,247 plug-in passenger cars in 2018, with a BEV:PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a market share of 2.1%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2018, followed by BYD." 3578:

After a decade of rapid growth, in 2020 the global electric car stock hit the 10 million mark, a 43% increase over 2019, and representing a 1% stock share. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) accounted for two thirds of new electric car registrations and two-thirds of the stock in

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Since it launched its electric program, Renault has sold more than 370,000 electric vehicles in Europe and more than 397,000 worldwide: 284,800 ZOE, 59,150 KANGOO Z.E., 11,400 FLUENCE Z.E./SM3 Z.E., 4,600 K-Z.E., 31,100 TWIZY, 770 MASTER Z.E. and 5,100 TWINGO Electric in

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The magnitude of the potential advantage depends on the mix of generation sources and therefore varies by country and by region. For example, France can obtain significant emission benefits from electric and plug-in hybrids because most of its electricity is generated by

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is slated to be the first city to implement a ZEZ scheme, beginning with a small area scheduled to go into effect by mid 2021. The plan is to expand the clean air zone gradually into a much larger zone, until the ZEZ encompasses the majority of the city center by 2035.

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A surge of plug-in car sales took place in Britain beginning in 2014. Total registrations went from 3,586 in 2013, to 37,092 in 2016, and rose to 59,911 in 2018. Again sales surged to 175,339 units in 2020, despite the global strong decline in car sales brought by the

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The United States is the leading market with an estimated 395,000 units sold, followed by the European market with over 180,000 units delivered, both through December 2020. The Model 3 was the best-selling plug-in car in China in 2020, with 137,459 units sold.

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B. Naghibi, M. A. S. Masoum and S. Deilami, "Effects of V2H Integration on Optimal Sizing of Renewable Resources in Smart Home Based on Monte Carlo Simulations," in IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 73-84, Sept. 2018. doi:

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There are several companies in the U.S. offering conversions. The most common conversions have been from hybrid electric cars to plug-in hybrid, but due to the different technology used in hybrids by each carmaker, the easiest conversions are for 2004–2009

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Financial incentives for consumers aim to make plug-in electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars due to the still higher up front cost of electric vehicles. Among the financial incentives there are one-time purchase incentives such as

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ranked next with about 5.6 million light-duty plug-in cars and vans at the end of 2021, accounting for around 32% of the global stock. The U.S. cumulative sales totaled about 2.32 million plug-in cars through December 2021. As of July 2021,

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Registrations in 2018 totaled 59,911 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 15,474 all-electric cars and 44,437 plug-in hybrids. A total of 2,367,147 new cars were registered in 2018, resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 2.53% of new car

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At the end of 2019, the all-time top selling plug-in cars in the U.S. were the Tesla Model 3 with 300,471 units, Tesla Model S with 157,992, Chevrolet Volt with 157,054 units, Nissan Leaf with 141,907 and the Toyota Prius PHV with 109,003 (by September

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As of December 2020, Japan had a stock of plug-in passenger cars of 293,081 units on the road, consisting of 156,381 all-electric cars and 136,700 plug-in hybrids. The fleet of electric light commercial vehicles in use totaled 9,904 units in 2019.

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units. BYD Auto was the top selling car manufacturer. Foreign brands captured only about 4% of plug-in sales in 2017, with about half by Tesla. The Chinese plug-in car market represented roughly half of the 1.2 million plug-ins sold worldwide in 2017.

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As of December 2016, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, and the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles

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See interactive chart broken by model: Tesla Vehicle Sales (Quarterly Deliveries)" Select the tab "Model S or Model X" for sales by quarter Q1 to Q3 (2021). Total sales during the first three quarters of 2021 totaled 10,900 Model S and 2,285 Model X

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See table: Cumulated new registrations of electric cars (by models) Cumulative sales of the Tesla Model S totaled 308,700 and the end of 2020, Toyota Prius PHEV a total of 225,000, BAIC EC Series 205,600, BAIC EU Series 203,800 and the Tesla Model X

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European stock of plug-in passenger is the world's second largest market after China, accounting for 30% of the global car stock in 2020. Europe also has the second largest electric light commercial vehicle stock, 33% of the global stock in 2019.

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recovered in 2017, with almost 56,000 plug-in cars sold, and the segment's market share reached 1.1%. Sales fell slightly in 2018 to 52,000 units with a market share of 1.0%. The market share continued declining to 0.7% in 2019 and 0.6% in 2020.

2485:. Norway was the top selling plug-in country market in Europe for three consecutive years, from 2016 to 2018. Until 2019, Norway listed as the European country with the largest stock of plug-in cars and vans, and the third largest in the world. 9039:

A total of 14,518 plug-in electric cars were registered during 2014, consisting of 6,697 pure electrics and 7,821 plug-in hybrids, up from 3,586 plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013. A total of 2,476,435 new cars were registered in

1266:. Even house dwellers might need to charge at the office or to take advantage of opportunity charging at shopping centers. However, this infrastructure is not in place and it will require investments by both the private and public sectors. 8315:

Global sales of plug-ins cars totaled 3 million in 2020, 43% up from 2018. The market share of plug-in vehicles reached 4.2% of the global market, up from 2.5% in 2019. Tesla was the best selling brand with almost 500,000 units delivered.

1392:

impaired. At higher speeds the sound created by tire friction and the air displaced by the vehicle start to make sufficient audible noise. Therefore, in the 2010s laws were passed in many countries mandating warning sounds at low speeds.

5748: 10052:"The top 3 global best selling plug-in electric cars in 2021 were the Tesla Model 3 (500,713), the Wuling Hongguang Mini EV (424,138), and the Tesla Model Y (410,517). Nissan Leaf sales totaled 64,201 units and Chery eQ 68,821 units." 8263: 6857:

The BMW Group sold 142,617 plug-in electric cars in 2018, and cumulative sales since inception of the BMW i3 totaled over 356,000 BMW and MINI electrified vehicles. BMW set a target of cumulative sales of 500,000 units by the end of

2163:

car fleet in use. In addition, there were about half a million electric buses in circulation in 2019, most of them in China. In 2020, global cumulative sales of light-duty plug-in vehicles passed the 10 million unit milestone.

9392:

As of 31 December 2021, there were 15.95% all-electric cars and 6.18% plug-in hybrid cars in use on Norwegian roads. Combined plug-in electric passenger cars represented 22.13% of all passenger cars in circulation in the

2318:, annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in Europe surpassed the 1 million mark for the first time. In addition, Europe outsold China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since 2015. 1262:, streets and workplaces are required for these potential users to gain the full advantage of PHEVs, and in the case of EVs, to avoid the fear of the batteries running out energy before reaching their destination, commonly called 2322:

surpassed Norway in 2019 as the best selling plug-in market, leading both the all-electric and the plug-in hybrid segments in Europe. and in 2020 listed as the top selling European country market for the second consecutive year.

988:

Lifecycle GHG emissions are complex to calculate, but compared to ICE cars generally while the EV battery causes higher emissions during vehicle manufacture this excess carbon debt is paid back after several months of driving.

3919:

plug-in hybrids (33.3%). In addition, the stock of light commercial plug-in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 thousand units in 2019, and about half a million electric buses were in circulation, most of which are in China.

2363:

in particular, a record 681,410 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021, consisting of 325,449 plug-in hybrids and 355,961 all-electric cars, allowing the segment's market share to surge to 26.0%.

6578: 8858:

See "Ventes d'utilitaires électriques en 2016/2015/2014 for all-electric utility van registrations. Light-duty electric vehicles reached a 1.22% market share of new van sales in the country in 2014, and rose to 1.30% in

4024: 3738: 9661:

registered by the end of December 2018, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands. The Tesla Model S is the best selling all-electric car with 12,990 units registered.

2443:

The market share of the plug-in segment went from 0.16% in 2013 to 0.59% in 2014, and achieved 2.6% in 2018. The segment market share was 3.1% in 2019, rose to 10.7% in 2020, and achieved a record 18.6% in 2021.

8658: 2107:, with 245,240 units delivered and a market share of 12% of all plug-in cars sold globally in 2018. BYD Auto ranked second with 227,152 plug-in passenger cars sold worldwide, representing a market share of 11%. 9524: 2132: 2123: 248:

to remain operationally practical. Plug-in hybrid vehicles are a good in-between option that provides most of electric cars' benefits when they are operating in electric mode, though typically having shorter

8703:

As of September 2021, a total of 687,876 plug-in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in France, consisting of 453,143 all-electric cars and vans, and 234,733 plug-in hybrids in circulation.

7442:

See Statistical annex, pp. 210–213. The global stock of plug-in electric passenger cars totaled 5,122,460 units at the end of 2018, of which, 3,290,800 (64.2%) were battery electric cars (See Tables A.1 and

1485:

commissions. Electric vehicles also may require less maintenance, resulting in loss of service revenue, and thus undermining the biggest source of dealer profits, their service departments. According to the

9576: 1202:

pack. Cost reductions through advances in battery technology and higher production volumes will allow plug-in electric vehicles to be more competitive with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.

11047:

family of vehicles with 130,500 vehicles sold including over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe, the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units, and the Toyota Prius PHV with about 76,200.

7000:

BYD sold more than 100,000 new energy passenger cars in China in 2016, about 30,000 more units than Tesla Motors. The BYD Tang was the top selling plug-in car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units delivered.

1333:

In the five years from 2014 to 2019, EVs increased in number and range, and doubled power draw and energy per session. Charging increased after midnight, and decreased in the peak hours of early evening.

3983:

See tables in pp.3 and 4 - Figures include the European Union countries, + EFTA (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) and the UK. A total of 38,999 new plug-in electric vans were sold in 2020, and 69,416 in

2700:

The following table presents global sales of the top selling highway-capable electric cars and light utility vehicles produced since the introduction of the first modern production all-electric car, the

9966:

A total of 52,013 plug-in cars were sold in Japan in 2018, with a market share of 1.0%. The Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug-in model with 25,722 units, followed by the Prius PHEV with 12,401 units.

3827:

China's new energy vehicle (NEV) parc amounted to 7.84 million units by the end of 2021, 81.63% of which were full-electric vehicles. As of Dec. 2021, NEVs accounted for 2.6% of the country's total car

3258:

The Model Y first emerged as a best seller in the first quarter of last year, and now data firm Jato Dynamics has confirmed that it maintained this status for the entire year, selling 1.23 million cars.

1843:(ZEZ) restricting traffic access into an urban cordon area or city center where only zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) are allowed access. In such areas, all internal combustion engine vehicles are banned. 1991:. Sales of low-speed electric vehicles experienced considerable growth in China between 2012 and 2016, with an estimated NEV stock between 3 million to 4 million units, with most powered by 7879:

Last year, China overtook both the US and Europe in annual sales of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. This year, it will move ahead of both the US and Europe in cumulative plug-in vehicle sales.

3495: 783:, which is a 26–28 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2025. New Energy Vehicles are expected to help address issues related to environmental degradation at the global level." 10374:

Nissan today celebrated the 10th anniversary of the Nissan LEAF and the delivery of 500,000 LEAF vehicles since the model was first introduced. More than 148,000 have been sold in the United States

8504:

A total of 681,410 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021, consisting of 325,449 plug-in hybrids (12.4% market share) and 355,961 all-electric cars (13.6% market share).

2166:

Despite the rapid growth experienced, the plug-in electric car segment represented just about 1 out of every 250 vehicles on the world's roads by the end of 2018 (0.4%), rose to 1 out of every 200

9625:

As of July 2016, Norway had a concentration of registered plug-in cars per 1,000 people of 21.52, the Netherlands of 5.63, California of 5.83, and the United States national average was 1.52.

4327: 8604:[Registrations barometer - In December 2020, electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles represented more than 16% of the French market: unprecedented!] (in French). AVERE France. Archived from 8586:

A total of 394,632 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021, consisting of 200,469 plug-in hybrids (6.9% market share) and 194,163 all-electric cars (6.7% market share).

6009: 4067:

A total of 394,632 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021, consisting of 200,469 plug-in hybrids (6.9% market share) and 194,163 all-electric cars (6.7% market share).

3004:

The following table presents plug-in hybrid models with cumulative global sales of around or more than 100,000 units since the introduction of the first modern production plug-in hybrid car, the

11330: 8541: 6906:(24,057). The Model S is also the second-best seller ever with 107,148 sales since its mid-2012 launch, behind the Nissan Leaf and ahead of GM's Volt/Ampera family, credited with 106,000 sales. 10201: 365:, and the electricity stored on board drives or contributes to drive the wheels for propulsion. Plug-in electric vehicles are also sometimes referred to as grid-enabled vehicles (GEV), and the 6934:

BYD Auto delivered 31,898 Qins, 18,375 Tangs, and 7,029 e6s during 2015. Added to that are small numbers of the T3 small commercial van and e5 battery-electric compact sedan, along with 2,888

3617: 10387: 8271: 5330: 7993:[Chia Automobile Association: In 2018, the production and sales of new energy vehicles exceeded 1.25 million units, a year-on-year increase of 60%] (in Chinese). D1EV.com. 2019-01-14 7340:

See pp. 9–10, 19–23, 29–28, and Statistical annex, pp. 107–113. The global stock of plug-in electric passenger cars totaled 3,109,050 units, of which, 1,928,360 were battery electric cars.

2021:

is the world's leading light-duty electric vehicle manufacturer. Since 2010, the Alliance's global all-electric vehicle sales totaled almost 725,000 units, including those manufactured by

12547: 8569: 4050: 7500:

Plug-in sales totaled 3.24 million in 2020, up from 2.26 million in 2019. Europe, with nearly 1.4 million untits surpassed China as the largest EV market for the first time since 2015.

8602:"Baromètre des immatriculations - En décembre 2020, les véhicules électriques et hybrides rechargeables ont représenté plus de 16 % du marché français : du jamais vu !" 1758:, free parking and free charging. In addition, in some countries or cities that restrict private car ownership (purchase quota system for new vehicles), or have implemented permanent 10190:

e-Golf (33,650). The Mercedes-Benz A250e was the top selling plug-in hybrid in 2020, with 29,427 units, followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander (26,673), which led the market in 2019.

8364:

Figures includes the European Union, EFTA (Norway, Switzerland, Iceland) and the UK, using available registration data from the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA).

6971:

BYD Auto delivered 69,222 new energy vehicles in China in 2015, including buses, of which, a total of 61,722 were passenger vehicles, mostly plug-in hybrids, led by the Qin and Tang.

11289:

Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment of Current (2015) and Future (2025–2030) Technologies

5418: 8619:

As of December 2020, there were 470,295 plug-in electric cars and utility vans, consisting of 337,986 all-electric cars and vans, and 132,309 plug-in hybrids registered since 2010.

2348:

Germany listed as the top selling plug-in car market in the European continent in 2019 and achieved a market share of 3.10%. Despite the global decline in car sales brought by the

8455: 6950: 2432:

About 745,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles had been registered in the UK up until December 2021, consisting of 395,000 all-electric vehicles and 350,000 plug-in hybrids.

4028: 1092:, and particularly for the poorest African countries, oil imports have an adverse impact on the government budget and deteriorate their terms of trade thus jeopardizing their 7083:

The global share of plug-in electric cars by brand in 2018 was led by Tesla with 12%, followed by BYD with 11%, BMW with 9%, BAIC with 6%, and Roewe and Nissan, both with 5%.

4840: 11471: 8098: 10402:

Globally, according to Inovev, the biggest selling car in 2020 was the Tesla Model 3 – 365,240 with a 17% market share - followed by the Wuling Hong Guang Mini EV (127,651)

9492: 8659:"[Baromètre] 20,4 % de parts de marché en décembre 2021 pour les véhicules électriques et hybrides rechargeables... et 15 % sur l'ensemble de 2021 !" 412: 10333: 7743: 6270: 9639: 2159:

car sales totaled just over 2 million in 2018, with a market share of 2.1%. The global stock reached 5.3 million light-duty plug-in vehicles in December 2018.

8886:... the cumulative total of plug-in vehicles on UK roads – as of the end of December 2021 – to over 740,000. This total comprises around 395,000 BEVs and 350,000 PHEVs. 7057:"Tesla led plug-in car sales among automotive groups in 2018, with 245,240 units delivered, followed by BYD with 229,338, and the Renault-Nissan Alliance with 192,711." 5280: 4553: 4137: 1012:

do not consume energy while at rest or coasting, and modern plug-in cars can capture and reuse as much as one fifth of the energy normally lost during braking through

11449: 8554:

See the tab Kraftsoffarten: A total of 45,348 plug-in hybrids (market share 1.3%) and 63,321 all-electric cars (market share 1.8%) were registered in Germany in 2019.

7157: 2084:

followed again by Tesla with 76,243 units. In 2017 BYD ranked for the third consecutive year as the global top plug-in car manufacturer with 113,669 units delivered.

775:

PEVs have several advantages. These include improved air quality, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, noise reduction, and national security benefits. According to the

9528: 6364: 6321: 4965: 3407: 9462: 8890:

Overall in 2021, there were more than 190,000 sales of BEVs in the UK, with over 114,000 sales of PHEVs. Plug-in vehicles represented 18.6% of market share in 2021.

8168:

Sales of new energy passenger cars totaled 1,016,002 units in 2018.The BAIC EC series ranked as China's top selling plug-in car in 2018 with 90,637 units delivered.

6035: 4578: 299:

had the world's largest stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars with 7.84 million units, representing 46% of the world's stock of plug-in cars.

12572: 12556: 11370: 8296: 6493: 6457: 2193:

As of December 2017, 25 cities accounted for 44% of the world's stock of plug-in electric cars, while representing just 12% of world passenger vehicle sales.

8790: 8685: 8601: 6060: 1504: 12540: 10213:

The Nissan LEAF has always been about making advanced technology and the thrill of electric driving accessible to everyone with over 577,000 customers worldwide.

10151: 9609: 9056: 8701:

See infograh "Barometre mensuel de la mobilité électrique Chiffres clés du mois de septembre 2021 - Evolution du Parc Roulant Automobiles Depuis Janvier 2010" -

8688:[Barometer In September 2021, electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles represented nearly 18% of the French market] (in French). AVERE France. Archived from 8670:

See infograh "Barometre mensuel de la mobilité électrique Chiffres clés du mois de septembre 2021 - Evolution du Parc Roulant Automobiles Depuis Janvier 2010" -

7274: 6163: 6012:[Went into effec law that gives benefits to owners of electric vehicles in Colombia] (in Spanish). Revista Movilidad Eléctrica Sostenible. Archived from 1551:

subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; procurement of electric vehicle for government fleets; and long term regulations with specific targets.

10781: 2540:

another change in tax rules that went into effect in January 2019, and increased to 14.9% in 2019, and rose 24.6% in 2020, and achieved a record 29.8% in 2021.

11273: 2583:

has been the best selling plug-in car in the U.S. for two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019. Cumulative sales of the Model 3 surpassed in 2019 the discontinued

308:

is the leading European country with cumulative sales of 1 million plug-in vehicles on the road, and also has led the continent plug-in sales since 2019.

11368:

NHTSA Interim Guidance Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Equipped with High Voltage Batteries – Law Enforcement/Emergency Medical Services/Fire Department

10066: 1000:

are relatively inefficient at converting on-board fuel energy to propulsion as most of the energy is wasted as heat, and the rest while the engine is idling.

9130: 8661:[Barometer: 20.4% market share in December 2021 for electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles... and 15% for the whole of 2021!] (in French). AVERE France 4220: 2345:

plug-in passenger cars since 2010. Germany had a stock of 21,890 light-duty electric commercial vehicles in 2019, the second largest in Europe after France.

11358: 5100: 10349:

ZOE remains the number 1 most sold electric passenger car in Europe. More than 268,000 ZOE have been sold in Europe since its launch (As of November 2020).

10040: 7774: 7127: 6830:"BYD sold 108,612 passenger plug-in cars in China in 2017, enough to make it the world's top selling plug-in car manufacturer for the third year in a row." 4082: 2033:

is the world's second largest plug-in electric passenger car manufacturer with global sales since 2012 of over 532,000 units as of December 2018. Its

11427: 7397:

See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA - Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles: Total EU + EFTA in Q1-Q4 2017 and Q1-Q4 2016.

6388: 11843: 8951:

through December 2017. A total of 2,540,617 new cars were registered in 2017, resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 1.86% of new car sales.

6938:

compact hatchbacks built by its joint venture with Daimler. Altogether, BYD sold a total of 61,722 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in China in 2015.

4338: 3200: 2647: 1927: 1498: 10593:

Cumulative sales between 2014 and 2019 totaled 135,973 eQs. Car sales statistics from China only include domestic production and exclude imported models

8125: 6013: 4641: 1516: 408:, they can not be recharged from an off-vehicle electric energy source, and therefore, they do not belong to the category of plug-in electric vehicles. 12533: 9214: 6801:

BYD Auto sold in China 227,152 plug-in cars, up 109% from 2017. During 2018 BYD Qin sales totaled 47,425 units and BYD Tang sales totaled 37,146 units.

3243: 6918: 10362: 8762: 7250: 3609: 11414: 8429: 8003:

Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2018 totaled 1.256 million, consisting of 984,000 all-electric vehicles and 271,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles.

7475:

See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA - Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles: Total EU + EFTA in Q1-Q4 2018 and 2019.

4604:"Political Economy of STI in China: Analyzing Official Discourse on Science, Technology and Innovation-Driven Development in the Contemporary China" 650:: it uses a gasoline engine and an electric motor for propulsion, but a PHEV has a larger battery pack that can be recharged, allowing operation in 11569: 11398: 10876: 8235: 7913: 7786:

That allowed them (BEVs) to end the year with 71% of plugin EV sales, up 2 percentage points from the 69% of 2020, but still below the 74% of 2019.

7436: 7334: 7188: 6524: 5390: 5137: 3912: 3591: 3547:

there are now more than 10 million of these vehicles on the road around the world. According to EV Volumes, the total is now 10.8 million worldwide

2705:, in 2008 and December 2021. The table includes all-electric passenger cars and utility vans with cumulative sales of about or over 200,000 units. 1854:

As of May 2020, other cities planning to gradually introduce ZEZ, or partial or total ban fossil fuel powered vehicles include, among others,

11384: 11081: 8330:["Punished" explosive growth, European new energy vehicle sales surpassed China for the first time] (in Chinese). Sina Finance. 2021-02-08 8311:

The EV-volumes.com data showed the five highest national sales were in China (1.3m), Germany (0.4m), the US (0.3m), France and the UK (both 0.2m).

6300: 4491: 2477:

As of 31 December 2021, the stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Norway totaled 647,000 units in use, consisting of 470,309

508:

began implementation of its NEV program in 2009 to foster the development and introduction of new energy vehicles, aiming to reduce the country's

8728:

See "Ventes de voitures électriques en 2016/2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010" It shows all electric car registrations between 2010 and 2016.

7976:

plug-in hybrids. Only domestically built all-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell vehicles qualify for government subsidies in China.

7937:[China Auto Association: 2016 new energy vehicle production and sales were over 500,000, an increase of about 50%] (in Chinese). D1EV.com 7246: 5355: 2427: 11404: 1793: 1309:

but was not successful in the United States in the 2010s. As of 2020 battery swapping is available in China and is planned for other countries.

8573: 5494: 4054: 2549: 2064:

plug-in hybrid is the company's top selling model with almost 137,000 units sold in China through December 2018. As of December 2018, the

10904: 8491: 11461: 7278: 6228: 5898: 5865: 4224: 4141: 1724: 411:"Plug-in electric drive vehicle" is the legal term used in U.S. federal legislation to designate the category of motor vehicles eligible for 366: 6112: 5851: 3480:

Cumulative global sales totaled about 1,004,000 highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars and light-duty vehicles by mid-September 2015.

11774: 9350: 8845: 8361:

The average market share of new passenger plug-in electric cars in Europe more than tripled in 2020 to 11.4% (from less than 3.6% in 2019).

8086:

NEV sales in China totaled 3.521 million in 2021 (all classes), consisting of 3.334 million passenger cars and 186,000 commercial vehicles.

7369:

See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA - Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles: Total EU + EFTA in Q1-Q4 2015.

6221: 4275: 2590:

to become the all-time best selling plug-in car in the country, with an estimated 300,471 units delivered since inception, followed by the

2514: 10319: 10239:

The cumulative number includes over 208,000 LEAFs (first- and second-generation), as well as about 42,000 Nissan e-NV200 medium-size vans.

7545:

followed by the Netherlands (88,991), Norway (77,897), France (74,291), and the UK (53,254). Over 21,000 units were sold in Japan in 2015.

6664: 5693: 5410: 12770: 12216: 11996: 10176: 10117: 8715: 8459: 5778: 5239: 9052: 9022: 8994: 8965: 8933: 8904: 8403: 6958: 6614: 4027:[For the first time, a million electric vehicles are rolling on German roads] (Press release) (in German). BMWI. Archived from 2356: 2018: 11455: 5180: 1960:

launched several electric "Électrique" versions of its models starting in 1991. Other models were available through leasing mainly in

8375: 7678:

Despite exponential growth, with a record 2 million or so EVs sold worldwide last year, only one in 250 cars on the road is electric.

5627: 4473: 3195: 885: 792: 8740: 8572:[Press release No. 02/2021 - Vehicle registrations in December 2020 - Annual balance sheet] (in German). KBA. Archived from 7607: 7557: 5891: 5304: 4053:[Press release No. 02/2021 - Vehicle registrations in December 2020 - Annual balance sheet] (in German). KBA. Archived from 2467:

Historical evolution of the Norwegian plug-in electric car segment market share of new car sales and monthly records, 2011–July 2024

9166: 7867: 7407: 7305: 7152: 6488: 5810: 3886: 3561: 1605:, China, the United States, the UK, Japan, Norway, some provinces in Canada, South Korea, India, Israel, Colombia, and Costa Rica. 1510: 11291: 10437: 9502: 876:

may also gain local clean air benefits by shifting the harmful emission to electric generation plants located outside the cities.

11340: 2631:

The decline in plug-in car sales reflects the Japanese government and the major domestic carmakers decision to adopt and promote

2555: 1486: 1430: 1401: 11356:

NHTSA Interim Guidance Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Equipped with High Voltage Batteries – Vehicle Owner/General Public

10820: 10469: 10337: 2386:

is the country's all-time best selling plug-in electric car with over 100,000 units delivered since inception through June 2020.

12881: 12730: 12717: 11030: 10164:

Sales of the Tesla Model 3 in Europe totaled 94,495 units in 2019 (Europe 23) and topped sales in the region in the EV segment.

9364:

Despite the huge increase in new electric cars on the road, EVs still only account for roughly 10% of all of Norway's vehicles.

6278: 6185: 11189: 292:

SUV series is the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid, with global sales over 1,050,000 units through December 2023.

12928: 12866: 11527: 11502: 11305: 8061:

NEV sales in China totaled 1.637 million in 2020, consisting of 1.246 million passenger cars and 121,000 commercial vehicles.

6440: 5213: 5012: 4939: 4883: 4766: 4699: 4557: 4374: 4145: 3952:

See tables in pp.3 and 4 - Figures include the European Union countries, + EFTA (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) and the UK.

3373: 2573:

is the largest plug-in regional market in the country, with 1 million plug-in cars sold in California by November 2021.

11389: 11349: 9717:

Cumulatively, 1,402,371 PHEVs and BEVs have been sold in 2023. In total, 4,684,128 PHEVs and BEVs have been sold since 2010.

9690:

2009, both through March 2016. European sales are led by Norway with over 100,000 units registered by the end of April 2016.

9381:[Passenger car stock in Norway by fuel] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) 8793:[Annual barometer: nearly 40,000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2018!] (in French). AVERE. Archived from 8686:"En septembre 2021, les véhicules électriques et hybrides rechargeables ont représenté près de 18 % du marché français" 8673:

totaled 141,787 units, for a total of 315,978 units. The light-duty plug-in vehicle segment achieved a market share of 15.1%

7624:"The number of fully electric and plug-in hybrid cars on the world's roads passed the 3 million mark in November 2017." 4715: 4367: 3532: 3432: 1387:

consider the noise of combustion engines a helpful aid while crossing streets, hence plug-in electric cars and conventional

1150: 13054: 13013: 12954: 12949: 11660: 11562: 9978: 8820: 7164: 7070: 2666:

is the world's all-time best selling highway legal plug-in electric car, with global sales of about 1.3 million units.

2339: 1457:

to properly handle a crashed plug-in electric-drive vehicle and safely disable its battery and other high voltage systems.

4011:

Cumulatively, 607,567 PHEVs and BEVs have been sold in 2021. In total, 2,322,291 PHEVs and BEVs have been sold since 2010.

3411: 1476:

Car dealerships can play a role in the sales of plug-in electric vehicles. Shown a dealership exhibiting first generation

1024:

can reach on-board efficiencies of 20%, while electric drive vehicles typically have on-board efficiencies of around 80%.

12795: 12685: 11367: 9610:"Americans Buy Their Half-Millionth Plug-in Car: Concentration of plug-in electrified car registrations per 1,000 people" 8528:

The cumulative number of plug-in electric cars sold in Germany over the past seven years is close to 700,000 (since 2013)

5981: 5782: 5520: 4969: 2472: 2373: 2284: 1173: 703: 7459: 6500: 6465: 1774: 12516: 11513: 11433: 10415: 9845: 8794: 8689: 8605: 7242: 6983: 6870: 6726: 4869: 3151: 2606: 2403: 2360: 707: 463: 9673: 8349: 7690: 7661: 7282: 2099:

After 10 years in the market, Tesla was the world's top selling plug-in passenger car manufacturer in 2018, both as a

12345: 12269: 11803: 11417: 10788: 7835: 5084: 1805: 1612: 1522: 1433:

have taken place since the introduction of mass-production plug-in electric vehicles in 2008. Most of them have been

425: 245: 7412: 7310: 13049: 12607: 12501: 12441: 11282: 9410: 4245: 2944:(1) Vehicles are considered highway-capable if able to achieve at least a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph). 509: 11355: 9705: 9141: 8874: 7947:

Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2016 totaled 507,000, consisting of 409,000 BEV vehicles and 98,000 PHEVs.

6986:[Who is the dominant electric vehicle market in 2016?] (in Chinese). Daily Observation Car. Archived from 3999: 3562:

International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (2021-04-29).

3319: 723: 12959: 12625: 12209: 11818: 11555: 11394: 11341:

Influence of driving patterns on life cycle cost and emissions of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicle powertrains

9903: 8458:[Press release No. 8/2021 - The number of vehicles on January 1st, 2021] (in German). KBA. Archived from 7381: 7353: 6697: 5786: 5130: 5108: 4815: 4334: 4191: 3645: 3184: 2970:

is the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid, with about 300,000 units sold globally through January 2022.

2297: 1343: 1227: 752: 673: 631: 493: 190: 8018: 3786: 3762: 3714: 3690: 3666: 3467: 3294: 3270: 2267:

was China's the top selling plug-in car in 2017 and 2018, and also the world's top selling plug-in car in 2017.

2135:

of the electric car at the beginning of the 20th century, the EV stock peaked at approximately 30,000 vehicles.

1590:

fees; and exemption of registration and annual use vehicle fees. Some countries, like France, also introduced a

1133:

Plug-in electric vehicles offer users the opportunity to sell electricity stored in their batteries back to the

12913: 12785: 12660: 12630: 12602: 11732: 9104: 4328:"Driving Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Reports from U.S. Drivers of HEVs converted to PHEVs, circa 2006–07" 4090: 421: 10937: 8494:[Press release No. 01/2022 - Vehicle registrations in December 2021 - Annual balance] (in German). KBA 2690:

has dominated sales in the Chinese market in 2021, selling over 550,000 units since its release in July 2020.

1762:(no-drive days), the schemes often exclude electric vehicles from the restrictions to promote their adoption. 12980: 12944: 12780: 12680: 12655: 12122: 11833: 11438: 10731: 9758: 7815: 7528: 7510: 5542: 2202: 1984: 1952:

During the 1990s several highway-capable plug-in electric cars were produced in limited quantities, all were

1601:

As of 2020, monetary incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles are available, among others, in several

1539: 556: 429: 11727: 11107: 9218: 8516: 6818: 5925:"The role of the license plate lottery policy in the adoption of Electric Vehicles: A case study of Beijing" 2181:

All-electric cars have outsold plug-in hybrids for several years, and by the end of 2019, the shift towards

12995: 12918: 12886: 12805: 12695: 12675: 12665: 12582: 11918: 9306: 9195:[EV Sales: Down from last year - awaiting new growth this year] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening 3629:

Tesla's quarterly reports, meanwhile, had put the Model 3's cumulative sales at 447,980 at the end of 2019.

3144:

about 10,000 Vauxhall/Opel Ampera and about 1,750 Volts sold in Europe, 246 Holden Volt sold in Australia,

3001:

listed as the world's top selling plug-in hybrid, when it was surpassed by the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV.

2222: 1788:

Some government have also established long term regulatory signals with specific target timeframes such as

1602: 948:, the electricity used to recharge the batteries must be generated from renewable or clean sources such as 776: 699: 10500: 9103:[Number of electric cars and rechargeable hybrids in Norway] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening. 6036:"Singapore Budget 2020: Push to promote electric vehicles in move to phase out petrol and diesel vehicles" 4422: 4116: 2209:

has the highest market share of the plug-in segment, with about 50% of new car sales in 2017, followed by

2139:

electric passenger cars and utility vans reached the one million sales milestone, almost twice as fast as

779:, PEVs are an important part of the group of technologies that will help the U.S. meet its goal under the 646:

source. A plug-in hybrid shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle and an

12876: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12765: 12755: 12745: 12740: 12725: 12700: 12597: 12592: 12136: 11645: 11312:

Effects of Regional Temperature on Electric Vehicle Efficiency, Range, and Emissions in the United States

11299: 10969: 10094: 10005: 9880: 9701: 8848:[Sales figures & electric utility van registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre 8631: 7717: 7635: 7487: 7408: 7306: 7238: 7153: 6556: 6489: 5718: 3995: 3887: 3567: 3220: 3174: 2986: 2290: 1999: 1931: 1801: 1755: 1060: 1032: 966: 736: 727: 385: 11488: 11321: 11161: 10709: 10682: 9892:

Select Historical: "EV stock" and "EV stock share" + Transport mode: "Cars" and "Vans" + Region" "Japan"

9820: 9788: 9732: 8327: 5221: 5199: 5020: 4998: 4947: 4925: 4774: 4752: 3967: 3359: 889: 13044: 12985: 12964: 12923: 12908: 12871: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12815: 12800: 12760: 12750: 12690: 12640: 12635: 12564: 12202: 12129: 11885: 11344: 11315: 11132: 10757: 9550: 9435: 6895: 3044: 2975: 2967: 2498: 2448: 2126:

of the electric car at the beginning of the 20th century, the EV stock peaked at about 30,000 vehicles.

2068:

had sold more than 356,000 plug-in cars since inception of the BMW i3, accounting for global sales its

1489:(NADS), dealers on average make three times as much profit from service as they do from new car sales. 1376: 1191: 1100: 997: 740: 586: 497: 457: 401: 393: 225: 10081:(The Model 3) ... is now the bestselling EV of all time as well, with over 800,000 units sold overall. 8192:

Sales of the BAIC EC series totaled 78,079 cars in 2018 and ranked as China's top selling plug-in car.

7045: 5462: 3156:(2) Sales in China only. BYD Qin total does not include sales of the all-electric variant (Qin EV300). 2170:(0.48%) in 2019, and by the end of 2020, the stock share of plug-in cars on the world's roads was 1%. 75: 12990: 12810: 12790: 12775: 12670: 12650: 12645: 12587: 12577: 11976: 11494: 11325: 10998: 7892: 7207: 6788: 6642: 5986: 5433: 5246: 5205: 5104: 5004: 4931: 4758: 4401: 4195: 3365: 1454: 1020:

effectively use only 15% of the fuel energy content to move the vehicle or to power accessories, and

913: 821: 553: 228:

vehicles. All-electric vehicles have lower operating and maintenance costs, and produce little or no

12735: 10226: 8791:"Baromètre annuel : près de 40 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2018 !" 6595:

As of December 2018, a total of 724,905 electric vehicles have been sold by the Alliance since 2010.

6091: 1275: 12617: 12425: 12420: 12320: 11796: 11578: 11218: 9057:"UK automotive looks to green recovery strategy after -29.4% fall in new car registrations in 2020" 8999:"UK automotive looks to green recovery strategy after -29.4% fall in new car registrations in 2020" 4847: 4579:"Investing in Charging Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric Vehicles - Center for American Progress" 4305: 4170: 3936: 3179: 2777: 2687: 2334:

Annual registration of plug-in electric cars in Germany by type of powertrain between 2010 and 2021

2244: 2173: 1953: 1813: 1750:

Among the non-monetary incentives there are several perks such allowing plug-in vehicles access to

1190:

As of 2020, plug-in electric vehicles are significantly more expensive as compared to conventional

1185: 1142: 1137:, thereby helping utilities to operate more efficiently in the management of their demand peaks. A 733: 563: 541: 489: 377: 241: 186: 170: 101: 10298: 9776:

See Graph: "Top 10 U.S. Plug-in cars (cumulative sales)" and "U.S. Plug-in Car Sales (cumulative)"

331: 13023: 12305: 12058: 12017: 11823: 11786: 11311: 11234:

About 102,000 units of the Volt/Ampera family have been sold worldwide by the end of October 2015

11059: 10605: 10557: 9953: 8718:[Sales figures & electric car registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre 6413:"Rome latest city to announce car ban, will ban diesel cars from historical center starting 2024" 5516: 5034: 4687: 2560: 2302: 2140: 1828: 1234: 1195: 809: 635: 397: 389: 9328: 9026: 8998: 8908: 7582: 7460:"New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2019" 7382:"New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2017" 7354:"New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2016" 6222:"The end of the road? An overview of combustionengine car phase-out announcements across Europe" 4221:"An Increasing Number of Member States Levy CO2-Based Taxation or Incentivise Electric Vehicles" 2962: 2451:

is the all-time top selling plug-in car in the UK over 46,400 units registered, followed by the

1770: 894: 95: 12461: 12410: 12183: 12022: 11860: 11699: 11640: 10276: 9925: 9192: 7247:"Fact#918: March 28, 2016 – Global Plug-in Light Vehicles Sales Increased By About 80% in 2015" 7237: 7019: 6141:[Electric cars exempted from ownership tax and "Hoy No Circula" driving restrictions]. 4691: 4681: 1809: 1789: 1618: 1574:, purchase grants, exemptions from import duties, and other fiscal incentives; exemptions from 1306: 1294: 1285: 1223: 1068: 1009: 937: 639: 529: 501: 381: 11306:

Driving Electrification – A Global Comparison of Fiscal Incentive Policy for Electric Vehicles

11247: 10732:"El Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV consigue llegar a la cifra récord de ventas de 250.000 unidades" 10152:"European Car Sales Climbed To 15.7 Million Units Last Year, Tesla Model 3 Is The EV Champion" 8969: 8832:

With December at 32% plugin share (19% BEV) and the full 2021 share ending at 18.3% (9.8% BEV)

6841: 5076: 5062: 2197:

led the world with cumulative sales of over 162,000 electric vehicles since 2011, followed by

1957: 1153:

services by either delivering electricity into the grid or by throttling their charging rate.

546: 12053: 11981: 11933: 11808: 10569:"Sales of the Chery eQ totaled 38,214 units in 2020, and sales of the BAIC EU Series 23,365." 10388:"Europe's Electric Car Sales Will Beat 1 Million In 2021, But Growth Will Slow Later; Report" 8406:[In Europe, sales of electric cars up 80% in 2019] (in French). AVERE. Archived from 7748: 6412: 5250: 2998: 2702: 1418: 977:; similarly, most regions of Canada are primarily powered with hydroelectricity, nuclear, or 197:

plug-in electric vehicles began in December 2008 with the introduction of the plug-in hybrid

12525: 12284: 9190: 9098: 8937: 8743:[Electric car sales in France increased 115% in 2011] (in French). Automobile Propre 8407: 2060:

with more than 529,000 plug-in passenger cars delivered in China through December 2018. Its

12178: 11762: 10695:

As of January 2022, about 300,000 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEVs have been sold worldwide.

9488: 8763:"Immatriculations des hybrides rechargeables : La barre des 5.000 est franchie !" 8432:[Press release No. 10/2021 - The vehicle stock on January 1, 2022] (in German). KBA 7666: 6951:"Alternative Energy Vehicles Account HALF of BYD's Profits for the Very First Time in 2015" 5936: 5577: 5101:"Pacific Gas and Electric Company Energizes Silicon Valley With Vehicle-to-Grid Technology" 4532: 4477: 3500: 2190:

Europe listed next with 24.8%, followed by the U.S. with 20.2% of the global stock in use.

2182: 1759: 1380: 1149:(PHEVs) would have the capability to communicate automatically with the power grid to sell 1089: 1013: 974: 647: 571: 405: 358: 11443: 10821:"Toyota sells 1.52 million electrified vehicles in 2017, three years ahead of 2020 target" 7662:"E-nough? Automakers may have completely overestimated how many people want electric cars" 2658: 2619:

was listed as the all-time top selling plug-in car in Japan, with 100,000 units delivered.

8: 12264: 12027: 11082:"Toyota Motor Europe sales increase by +8% in 2021 to achieve a record 6.4% market share" 10877:"46% of Toyota Motor Europe (TME) sales in H1 are self-charging hybrid electric vehicles" 10501:

Zentrum für Sonnenenergieund Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) (2021-03-09).

8765:[Plug-in hybrid registrations: The 5,000 barrier is achieved!] (in French). AVERE 8073: 6890:

was the top selling plug-in electric car in 2015 with 50,366 units sold, followed by the

6274: 5547: 5308: 5162: 4368:"Electric Powertrains: Opportunities and Challenges in the U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle Fleet" 2694: 2306:

Evolution of annual registrations of plug-in electric passenger cars in Europe, 2011–2021

2232: 2104: 1992: 1318: 1290: 1199: 1093: 945: 521: 338: 10472:[Monthly Sales -Renault Group monthly sales statistics] (in French). Renault.com 10264:

Includes 20,661 used imports from neighboring countries as of 29 January 2022.

9170: 9078: 8048: 6249: 5940: 5581: 2564:

Comparison of plug-in car market shares in California vs the American market (2011–2023)

1808:

sales. For example, Norway set a national goal that all new car sales by 2025 should be

1411: 476:(NEVs) refers to automobile vehicles that are fully powered or predominantly powered by 420:

or "plug-in cars", there are several other types of plug-in electric vehicle, including

12351: 11694: 11288: 10824: 9876: 9648:

Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising -

9467: 7962: 6665:"Tesla Model S & Nissan LEAF Clocked As World's Best-Selling Electric Cars In 2016" 5753: 3816: 3244:"Tesla Model Y confirmed as world's best-selling car in 2023, beating Rav4 and Corolla" 3139: 2990: 2253: 2150:

Annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in the world's top markets between 2011 and 2023

2096:

ranked as the world's top selling plug-in car in 2017 with 78,079 units sold in China.

1972:. Some of the latter were sold to the public and were still in use by the early 2010s. 1965: 1941: 1840: 1587: 1575: 1281: 1111:, electric drive vehicles can contribute significantly to lessen the dependence of the 1051:

electric engine. PEVs do not require oil changes and other routine maintenance checks.

1005: 764: 662:

need the longer driving range and refueling convenience of a gasoline-powered vehicle.

605: 505: 477: 313: 284:

ranked as the world's top selling highway-capable plug-in electric car in history. The

250: 244:, but recharging takes longer time than refueling and is heavily reliant on sufficient 124: 10041:"World EV Sales — Tesla Model 3 Wins 4th Consecutive Best Seller Title In Record Year" 9284: 8236:"Exclusive: Western Europe's plug-in electric car market surpasses 1 million landmark" 8151: 7775:"World EV Sales — Tesla Model 3 Wins 4th Consecutive Best Seller Title In Record Year" 6755: 5923:

Zhuge, Chengxiang; Wei, Binru; Shao, Chunfu; Shan, Yuli; Dong, Chunjiao (April 2020).

5589: 5568:

Spotnitz, R.; Franklin, J. (2003). "Abuse behavior of high-power, lithium-ion cells".

3968:"ACEA Report: New Light Commercial Vehicle Registrations by Fuel Type, European Union" 2330: 2146: 13019: 12325: 12239: 12100: 11966: 11813: 11737: 11669: 11594: 11523: 11498: 11484: 10139:, in 2020 the top U.S. EVs by registrations were the Tesla Model 3 with 95,135 units. 9577:"Electric Vehicles Statistics in the Netherlands (up to and including December 2021)" 9262: 7907: 7430: 7328: 7182: 6518: 6492:(IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (June 2017). 6436: 6430: 6010:"Sancionada ley que da beneficios a propietarios de vehículos eléctricos en Colombia" 5674: 5488:"Incidence of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Crashes by Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicles" 5209: 5201:

Chapter 5: The Impact of Plug-in Hybrids on U.S. Oil Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

5195: 5080: 5039: 5008: 4994: 4935: 4921: 4879: 4794: 4762: 4748: 4695: 3906: 3891: 3890:(IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (June 2020). 3585: 3563: 3369: 3355: 3189: 2635: 2463: 2437: 2399: 2349: 2315: 2022: 1988: 1817: 1384: 1368: 1215:

per kWh by 2030, and to fall further thereafter as new chemistries become available.

1116: 1040: 941: 805: 651: 597: 288:

was the first electric car to achieve global sales of more than 1,000,000 units. The

233: 202: 166: 10905:"Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's The Best-Selling Plug-in Car In History" 10851: 10531: 10502: 9642:[Electric Driving - Passenger cars and charging points - Analysis for 2018] 8570:"Pressemitteilung Nr. 02/2021 - Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2020 - Jahresbilanz" 8492:"Pressemitteilung Nr. 01/2022 - Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2021 - Jahresbilanz" 8071: 8046: 7457: 7411:(IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2019). 7379: 7351: 7309:(IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2018). 7156:(IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2016). 7094: 5391:"Study of 3,900 electric cars: How the Tesla Model 3 transformed EV charging habits" 4789: 4051:"Pressemitteilung Nr. 02/2021 - Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2020 - Jahresbilanz" 3965: 3934: 1211:

expressed in 2016 dollars. BNEF expects electric car battery costs to be well below

12389: 12384: 12341: 12254: 12225: 11991: 11971: 11938: 11791: 11742: 11714: 11612: 5954: 5944: 5664: 5585: 4913: 4677: 4615: 3496:"December global electric vehicle sales set new record: S&P Global Platts data" 3062: 2632: 2594: 2478: 2177:

Evolution of the ratio between global sales of BEVs and PHEVs between 2011 and 2023

2119: 2073: 1980: 1945: 1543: 1348: 1255: 1244: 1237: 929: 917: 688: 593: 582: 373: 342: 182: 20: 11120:

During 2017, BYD Qin sales totaled 20,738 units and BYD Tang totaled 14,592 units.

6138: 4603: 1554: 1406: 115: 12356: 12168: 12158: 12048: 11684: 11374: 11362: 11295: 10629: 10122: 9706:"Light Duty Electric Drive Vehicles Monthly Sales Updates: Plug-In Vehicle Sales" 9497: 9378: 9100: 9051: 8993: 8964: 8932: 7893:"Electric vehicle capitals: Accelerating the global transition to electric drive" 7212: 6426: 6094:[Major's Decree 575 of 2013] (in Spanish). Alcaldía de Bogotá. 2014-12-18 4620: 4249: 4000:"Light Duty Electric Drive Vehicles Monthly Sales Updates: Plug-In Vehicle Sales" 3440: 3205: 2524: 2418: 2005: 1976: 1591: 1434: 1422: 1138: 1128: 1108: 1064: 1017: 981:

which have no or very low emissions at the point of generation; and the state of

857: 829: 780: 670: 601: 513: 273: 258: 210: 11278: 9406: 9021: 8903: 8617:

See infograh "Parc Roulant et Immatriculations Annuelles depuis Janvier 2010" -

7852:

global leader in the passenger plug-in car segment, ahead of Europe and the U.S.

5949: 5924: 5603: 4451: 4166: 3610:"Tesla Passes 1 Million EV Milestone & Model 3 Becomes All Time Best Seller" 2227: 2115: 12315: 12274: 12078: 12068: 11986: 11850: 11781: 11719: 11408: 11379: 11015: 8206: 5634: 5487: 5167: 4917: 3147: 3080: 2903: 2885: 2683:

sales totaled 165,710 units through December 2021, and 157,059 units in Japan.

2587: 2584: 2535:

As of July 2016, the Netherlands had the second largest plug-in ownership

2505:. Norway is the country with the largest EV ownership per capita in the world. 2482: 2260: 2089: 2025:

through December 2018, now part of the Alliance. Its best selling all-electric

1979:

plug-in electric cars, motorcycles and light trucks. However, as of 2011, most

1969: 1903: 1832: 1785:

since 2015, all-electric vehicles were excluded from the driving restrictions.

1477: 1438: 1388: 1364: 1326: 1146: 1001: 905: 801: 665: 643: 625: 578: 485: 445: 335: 218: 194: 174: 28: 12290: 10954:

Canadian sales totaled 4,313 units in 2017 and 4,114 in 2018 through November.

10683:"Mitsubishi Motors Introduces the All-New Outlander PHEV Model in New Zealand" 9131:"E-Mobility 2019: An International Comparison of Important Automotive Markets" 9011:

Download the file "December 2021" for detailed data for 2021 and revised 2020.

8846:"Chiffres de vente & immatriculations d'utilitaires électriques en France" 8404:"En Europe, les ventes de voitures électriques en hausse de 80 % en 2019" 8350:"European Countries Listed By Plug-In Electric Car Market Share In Q1-Q4 2020" 8283:

Close to 1.25 million EVs were sold in Europe in 2020, around 10% of the total

5890:

Wappelhorst, Sandra; Hall, Dale; Nicholas, Mike; Lutsey, Nic (February 2020).

5240:"Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Review. Final Report" 4022: 1472: 853: 592:

A plug-in hybrid operates as an all-electric vehicle or BEV when operating in

19:

For the more general category of electric drive for all type of vehicles, see

13038: 12249: 12173: 12105: 12083: 11943: 11855: 11752: 11704: 11674: 11635: 11519: 11334: 10653: 9099:

Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (January 2022).

8130: 6919:"Who Sold The Most Plug-In Electric Cars In 2015? (It's Not Tesla Or Nissan)" 6887: 6065: 5411:"Utilities are feeling growing pains from the evolution of electric vehicles" 4875: 4426: 2979: 2921: 2831: 2795: 2741: 2671: 2663: 2591: 2577: 2272: 2167: 2077: 2010: 1372: 1305:

and lack of recharging infrastructure for electric vehicles was developed by

1302: 1263: 1248: 1165: 1021: 961: 957: 936:, the extent of the benefit also depends on the fuel and technology used for 933: 845: 362: 354: 285: 281: 269: 262: 236:, thus (depending on the electricity source) reducing societal dependence on 229: 81: 61: 11547: 11533: 11512:

Mitchell, William J.; Borroni-Bird, Christopher; Burns, Lawrence D. (2010).

10734:[Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV achieves record sales of 250,000 units]. 10532:"Tesla Quarterly Sales Growth From 2012 To 2021 — Like Climbing Mt. Everest" 10470:"Ventes Mensuelles - Statistiques commerciales mensuelles du groupe Renault" 9721:

PEVs were 9.1% of all passenger vehicle sales in 2023, up from 6.8% in 2022.

9584:

Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Netherlands Enrerprise Agency

9240: 8716:"Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France" 6987: 6615:"Tesla Model S Is World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car For Second Year In A Row" 6365:"Survey of Global Activity to Phase Out Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles" 5331:"The Importance of Selling Electric Vehicles and Their Batteries Separately" 4889: 4868:

Mitchell, William J.; Borroni-Bird, Christopher; Burns, Lawrence D. (2010).

3517:

A total of 1.45 million light-duty pure electric vehicles were sold in 2018.

2271:

was the world's top selling car manufacturer in 2016 and 2017. In 2020, the

1115:

sector on imported oil as well as contributing to the development of a more

1027: 12259: 12244: 12063: 11928: 11908: 11893: 11828: 11769: 11757: 11385:

Overview of Tax Incentives for Electrically Chargeable Vehicles in the E.U.

11108:"BYD #1 In World For Plug-In Electric Car Sales In 2017, Beats Tesla Again" 10580: 10320:"Hongguang Mini EV sales reached 35,169 units in Sept, up 75% year-on-year" 9407:"Learning from Norwegian Battery Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle users" 9191:

Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (2017-01-05).

8179: 8152:"China's new energy PV wholesale volume in 2018 shoots up 83% year on year" 8099:"China's Automotive 2030 Blueprint: No. 1 Globally In EVs, Autonomous Cars" 7742:

Hertzke, Patrick; Müller, Nicolai; Schenk, Stephanie; Wu, Ting (May 2018).

7612: 6819:"BYD #1 In World For Plug-In Electric Car Sales In 2017, Beats Tesla Again" 6630:

See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.

6384: 5892:"Analyzing Policies to Grow the Electric Vehicle Market in European Cities" 5678: 4961: 4642:"Study: Particulate emissions from tire wear is higher than from tailpipes" 4167:"Notice 2009–89: New Qualified Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit" 3169: 2997:

Canada with 17,311 units through November 2018. Until the end of 2018, the

2580: 2519: 2489: 2314:

In 2020, and despite the strong decline in global car sales brought by the

2248: 1823: 1778: 1466: 1360: 1230: 1169: 1104: 1047: 953: 902: 797: 760: 748: 574: 320: 319:

in the world, and also achieved in 2021 the world's largest annual plug-in

206: 150: 104: 84: 64: 24: 10336:(Press release). Île-de-France: Groupe Renault. 2020-12-07. Archived from 10202:"Nissan LEAF gets a new glow for 2022 with sharp design and advanced tech" 8821:"32% Plugin Vehicle Share In France! Tesla Model 3 = #8 In Overall Market" 2611: 861: 11913: 11627: 11604: 8788: 8760: 8683: 8656: 8599: 8401: 8376:"Renault Zoe Ekes By Mitsubishi Outlander in 2016 European Plug-in Sales" 6891: 6461: 3436: 3138:(1) In addition to the Volt sold in North America, combined sales of the 2813: 2759: 2679: 2616: 2452: 2383: 2026: 1883: 1875: 1782: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1450: 1442: 1353: 1322: 1259: 1078: 978: 921: 849: 825: 813: 692: 525: 517: 481: 257:

when the battery is low, using its internal combustion engine (usually a

254: 237: 214: 158: 154: 55: 11515:

Reinventing the Automobile: Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st Century

10503:"ZSW Data service renewable energies - Stock of electric cars worldwide" 10118:"Tesla's commanding lead in U.S. EVs illustrated by registration report" 9351:"45% of New Cars Sold in Norway in September were All-Electric Vehicles" 8517:"Germany: Plug-In Car Share At 26%: Records Everywhere In December 2020" 8297:"Global sales of electric cars accelerate fast in 2020 despite pandemic" 7990: 7413:"Global EV Outlook 2019: Scaling-up the transition to electric mobility" 6579:"Alliance members achieve combined sales of 10.76 million units in 2018" 4871:

Reinventing the Automobile: Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st Century

4253: 2693:

Europe's all-time top selling all-electric light utility vehicle is the

642:

that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external

400:(HEVs) have a battery that is continually recharged with power from the 11331:

From Fiction to Reality: The Evolution of Electric Vehicles 2013 – 2015

10852:"Top 3 Plug-In Hybrid Cars In U.S. In 2018: Prius Prime, Clarity, Volt" 10712:(Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC). 2019-04-11 10363:"Nissan marks 10 years of LEAF sales, with over 500,000 sold worldwide" 9265:[Car sales in December and throughout 2020] (in Norwegian). OFV 6115:[All-electric and hybrids: São Paulo approves incentives law]. 5959: 4508: 4282: 4199: 3214: 3210: 2947: 2570: 2536: 2502: 2085: 2030: 1961: 1871: 1531: 1172:

plug-in hybrid (right) at the parking spots reserved for green cars at

1134: 1081: 982: 949: 898: 417: 316: 162: 9164: 8430:"Pressemitteilung Nr. 10/2022 - Der Fahrzeugbestand am 1. Januar 2022" 6389:"Four of world's biggest cities to ban diesel cars from their centres" 5669: 5652: 4276:"The China New Energy Vehicles Program – Challenges and Opportunities" 1936: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12379: 12093: 12088: 12073: 11898: 11870: 11865: 11655: 11650: 11586: 9763: 8456:"Pressemitteilung Nr. 8/2021 - Der Fahrzeugbestand am 1. Januar 2021" 7128:"The Global Electric Vehicle Movement: Best Practices From 16 Cities" 5869: 5438: 5068: 4025:"Erstmals rollen eine Million Elektrofahrzeuge auf deutschen Straßen" 3564:"Global EV Outlook 2021: Accelerating ambitions despite the pandemic" 2422:

Registration of plug-in electric cars in the UK between 2011 and 2021

2065: 1915: 1863: 1855: 1325:

in particular, may not have enough capacity to handle the additional

1112: 1073: 928:

Plug-in electric vehicles operating in all-electric mode do not emit

873: 550: 224:

Plug-in electric cars have several benefits compared to conventional

12194: 9640:"Elektrisch Rijden – Personenauto's en laadpunten Analyse over 2018" 9390:

See graph under "Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt på drivstoff" -

8544:[New Registrations Barometer December 2019] (in German). KBA 5866:"'A game changer': Türkiye inaugurates its first national car plant" 5811:"Turkey's National Carmaker Togg Starts Production Of 2023 C SUV EV" 2395:

1.17% in 2015, climbed to 2.11% in 2018, and achieved 2.8% in 2019.

2355:

Despite to the continued global decline in car sales brought by the

1356:

had a switch to manually turn off its electric warning sound system.

12163: 11958: 11948: 11031:"Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf Celebrate Their Sixth-Year Anniversary" 10136: 9307:"Norway: All-Electric Car Sales Reach New Record In September 2021" 8775:

A total of 5,006 plug-in hybrids were registered in France in 2015.

8741:"+115% pour les ventes de voitures électriques en France pour 2012" 8632:"Renault EV Sales In France Is Booming: 17,650 ZOE Sold In H1 2020" 8072:

China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (2022-01-12).

8047:

China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (2021-01-14).

7890: 7558:"US Falls Behind Europe and China in Global Plug-in Vehicle Market" 7458:

European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2020-02-06).

7380:

European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2018-02-01).

7352:

European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2017-02-01).

6186:"Norway Aiming For 100-Percent Zero Emission Vehicle Sales By 2025" 5395: 5072: 4912: 4819: 4676: 4117:"Norway Sets Plug-In Car Sales Record For The End Of The Year 2021" 3966:

European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2022-03-01).

3935:

European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2022-02-02).

3116: 3005: 2849: 2378: 2268: 2264: 2194: 2093: 2057: 2029:

was the world's top selling plug-in electric car in 2013 and 2014.

1867: 1751: 1559: 744: 437: 433: 289: 198: 121: 11444:

Shades of Green – Electric Car's Carbon Emissions Around the Globe

11093:"A total of 1,462 Toyota Prius PHEVs were sold in Europe in 2021." 9733:"California Milestone, 1 Million EVs Sold: Tesla Played Huge Role" 9525:"Norwegian Parliament extends electric car initiatives until 2018" 5779:"The Future Of Electric Vehicles Part 1: Car Dealers Hold The Key" 3533:"There are now more than 10 million electric vehicles on the road" 2037:

was the world's top selling plug-in car in 2015 and 2016, and its

1527: 932:

from the onboard source of power, but from the point of view of a

12405: 12032: 12012: 11882: 11747: 11617: 11322:

eGallon Calculator: Compare the costs of driving with electricity

11206:

About 10,000 Opel Amperas were sold in Europe by the end of 2015.

11071:"Toyota sold 25,042 units of the Prius Prime in the U.S. in 2021" 9983: 9874: 9440: 7934: 6899: 6301:"Clean air zone charges: where are Britain's low emission zones?" 5984:[Hybrid and electric cars make their way in Costa Rica]. 4960: 4512: 4273: 3937:"ACEA Report: New Car Registrations by Fuel Type, European Union" 3513:

At the end of 2018, some 5.3 million plug-in EVs were on the road

3098: 2978:

is the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid according to

2198: 2061: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2034: 1921: 1911: 1831:(ULEZ). A fee is charged to the most polluting vehicles entering 1766: 1511:

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles in California

869: 865: 305: 11466: 10710:"Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Hits 200,000 Global Sales Milestones" 10177:"Renault Zoe eclipses Tesla Model 3 as Europe's best-selling EV" 9979:"Auto power play: Japan's hydrogen car vs China's battery drive" 7744:"The global electric-vehicle market is amped up and on the rise" 4716:"Factcheck: How electric vehicles help to tackle climate change" 4365: 4192:"Consumer Energy Tax Incentives: Plug-In Hybrid Conversion Kits" 3892:"Global EV Outlook 2020: Enterign the decade of electric drive?" 2697:, with global sales of over 57,500 units through November 2020. 1161: 12415: 12153: 11903: 10427:

Global sales of the Tesla Model Y totaled 79,734 units in 2020.

9849: 9282: 9260: 9238: 9217:[Car sales in 2018] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from 9212: 9169:[Car sales in 2017] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from 8103: 7868:"China far ahead of US, Europe in total electric vehicle sales" 7488:"Global Plug-in Vehicle Sales Reached over 3,2 Million in 2020" 7132: 6903: 5694:"Detroit First Responders Get Electric Vehicle Safety Training" 4430: 4404:. Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center, US DoE 4308:. Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center, US DoE 2867: 2206: 1879: 1859: 1847: 1505:

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles in the U.S.

1446: 1312: 909: 567: 309: 300: 178: 11380:

New Energy Tax Credits for Electric Vehicles purchased in 2009

11352:, International Council on Clean Transportation, October 2018. 10251: 9938:

About 56,000 plug-in electric cars were sold in Japan in 2017.

9433: 8921:

A total of 2,254 plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013

7798: 7636:"Global Plug-in Sales for 2017-Q4 and the Full Year (prelim.)" 7608:"Electric and plug-in hybrid cars whiz past 3m mark worldwide" 6166:. Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) 3817:"China's car parc amounts to 302 million units by end of 2021" 2481:

passenger cars and vans (including used imports), and 176,691

2398:

Despite the global strong decline in car sales brought by the

12555: 11422: 11084:(Press release). Brussels: Toyota Europe Newsroom. 2021-01-13 11018:

sales in China totaled 1,629 units in 2017 and 2,688 in 2018.

10879:(Press release). Brussels: Toyota Europe Newsroom. 2018-07-11 10617:

The i3 has sold over 220,000 examples around the world by now

6935: 6727:"China's BYD Becomes World's Third-Largest Plug-in Car Maker" 5889: 4492:"How Electric Turbochargers Are Changing Internal Combustion" 4023:

Bundersministerium für Wirstschaft und Energie (2021-08-02).

2100: 2069: 1899: 1895: 1887: 944:

of plug-in electric vehicles. From the perspective of a full

833: 711: 469: 296: 9436:"Norway shows the way with electric cars, but at what cost?" 8567: 8539: 8489: 8453: 8427: 8019:"Chinese NEVs Market Slightly Declined In 2019: Full Report" 6871:"Tesla Model S Was World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car in 2015" 5329:

Deshp, Trupti; e; Paladugula, Anantha Lakshmi (2020-10-13).

5060: 4754:

Chapter 2: Electrification of Transport and Oil Displacement

4471: 4048: 2946:(2) Sales in main China only. (3) BMW i3 sales includes the 2527:

was the best selling plug-in car in the Netherlands in 2020.

1218: 10889:

Toyota sold 1,693 Prius PHEV during the first half of 2018.

10299:"Japan: Nissan LEAF Sales Cruise At Roughly 11,000 In 2021" 9700: 9674:"Norway Is Fourth Country To Register 100,000 Plug-in Cars" 6530:

See pp. 5–7, 12–22, 27–28, and Statistical annex, pp. 49–51

5828: 3994: 3410:. Center for Sustainable Energy, California. Archived from 2275:

listed as the best-selling plug-in car with 137,459 units.

2210: 2041:

was the world's best selling plug-in electric car in 2018.

1907: 1891: 1563: 1535: 837: 817: 11308:, International Council on Clean Transportation, May 2014. 7158:"Global EV Outlook 2016: Beyond one million electric cars" 5982:"Carros híbridos y eléctricos se abren paso en Costa Rica" 2256:(NEV) totaled almost 5.5 million at the end of 2020. 1598:

based tax system that penalize fossil-fuel vehicle sales.

369:(ACEA) calls them electrically chargeable vehicles (ECV). 268:

Cumulative global sales of highway-legal plug-in electric

11923: 11511: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10490: 9904:"Plug-In Electric Car Sales Visualized From 2011 to 2015" 9821:"The Top 10 Plug-In Electric Cars In U.S. - 2019 Edition" 9287:[Car sales in September 2021] (in Norwegian). OFV 7836:"China Takes Lead As Number One In Plug-in Vehicle Sales" 7065: 7063: 6643:"Tesla Production And Deliveries Graphed Through Q4 2018" 6358: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6113:"Elétricos e híbridos: São Paulo aprova lei de incentivo" 5633:. Gold Peak Industries Ltd. November 2003. Archived from 5278: 5163:"Here's How Electric Cars Will Cause the Next Oil Crisis" 5131:"Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities" 5128: 4867: 2713:

utility vehicles produced between 2008 and December 2021

2597:

with about 157,992, and the Chevrolet Volt with 157,054.

841: 441: 11456:

The Great Debate – All-Electric Cars vs. Plug-In Hybrids

11405:

Powering Ahead – The future of low-carbon cars and fuels

10787:(Press release). Mitsubishi Motors. 2018. Archived from 10067:"Tesla Model 3 Is Now 16th Bestselling Car In The World" 8789:

France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2019-01-09).

8761:

France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France (2016-01-08).

8684:

France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2021-10-06).

8657:

France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2022-01-07).

8600:

France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2021-01-08).

8402:

France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2020-02-11).

8207:"Domestic EV makers rival Tesla in China, can they win?" 7799:"EV-Volumes - The Electric Vehicle World Sales Database" 6139:"Autos eléctricos, exentos de tenencia y Hoy No Circula" 4927:

Chapter 1: Geopolitical Implications of Plug-in Vehicles

1337: 1258:

near their places of residence, in commercial or public

992: 11472:

US Tax Incentives for Plug-in Hybrids and Electric Cars

11434:

Plug-in List of Registered Charging Stations in the USA

11415:

Plugging In: A Consumer's Guide to the Electric Vehicle

11395:

Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities

10606:"BMW i3 Production Reportedly Coming To An End In July" 7919:

Click on "Download File" to get the full report, 15 pp.

7275:"Global milestone: The first million electric vehicles" 7194:

See pp. 4–5, and 24–25 and Statistical annex, pp. 34–37

6789:"BYD Sold Record 37,000 Electric Cars In December 2018" 5852:"Turkey Bets on EVs with the Pininfarina-Designed TOGG" 5776: 5543:"Are Hybrid Cars Too Quiet to Be Safe for Pedestrians?" 3014:

Top selling highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars

2252:

electric. Since 2011, combined sales of all classes of

10487: 9759:"US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: December 2018" 9601: 9463:"Norway is A Model For Encouraging Electric Car Sales" 9370: 7060: 6339: 5653:"What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?" 5223:"Plug-in Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?" 5022:"Plug-in Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?" 4949:"Plug-in Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?" 4776:"Plug-in Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?" 3557: 3555: 2440:, and achieved record sales of 305,281 units in 2021. 2289:

For more details of European and other countries, see

770: 277:

2020, of which pure electrics constituted two thirds.

10993: 10991: 10989: 10758:"Outlander PHEV Is Best-Selling Mitsubishi In Europe" 10685:(Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors. 2022-03-04 10677: 10675: 10673: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9404: 7960: 7761:

See Exhibit 1: Global electric-vehicle sales, 2010-17

7741: 7071:"BMW sells over 140,000 plug-in cars throughout 2018" 6698:"The World Just Bought Its Two-Millionth Plug-in Car" 5356:"Will Electric Cars Cause More Summer Power Outages?" 4816:"High oil prices disastrous for developing countries" 4790:"How Much Is That Hybrid Electric Really Saving You?" 3961: 3959: 1492: 684:

These contain two different energy recovery systems.

23:. For the specific electric drive cars and SUVs, see 11490:

Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?

11428:

Plug-in Electric Vehicle Deployment in the Northeast

10782:"New (MY19) Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV - Summer 2018" 10034: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10022: 9789:"FINAL UPDATE: Quarterly Plug-In EV Sales Scorecard" 9487: 9434:

Alister Doyle & Nerijus Adomaitis (2013-03-13).

8201: 8199: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6432:

Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America

6314: 4366:

Matthew A. Kromer & John B. Heywood (May 2007).

3468:"One Million Global Plug-In Sales Milestone Reached" 3361:

Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?

2052:

is the Chinese company's all-time top selling model.

1008:

at converting stored energy into driving a vehicle.

634:(PHEV or PHV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a 11350:

Modernizing vehicle regulations for electrification

11177:

A total of 18,375 Tangs were sold in China in 2015.

10932: 10930: 10928: 10845: 10843: 10841: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9405:Figenbaum, Erik; Kolbenstvedt, Marika (June 2016). 9376: 8837: 8447: 8341: 7895:. The International Council on Clean Transportation 7737: 7735: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7691:"Global Electric Vehicle Stock Reaches 7.2 Million" 7529:"Top Six Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries – 2015" 7453: 7451: 7233: 7231: 7229: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6435:. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, Canada. 6322:"City of Amsterdam to ban polluting cars from 2030" 6268: 4083:"Top 10 Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries of 2016" 3552: 3201:

List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles

2648:

list of modern production plug-in electric vehicles

1928:

List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles

1499:

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles

1254:infrastructure is developed. Electrical outlets or 743:vehicle (ICEV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) to 619: 209:only gained traction after the introduction of the 11439:RechargeIT plug-in driving experiment (Google.org) 11411:and UK Petroleum Industry Association, April 2013. 11060:"US: Toyota Sold Over 52,000 Plug-In Cars In 2021" 10986: 10670: 10416:"Global Electric Vehicle Top 20 — EV Sales Report" 10227:"Nissan Celebrates Sales Of 250,000 EVs In Europe" 9863: 8875:"2021 sees largest-ever increase in plug-in sales" 8808:country in 2018. Includes revised figures for 2017 7891:Dale Hall, Hongyang Cui, Nic Lutsey (2018-10-30). 7829: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7653: 7251:Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy 6494:"Global EV Outlook 2017: Two million and counting" 5061:Cleveland, Cutler J.; Morris, Christopher (2006). 3956: 1460: 1054: 612:charging station or using a home charging system. 11483: 10525: 10523: 10204:(Press release). Paris: Nissan Europe. 2022-02-23 10019: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9634: 9632: 9379:"Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt på drivstoff" 9329:"10% Of Norway's Passenger Vehicles Are Plug Ins" 8843: 8196: 8012: 8010: 7268: 7266: 6773: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6271:"Oxford's Zero Emission Zone - 20/03/2020 update" 3930: 3928: 3926: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3354: 3311: 2711:Top selling highway legal electric cars and light 1944:was the first mass-produced and purpose-designed 879: 13036: 11399:American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy 11192:[Opel brings new electric car in 2017]. 11124: 10925: 10898: 10896: 10869: 10838: 10776: 10774: 10729: 10143: 10086: 9977:Shirouzu, Norihiko; Lienert, Paul (2015-10-28). 9875:International Energy Agency (IEA) (2021-04-29). 9564: 9542: 9239:Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2020). 9193:"Elbilsalget: Ned i fjor – venter ny vekst i år" 8738: 8042: 8040: 7861: 7859: 7766: 7732: 7704: 7448: 7373: 7345: 7311:"Global EV Outlook 2017: 3 million and counting" 7226: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7007: 6842:"BMW Sold 142,617 Plug-In Electric Cars In 2018" 6750: 6748: 6746: 6535: 5922: 5567: 5457: 5455: 5328: 5138:American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy 4841:"Impact of High Oil Prices on African Economies" 4425:. Center for Energy and the Global Environment, 4274:PRTM Management Consultants, Inc. (April 2011). 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3810: 3808: 3806: 2013:was the world's top selling plug-in car in 2018. 1437:incidents related to the lithium-ion batteries. 1301:A different approach to resolve the problems of 253:, but have the auxiliary option of driving as a 10963: 10961: 10815: 10813: 10811: 10252:"Cumulative EV registrations by Make and Model" 10218: 10006:"Japan Makes a Big Bet on the Hydrogen Economy" 9976: 9243:[Car sales in 2019] (in Norwegian). OFV 9092: 8707: 8563: 8561: 8485: 8483: 8117: 8074:"Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2021" 8049:"Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2020" 7820: 7301: 7299: 6484: 6482: 6425: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 5463:"Electric cars and noise: The sound of silence" 5281:"Cities Prepare for Life With the Electric Car" 5279:Todd Woody & Clifford Krauss (2010-02-14). 5035:"Car Prototype Generates Electricity, And Cash" 4787: 4683:Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability 2499:98% of the electricity generated in the country 2428:Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom 1806:phase out of internal combustion engine vehicle 600:mode after the battery has reached its minimum 11467:U.S. Federal & State Incentives & Laws 11101: 11099: 10704: 10702: 10520: 10467: 10326: 10290: 10168: 10060: 10058: 9895: 9807: 9629: 9481: 9427: 9413:(TØI), Norwegian Centre for Transport Research 9283:Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2021-10-01). 9261:Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2021-01-05). 9213:Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2019-01-02). 9122: 8784: 8782: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8397: 8395: 8007: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7263: 6862: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6656: 6599: 6458:"Neighborhood Electric Vehicle Sales To Climb" 5979: 5772: 5770: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5691: 5561: 5495:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 5193: 5129:Siddiq Khan & Martin Kushler (June 2013). 4992: 4746: 4246:"Plug-in Vehicle Tracker: What's Coming, When" 4138:"Electric Vehicles: Turning Buzz into Reality" 3923: 3739:"2021年全球新能源乘用车销量榜: 冠亚军分别是特斯拉、比亚迪、上汽通用五菱-华夏EV网" 3603: 3601: 2550:Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States 1922:Production plug-in electric vehicles available 12541: 12210: 11577: 11563: 11245: 10893: 10771: 10749: 10379: 10109: 9947: 9945: 9694: 8677: 8540:Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2020). 8508: 8421: 8288: 8172: 8144: 8065: 8037: 7985: 7983: 7963:"Electrified vehicle sales surge 53% in 2017" 7956: 7954: 7928: 7926: 7856: 7649:touched the 2 % mark for the first time. 7633: 7279:International Council on Clean Transportation 7206:Clark, Pilita; Campbell, Peter (2016-08-31). 7205: 7125: 7121: 7119: 7087: 7037: 7004: 6916: 6743: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6229:International Council on Clean Transportation 6177: 6007: 5899:International Council on Clean Transportation 5808: 5777:Eric Cahill & Dan Sperling (2014-11-03). 5540: 5452: 5353: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4554:"Top 7 Issues for an Electric Car Conversion" 4225:European Automobile Manufacturers Association 4142:European Automobile Manufacturers Association 4110: 4108: 4076: 4074: 3833: 3803: 3526: 3524: 3320:"World EV Sales Now 19% Of World Auto Sales!" 2653: 1983:in the world roads were low-speed, low-range 658:gasoline power when the battery is depleted. 367:European Automobile Manufacturers Association 11450:State of the Plug-in Electric Vehicle Market 11345:Carnegie MellonVehicle Electrification Group 11153: 10958: 10808: 10461: 10430: 9846:"Nissan LEAF sales surpass 100,000 in Japan" 9838: 9320: 9165:Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken AS (OFV). 9101:"Antall elbiler og ladbare hybrider i Norge" 8732: 8713: 8558: 8533: 8480: 8223:See table: Top 10 NEV sold in China in 2020. 8126:"China faces acid test in vehicle emissions" 7932: 7912:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7435:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7401: 7333:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7296: 7187:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7146: 7095:"BYD NEV sales in 2018 exceed 240,000 units" 6523:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6479: 6202: 6105: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5804: 5802: 5746: 5249:Vehicle Technologies Program. Archived from 5237: 4556:. HybridCars.com. 2009-06-02. Archived from 4503: 4501: 4396: 4394: 3988: 3911:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3639: 3637: 3590:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2515:Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands 1839:Also, some cities are planning to establish 1313:Potential overload of local electrical grids 1077:Evolution of oil prices since 1987 (average 577:as its only source for propulsion. BEVs use 535: 11997:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle 11096: 10723: 10699: 10268: 10244: 10055: 9923: 8987: 8779: 8754: 8645: 8623: 8595: 8593: 8568:Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-01-08). 8490:Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2022-01-05). 8454:Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-03-02). 8428:Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2022-03-04). 8392: 7884: 7627: 7574: 7515: 7479: 7017: 6981: 6975: 6910: 6805: 6419: 6219: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5767: 5735: 5650: 5238:Kevin Morrow; et al. (November 2008). 4861: 4472:Holger Wittich, Patrick Lang (2021-02-22). 4465: 4049:Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-01-08). 3814: 3598: 3489: 3487: 3461: 3459: 3457: 2186:were all-electric cars (4.8 million). 1998:As of December 2019, according to the 890:Greenhouse gas emissions in plug-in hybrids 348: 12548: 12534: 12217: 12203: 11570: 11556: 11239: 11181: 10999:"Buick Velite 5 ( Chinese Car Sales Data)" 10597: 10115: 9942: 9917: 9780: 9750: 9665: 9454: 9276: 9184: 9053:Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders 9023:Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders 8995:Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders 8966:Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders 8960: 8958: 8934:Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders 8905:Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders 8899: 8897: 8868: 8866: 8320: 8294: 8257: 8255: 8227: 8182:. Gasgoo China Automotive News. 2018-01-18 8090: 7980: 7951: 7923: 7791: 7599: 7272: 7116: 6948: 6758:. Gasgoo China Automotive News. 2018-01-18 6682: 6634: 6455: 6086: 6084: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5233: 5231: 5054: 4659: 4238: 4105: 4071: 4042: 4016: 3646:"Tesla Model 3 Has Passed 1 Million Sales" 3521: 2357:shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic 812:from the onboard source of power, such as 717: 604:(SOC) threshold, exhausting the vehicle's 12557:Renewable energy by country and territory 11216: 11210: 11022: 10354: 10194: 9298: 8542:"Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2019" 8264:"Yes, 2021 is the year EVs go mainstream" 6839: 6449: 6379: 6377: 5968: 5958: 5948: 5858: 5849: 5843: 5799: 5749:"A Car Dealers Won't Sell: It's Electric" 5710: 5685: 5668: 5534: 4902:See Chapter 5: Clean Smart Energy Supply. 4619: 4498: 4391: 3634: 3465: 3196:List of electric cars currently available 2641: 2110: 1948:of the modern era from a major automaker. 1219:Availability of recharging infrastructure 886:Environmental aspects of the electric car 793:Environmental aspects of the electric car 323:ever registered, 86.2% of new car sales. 177:and help propelling the wheels. PEV is a 11219:"GM Sells Its 100,000th Volt in October" 10654:"BAIC Beijing EC180 China Sales Figures" 10277:"US: Nissan LEAF Sales Improved In 2021" 10149: 9398: 9254: 9232: 9206: 9158: 9070: 8812: 8590: 6942: 6833: 6718: 6571: 6130: 5911: 5876: 5154: 4988: 4986: 4966:"An Electric Plan for Energy Resilience" 4781: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4601: 4423:"Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)" 4402:"Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Basics" 3530: 3484: 3454: 2961: 2657: 2646:For more details of sales by model, see 2610: 2559: 2532:cars on Dutch roads at the end of 2021. 2518: 2462: 2417: 2377: 2329: 2301: 2226: 2172: 2145: 2114: 2043: 2004: 1935: 1822: 1553: 1526: 1471: 1414:to assess the safety of the battery pack 1405: 1395: 1375:as compared to vehicles propelled by an 1347: 1289: 1276:Charging station § Battery swapping 1222: 1160: 1096:, all leading to lower economic growth. 1072: 1026: 893: 664: 545: 353:A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is any 330: 265:that accompanies current electric cars. 11452:, Electrification Coalition, July 2013. 11446:, Shrink that Footprint, February 2013. 10578: 10334:"Renault, Leader of EV Sales in Europe" 10174: 9786: 9725: 9128: 9045: 9015: 8955: 8926: 8894: 8872: 8863: 8367: 8252: 8233: 7605: 6247: 6136: 6081: 6001: 5509: 5434:"Blind people: Hybrid cars pose hazard" 5431: 5267: 5228: 5160: 4333:. Institute of Transportation Studies, 4298: 4184: 4159: 3607: 2556:Plug-in electric vehicles in California 1487:National Automobile Dealers Association 1431:plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents 1402:Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents 786: 679: 153:that can utilize an external source of 13037: 11162:"Best-selling China-made SUVs in 2015" 10666:See table with annual sales 2016-2021. 10642:See table with annual sales 2015-2021. 10603: 10529: 10438:"2020 Universal Registration Document" 10385: 10360: 10064: 9951: 9516: 8818: 8373: 8261: 8123: 7555: 7208:"Motor Industry: Pressure on the Pump" 6662: 6383: 6374: 6292: 5716: 5403: 5388: 5027: 4964:and Robert Burgelman (December 2008). 4325: 3643: 3493: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3317: 3241: 2638:instead of plug-in electric vehicles. 2088:ranked second with 104,520 units. The 1975:In the late 2000s began a new wave of 1297:'s battery switching station in Israel 739:is the modification of a conventional 451: 187:all-electric/battery electric vehicles 12529: 12224: 12198: 11551: 11187: 11159: 11133:"Best-selling China-made EVs in 2016" 11130: 10003: 9522: 9348: 7659: 7580: 6756:"Top 10 Automakers by 2017 NEV Sales" 6362: 6298: 6250:"London's ULEZ: How does it compare?" 6034:Tan, Christopher (18 February 2020). 5480: 5187: 4983: 4906: 4733: 4484: 4375:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4213: 4130: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 1338:Risks associated with noise reduction 993:Lower operating and maintenance costs 11314:, Tugce Yuksel and Jeremy Michalek, 11274:Clean Vehicle Rebate Project website 11190:"Opel bringt 2017 neues Elektroauto" 11105: 11057: 11028: 10967: 10902: 10849: 10755: 10738:(in Spanish). movilidadeléctrica.com 10630:"BAIC EU-Series China Sales Figures" 10555: 10413: 10296: 10274: 10224: 10092: 10038: 9901: 9818: 9756: 9671: 9607: 9548: 9460: 9377:Norsk Elbilforening (January 2022). 9326: 9304: 9076: 8629: 8514: 8347: 8096: 8016: 7961:Automotive News China (2018-01-16). 7865: 7833: 7772: 7715: 7526: 7485: 7043: 6868: 6816: 6786: 6724: 6695: 6640: 6612: 6554: 6183: 6008:Vallejo Uribe, Felipe (2019-07-13). 5305:"Moving Forward in Raleigh PGR Plan" 5194:Alan L. Madian; et al. (2009). 4968:. McKinsey Quarterly. Archived from 4267: 4114: 4080: 3787:"【易车销量榜】全国2020年比亚迪插电混动零售量销量榜-易车榜-易车" 3763:"【易车销量榜】全国2020年比亚迪插电混动零售量销量榜-易车榜-易车" 3715:"【易车销量榜】全国2022年比亚迪插电混动零售量销量榜-易车榜-易车" 3691:"【易车销量榜】全国2022年比亚迪插电混动零售量销量榜-易车榜-易车" 3667:"【易车销量榜】全国2023年比亚迪插电混动零售量销量榜-易车榜-易车" 3237: 3235: 2340:Plug-in electric vehicles in Germany 1198:due to the additional cost of their 1179: 940:. This fact has been referred to as 11279:Competitive Electric Town Transport 9787:Loveday, Steven (17 January 2020). 9263:"Bilsalget i desember og hele 2020" 9140:. Bergisch Gladbach. Archived from 7991:"中汽协: 2018年新能源汽车产销均超125万辆, 同比增长60%" 7935:"中汽协: 2016年新能源汽车产销量均超50万辆,同比增速约50%" 6156: 6092:"Decreto 575 de 2013 Alcalde Mayor" 6033: 5783:Institute of Transportation Studies 5719:"2011 LEAF First Responder's Guide" 5521:University of California, Riverside 5421:from the original on 23 April 2020. 5307:. Project Get Ready. Archived from 3779: 3755: 3683: 3659: 3620:from the original on April 12, 2020 3337: 2473:Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway 2374:Plug-in electric vehicles in France 2285:Plug-in electric vehicles in Europe 1269: 1174:San Francisco International Airport 1099:Through the gradual replacement of 771:Advantages compared to ICE vehicles 396:vehicles. Even though conventional 13: 9493:"Electric cars take off in Norway" 9027:"December 2014 – EV registrations" 8909:"December 2013 – EV registrations" 7243:United States Department of Energy 7163:. IEA Publications. Archived from 6585:(Press release). Paris. 2019-01-30 6499:. IEA Publications. Archived from 6269:Oxford City Council (2020-03-20). 5965:Available online 24 February 2020. 4326:Kurani; et al. (2007-10-16). 3731: 3707: 3608:Holland, Maximilian (2020-02-10). 3408:"Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)" 3385: 3008:, in 2008 up until December 2021: 2957: 2950:variant (split is not available). 2607:Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan 2488:The Norwegian plug-in car segment 2205:with 143,000. Among these cities, 2019:Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance 1542:established in 2018 for producing 1493:Government incentives and policies 1122: 765:Ford Escape/Mercury Mariner Hybrid 708:electrically-assisted turbocharger 464:Plug-in electric vehicles in China 171:onboard rechargeable battery packs 14: 13066: 12270:Electric motorcycles and scooters 11804:Electric motorcycles and scooters 11418:Electric Power Research Institute 11267: 9349:Miley, Jessica (2 October 2018). 8844:Automobile Propre (August 2016). 8295:Carrington, Damian (2021-01-19). 8180:"Top 10 NEV Models by 2017 Sales" 5809:Dan Mihalascu (4 November 2022). 5389:Berman, Bradley (22 April 2020). 4294:See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v 3295:"【易车销量榜】全国2023年插电混动批发量销量榜-易车榜-易车" 3263: 3232: 2413: 2243:China also dominates the plug-in 2122:car charging in 1919. During the 1523:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles 426:electric motorcycles and scooters 201:, and then with the all-electric 40:All-time top-selling plug-in cars 13018: 13009: 13008: 12573:Democratic Republic of the Congo 12289: 12283: 11283:Institute of Transport Economics 11074: 11051: 10646: 10622: 10572: 10549: 10483:both passenger and LCV variants. 10407: 10312: 10150:Gauthier, Michael (2020-02-19). 9997: 9970: 9423:TØI report 1492/2016. See pp. 1. 9411:Institute of Transport Economics 9342: 9079:"Electric car market statistics" 8234:Schmidt, Matthias (2020-12-03). 7809: 7683: 7660:Coren, Michael J. (2019-01-25). 7549: 7504: 7199: 6405: 6262: 6241: 6220:Wappelhorst, Sandra (May 2020). 5628:"Lithium Ion technical handbook" 5517:"Hybrid Cars Are Harder to Hear" 3433:"PEV Frequently Asked Questions" 3271:"【易车销量榜】全国2021年纯电动批发量销量榜-易车榜-易车" 2543: 1156: 620:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles 494:plug-in hybrid electric vehicles 191:plug-in hybrid electric vehicles 114: 94: 74: 54: 12316:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 11851:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 11390:PEVs Frequently Asked Questions 10730:Esther de Aragón (2020-06-11). 10468:Groupe Renault (January 2021). 10225:Kane, Mark (6 September 2021). 10095:"Global Top 20 - December 2020" 9138:Center of Automotive Management 9107:from the original on 2021-01-27 8739:Yoann Nussbaumer (2013-01-16). 8097:Dune, Michael J. (2016-12-14). 7718:"Global Top 20 - December 2019" 7583:"Global Plug-in Sales for 2016" 7073:. electricdrive.com. 2019-01-10 6557:"Global Top 20 - December 2018" 6053: 6027: 5821: 5787:University of California, Davis 5644: 5620: 5596: 5506:Technical Report DOT HS 811 204 5425: 5382: 5372: 5347: 5322: 5297: 5122: 5093: 4954: 4833: 4808: 4708: 4634: 4595: 4571: 4546: 4525: 4474:"Neue Mercedes C-Klasse (W206)" 4452:"What Is A Plug-in Hybrid Car?" 4444: 4415: 4373:. Sloan Automotive Laboratory, 4359: 4335:University of California, Davis 4319: 3185:Electric vehicle warning sounds 3016:between 2008 and December 2021 2298:Plug-in electric cars in Sweden 1792:mandates, national or regional 1461:Car dealers' reluctance to sell 1383:. However, blind people or the 1344:Electric vehicle warning sounds 1055:Less dependence on imported oil 753:plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 654:until the battery is depleted. 632:plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 422:battery electric multiple units 11733:Battery electric multiple unit 10970:"Chevrolet Volt Sales Figures" 10968:Cain, Timothy (October 2018). 10938:"Chevrolet Volt Sales Numbers" 10581:"Chery eQ China Sales Figures" 10530:Shahan, Zachary (2021-10-05). 10254:. Elbil Statistikk. 2022-01-29 9129:Bratzel, Stefan (2019-01-16). 8474:(Translated from the original) 7634:EVvolumes.com (January 2018). 6663:Sharan, Zachary (2017-02-04). 6363:Burch, Isabella (March 2020). 5850:Jay Ramey (30 December 2019). 5651:Winter, M.; Brodd, J. (2004). 4788:Emily Masamitsu (2009-10-01). 4602:Akhilesh, Kumar (2024-06-12). 4081:Cobb, Jeff (17 January 2017). 3644:Shahan, Zachary (2021-08-26). 3425: 3287: 2508: 2235:in China between 2011 and 2021 1985:neighborhood electric vehicles 1964:. Popular models included the 1517:EU average fleet CO2 emissions 1233:plug-in hybrids recharging at 1084:– adjusted for U.S. inflation) 1004:, on the other hand, are more 880:Lower greenhouse gas emissions 430:neighborhood electric vehicles 326: 280:As of December 2023, the 44:(global sales since inception) 1: 11834:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 10604:Nedela, Andrei (2022-01-28). 10175:Attwood, James (2021-01-27). 9877:"IEA Global EV Data Explorer" 9708:. Argonne National Laboratory 9650:(in Dutch). RVO. January 2019 9285:"Car sales in September 2021" 8970:"December – EV registrations" 8938:"December – EV registrations" 6464:Auto Observer. Archived from 6299:Tobin, Dominic (2019-03-12). 5980:Camila Salazar (2013-07-06). 5692:General Motors (2011-01-19). 5590:10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00488-3 5541:Sarah Simpson (August 2009). 5432:Nuckols, Ben (3 March 2007). 4509:"How to Get a Plug-In Hybrid" 4306:"All-Electric Vehicle Basics" 4002:. Argonne National Laboratory 3531:Shanahan, Jess (2021-01-21). 3226: 3150:sold only in China (rebadged 2404:global computer chip shortage 557:neighborhood electric vehicle 510:reliance on petroleum imports 361:that can be charged from the 240:and significantly decreasing 12123:Who Killed the Electric Car? 11919:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 11462:UK Plug-in Car Grant website 11246:Mike Costello (2015-04-25). 10065:Morris, James (2021-05-29). 8873:Goodall, Olly (2022-01-07). 8328:""罚出来的"爆发式增长欧洲新能源车销量首次超越中国" 8262:Jacobs, Frank (2021-01-07). 8124:Majeed, Abdul (2016-09-29). 7606:Vaughan, Adam (2017-12-25). 7126:Justin Gerdes (2012-05-11). 6917:John Voelcker (2016-01-15). 6248:McGrath, Matt (2019-04-08). 5354:Jim Motavalli (2010-07-08). 5107:. 2007-04-07. Archived from 4621:10.3897/brics-econ.5.e120897 4583:Center for American Progress 4533:"Plug-in Hybrid Conversions" 4386:See definitions in pp. 30–31 4144:. 2010-02-09. Archived from 3494:Watson, Frank (2019-02-11). 3114: 3096: 3078: 3060: 3042: 2919: 2901: 2883: 2865: 2847: 2829: 2811: 2793: 2775: 2757: 2739: 2223:New energy vehicles in China 1874:(2030), London (2020/2025), 1756:high-occupancy vehicle lanes 1739: 1731: 1719: 1708: 1700: 1695: 1687: 1682: 1674: 1669: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1643: 1632: 1609:Timeline of national targets 1603:European Union member states 1039:per mile while operating in 1035:in the U.S. is estimated at 777:Center for American Progress 700:Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206) 488:-propelled vehicles such as 386:electric vehicle conversions 193:(PHEVs). Sales of the first 7: 13055:Electric vehicle conversion 12137:Revenge of the Electric Car 11728:Battery-electric locomotive 11300:Argonne National Laboratory 11298:(includes BEVs and PHEVs), 10556:Jose, Pontes (2021-01-21). 10414:Jose, Pontes (2021-02-04). 10386:Winton, Neil (2021-03-04). 10093:Jose, Pontes (2021-02-02). 10039:Jose, Pontes (2022-01-30). 10004:Deign, Jason (2015-02-10). 9952:Pontes, Jose (2019-01-29). 9881:International Energy Agency 9848:(Press release). Yokohama: 9702:Argonne National Laboratory 9551:"Netherlands December 2020" 9549:Jose, Pontes (2021-01-07). 9077:Lane, Ben (December 2020). 8819:Pontes, José (2022-01-18). 8240:Schmidt Automotive Research 7933:Liu Wanxiang (2017-01-12). 7773:Jose, Pontes (2022-01-30). 7716:Jose, Pontes (2020-01-31). 7693:. EV Statistics. 2020-06-20 7556:Berman, Brad (2016-02-13). 7486:Irle, Roland (2021-01-19). 7409:International Energy Agency 7307:International Energy Agency 7239:Argonne National Laboratory 7154:International Energy Agency 7044:Jose, Pontes (2019-02-03). 6555:Jose, Pontes (2019-01-31). 6490:International Energy Agency 6119:(in Portuguese). 2014-05-28 5950:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111328 5747:Matt Ritchel (2015-11-24). 5161:Randall, Tom (2016-02-25). 5000:Chapter 4: The CashBack Car 4680:and Deborah Gordon (2009). 3996:Argonne National Laboratory 3888:International Energy Agency 3568:International Energy Agency 3318:Pontes, José (2023-08-02). 3221:Renewable energy by country 3175:Electric car use by country 3163: 2987:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid 2615:As of April 2018, the 2291:electric car use by country 2076:plug-in hybrid models, and 2000:International Energy Agency 1932:electric car use by country 1449:have published a guide for 1426:is outside the safe range. 1379:, thereby reducing harmful 1371:at low speeds produce less 1033:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid 998:Internal combustion engines 737:electric vehicle conversion 728:electric vehicle conversion 587:internal combustion engines 502:hydrogen fuel cell vehicles 498:fuel cell electric vehicles 255:conventional hybrid vehicle 10: 13071: 12326:Fuel cell electric vehicle 11316:Carnegie Mellon University 9924:Jose Pontes (2018-02-02). 9803:Model S with 14,100 units. 9461:Joly, David (2015-10-16). 8374:LeSage, Jon (2017-02-06). 7866:King, Danny (2016-12-29). 7046:"2018 Global Sales by OEM" 7018:Jose Pontes (2018-01-18). 6982:Jin Peiling (2017-01-10). 6896:Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 5379:10.1109/JPETS.2018.2854709 5105:Pacific Gas & Electric 4761:. pp. 29, 37 and 43. 4608:BRICS Journal of Economics 4354:See definitions in pp. 1–2 3815:Gasgoo News (2022-01-12). 3242:Akhtar, Riz (2024-01-29). 3129: 3126: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3045:Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 3043: 2976:Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 2968:Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 2934: 2931: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2740: 2654:All-electric cars and vans 2645: 2604: 2553: 2547: 2512: 2470: 2449:Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 2447:As of June 2020, the 2425: 2371: 2337: 2325: 2295: 2288: 2282: 2220: 1925: 1740: 1732: 1720: 1709: 1701: 1696: 1688: 1683: 1675: 1670: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1644: 1633: 1540:Turkish automotive company 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1399: 1377:internal combustion engine 1341: 1279: 1273: 1242: 1192:internal combustion engine 1183: 1126: 1101:internal combustion engine 1058: 1031:The operating cost of the 1016:. Typically, conventional 883: 822:volatile organic compounds 790: 741:internal combustion engine 724:Plug-in hybrid conversions 721: 623: 539: 520:transportation powered by 461: 458:Alternative energy vehicle 455: 446:electric trucks or lorries 402:internal combustion engine 394:internal combustion engine 359:rechargeable battery packs 295:As of December 2021, 226:internal combustion engine 18: 13004: 12973: 12937: 12901: 12824: 12716: 12709: 12616: 12563: 12514: 12454: 12434: 12398: 12372: 12365: 12334: 12298: 12281: 12232: 12146: 12130:What Is the Electric Car? 12114: 12041: 12005: 11977:Hydrogen-powered aircraft 11957: 11881: 11713: 11683: 11626: 11603: 11585: 11579:Alternative fuel vehicles 11495:The Brookings Institution 11430:Georgetown Climate Center 11326:U.S. Department of Energy 11285:(TØI), Oslo, August 2015. 11248:"The Holden Volt is dead" 11106:Kane, Mark (2018-01-26). 11058:Kane, Mark (2022-01-05). 11029:Cobb, Jeff (2016-12-12). 10903:Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-09). 10850:Kane, Mark (2019-01-25). 10756:Kane, Mark (2019-03-13). 10297:Kane, Mark (2022-01-12). 10275:Kane, Mark (2022-01-06). 10116:C.J. Moore (2021-02-14). 9902:Kane, Mark (2016-04-02). 9819:Kane, Mark (2020-01-11). 9757:Kane, Mark (2019-01-24). 9672:Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-09). 9608:Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-01). 9353:. Interesting Engineering 9327:Kane, Mark (2018-10-07). 9305:Kane, Mark (2021-10-02). 8714:Autoactu.com (May 2016). 8630:Kane, Mark (2020-07-03). 8515:Kane, Mark (2021-01-16). 8348:Kane, Mark (2021-02-20). 8017:Kane, Mark (2020-02-04). 7834:Cobb, Jeff (2016-12-27). 7527:Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-18). 7273:Nic Lutsey (2015-09-29). 6949:Natasha Li (2016-03-04). 6869:Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-12). 6817:Kane, Mark (2018-01-26). 6787:Kane, Mark (2019-01-14). 6725:Cobb, Jeff (2016-11-07). 6696:Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-16). 6641:Kane, Mark (2019-01-02). 6613:Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-26). 6456:Danny King (2011-06-20). 6184:Cobb, Jeff (2016-03-08). 5604:"04.8 EV fire reignition" 5247:U.S. Department of Energy 5206:The Brookings Institution 5005:The Brookings Institution 4932:The Brookings Institution 4759:The Brookings Institution 4196:U.S. Department of Energy 4115:Kane, Mark (2022-01-03). 3366:The Brookings Institution 3133: 3013: 2938: 2710: 2458: 2367: 2278: 1954:battery electric vehicles 1735:(100% HEV/PHEV/ZEV sales) 1715: 1678: 1647: 674:converted plug-in hybrids 596:mode, but it switches to 536:Battery electric vehicles 490:battery electric vehicles 484:, typically referring to 448:, and military vehicles. 378:battery electric vehicles 205:in July 2009, but global 12321:Battery electric vehicle 12311:Plug-in electric vehicle 11839:Plug-in electric vehicle 11819:Gyro flywheel locomotive 11797:Battery electric vehicle 11477: 11217:Jeff Cobb (2015-11-04). 6840:Mark Kane (2019-01-11). 5570:Journal of Power Sources 5149:ACEEE Report Number T133 4848:African Development Bank 4171:Internal Revenue Service 3466:Jeff Cobb (2015-09-16). 3381:See definition on pp. 2. 3180:Electric vehicle battery 2778:Wuling Hongguang Mini EV 2688:Wuling Hongguang Mini EV 2600: 2455:more than 31,400 units. 2245:light commercial vehicle 2216: 2141:hybrid electric vehicles 1412:Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric 1410:Frontal crash test of a 1196:hybrid electric vehicles 1186:Electric vehicle battery 1168:electric car (left) and 934:well-to-wheel assessment 747:propulsion, creating an 564:battery electric vehicle 542:Battery electric vehicle 398:hybrid electric vehicles 390:hybrid electric vehicles 372:PEV is a subcategory of 349:Plug-in electric vehicle 246:charging infrastructures 242:greenhouse gas emissions 143:plug-in electric vehicle 134:As of December 2023 102:Wuling Hongguang Mini EV 13050:Plug-in hybrid vehicles 12306:Hybrid electric vehicle 12059:Hybrid electric vehicle 12023:Liquid nitrogen vehicle 12018:Hybrid electric vehicle 11824:Hybrid electric vehicle 11787:Electric platform truck 11423:Plug-in America website 9527:. AVERE. Archived from 7965:. Automotive News China 7581:Staff (February 2017). 6078:From the print edition. 5829:"TOGG Official Website" 4993:Jon Wellinhoff (2009). 4747:Saurin D. Shah (2009). 4688:Oxford University Press 3146:and 4,317 units of the 1829:Ultra Low Emission Zone 1704:(100% HEV or PEV stock) 1235:San Francisco City Hall 1117:resilient energy supply 1010:Electric drive vehicles 916:campus. The garage has 718:Aftermarket conversions 636:hybrid electric vehicle 589:(ICEs) for propulsion. 382:plug-in hybrid vehicles 217:and the plug-in hybrid 127:(>1.05 million) 12184:Zero-emissions vehicle 11700:Compressed-air vehicle 11641:Solar-powered aircraft 10804:See tables in pp. 3-4. 10736:Automotive News Europe 10656:. Car Sales Base. 2022 10632:. Car Sales Base. 2022 10579:Demandt, Bart (2020). 7749:McKinsey & Company 7281:(ICCT). Archived from 6955:Gasgoo Automotive News 6137:Notimex (2015-03-01). 5724:. Nissan North America 3152:second generation Volt 3063:Toyota Prius PHV/Prime 2985:Ranking second is the 2971: 2678:Ranking second is the 2667: 2642:Top selling PEV models 2620: 2565: 2528: 2468: 2423: 2387: 2335: 2307: 2236: 2178: 2151: 2127: 2111:Sales and main markets 2053: 2014: 1949: 1846:As of June 2020, 1836: 1810:zero emission vehicles 1566: 1558:All-electric car on a 1547: 1481: 1465:With the exception of 1415: 1357: 1298: 1286:Better Place (company) 1240: 1176: 1085: 1069:Mitigation of peak oil 1044: 938:electricity generation 925: 676: 640:rechargeable batteries 559: 530:Energy policy of China 522:domestically generated 345: 274:light utility vehicles 12421:EE/FF (CCS Combo 1/2) 12054:Flexible-fuel vehicle 11982:Hydrogen-powered ship 11934:Flexible-fuel vehicle 11809:Electric kick scooter 10558:"China December 2020" 10361:Nissan (2020-12-03). 9954:"Japan December 2018" 9926:"Japan December 2017" 9055:(SMMT) (2021-01-06). 9025:(SMMT) (2015-01-07). 8997:(SMMT) (2022-01-06). 8968:(SMMT) (2019-01-07). 8936:(SMMT) (2018-01-05). 8907:(SMMT) (2014-01-07). 7020:"China December 2017" 6164:"Norwegian EV policy" 4690:, New York. pp. 3501:S&P Global Platts 2999:Chevrolet Volt family 2965: 2661: 2614: 2563: 2522: 2466: 2421: 2381: 2333: 2305: 2230: 2221:Further information: 2183:battery electric cars 2176: 2149: 2118: 2047: 2008: 1939: 1826: 1798:emissions regulations 1557: 1530: 1475: 1419:Lithium-ion batteries 1409: 1396:Risks of battery fire 1351: 1293: 1226: 1164: 1076: 1030: 918:recharging facilities 897: 668: 549: 334: 161:that connects to the 12179:Wind-powered vehicle 11763:Battery electric bus 11188:Staff (2016-02-11). 11160:Staff (2016-02-13). 11131:Staff (2017-01-19). 10827:: Toyota. 2018-02-02 9523:AVERE (2012-06-07). 9489:Agence France-Presse 9081:. UK: Next Green Car 8877:. UK: Next Green Car 8032:commercial vehicles. 6894:(about 43,000), the 6583:Groupe Renault Media 5987:La Nación (San José) 5064:Dictionary of Energy 4478:auto motor und sport 2231:Cumulative sales of 1771:San José, Costa Rica 1760:driving restrictions 1381:noise health effects 1090:developing countries 1014:regenerative braking 975:nuclear power plants 787:Improved air quality 680:Dual plug-in hybrids 648:all-electric vehicle 572:rechargeable battery 566:(BEV) uses chemical 406:regenerative braking 12265:Electric locomotive 12028:Natural gas vehicle 6984:"谁是2016年电动汽车市场的霸主?" 6898:(over 40,000), the 6671:. CleanTechnica.com 6415:. 28 February 2018. 6275:Oxford City Council 6117:Automotive Business 5941:2020EnPol.13911328Z 5698:General Motors News 5582:2003JPS...113...81S 5548:Scientific American 4494:. 10 February 2023. 2695:Renault Kangoo Z.E. 2254:new energy vehicles 2233:new energy vehicles 1993:lead-acid batteries 1987:(NEVs) or electric 1958:PSA Peugeot Citroën 1841:zero-emission zones 1804:standards, and the 1622: 1319:low-voltage network 1200:lithium-ion battery 1094:balance of payments 946:life cycle analysis 810:tailpipe pollutants 528:energy supply (see 512:and better achieve 474:new energy vehicles 452:New energy vehicles 413:federal tax credits 339:electric motorcycle 261:) to alleviate the 251:all-electric ranges 107:(1.22 million) 87:(2.06 million) 67:(2.49 million) 12352:Tesla Supercharger 11695:Compressed-air car 11661:List of prototypes 11373:2013-12-09 at the 11361:2013-12-09 at the 11294:2020-08-12 at the 10825:Toyota City, Japan 10365:. Automotive World 10322:. 13 October 2021. 10008:. Green Tech Media 9468:The New York Times 9241:"Bilsalget i 2019" 9215:"Bilsalget i 2018" 9167:"Bilsalget i 2017" 7803:www.ev-volumes.com 7418:. IEA Publications 7316:. IEA Publications 7112:were sold in 2018. 5872:. 30 October 2022. 5754:The New York Times 5181:See embedded video 5043:. December 9, 2007 5007:. pp. 65–82. 4934:. pp. 11–21. 4878:. pp. 85–95. 3894:. IEA Publications 3140:Volt/Ampera family 2991:Toyota Prius Prime 2972: 2668: 2636:fuel cell vehicles 2621: 2566: 2529: 2469: 2424: 2402:, and the related 2388: 2336: 2308: 2237: 2179: 2152: 2128: 2054: 2015: 1966:General Motors EV1 1950: 1942:General Motors EV1 1837: 1827:Sign for London's 1626:Selected countries 1608: 1588:congestion pricing 1567: 1548: 1482: 1416: 1367:when operating in 1358: 1299: 1282:Tesla Supercharger 1241: 1177: 1086: 1045: 926: 848:problems, such as 842:oxides of nitrogen 808:, emit no harmful 704:Mercedes C254/X254 677: 606:all-electric range 560: 516:by promoting more 506:Chinese Government 478:alternative energy 346: 314:market penetration 221:in December 2010. 125:plug-in hybrid car 13045:Electric vehicles 13032: 13031: 12897: 12896: 12523: 12522: 12510: 12509: 12450: 12449: 12385:Type 2 (Mennekes) 12240:Electric aircraft 12226:Electric vehicles 12192: 12191: 12101:Electric aircraft 11967:Fuel cell vehicle 11814:Fuel cell vehicle 11738:Electric aircraft 11670:Electric aircraft 11595:Fuel cell vehicle 11529:978-0-262-01382-6 11518:(1st. ed.). 11504:978-0-8157-0305-1 11493:(1st. ed.). 11485:David B. Sandalow 10823:(Press release). 9586:. RVO. 2022-01-14 6923:Green Car Reports 6902:(31,898) and the 6442:978-0-86571-571-4 6061:"The great crawl" 6040:The Straits Times 5670:10.1021/cr020730k 5417:. 22 April 2020. 5215:978-0-8157-0305-1 5196:David B. Sandalow 5014:978-0-8157-0305-1 4995:David B. Sandalow 4941:978-0-8157-0305-1 4922:David B. Sandalow 4885:978-0-262-01382-6 4874:(1st. ed.). 4795:Popular Mechanics 4768:978-0-8157-0305-1 4749:David B. Sandalow 4701:978-0-19-537664-7 4692:22–26 and 114–139 4646:Green Car Reports 3743:www.evinchina.com 3375:978-0-8157-0305-1 3364:(1st. ed.). 3356:David B. Sandalow 3190:Hybrid tax credit 3161: 3160: 3157: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2749:~1.3 million 2438:COVID-19 pandemic 2400:COVID-19 pandemic 2350:COVID-19 pandemic 2316:COVID-19 pandemic 2201:with 147,000 and 2023:Mitsubishi Motors 1981:electric vehicles 1748: 1747: 1744: 1736: 1728: 1713: 1705: 1692: 1666: 1637: 1385:visually impaired 1369:all-electric mode 1256:charging stations 1180:Cost of batteries 1061:Energy resilience 1041:all-electric mode 942:the long tailpipe 806:all-electric mode 652:all-electric mode 598:charge-sustaining 583:motor controllers 392:and conventional 374:electric vehicles 234:all-electric mode 203:Mitsubishi i-MiEV 195:series production 183:electric vehicles 167:electrical energy 13062: 13022: 13012: 13011: 12955:French Polynesia 12714: 12713: 12550: 12543: 12536: 12527: 12526: 12370: 12369: 12363: 12362: 12342:Charging station 12293: 12287: 12255:Electric bicycle 12219: 12212: 12205: 12196: 12195: 11992:Hydrogen vehicle 11972:Hydrogen economy 11939:Methanol economy 11792:Electric vehicle 11743:Electric bicycle 11715:Electric battery 11613:Electric bicycle 11572: 11565: 11558: 11549: 11548: 11544: 11542: 11541: 11532:. Archived from 11508: 11337:, November 2015. 11262: 11261: 11259: 11258: 11243: 11237: 11232: 11230: 11229: 11214: 11208: 11204: 11202: 11201: 11185: 11179: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11157: 11151: 11146: 11144: 11143: 11128: 11122: 11118: 11116: 11115: 11103: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11089: 11078: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11067: 11055: 11049: 11044: 11042: 11041: 11026: 11020: 11013: 11011: 11010: 10995: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10974:Good Car Bad Car 10965: 10956: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10934: 10923: 10918: 10916: 10915: 10900: 10891: 10887: 10885: 10884: 10873: 10867: 10862: 10860: 10859: 10847: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10832: 10817: 10806: 10802: 10800: 10799: 10793: 10786: 10778: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10743: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10717: 10706: 10697: 10693: 10691: 10690: 10679: 10668: 10664: 10662: 10661: 10650: 10644: 10640: 10638: 10637: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10614: 10613: 10601: 10595: 10591: 10589: 10588: 10583:. Car Sales Base 10576: 10570: 10568: 10566: 10565: 10553: 10547: 10542: 10540: 10539: 10527: 10518: 10513: 10511: 10510: 10498: 10485: 10480: 10478: 10477: 10465: 10459: 10455: 10449: 10448: 10442: 10434: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10423: 10411: 10405: 10404: 10399: 10398: 10383: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10370: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10346: 10345: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10316: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10306: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10284: 10272: 10266: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10248: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10234: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10210: 10209: 10198: 10192: 10187: 10185: 10184: 10172: 10166: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10147: 10141: 10133: 10131: 10130: 10113: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10078: 10077: 10062: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10048: 10036: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10013: 10001: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9974: 9968: 9964: 9962: 9961: 9949: 9940: 9936: 9934: 9933: 9921: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9911: 9899: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9872: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9842: 9836: 9831: 9829: 9828: 9816: 9805: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9784: 9778: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9729: 9723: 9719: 9714: 9713: 9704:(January 2024). 9698: 9692: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9669: 9663: 9658: 9656: 9655: 9645: 9636: 9627: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9605: 9599: 9594: 9592: 9591: 9581: 9573: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9501:. 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EV-volumes.com 7483: 7477: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7464: 7455: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7417: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7386: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7358: 7349: 7343: 7338: 7332: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7315: 7303: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7270: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7235: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7203: 7197: 7192: 7186: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7169: 7162: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7123: 7114: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7091: 7085: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7067: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7041: 7035: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7015: 7002: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6979: 6973: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6957:. 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September 2009 5492: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5459: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5335:The Wire Science 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5276: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5255: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5219: 5191: 5185: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5158: 5152: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5135: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5031: 5025: 5018: 5003:(1st ed.). 4990: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4958: 4952: 4945: 4930:(1st ed.). 4914:R. James Woolsey 4910: 4904: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4888:. Archived from 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4845: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4785: 4779: 4772: 4757:(1st ed.). 4744: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4678:Sperling, Daniel 4674: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535:. HybridCars.com 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454:. HybridCars.com 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4429:. Archived from 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4398: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4343: 4337:. Archived from 4332: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4252:. Archived from 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4198:. Archived from 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4093:on 29 April 2021 4089:. Archived from 4078: 4069: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4007: 3998:(January 2022). 3992: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3963: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3941: 3932: 3921: 3916: 3910: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3884: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3812: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3625: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3559: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3543: 3528: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3491: 3482: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3470:. HybridCars.com 3463: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3439:. Archived from 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3404: 3383: 3379: 3368:. pp. 2–5. 3352: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3254: 3239: 3134: 3011: 3010: 2939: 2708: 2707: 2595:all-electric car 2120:Detroit Electric 2105:automotive group 2074:BMW iPerformance 2056:Ranking next is 1946:all-electric car 1781:since 2014, and 1765:For example, in 1743:(100% ZEV sales) 1742: 1734: 1722: 1712:(100% ZEV sales) 1711: 1703: 1691:(100% ZEV sales) 1690: 1665:(100% ZEV sales) 1664: 1636:(100% ZEV sales) 1635: 1623: 1607: 1455:first responders 1270:Battery swapping 1245:Charging station 1238:charging station 1214: 1210: 1143:battery electric 1038: 1018:gasoline engines 930:greenhouse gases 689:Mercedes-AMG ONE 594:charge-depleting 343:charging station 312:has the highest 135: 118: 98: 78: 58: 45: 21:electric vehicle 13070: 13069: 13065: 13064: 13063: 13061: 13060: 13059: 13035: 13034: 13033: 13028: 13000: 12969: 12933: 12893: 12820: 12705: 12612: 12559: 12554: 12524: 12519: 12506: 12446: 12430: 12394: 12361: 12357:Vehicle-to-grid 12330: 12294: 12288: 12279: 12228: 12223: 12193: 12188: 12169:Wave power ship 12159:Ram air turbine 12142: 12110: 12049:Bi-fuel vehicle 12037: 12001: 11953: 11877: 11717: 11709: 11686: 11685:Compressed-air 11679: 11622: 11599: 11581: 11576: 11539: 11537: 11530: 11505: 11480: 11375:Wayback Machine 11363:Wayback Machine 11296:Wayback Machine 11270: 11265: 11256: 11254: 11244: 11240: 11227: 11225: 11215: 11211: 11199: 11197: 11186: 11182: 11170: 11168: 11158: 11154: 11141: 11139: 11129: 11125: 11113: 11111: 11110:. InsideEVs.com 11104: 11097: 11087: 11085: 11080: 11079: 11075: 11065: 11063: 11062:. InsideEVs.com 11056: 11052: 11039: 11037: 11027: 11023: 11008: 11006: 10997: 10996: 10987: 10978: 10976: 10966: 10959: 10947: 10945: 10936: 10935: 10926: 10913: 10911: 10901: 10894: 10882: 10880: 10875: 10874: 10870: 10857: 10855: 10854:. InsideEVs.com 10848: 10839: 10830: 10828: 10819: 10818: 10809: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10784: 10780: 10779: 10772: 10763: 10761: 10760:. InsideEVs.com 10754: 10750: 10741: 10739: 10728: 10724: 10715: 10713: 10708: 10707: 10700: 10688: 10686: 10681: 10680: 10671: 10659: 10657: 10652: 10651: 10647: 10635: 10633: 10628: 10627: 10623: 10611: 10609: 10608:. InsideEVs.com 10602: 10598: 10586: 10584: 10577: 10573: 10563: 10561: 10554: 10550: 10537: 10535: 10534:. CleanTechnica 10528: 10521: 10508: 10506: 10499: 10488: 10475: 10473: 10466: 10462: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10435: 10431: 10421: 10419: 10418:. CleanTechnica 10412: 10408: 10396: 10394: 10384: 10380: 10368: 10366: 10359: 10355: 10343: 10341: 10332: 10331: 10327: 10318: 10317: 10313: 10304: 10302: 10301:. InsideEVs.com 10295: 10291: 10282: 10280: 10279:. InsideEVs.com 10273: 10269: 10257: 10255: 10250: 10249: 10245: 10232: 10230: 10223: 10219: 10207: 10205: 10200: 10199: 10195: 10182: 10180: 10173: 10169: 10157: 10155: 10148: 10144: 10128: 10126: 10123:Automotive News 10114: 10110: 10100: 10098: 10091: 10087: 10075: 10073: 10063: 10056: 10046: 10044: 10043:. CleanTechnica 10037: 10020: 10011: 10009: 10002: 9998: 9989: 9987: 9975: 9971: 9959: 9957: 9950: 9943: 9931: 9929: 9922: 9918: 9909: 9907: 9906:. InsideEVs.com 9900: 9896: 9886: 9884: 9873: 9864: 9855: 9853: 9844: 9843: 9839: 9826: 9824: 9823:. InsideEVs.com 9817: 9808: 9794: 9792: 9791:. InsideEVs.com 9785: 9781: 9769: 9767: 9755: 9751: 9742: 9740: 9731: 9730: 9726: 9711: 9709: 9699: 9695: 9682: 9680: 9670: 9666: 9653: 9651: 9643: 9638: 9637: 9630: 9618: 9616: 9606: 9602: 9589: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9574: 9565: 9556: 9554: 9547: 9543: 9534: 9532: 9521: 9517: 9508: 9506: 9505:on May 17, 2011 9498:The Independent 9486: 9482: 9473: 9471: 9459: 9455: 9446: 9444: 9432: 9428: 9416: 9414: 9403: 9399: 9384: 9382: 9375: 9371: 9356: 9354: 9347: 9343: 9334: 9332: 9331:. InsideEVs.com 9325: 9321: 9312: 9310: 9309:. InsideEVs.com 9303: 9299: 9290: 9288: 9281: 9277: 9268: 9266: 9259: 9255: 9246: 9244: 9237: 9233: 9224: 9222: 9211: 9207: 9198: 9196: 9189: 9185: 9176: 9174: 9163: 9159: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9133: 9127: 9123: 9110: 9108: 9097: 9093: 9084: 9082: 9075: 9071: 9062: 9060: 9050: 9046: 9032: 9030: 9020: 9016: 9004: 9002: 8992: 8988: 8975: 8973: 8963: 8956: 8943: 8941: 8931: 8927: 8914: 8912: 8902: 8895: 8880: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8851: 8849: 8842: 8838: 8826: 8824: 8823:. CleanTechnica 8817: 8813: 8800: 8798: 8787: 8780: 8768: 8766: 8759: 8755: 8746: 8744: 8737: 8733: 8721: 8719: 8712: 8708: 8695: 8693: 8682: 8678: 8664: 8662: 8655: 8646: 8637: 8635: 8634:. InsideEVs.com 8628: 8624: 8611: 8609: 8598: 8591: 8579: 8577: 8566: 8559: 8547: 8545: 8538: 8534: 8522: 8520: 8519:. InsideEVs.com 8513: 8509: 8497: 8495: 8488: 8481: 8465: 8463: 8452: 8448: 8435: 8433: 8426: 8422: 8413: 8411: 8400: 8393: 8384: 8382: 8372: 8368: 8355: 8353: 8352:. InsideEVs.com 8346: 8342: 8333: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8321: 8305: 8303: 8293: 8289: 8277: 8275: 8260: 8253: 8244: 8242: 8232: 8228: 8216: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8197: 8185: 8183: 8178: 8177: 8173: 8161: 8159: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8136: 8134: 8122: 8118: 8109: 8107: 8095: 8091: 8079: 8077: 8070: 8066: 8054: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8024: 8022: 8021:. InsideEVs.com 8015: 8008: 7996: 7994: 7989: 7988: 7981: 7968: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7940: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7905: 7904: 7898: 7896: 7889: 7885: 7873: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7844: 7842: 7832: 7821: 7814: 7810: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7780: 7778: 7777:. CleanTechnica 7771: 7767: 7754: 7752: 7740: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7714: 7705: 7696: 7694: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7672: 7670: 7658: 7654: 7641: 7639: 7638:. EVvolumes.com 7632: 7628: 7618: 7616: 7604: 7600: 7591: 7589: 7579: 7575: 7566: 7564: 7554: 7550: 7537: 7535: 7525: 7516: 7509: 7505: 7493: 7491: 7484: 7480: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7449: 7428: 7427: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7406: 7402: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7374: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7346: 7326: 7325: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7304: 7297: 7288: 7286: 7271: 7264: 7255: 7253: 7236: 7227: 7218: 7216: 7213:Financial Times 7204: 7200: 7180: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7151: 7147: 7138: 7136: 7124: 7117: 7104: 7102: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7076: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7061: 7051: 7049: 7042: 7038: 7025: 7023: 7016: 7005: 6993: 6991: 6980: 6976: 6964: 6962: 6947: 6943: 6927: 6925: 6915: 6911: 6879: 6877: 6867: 6863: 6850: 6848: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6822: 6821:. InsideEVs.com 6815: 6806: 6794: 6792: 6791:. InsideEVs.com 6785: 6774: 6761: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6733: 6723: 6719: 6706: 6704: 6694: 6683: 6674: 6672: 6661: 6657: 6648: 6646: 6645:. InsideEVs.com 6639: 6635: 6623: 6621: 6611: 6600: 6588: 6586: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6562: 6560: 6553: 6536: 6516: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6496: 6487: 6480: 6471: 6469: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6427:Sherry Boschert 6424: 6420: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6397: 6395: 6382: 6375: 6367: 6361: 6340: 6331: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6306: 6304: 6303:. buyacar.co.uk 6297: 6293: 6284: 6282: 6267: 6263: 6254: 6252: 6246: 6242: 6233: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6203: 6194: 6192: 6182: 6178: 6169: 6167: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6148: 6146: 6143:Dinero e Imagen 6135: 6131: 6122: 6120: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6097: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6082: 6072: 6070: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6032: 6028: 6019: 6017: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5991: 5978: 5969: 5921: 5912: 5903: 5901: 5894: 5888: 5877: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5854:. autoweek.com. 5848: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5807: 5800: 5791: 5789: 5775: 5768: 5759: 5757: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5717:Nissan (2010). 5715: 5711: 5702: 5700: 5690: 5686: 5663:(10): 4245–69. 5649: 5645: 5637: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5612: 5610: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5566: 5562: 5553: 5551: 5539: 5535: 5526: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5472: 5470: 5461: 5460: 5453: 5444: 5442: 5430: 5426: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5364: 5362: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5337: 5327: 5323: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5289: 5287: 5277: 5268: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5242: 5236: 5229: 5216: 5192: 5188: 5173: 5171: 5159: 5155: 5142: 5140: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5114: 5112: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5059: 5055: 5046: 5044: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5015: 4991: 4984: 4975: 4973: 4959: 4955: 4942: 4911: 4907: 4895: 4893: 4886: 4866: 4862: 4853: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4825: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4798: 4786: 4782: 4769: 4745: 4734: 4725: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4675: 4660: 4651: 4649: 4648:. 12 March 2020 4640: 4639: 4635: 4626: 4624: 4600: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4538: 4536: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4517: 4515: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4436: 4434: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4407: 4405: 4400: 4399: 4392: 4379: 4377: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4330: 4324: 4320: 4311: 4309: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4287: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4250:Plug In America 4244: 4243: 4239: 4230: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4205: 4203: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4151: 4149: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4079: 4072: 4060: 4058: 4047: 4043: 4034: 4032: 4021: 4017: 4005: 4003: 3993: 3989: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3957: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3924: 3904: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3885: 3834: 3821: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3771: 3769: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3745: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3723: 3721: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3699: 3697: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3675: 3673: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3651: 3649: 3648:. CleanTechnica 3642: 3635: 3623: 3621: 3606: 3599: 3583: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3560: 3553: 3541: 3539: 3529: 3522: 3507: 3505: 3492: 3485: 3473: 3471: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3444: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3386: 3376: 3353: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3316: 3312: 3303: 3301: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3277: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3252: 3250: 3240: 3233: 3229: 3206:Plug In America 3166: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3015: 2960: 2958:Plug-in hybrids 2945: 2943: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2712: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2609: 2603: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2525:Volkswagen ID.3 2517: 2511: 2483:plug-in hybrids 2475: 2461: 2430: 2416: 2376: 2370: 2342: 2328: 2300: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2225: 2219: 2113: 1977:mass production 1934: 1924: 1797: 1616: 1610: 1597: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1478:Chevrolet Volts 1463: 1435:thermal runaway 1423:thermal runaway 1404: 1398: 1365:plug-in hybrids 1346: 1340: 1315: 1288: 1278: 1272: 1251: 1221: 1212: 1208: 1188: 1182: 1159: 1151:demand response 1147:plug-in hybrids 1139:vehicle-to-grid 1131: 1129:Vehicle-to-grid 1125: 1123:Vehicle-to-grid 1109:plug-in hybrids 1071: 1065:Energy security 1057: 1036: 1002:Electric motors 995: 906:plug-in hybrids 892: 882: 858:Santiago, Chile 830:carbon monoxide 802:plug-in hybrids 795: 789: 781:Paris Agreement 773: 730: 720: 682: 628: 622: 602:state of charge 579:electric motors 544: 538: 514:energy security 500:(FCEVs, mainly 466: 460: 454: 351: 329: 259:gasoline engine 211:mass production 185:, and includes 139: 138: 137: 136: 133: 130: 129: 128: 119: 110: 109: 108: 99: 90: 89: 88: 79: 70: 69: 68: 59: 50: 49: 48: 43: 32: 17: 16:Type of vehicle 12: 11: 5: 13068: 13058: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13030: 13029: 13027: 13026: 13016: 13005: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12977: 12975: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12941: 12939: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12905: 12903: 12899: 12898: 12895: 12894: 12892: 12891: 12890: 12889: 12882:United Kingdom 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12828: 12826: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12731:Czech Republic 12728: 12722: 12720: 12718:European Union 12711: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12622: 12620: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12569: 12567: 12561: 12560: 12553: 12552: 12545: 12538: 12530: 12521: 12520: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12458: 12456: 12452: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12444: 12438: 12436: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12402: 12400: 12396: 12395: 12393: 12392: 12390:Type 3 (Scame) 12387: 12382: 12376: 12374: 12367: 12360: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12338: 12336: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12302: 12300: 12296: 12295: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12277: 12275:Electric truck 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12236: 12234: 12230: 12229: 12222: 12221: 12214: 12207: 12199: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12150: 12148: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12140: 12133: 12126: 12118: 12116: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12097: 12096: 12091: 12081: 12079:Plug-in hybrid 12076: 12071: 12069:Hybrid vehicle 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12045: 12043: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12009: 12007: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11987:Hydrogen train 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11963: 11961: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11890: 11888: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11853: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11789: 11784: 11782:Electric truck 11779: 11778: 11777: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11724: 11722: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11691: 11689: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11664: 11663: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11632: 11630: 11624: 11623: 11621: 11620: 11615: 11609: 11607: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11597: 11591: 11589: 11583: 11582: 11575: 11574: 11567: 11560: 11552: 11546: 11545: 11528: 11509: 11503: 11487:, ed. (2009). 11479: 11476: 11475: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11453: 11447: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11425: 11420: 11412: 11409:RAC Foundation 11402: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11365: 11353: 11347: 11338: 11328: 11319: 11309: 11303: 11286: 11276: 11269: 11268:External links 11266: 11264: 11263: 11238: 11223:HybridCars.com 11209: 11180: 11166:China Auto Web 11152: 11137:China Auto Web 11123: 11095: 11073: 11050: 11035:HybridCars.com 11021: 11016:Buick Velite 5 11003:Car Sales Base 10985: 10957: 10944:. January 2019 10924: 10909:HybridCars.com 10892: 10868: 10837: 10807: 10770: 10748: 10722: 10698: 10669: 10645: 10621: 10596: 10571: 10548: 10519: 10486: 10460: 10429: 10406: 10378: 10353: 10325: 10311: 10289: 10267: 10243: 10217: 10193: 10167: 10142: 10108: 10085: 10054: 10018: 9996: 9969: 9941: 9916: 9894: 9862: 9837: 9806: 9779: 9749: 9724: 9693: 9678:HybridCars.com 9664: 9628: 9614:HybridCars.com 9600: 9563: 9541: 9515: 9491:(2011-05-15). 9480: 9453: 9426: 9397: 9369: 9341: 9319: 9297: 9275: 9253: 9231: 9205: 9183: 9157: 9121: 9091: 9069: 9044: 9014: 8986: 8954: 8925: 8893: 8862: 8836: 8811: 8778: 8753: 8731: 8706: 8676: 8644: 8622: 8589: 8557: 8532: 8507: 8479: 8446: 8420: 8391: 8380:HybridCars.com 8366: 8340: 8319: 8287: 8251: 8226: 8195: 8171: 8143: 8116: 8089: 8064: 8036: 8006: 7979: 7950: 7922: 7883: 7870:. Autoblog.com 7855: 7840:HybridCars.com 7819: 7808: 7790: 7765: 7731: 7703: 7682: 7652: 7626: 7598: 7587:EV-Volumes.com 7573: 7562:Plugincars.com 7548: 7533:HybridCars.com 7514: 7503: 7478: 7447: 7400: 7372: 7344: 7295: 7262: 7245:(2016-03-28). 7225: 7198: 7145: 7115: 7086: 7059: 7036: 7003: 6974: 6941: 6909: 6875:HybridCars.com 6861: 6832: 6804: 6772: 6742: 6731:HybridCars.com 6717: 6702:HybridCars.com 6681: 6655: 6633: 6619:HybridCars.com 6598: 6570: 6534: 6478: 6448: 6441: 6418: 6404: 6387:(2016-12-02). 6373: 6338: 6313: 6291: 6261: 6240: 6201: 6190:HybridCars.com 6176: 6155: 6129: 6104: 6080: 6052: 6026: 6000: 5967: 5910: 5875: 5857: 5842: 5820: 5798: 5785:(ITS), at the 5766: 5734: 5709: 5684: 5643: 5640:on 2007-10-07. 5619: 5595: 5560: 5533: 5508: 5479: 5451: 5424: 5402: 5381: 5371: 5360:New York Times 5346: 5321: 5296: 5285:New York Times 5266: 5227: 5214: 5208:. p. 96. 5186: 5168:Bloomberg News 5153: 5121: 5092: 5085: 5053: 5026: 5013: 4982: 4953: 4940: 4918:Chelsea Sexton 4905: 4884: 4860: 4832: 4807: 4780: 4767: 4732: 4707: 4700: 4658: 4633: 4614:(2): 131–154. 4594: 4570: 4545: 4524: 4497: 4483: 4464: 4443: 4414: 4390: 4358: 4318: 4297: 4266: 4237: 4212: 4183: 4158: 4129: 4104: 4087:HybridCars.com 4070: 4041: 4015: 3987: 3955: 3922: 3832: 3802: 3778: 3754: 3730: 3706: 3682: 3658: 3633: 3597: 3551: 3520: 3483: 3453: 3424: 3384: 3374: 3358:, ed. (2009). 3336: 3310: 3286: 3262: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3148:Buick Velite 5 3131: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3081:Chevrolet Volt 3077: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3017: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2904:BAIC EC-Series 2900: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2886:BAIC EU-Series 2882: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2703:Tesla Roadster 2655: 2652: 2643: 2640: 2605:Main article: 2602: 2599: 2588:plug-in hybrid 2585:Chevrolet Volt 2548:Main article: 2545: 2542: 2513:Main article: 2510: 2507: 2497:world because 2471:Main article: 2460: 2457: 2426:Main article: 2415: 2414:United Kingdom 2412: 2372:Main article: 2369: 2366: 2361:computer chips 2338:Main article: 2327: 2324: 2283:Main article: 2280: 2277: 2261:BAIC EC-Series 2218: 2215: 2168:motor vehicles 2112: 2109: 2090:BAIC EC-Series 1970:Toyota RAV4 EV 1923: 1920: 1904:Rio de Janeiro 1833:Central London 1795: 1773:, since 2012, 1746: 1745: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1729: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1676:United Kingdom 1673: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1595: 1497:Main article: 1494: 1491: 1462: 1459: 1439:General Motors 1400:Main article: 1397: 1394: 1342:Main article: 1339: 1336: 1314: 1311: 1274:Main article: 1271: 1268: 1220: 1217: 1184:Main article: 1181: 1178: 1158: 1155: 1127:Main article: 1124: 1121: 1056: 1053: 1022:diesel engines 994: 991: 881: 878: 840:, and various 788: 785: 772: 769: 719: 716: 681: 678: 644:electric power 626:Plug-in hybrid 624:Main article: 621: 618: 540:Main article: 537: 534: 486:electric motor 456:Main article: 453: 450: 376:that includes 350: 347: 336:Brammo Empulse 328: 325: 270:passenger cars 219:Chevrolet Volt 175:electric motor 173:, to power an 132: 131: 120: 113: 112: 111: 100: 93: 92: 91: 80: 73: 72: 71: 60: 53: 52: 51: 47: 46: 41: 37: 36: 35: 34: 33: 29:plug-in hybrid 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13067: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13042: 13040: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13015: 13007: 13006: 13003: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12978: 12976: 12974:South America 12972: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12936: 12930: 12929:United States 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12906: 12904: 12902:North America 12900: 12888: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12823: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12712: 12708: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12619: 12615: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12551: 12546: 12544: 12539: 12537: 12532: 12531: 12528: 12518: 12513: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12453: 12443: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12433: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12403: 12401: 12397: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12375: 12371: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12347: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12333: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12297: 12292: 12286: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12250:Electric boat 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12220: 12215: 12213: 12208: 12206: 12201: 12200: 12197: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12174:Windmill ship 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12149: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12134: 12132: 12131: 12127: 12125: 12124: 12120: 12119: 12117: 12115:Documentaries 12113: 12107: 12106:Electric boat 12104: 12102: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12086: 12085: 12084:Solar vehicle 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042:Multiple-fuel 12040: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12004: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11956: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11944:Methanol fuel 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11880: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11856:Solar vehicle 11854: 11852: 11849: 11845: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11771: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11753:Electric boat 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11721: 11716: 11712: 11706: 11705:Tesla turbine 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11682: 11676: 11675:Electric boat 11673: 11671: 11668: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11636:Solar vehicle 11634: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11625: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11606: 11602: 11596: 11593: 11592: 11590: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11573: 11568: 11566: 11561: 11559: 11554: 11553: 11550: 11536:on 2010-06-09 11535: 11531: 11525: 11521: 11520:The MIT Press 11517: 11516: 11510: 11506: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11482: 11481: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11457: 11454: 11451: 11448: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11413: 11410: 11406: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11360: 11357: 11354: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11342: 11339: 11336: 11335:JATO Dynamics 11332: 11329: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11317: 11313: 11310: 11307: 11304: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11290: 11287: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11271: 11253: 11249: 11242: 11235: 11224: 11220: 11213: 11207: 11195: 11191: 11184: 11178: 11167: 11163: 11156: 11150: 11149:20,605 units. 11138: 11134: 11127: 11121: 11109: 11102: 11100: 11083: 11077: 11061: 11054: 11048: 11036: 11032: 11025: 11019: 11017: 11005:. 17 May 2017 11004: 11000: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10975: 10971: 10964: 10962: 10955: 10943: 10939: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10922: 10910: 10906: 10899: 10897: 10890: 10878: 10872: 10866: 10853: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10826: 10822: 10816: 10814: 10812: 10805: 10794:on 2018-10-30 10790: 10783: 10777: 10775: 10759: 10752: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10711: 10705: 10703: 10696: 10684: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10667: 10655: 10649: 10643: 10631: 10625: 10618: 10607: 10600: 10594: 10582: 10575: 10560:. EVSales.com 10559: 10552: 10546: 10533: 10526: 10524: 10517: 10504: 10497: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10484: 10471: 10464: 10458: 10454: 10439: 10433: 10417: 10410: 10403: 10393: 10389: 10382: 10375: 10364: 10357: 10350: 10340:on 2021-01-25 10339: 10335: 10329: 10321: 10315: 10300: 10293: 10278: 10271: 10265: 10253: 10247: 10240: 10228: 10221: 10214: 10203: 10197: 10191: 10178: 10171: 10165: 10153: 10146: 10140: 10138: 10135:According to 10125: 10124: 10119: 10112: 10097:. EVSales.com 10096: 10089: 10082: 10072: 10068: 10061: 10059: 10042: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10007: 10000: 9986: 9985: 9980: 9973: 9967: 9956:. EVSales.com 9955: 9948: 9946: 9939: 9927: 9920: 9905: 9898: 9882: 9878: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9851: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9822: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9804: 9790: 9783: 9777: 9766: 9765: 9760: 9753: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9718: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9691: 9679: 9675: 9668: 9662: 9649: 9641: 9635: 9633: 9626: 9615: 9611: 9604: 9598: 9585: 9578: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9553:. EVSales.com 9552: 9545: 9531:on 2013-10-24 9530: 9526: 9519: 9504: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9490: 9484: 9470: 9469: 9464: 9457: 9443: 9442: 9437: 9430: 9424: 9412: 9408: 9401: 9394: 9380: 9373: 9366: 9365: 9352: 9345: 9330: 9323: 9308: 9301: 9286: 9279: 9264: 9257: 9242: 9235: 9221:on 2019-02-07 9220: 9216: 9209: 9194: 9187: 9173:on 2018-01-10 9172: 9168: 9161: 9147:on 2019-01-21 9143: 9139: 9132: 9125: 9119: 9106: 9102: 9095: 9080: 9073: 9058: 9054: 9048: 9041: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8984: 8971: 8967: 8961: 8959: 8952: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8922: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8898: 8891: 8887: 8876: 8869: 8867: 8860: 8847: 8840: 8833: 8822: 8815: 8809: 8797:on 2019-01-17 8796: 8792: 8785: 8783: 8776: 8764: 8757: 8742: 8735: 8729: 8717: 8710: 8704: 8692:on 2021-10-20 8691: 8687: 8680: 8674: 8660: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8633: 8626: 8620: 8608:on 2021-01-11 8607: 8603: 8596: 8594: 8587: 8576:on 2021-07-19 8575: 8571: 8564: 8562: 8555: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8518: 8511: 8505: 8493: 8486: 8484: 8476: 8475: 8462:on 2021-03-09 8461: 8457: 8450: 8444: 8431: 8424: 8410:on 2020-06-21 8409: 8405: 8398: 8396: 8381: 8377: 8370: 8362: 8351: 8344: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8312: 8302: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8274:on 2021-01-11 8273: 8269: 8265: 8258: 8256: 8241: 8237: 8230: 8224: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8200: 8193: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8157: 8153: 8147: 8133: 8132: 8131:Business Line 8127: 8120: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8093: 8087: 8075: 8068: 8062: 8050: 8043: 8041: 8033: 8020: 8013: 8011: 8004: 7992: 7986: 7984: 7977: 7964: 7957: 7955: 7948: 7936: 7929: 7927: 7920: 7915: 7909: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7869: 7862: 7860: 7853: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7787: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7738: 7736: 7720:. EVSales.com 7719: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7692: 7686: 7679: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7656: 7650: 7637: 7630: 7615: 7614: 7609: 7602: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7546: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7489: 7482: 7476: 7461: 7454: 7452: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7383: 7376: 7370: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7336: 7330: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7300: 7285:on 2016-04-12 7284: 7280: 7276: 7269: 7267: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7170:on 2016-08-24 7166: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7122: 7120: 7113: 7100: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7048:. EVSales.com 7047: 7040: 7034: 7021: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7001: 6990:on 2017-01-16 6989: 6985: 6978: 6972: 6961:on 2016-03-08 6960: 6956: 6952: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6888:Tesla Model S 6876: 6872: 6865: 6859: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6820: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6802: 6790: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6769: 6757: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6715: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6644: 6637: 6631: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6596: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6559:. EVSales.com 6558: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6506:on 2017-06-07 6502: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6468:on 2012-05-27 6467: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6422: 6414: 6408: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6385:Harvey, Fiona 6380: 6378: 6366: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6302: 6295: 6281:on 2020-06-21 6280: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6251: 6244: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6165: 6159: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6093: 6087: 6085: 6068: 6067: 6066:The Economist 6062: 6056: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6016:on 2020-06-19 6015: 6011: 6004: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5929:Energy Policy 5926: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5853: 5846: 5831:. togg.com.tr 5830: 5824: 5816: 5815:insideevs.com 5812: 5805: 5803: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5771: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5720: 5713: 5699: 5695: 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