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the fish are called 0+ group), the juveniles will stay in these shallow intertidal habitats for up to 7 months (depending on latitude and/or temperature), before migrating to deeper waters. Some of these fish will return the next year (when they are I+ group) and even fewer when they are II+ group; however, the majority of juveniles do not return after they have migrated during their first year.
453:
vertical position in the water column to ensure they are transported to suitable habitat. On incoming or flood tides (water level is rising), the larvae move up into the water column and are thus transported towards land. On the outgoing or ebb tides (water level is falling), the larvae move down the water column and are not transported away from the intertidal by the tidal currents.
303:
459:
Recently transformed juveniles settle onto shallow intertidal beaches. The very youngest juveniles will, for a period of up to a week, strand themselves in very shallow pools on the intertidal once the tide has receded. The reasons for this behaviour are not clear. During the first year of life (when
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The
European plaice is characterized, on their dorsal side, by their dark green to dark brown skin, blotched with conspicuous, but irregularly distributed, orange spots. The ventral side is pearly white. The skin is smooth with small scales. They are able to adapt their colour somewhat to match that
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after about 8 to 10 weeks, dependent on temperature, at which time they settle in the intertidal zone of sandy beaches. The larvae exhibit what is sometimes called semiactive tidal transport. As the larvae cannot swim against the prevailing currents, they make use of their ability to alter their
515:
After a period of time in the 1980s and 1990s where landings exceeded management advice for several stocks, the fishing pressure has been reduced and the status of the stocks has improved and all the stocks are considered to be within safe biological limits as defined by
551:
and remoulade sauce as a main dish; this fish and chips variant is commonly available as a children's special in Danish restaurants. Breaded frozen plaice, ready to be baked or fried at home, is readily available in supermarkets. Fresh plaice is also oven-baked.
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Adult fish are generally found in deeper waters whereas young fish are found in shallow waters e.g. estuaries and sandy coasts. Plaice tend to burrow in the sediment during the day and remain stationary for long periods to avoid predators and ambush prey.
437:
development begins around late August to
September with the spawning being from December to May. Each female releases eggs in batches every 3 to 5 days for around a month.
893:
318:
reaching just below the right eye. Both eyes are located at the right side of the body. The bony ridge behind the eyes is another characteristic for this species. The
349:
European plaice is a common flatfish which inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms of the
European shelf, usually at depths between 10 and 200 m. It is found from the
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The outline of adults is oval. The head is rather small and is less than 25% of the total length. The pointed mouth is terminal and fairly small with its
341:
European plaice can live up to 20 years and will reach its maximum size at about 50 to 70 cm but individuals up to 78 cm and 5.7 kg have been observed.
822:
Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau (1998). Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family
Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification.
512:. Total landings peaked in 1985-1990 when approximately 200 thousand tonnes were landed, current landings are generally less than 120 thousand tonnes.
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When the larvae have reached a suitable site for settlement, the metamorphosis to the asymmetric body shape takes place. This can take up to 10 days.
1102:
1154:
1234:
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894:
https://web.archive.org/web/20071008001434/http://www.seafish.org/upload/file/fisheries_management/Plaice%20Factsheet2%20%20final.pdf
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is determined before the onset of spawning. Females mature, i.e. are able to spawn, at ages from 3 to 7 years. However, in the
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539:, plaice is one of the most commonly eaten fishes. Filleted, battered, and pan-fried plaice is popular hot or cold as an
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326:. The dorsal fin reaches the eye. The dorsal and anal fins are distant from the caudal fin. The
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of their surroundings, but the orange spots always remain visible. The skin lacks any prickles.
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European plaice are generally caught as part of a mixed flatfish fishery or in other
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sauce and lemon slices. Battered plaice can also be served hot with
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397:. Young plaice (between 1 and 2 years old) tend to consume mainly
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508:. The majority of landings of European plaice are caught in the
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The eggs hatch after about two weeks and drift passively in the
708:"Pleuronectes platessa, a ghost fish in the Mediterranean Sea?"
398:
107:
892:
Guide to
Responsible Sourcing of Plaice - produced by Seafish
496:. It is also caught in other fishing gears such as bottom set
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The main spawning grounds in the North Sea are located in the
484:
fisheries. The most common gears used in these fisheries are
445:
434:
365:. It is often reported in ichthyological check lists for the
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contains 48 to 59 soft rays and is preceded by a spine. The
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has 65 to 79 soft rays, the pectoral fin 10 to 11, and the
306:
302:
851:(1991). Changes in fecundity of female North Sea plaice (
472:
Reported landings of
European plaice from 1960 to 2020 (
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being the buckland lectures. Publisher Edward Arnold.
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but this is likely to be misidentified specimens of
646:Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland
662:Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe
1226:
705:
785:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T135690A50018800.en
706:Lleonart, Jordi; Farrugio, Henri (2012-02-23).
594:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T135690A50018800.en
659:
756:
568:
425:. Plaice are determinate spawners in which
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532:, in countries where the dish is popular.
59:
40:
783:
733:
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664:. Oxford University Press. p. 756.
528:Plaice is sometimes used as the fish in
476:) by ICES defined stocks Data from ICES.
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408:
301:
903:
835:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
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14:
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653:
642:
937:
936:
1056:2819e7bb-4655-4429-8d1f-840b6c29043a
880:Flatfishes: Biology and Exploitation
855:) between three periods since 1900.
1235:IUCN Red List least concern species
806:Seafish. On Plate. Fish & chips
771:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
750:
660:P.J. Hayward, J. S. Ryland (1996).
580:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
385:It is active at night and feeds on
24:
433:, most females mature at 3 years.
278:), commonly referred to as simply
25:
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686:"Europæisk rekord i Rødspætte!"
857:ICES Journal of Marine Science
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1260:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
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448:drift in the plankton and
322:curves slightly above the
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811:October 11, 2008, at the
282:, is a species of marine
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81:Scientific classification
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57:
48:
39:
34:
907:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
899:Information about plaice
725:10.3989/scimar.03348.02B
632:. February 2018 version.
618:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
345:Distribution and habitat
921:. October 2008 version.
882:. Blackwell Publishing.
831:"Pleuronectes platessa"
380:
1255:Fish described in 1758
778:: e.T135690A50018800.
587:: e.T135690A50018800.
543:topping together with
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414:
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1250:Fish of the North Sea
991:Pleuronectes_platessa
977:Pleuronectes platessa
947:Pleuronectes platessa
929:on Sealife Collection
911:Pleuronectes Platessa
853:Pleuronectes platessa
764:Pleuronectes platessa
643:Picton, B.E. (2007).
622:Plueronectes platessa
573:Pleuronectes platessa
474:Pleuronectes platessa
471:
412:
305:
275:Pleuronectes platessa
248:Pleuronectes borealis
190:Pleuronectes platessa
18:Pleuronectes platessa
1051:Fauna Europaea (new)
569:Freyhof, J. (2014).
535:In North German and
421:and in the eastern
413:Drawing of a plaice
51:Conservation status
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415:
308:
256:Pleuronectes latus
232:(Linnaeus, 1758)
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1194:Open Tree of Life
939:Taxon identifiers
824:Fish. Bull., U.S.
371:European flounder
367:Mediterranean Sea
355:Iberian peninsula
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252:
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237:Platessa vulgaris
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229:Platessa platessa
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138:Pleuronectiformes
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16:(Redirected from
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866:Wimpenny, R.S.
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826:96(4):686-726.
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718:(1): 141–147.
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688:. 30 June 2017
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292:Pleuronectidae
290:of the family
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838:. Retrieved
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549:french fries
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494:Danish seine
490:otter trawls
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450:metamorphose
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353:down to the
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320:lateral line
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288:Pleuronectes
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159:Pleuronectes
158:
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1090:iNaturalist
971:Wikispecies
758:Freyhof, J.
735:10261/54979
600:19 November
486:beam trawls
391:crustaceans
387:polychaetes
357:and around
351:Barents Sea
336:ventral fin
298:Description
1229:Categories
925:Photos of
870:The plaice
840:30 January
692:2022-04-26
556:References
506:hand lines
482:groundfish
332:dorsal fin
862::253-280.
744:1886-8134
545:remoulade
524:As a food
510:North Sea
502:longlines
464:Fisheries
431:North Sea
427:fecundity
405:Lifecycle
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1108:10448892
1064:FishBase
956:Wikidata
918:FishBase
878:(2004).
868:(1953).
809:Archived
791:24 March
760:(2014).
629:FishBase
498:gillnets
442:plankton
395:bivalves
361:and the
328:anal fin
284:flatfish
243:, 1826
224:, 1829
209:Synonyms
197:Linnaeus
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1082:7700106
399:shrimps
359:Iceland
316:maxilla
241:Cloquet
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1212:127143
1199:408337
1186:127143
1134:135690
1121:172902
1043:304944
1030:PLNCPL
962:Q27098
742:
668:
446:larvae
444:. The
280:plaice
222:Cuvier
1207:WoRMS
1103:IRMNG
1095:47523
1017:4KBX3
1004:72438
435:Ovary
338:six.
1181:OBIS
1173:2158
1160:8262
1155:NCBI
1129:IUCN
1116:ITIS
1077:GBIF
1069:1342
1025:EPPO
999:BOLD
842:2006
793:2021
776:2014
740:ISSN
666:ISBN
602:2021
585:2014
518:ICES
504:and
492:and
393:and
381:Diet
268:The
201:1758
1142:NBN
1012:CoL
986:ADW
780:doi
730:hdl
720:doi
589:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
