Fish fin - Knowledge

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occur near the surface of the ocean, where the ambient water pressure is relatively low. Even if they have the power to swim faster, dolphins may have to restrict their speed because collapsing cavitation bubbles on their tail are too painful. Cavitation also slows tuna, but for a different reason. Unlike dolphins, these fish do not feel the bubbles, because they have bony fins without nerve endings. Nevertheless, they cannot swim faster because the cavitation bubbles create a vapor film around their fins that limits their speed. Lesions have been found on tuna that are consistent with cavitation damage.

1809: 3154: 2601: 3525: 2132: 3642:– that all vertebrate paired fins and limbs were transformations of the Archipterygium. Based on this theory, paired appendages such as pectoral and pelvic fins would have differentiated from the branchial arches and migrated posteriorly. However, there has been limited support for this hypothesis in the fossil record both morphologically and phylogenically. In addition, there was little to no evidence of an anterior-posterior migration of pelvic fins. Such shortcomings of the gill-arch theory led to its early demise in favor of the lateral fin-fold theory proposed by 2245: 1295: 2098: 1945: 7771: 1996: 2567: 2166: 2814: 3583: 1611: 3733: 2652: 1520: 3627:,” was posited in 1870 and proposes that the “paired fins are derived from gill structures”. This fell out of popularity in favor of the lateral fin-fold theory, first suggested in 1877, which proposes that paired fins budded from longitudinal, lateral folds along the epidermis just behind the gills. There is weak support for both hypotheses in the fossil record and in embryology. However, recent insights from developmental patterning have prompted reconsideration of both theories in order to better elucidate the origins of paired fins. 1792: 2618: 33: 1310: 4048:

single parameter, such as flexibility or a specific motion control. Researchers can directly measure forces, which is not easy to do in live fish. "Robotic devices also facilitate three-dimensional kinematic studies and correlated hydrodynamic analyses, as the location of the locomotor surface can be known accurately. And, individual components of a natural motion (such as outstroke vs. instroke of a flapping appendage) can be programmed separately, which is certainly difficult to achieve when working with a live animal."

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of the female, with hook-like adaptations that allow the fish to grip onto the female to ensure impregnation. If a female remains stationary and her partner contacts her vent with his gonopodium, she is fertilized. The sperm is preserved in the female's oviduct. This allows females to fertilize themselves at any time without further assistance from males. In some species, the gonopodium may be half the total body length. Occasionally the fin is too long to be used, as in the "lyretail" breeds of

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kind of movement. Coelacanths can create thrust for quick starts by using their caudal fins. Due to the high number of fins they possess, coelacanths have high maneuverability and can orient their bodies in almost any direction in the water. They have been seen doing headstands and swimming belly up. It is thought that their rostral organ helps give the coelacanth electroperception, which aids in their movement around obstacles.

1775: 732: 9174: 558: 3407: 3704:(four-legged animals) evolved from fish and made their first forays onto land about 390 million years ago. They used paired pectoral and pelvic fins for locomotion. The pectoral fins developed into forelegs (arms in the case of humans) and the pelvic fins developed into hind legs. Much of the genetic machinery that builds a walking limb in a tetrapod is already present in the swimming fin of a fish. 827: 3026: 834: 2995:. There has been much speculation about the function of these finlets. Research done in 2000 and 2001 by Nauen and Lauder indicated that "the finlets have a hydrodynamic effect on local flow during steady swimming" and that "the most posterior finlet is oriented to redirect flow into the developing tail vortex, which may increase thrust produced by the tail of swimming mackerel". 1760:. They are segmented and appear as a series of disks stacked one on top of another. They may have been derived from dermal scales. The genetic basis for the formation of the fin rays is thought to be genes coded for the production of certain proteins. It has been suggested that the evolution of the tetrapod limb from lobe-finned fishes is related to the loss of these proteins. 2290:, the pectoral fins have connected to the head and are very flexible. One of the primary characteristics present in most sharks is the heterocercal tail, which aids in locomotion. Most sharks have eight fins. Sharks can only drift away from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow them to move in the tail-first direction. 3086:. For this manoeuvrability is more important than straight line speed, so coral reef fish have developed bodies which optimize their ability to dart and change direction. They outwit predators by dodging into fissures in the reef or playing hide and seek around coral heads. The pectoral and pelvic fins of many reef fish, such as 3717:, and made the following prophetic comparison: "Birds in a way resemble fishes. For birds have their wings in the upper part of their bodies and fishes have two fins in the front part of their bodies. Birds have feet on their underpart and most fishes have a second pair of fins in their under-part and near their front fins." 3311:, they streamline themselves by retracting their dorsal fins into a groove in their body when they swim. The huge dorsal fin, or sail, of the sailfish is kept retracted most of the time. Sailfish raise them if they want to herd a school of small fish, and also after periods of high activity, presumably to cool down. 805:

adipose fin develops late after the larval-fin fold has diminished and the other median fins have developed. They claim the existence of the characiform-type of development suggests the adipose fin is not "just a larval fin fold remainder" and is inconsistent with the view that the adipose fin lacks function.

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The lateral fin-fold theory hypothesized that paired fins developed from lateral folds along the body wall of the fish. Just as segmentation and budding of the median fin fold gave rise to the median fins, a similar mechanism of fin bud segmentation and elongation from a lateral fin fold was proposed

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techniques were able to generate "the first instantaneous three-dimensional views of wake structures as they are produced by freely swimming fishes". They found that "continuous tail beats resulted in the formation of a linked chain of vortex rings" and that "the dorsal and anal fin wakes are rapidly

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The function of the adipose fin is something of a mystery. It is frequently clipped off to mark hatchery-raised fish, though data from 2005 showed that trout with their adipose fin removed have an 8% higher tailbeat frequency. Additional information released in 2011 has suggested that the fin may be

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occurs when negative pressure causes bubbles (cavities) to form in a liquid, which then promptly and violently collapse. It can cause significant damage and wear. Cavitation damage can occur to the tail fins of powerful swimming marine animals, such as dolphins and tuna. Cavitation is more likely to

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during mating. The third, fourth and fifth rays of the male's anal fin are formed into a tube-like structure in which the sperm of the fish is ejected. When ready for mating, the gonopodium becomes erect and points forward towards the female. The male shortly inserts the organ into the sex opening

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A comparative study in 2013 indicates the adipose fin can develop in two different ways. One is the salmoniform-type way, where the adipose fin develops from the larval-fin fold at the same time and in the same direct manner as the other median fins. The other is the characiform-type way, where the

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Robotic fish offer some research advantages, such as the ability to examine an individual part of a fish design in isolation from the rest of the fish. However, this risks oversimplifying the biology so key aspects of the animal design are overlooked. Robotic fish also allow researchers to vary a

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Locomotion of the coelacanths is unique to their kind. To move around, coelacanths most commonly take advantage of up or downwellings of the current and drift. They use their paired fins to stabilize their movement through the water. While on the ocean floor their paired fins are not used for any

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Fins or flippers of varying forms and at varying locations (limbs, body, tail) have also evolved in a number of other tetrapod groups, including diving birds such as penguins (modified from wings), sea turtles (forelimbs modified into flippers), mosasaurs (limbs modified into flippers), and sea

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to have given rise to the paired pectoral and pelvic fins. However, there was little evidence of a lateral fold-to-fin transition in the fossil record. In addition, it was later demonstrated phylogenically that pectoral and pelvic fins arise from distinct evolutionary and mechanistic origins.

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Fish use multiple fins, so it is possible that a given fin can have a hydrodynamic interaction with another fin. In particular, the fins immediately upstream of the caudal (tail) fin may be proximate fins that can directly affect the flow dynamics at the caudal fin. In 2011, researchers using

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vital for the detection of, and response to, stimuli such as touch, sound and changes in pressure. Canadian researchers identified a neural network in the fin, indicating that it likely has a sensory function, but are still not sure exactly what the consequences of removing it are.

3773:"to trace the evolution of pelvic fin muscles to find out how the load-bearing hind limbs of the tetrapods evolved." Further research at the University of Chicago found bottom-walking lungfishes had already evolved characteristics of the walking gaits of terrestrial tetrapods. 3295:

Other uses of fins include walking and perching on the sea floor, gliding over water, cooling of body temperature, stunning of prey, display (scaring of predators, courtship), defence (venomous fin spines, locking between corals), luring of prey, and attachment structures.

2334:) of China. Fanjingshania possess compound pectoral plates composed of dermal scales fused to a bony plate and fin spines formed entirely of bone. Fin spines associated with the dorsal fins are rare among extant cartilaginous fishes, but are present, for instance, in 3110:, have evolved bodies which are deep and laterally compressed like a pancake, and will fit into fissures in rocks. Their pelvic and pectoral fins have evolved differently, so they act together with the flattened body to optimise manoeuvrability. Some fishes, such as 1724:. Spines are generally stiff and sharp. Rays are generally soft, flexible, segmented, and may be branched. This segmentation of rays is the main difference that separates them from spines; spines may be flexible in certain species, but they will never be segmented. 3638:'s concept of the “Archipterygium” was introduced in 1876. It was described as a gill ray, or “joined cartilaginous stem,” that extended from the gill arch. Additional rays arose from along the arch and from the central gill ray. Gegenbaur suggested a model of 2285:

in hair and feathers. Originally the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any dermal elements, did not connect. In later forms, each pair of fins became ventrally connected in the middle when scapulocoracoid and puboischiadic bars evolved. In

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of a ship, this is a lateral ridge on the caudal peduncle, usually composed of scutes (see below), that provides stability and support to the caudal fin. There may be a single paired keel, one on each side, or two pairs above and below.

1305:, have fins that are borne on a fleshy, lobe-like, scaly stalk extending from the body. Due to the high number of fins it possesses, the coelacanth has high maneuverability and can orient its body in almost any direction in the water. 4002:. The fish were designed to be autonomous, swimming around and avoiding obstacles like real fish. Their creator claimed that he was trying to combine "the speed of tuna, acceleration of a pike, and the navigating skills of an eel." 3691:

demonstrated that there are shared molecular patterning mechanisms in the early development of the chondricthyan gill arch and paired fins. Findings such as these have prompted reconsideration of the once-debunked gill-arch theory.

3680:, the most basal living vertebrate with paired fins. In 2006, researchers found that the same genetic programming involved in the segmentation and development of median fins was found in the development of paired appendages in 5249: 3846:

and tail fin for improved aquatic locomotion. These structures are all the more remarkable because they evolved from nothing — the ancestral terrestrial reptile had no hump on its back or blade on its tail to serve as a

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There are two prevailing hypotheses that have been historically debated as models for the evolution of paired fins in fish: the gill arch theory and the lateral fin-fold theory. The former, commonly referred to as the

3082:. Open water fishes are usually built for speed, streamlined like torpedoes to minimise friction as they move through the water. Reef fish operate in the relatively confined spaces and complex underwater landscapes of 5280: 1348:, paired fins, which are joined to the body by a series of bones. The fins of lobe-finned fish differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobe-like, scaly stalk extending from the body. 3792:

further evolved along independent paths into flying wings. Even with flying wings there are many similarities with walking legs, and core aspects of the genetic blueprint of the pectoral fin have been retained.

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where the fin usually appears superficially symmetric but in fact the vertebrae extend for a very short distance into the upper lobe of the fin. Homocercal caudal fins can, however, also appear asymmetric (e.g.

1241:. It is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today, making up more than 50% of species. In the distant past, lobe-finned fish were abundant; however, there are currently only 8 species. 4868:

Zhang, J.; Wagh, P.; Guay, D.; Sanchez-Pulido, L.; Padhi, B. K.; Korzh, V.; Andrade-Navarro, M. A.; Akimenko, M. A. (2010). "Loss of fish actinotrichia proteins and the fin-to-limb transition".

310:. The pectoral and pelvic fins are paired, whereas the dorsal, anal and caudal fins are unpaired and situated along the midline of the body. For every type of fin, there are a number of fish 3684:. Although these findings do not directly support the lateral fin-fold hypothesis, the original concept of a shared median-paired fin evolutionary developmental mechanism remains relevant. 2991:

fishes (tuna, mackerel and bonito) are particularly high-performance swimmers. Along the margin at the rear of their bodies is a line of small rayless, non-retractable fins, known as

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called Actinopterygii. Their fins contain spines or rays. A fin may contain only spiny rays, only soft rays, or a combination of both. If both are present, the spiny rays are always

2425:, which allows for slow cruising and sudden bursts of speed. The tiger shark must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting to support its varied diet, whereas the 7337: 3824:. Fish tails are usually vertical and move from side to side. Cetacean flukes are horizontal and move up and down, because cetacean spines bend the same way as in other mammals. 3457:. "The researchers found that males clearly preferred females with a larger pelvic fin and that pelvic fins grew in a more disproportionate way than other fins on female fish." 5998: 5329: 7116: 6186:

Goodrich, Edwin S. 1906. "Memoirs: Notes on the Development, Structure, and Origin of the Median and Paired Fins of Fish." Journal of Cell Science s2-50 (198): 333–76.

3287:. The clasper is then inserted into the cloaca, where it opens like an umbrella to anchor its position. The siphon then begins to contract expelling water and sperm. 577:

are located on the back. A fish can have up to three dorsal fins. The dorsal fins serve to protect the fish against rolling, and assist it in sudden turns and stops.

338:("spiny sharks"), one or more pairs of "intermediate" or "prepelvic" spines are present between the pectoral and pelvic fins, but these are not associated with fins. 3687:

A similar renovation of an old theory may be found in the developmental programming of chondricthyan gill arches and paired appendages. In 2009, researchers at the

2236:, like this shark, have fins that are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny 3279:. They are the posterior part of the pelvic fins that have also been modified to function as intromittent organs, and are used to channel semen into the female's 746:

is a soft, fleshy fin found on the back behind the dorsal fin and just forward of the caudal fin. It is absent in many fish families, but found in nine of the 31

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Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022).

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refers to a condition that is intermediate between heterocercal and homocercal (see below), where the vertebrae do not extend to the tip the upper lobe (e.g. in

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Bender, Anke; Moritz, Timo (1 September 2013). "Developmental residue and developmental novelty – different modes of adipose-fin formation during ontogeny".

6602: 3820:, while the hindlimbs were either lost (cetaceans) or also modified into flipper (pinnipeds). In cetaceans, the tail gained two fins at the end, called a 4273: 2080: 4736:

Fricke, Hans; Reinicke, Olaf; Hofer, Heribert; Nachtigall, Werner (1987). "Locomotion of the Coelacanth Latimeria Chalumnae in Its Natural Environment".

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Martill D.M. (1993). "Soupy Substrates: A Medium for the Exceptional Preservation of Ichthyosaurs of the Posidonia Shale (Lower Jurassic) of Germany".

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Gene Helfman, Bruce Collette, Douglas Facey, & Brian Bowen. (2009) The Diversity of Fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons.

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Shark fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny

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Freitas, Renata; Zhang, GuangJun; Cohn, Martin J. (2006). "Evidence That Mechanisms of Fin Development Evolved in the Midline of Early Vertebrates".

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Elements of Comparative Anatomy. By Carl Gegenbaur ... Tr. by F. Jeffrey Bell ... The Translation Rev. and a Preface Written by E. Ray Lankester ...

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are ancient reptiles that resembled dolphins. They first appeared about 245 million years ago and disappeared about 90 million years ago.

2437:, has a large lower lobe to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey. Other tail adaptations help sharks catch prey more directly, such as the 2311:) possessed pectoral dermal plates as well as dermal spines associated with the paired fins. The oldest species demonstrating these features is the 1449:). Lungfish evolved during the Devonian Period. Genetic studies and paleontological data confirm that lungfish are the closest living relatives of 2634: 7672: 2786: 1260:, so it can sink or float without having to use the fins to swim up and down. However, swim bladders are absent in many fish, most notably in 7478: 4044:

by surgically transplanting muscles from frog legs to the robot and then making the robot swim by pulsing the muscle fibers with electricity.

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has large pectoral fins which it normally holds against its body, and expands when threatened to scare predators. Despite its name, it is a

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during copulation. The act of mating in sharks usually includes raising one of the claspers to allow water into a siphon through a specific

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when moved, the lift of the fin sets water or air in motion and pushes the fin in the opposite direction. Aquatic animals get significant

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fibers that work "like riggings that stabilize a ship's mast", and stiffen dynamically as the shark swims faster to control roll and yaw.

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families. They are anal fins that have been modified to function as movable intromittent organs and are used to impregnate females with

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and pterygiophores (radials). Depending on the relationship with the axial skeleton, four types of caudal fins (A-D) are distinguished:

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period (between 251.9 and 201.4 million years ago). Several groups of these mammals started returning to the sea, including the

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Coelacanths are thought to have evolved roughly into their current form about 408 million years ago, during the early Devonian.

6804: 3816:. What had become walking limbs in cetaceans and seals evolved independently into new forms of swimming fins. The forelimbs became 2769: 2165: 1876: 6994: 5991: 3986:

studies of underwater robots which attempt to emulate the locomotion of aquatic animals. An example is the Robot Tuna built by the

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Function of the heterocercal tail in sharks: quantitative wake dynamics during steady horizontal swimming and vertical maneuvering

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On the other hand, rays rely on their enlarged pectoral fins for propulsion. Similarly enlarged pectoral fins can be found in the

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of sharks have impacted consumption and availability of shark fin soup worldwide. Shark finning is prohibited in many countries.

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Fin arrangement and body shape is relatively conservative in lobe-finned fishes. However, there are a few examples from the

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Goodrich, Edwin S. 1906. "Memoirs: Notes on the Development, Structure, and Origin of the Median and Paired Fins of Fish."

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Lingham-Soliar, T. (2005). "Dorsal fin in the white shark,Carcharodon carcharias: A dynamic stabilizer for fast swimming".

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Frey, Linda; Coates, Michael; Ginter, Michał; Hairapetian, Vachik; Rücklin, Martin; Jerjen, Iwan; Klug, Christian (2019).

2114: 8443: 7665: 5914: 1842: 5373: 1961: 7641: 7581: 5950: 4404: 3812:. About 23 million years ago another group of bearlike land mammals started returning to the sea. These were the 3667: 1927: 2694: 8473: 7535: 7516: 7274: 7103: 6617: 6583: 6557: 6174: 5978: 5848: 5715: 5689: 5647: 5356: 4943: 3324: 5817:"Notes on the Habits, Morphology of the Reproductive Organs, and Embryology of the Viviparous Fish Gambusia affinis" 4781:"Support for lungfish as the closest relative of tetrapods by using slowly evolving ray-finned fish as the outgroup" 2046: 5250:"In China, victory for wildlife conservation as citizens persuaded to give up shark fin soup - The Washington Post" 939:, means that the vertebrae extend into the lower lobe of the tail, making it longer than the upper lobe (as in the 5397:"Locomotion in scombrid fishes: visualization of flow around the caudal peduncle and finlets of the Chub mackerel 2383:

shapes vary considerably between shark species, due to their evolution in separate environments. Sharks possess a

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Biscotti, M.A.; Gerdol, M.; Canapa, A.; Forconi, M.; Olmo, E.; Pallavicini, A.; Barruca, M.; Schartl, M. (2016).

2720: 2012: 615:". In rock-hard, spinous fins the distal pterygiophores are often fused to the middle ones, or not present at all 6042: 1893: 1375:. Sarcopterygians also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin of most 7658: 7249: 4281: 4072: 3032: 2182: 1536: 6746:"Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes" 5968: 3842:"This sea-going reptile with terrestrial ancestors converged so strongly on fishes that it actually evolved a 3672:

Recent studies in the ontogeny and evolution of paired appendages have compared finless vertebrates – such as

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As with most fish, the tails of sharks provide thrust, making speed and acceleration dependent on tail shape.

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means the vertebrae extend into the upper lobe of the tail, often making it longer than the lower lobe (as in

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The pelvic fin assists the fish in going up or down through the water, turning sharply, and stopping quickly.

331:, additional unpaired fins were acquired during evolution (e.g. additional dorsal fins, adipose fin). In some 203: 6573: 5659: 5098:

n. gen and sp., (Thrinacodontidae, new family) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Serpukhovian of Montana, USA".

4833:"A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton of the Devonian actinopterygian 4617:"The Lungfish Transcriptome: A Glimpse into Molecular Evolution Events at the Transition from Water to Land" 2583: 2029: 1978: 195: 183:

Fins at different locations of the fish body serve different purposes, and are divided into two groups: the

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Piveteau, 1945 (Actinopterygii, Early Triassic), with implications for the early saurichthyid morphotype".

2846: 2001: 1399: 1156:, they are rayless, non-retractable, and found between the last dorsal and/or anal fin and the caudal fin. 663: 7289: 5883:

Maxwell; et al. (2018). "Re-evaluation of the ontogeny and reproductive biology of the Triassic fish

2063: 1825: 1553: 8112: 7792: 7770: 3035:, three translational (heaving, swaying and surging) and three rotational (pitching, yawing and rolling). 2821: 2796: 480: 'belly') are typically located ventrally below and behind the pectoral fins, although in many fish 4346:"The origins of adipose fins: an analysis of homoplasy and the serial homology of vertebrate appendages" 2746: 1610: 8864: 8591: 8561: 8448: 8057: 7884: 7720: 7630: 7506: 6912:"More DNA support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade: the blood-clotting protein gene gamma-fibrinogen" 6547: 4062: 3991: 3000: 2659: 1867: 869: 7304: 3804:(whales, dolphins and porpoises). Recent DNA analysis suggests that cetaceans evolved from within the 1774: 1064:

means the vertebrae extend to the tip of the tail and the tail is symmetrical and expanded (as in the

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means the vertebrae extend to the tip of the tail and the tail is symmetrical but not expanded (as in

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of aquatic animals can be remarkably effective. It has been calculated that some fish can achieve a

2148: 9147: 8906: 5544: 4297:"Neural network detected in a presumed vestigial trait: ultrastructure of the salmonid adipose fin" 3995: 3647: 3572:

have modified first dorsal fins, which take the form of an oval, sucker-like organ with which they

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have elongated pectoral and pelvic fins, and an elongated caudal fin, which allow them to move and

1910: 1799: 1731:, they are used as a form of defense; many catfish have the ability to lock their spines outwards. 17: 7192: 5816: 5346: 3700:

Fish are the ancestors of all mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians. In particular, terrestrial

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Once motion has been established, the motion itself can be controlled with the use of other fins.

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entrained by the caudal fin wake, approximately within the timeframe of a subsequent tail beat".

2853:. After the fins are cut off, the mutilated sharks are thrown back in the water and left to die. 2711: 2171: 2137: 1665: 717: 638: 42: 6867: 9087: 8911: 8896: 8719: 8438: 8327: 8023: 7967: 7962: 7947: 7014: 5772: 5592:

Fish, FE; Lauder, GV (2006). "Passive and active flow control by swimming fishes and mammals".

5303: 3785: 3757: 3723: 3651: 3190: 3098:, have evolved so they can act as brakes and allow complex manoeuvres. Many reef fish, such as 2957: 2891: 2574: 2322: 2188: 2054: 1357: 1124: 294:

by squeezing into coral crevices and using spines in their fins to anchor themselves in place.

122: 5635: 5499:"Locomotion in scombrid fishes: morphology and kinematics of the finlets of the Chub mackerel 4687:

Johanson, Zerina; Long, John A.; Talent, John A.; Janvier, Philippe; Warren, James W. (2006).

9200: 9117: 9102: 8611: 8428: 8038: 6881:"Scientists find missing link between the dolphin, whale and its closest relative, the hippo" 6282: 4092: 3714: 3688: 3624: 3530: 3369: 3300: 3153: 2557: 1544: 1407: 1268:, which may have a shared evolutionary origin with those of their terrestrial relatives, the 275: 199: 153: 6632:"[www.sicb.org/dl/saawok/449.pdf "Understanding nature—form and function"] Page 485" 3831:

Similar adaptations for fully aquatic lifestyle are found both in dolphins and ichthyosaurs.

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meaning tail), located at the end of the caudal peduncle. It is used for propulsion in most

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A peculiar function of pectoral fins, highly developed in some fish, is the creation of the

9112: 8408: 7977: 7904: 7889: 7596: 7439: 7425:"Swimming hydrodynamics: ten questions and the technical approaches needed to resolve them" 6819: 6757: 6471: 6460:"Shared Developmental Mechanisms Pattern the Vertebrate Gill Arch and Paired Fin Skeletons" 6416: 6262: 6118: 5613: 5601: 5295: 5107: 5017: 4877: 4745: 4628: 4491: 3856: 3789: 3777: 3710: 3524: 3163:

has claspers, a modification to the pelvic fins which also function as intromittent organs.

2849:, approximately 100 million sharks are killed each year for their fins, in an act known as 2233: 1969: 1935: 1461: 809: 6930: 6911: 4593: 2384: 2244: 1294: 505:

Pelvic fins can take many positions along the ventral surface of the fish. The ancestral

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Certain rays of the pectoral fins may be adapted into finger-like projections, such as in

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efficiency greater than 90%. Fish can accelerate and maneuver much more effectively than

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Fins can have an adaptive significance as sexual ornaments. During courtship, the female

3226: 2865: 2508: 2086: 1850: 1782: 1656: 908:). However, the external shape of heterocercal tail fins can also appear symmetric (e.g. 392: 374: 239: 215: 7600: 7547:"Experimental Hydrodynamics and Evolution: Function of Median Fins in Ray-finned Fishes" 7443: 7407: 6823: 6761: 6475: 6420: 6266: 6122: 5605: 5299: 5111: 5021: 4930: 4881: 4749: 4632: 4495: 1148:, there are only finlets on the dorsal surface and no dorsal fin). In some fish such as 382: 8483: 7987: 7952: 7705: 7612: 7455: 7056: 6843: 6780: 6745: 6706: 6679: 6494: 6459: 6440: 6389: 6225: 6200: 6141: 6106: 5752: 5617: 5569: 5479: 5463: 5321: 5184: 5171: 5142: 5123: 5049: 4901: 4805: 4780: 4761: 4713: 4688: 4651: 4616: 4507: 4447: 4443: 4370: 4345: 4321: 4296: 3967: 3805: 3639: 3276: 3233:

Similar organs with similar characteristics are found in other fishes, for example the

3186: 3178: 2255: 1952: 1527: 1195: 990: 485: 363: 219: 157: 80: 7385: 7358: 6587: 5072: 2412: 102:

Fish fins are distinctive anatomical features with varying structures among different

8829: 8734: 8639: 8551: 8546: 8493: 8300: 8107: 8097: 8003: 7982: 7942: 7822: 7740: 7568: 7531: 7512: 7484: 7390: 7099: 6976: 6935: 6835: 6785: 6711: 6613: 6579: 6553: 6499: 6432: 6381: 6230: 6170: 6146: 6023: 5974: 5946: 5867: 5844: 5789: 5744: 5711: 5685: 5643: 5574: 5525: 5471: 5420: 5396: 5352: 5188: 5176: 5147:: phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphology and a new time-scale for shark evolution" 5053: 5041: 5033: 5005: 4986: 4976: 4905: 4893: 4810: 4718: 4656: 4545: 4535: 4400: 4375: 4326: 4190: 4143: 3971: 3852: 3817: 3766: 3612: 3582: 3481: 3440:, not a flying fish, and uses its pelvic fins to walk along the bottom of the ocean. 2779: 2737: 2642: 2625: 2608: 2451: 2404: 2357: 2308: 1104: 970: 563: 194:. Unpaired fins are predominantly associated with generating linear acceleration via 173: 7616: 7226: 7151: 7060: 6393: 5483: 5325: 5227: 5127: 4511: 4451: 4430:

Brough, James (1936). "On the evolution of bony fishes during the Triassic Period".

3732: 8571: 8516: 8478: 8433: 8391: 8315: 8102: 8013: 7787: 7604: 7558: 7447: 7380: 7370: 7046: 6966: 6925: 6847: 6827: 6775: 6765: 6701: 6691: 6643: 6489: 6479: 6444: 6424: 6371: 6340: 6270: 6220: 6212: 6136: 6126: 5896: 5736: 5642:, Volume 7: Locomotion, WS Hoar and DJ Randall (Eds) Academic Press. Page 240–308. 5621: 5609: 5564: 5556: 5517: 5455: 5412: 5313: 5166: 5158: 5115: 5025: 4885: 4848: 4800: 4792: 4765: 4753: 4708: 4700: 4646: 4636: 4499: 4439: 4365: 4357: 4316: 4308: 4254: 4221: 4182: 4133: 3377: 2591: 2513: 2396: 2388: 1882: 1510: 1372: 1337: 1309: 1298: 1273: 1253: 1234: 1223: 905: 481: 133: 92: 7459: 6888: 5756: 4503: 8788: 8768: 8596: 8583: 8566: 8521: 8403: 8342: 8266: 8261: 8197: 8184: 8154: 7957: 7861: 7844: 7715: 7341: 7091: 6696: 6002: 5666: 5439: 4067: 3252: 3230:. Hormone treated females may develop gonopodia. These are useless for breeding. 3182: 2886: 2804: 2522: 2350: 2249: 2103: 1816: 1735:

also use spines to lock themselves in crevices to prevent them being pulled out.

1713: 1483: 1376: 1230: 1177: 783: 362:

are located on each side, usually kept folded just behind the operculum, and are

314:

in which this particular fin has been lost during evolution (e.g. pelvic fins in

235: 118: 107: 7031: 6995:"Some functional and structural characteristics of cetacean flippers and flukes" 6360:"Insights from Sharks: Evolutionary and Developmental Models of Fin Development" 4029:, respectively emulating the locomotion of manta rays, jellyfish and barracuda. 3170:"Gonopodium" redirects here. For the reproductive appendages of arthropods, see 2927: 845: 652: 458: 222:. Fins can also be used for other locomotions other than swimming, for example, 32: 9064: 9037: 8929: 8921: 8854: 8824: 8763: 8745: 8699: 8689: 8293: 8246: 8018: 7909: 7832: 7779: 7750: 7710: 7685: 5119: 5029: 4082: 4057: 4037: 3998:

displayed three robotic fish created by the computer science department at the

3677: 3635: 3393: 3239: 2869: 2861: 2704: 2685: 2438: 2422: 2301: 2224: 1899: 1692: 1675: 1601: 1398:

is one type of living lobe-finned fish. Both extant members of this group, the

1345: 1207: 1187: 1084: 901: 877: 755: 751: 473: 411: 267: 263: 227: 211: 161: 111: 7451: 7051: 6971: 6954: 6575:

Your inner fish: A journey into the 3.5 billion year history of the human body

6216: 5861: 4990: 3952: 3936: 3920: 3904: 2346:. Dorsal fin spines are typically developed in many fossil groups, such as in 9194: 9166: 9069: 8983: 8803: 8778: 8773: 8729: 8724: 8679: 8674: 8654: 8526: 8305: 8224: 7839: 7755: 7745: 6131: 6062: 5037: 4194: 4013:

of Germany, copies the streamlined shape and propulsion by front flippers of

3737: 3437: 3160: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 2911: 2850: 2730: 2495: 2372: 2069: 1620: 1457: 1289: 1245: 1191: 1031: 997:) have a homocercal tail. These come in a variety of shapes, and can appear: 775: 767: 713: 695: 634: 525:

position, when the pelvics are anterior to the pectoral fins, as seen in the

518: 439:; this is actually a modification of the anterior portion of the pectoral fin 324: 177: 137: 7608: 7563: 7546: 7250:"Merlin Entertainments tops up list of London attractions with aquarium buy" 6770: 6484: 6274: 5521: 5416: 4549: 3595:

spines (fin rays) on their dorsal, pelvic and anal fins, which they use for

9059: 8883: 8798: 8758: 8659: 8601: 8541: 8468: 8463: 8453: 8369: 8359: 8288: 8271: 8178: 8139: 8132: 7921: 7572: 7394: 6980: 6789: 6715: 6648: 6631: 6503: 6436: 6385: 6234: 6150: 5748: 5578: 5560: 5529: 5475: 5424: 5201: 5180: 5162: 5045: 4897: 4853: 4832: 4814: 4722: 4704: 4660: 4379: 4361: 4330: 4312: 4186: 4147: 3809: 3494: 3417: 3386: 3284: 3142: 3079: 2753: 2678: 2503: 2364: 2336: 1757: 1743: 1639: 1466: 1439: 1349: 1326: 1249: 1199: 922: 779: 771: 763: 759: 598: 484:

they may be positioned in front of the pectoral fins (e.g. cods). They are

417: 400: 319: 259: 207: 165: 7635: 7375: 6939: 6839: 6678:

Cole, NJ; Hall, TE; Don, EK; Berger, S; Boisvert, CA; et al. (2011).

6663:

Lungfish Provides Insight to Life On Land: 'Humans Are Just Modified Fish'

6344: 4947: 4566: 3470: 3362: 2376:, the first dorsal fin spine was modified, forming a spine-brush complex. 2258:

form a class of fishes called Chondrichthyes. They have skeletons made of

1321: 9042: 9030: 8956: 8714: 8709: 8684: 8664: 8606: 8501: 8396: 8374: 8364: 8337: 8207: 8159: 7916: 7866: 7849: 7807: 7802: 7797: 6569: 4796: 3835: 3827: 3349: 3259: 3216: 3212: 3111: 3041: 2490: 2482: 2418: 2315: 2154: 1918: 1748: 1732: 1472: 1445: 1433: 1168: 974: 956: 699: 594: 386: 287: 283: 251: 223: 184: 7650: 7582:"Morphology and experimental hydrodynamics of fish fin control surfaces" 6428: 5900: 5636:"Locomotion by scombrid fishes: Hydromechanics, morphology and behavior" 4889: 3821: 3135: 3057: 716:

use their anal fin in combination with their dorsal fin for propulsion (

637:

use their dorsal fin in combination with their anal fin for propulsion (

9092: 8891: 8859: 8793: 8783: 8704: 8694: 8379: 8347: 8332: 8278: 8251: 8234: 7817: 7760: 7730: 7725: 6376: 6359: 5740: 5707: 5467: 4294: 4138: 4117: 3983: 3872: 3843: 3550: 3515: 3454: 3304: 3264: 3145:

has a gonopodium, an anal fin which functions as an intromittent organ.

3103: 3091: 3083: 2981: 2907: 2441:'s usage of its powerful, elongated upper lobe to stun fish and squid. 2399:

extends into that dorsal portion, providing a greater surface area for

2380: 2294: 2205: 1582: 1395: 1384: 1353: 1302: 1261: 1206:); they have skeletons made of bone mostly, and can be contrasted with 1088: 1077: 1011: 953: 898: 894: 709: 630: 619: 582: 573: 535: 510: 448: 421: 396: 335: 279: 141: 126: 88: 57: 51: 47: 6194: 6192: 5440:"Three-dimensional analysis of finlet kinematics in the Chub mackerel 5317: 4970: 4641: 4343: 4226: 4209: 3543: 3356:

above the surface of the water thanks to their enlarged pectoral fins.

3122:, rely on pectoral fins for swimming and hardly use tail fins at all. 8849: 8834: 8819: 8649: 8310: 8256: 8241: 8219: 8202: 8149: 7894: 6610:

Gaining Ground, Second Edition: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods

6326: 6324: 6107:"Male mate choice scales female ornament allometry in a cichlid fish" 6105:

Baldauf, SA; Bakker, TCM; Herder, F; Kullmann, H; Thünken, T (2010).

4757: 4033: 3979: 3781: 3744:. Bones considered to correspond with each other have the same color. 3563: 3413: 3343: 3244: 3119: 3075: 3048: 2837: 2760: 2531: 2459: 2426: 2259: 1984: 1831: 1717: 1416: 1365: 1341: 1219: 1211: 1183: 1051: 978: 873: 747: 432: 407: 352: 68: 5939:

Heinicke, Matthew P.; Naylor, Gavin J. P.; Hedges, S. Blair (2009).

5459: 4258: 4243:"Hydrodynamic and phylogenetic aspects of the adipose fin in fishes" 2939: 545: 254:-like dorsal fins for attaching to surfaces and "hitchhiking"; male 9052: 8993: 8939: 8934: 8753: 8621: 8283: 8144: 7926: 7827: 7032:"From Land to Water: the Origin of Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises" 6729:

A small step for lungfish, a big step for the evolution of walking"

6189: 6075: 4118:"Muscle activity and hydrodynamic function of pelvic fins in trout 4077: 4041: 3877: 3813: 3801: 3797: 3770: 3748: 3741: 3701: 3681: 3592: 3588: 3330: 3308: 3115: 2988: 2477: 2430: 2408: 2331: 2327: 2287: 2275: 2271: 2229: 2018: 1563: 1450: 1428: 1380: 1369: 1361: 1269: 1257: 1248:

or "rays" (due to how the spines spread open). They typically have

1203: 1069: 943: 913: 791: 682: 608: 489: 425: 367: 291: 231: 149: 145: 27:

Bony skin-covered spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish

6831: 6321: 4242: 1356:

have articulations resembling those of tetrapod limbs. These fins

9025: 9020: 8998: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8506: 8458: 8352: 8122: 8117: 7854: 4014: 3673: 3505: 3444: 3271: 3171: 2468: 2445: 2434: 2392: 2342: 2282: 2237: 2035: 1753: 1728: 1702: 1478: 1238: 1173: 1153: 1073: 994: 795: 731: 705: 626: 395:, especially in the lobe-like fins of some anglerfish and in the 311: 169: 38: 7483:(1st ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 56. 5094:

Grogan, Eileen D.; Lund, Richard (2008). "A basal elasmobranch,

3982:, and produce less water disturbance and noise. This has led to 3761:

developed fins (or flippers) very similar to fish (or dolphins).

1697: 557: 8944: 7812: 6331:

Begemann, Gerrit (2009). "Evolutionary Developmental Biology".

3569: 3280: 3064: 2992: 2970: 2966: 2903: 2899: 2400: 2120: 1145: 1065: 787: 686: 671: 612: 526: 328: 247: 243: 96: 76: 4344:

Stewart, Thomas A.; Smith, W. Leo; Coates, Michael I. (2014).

3406: 1144:

are small fins, generally behind the dorsal and anal fins (in

808:

Research published in 2014 indicates that the adipose fin has

9047: 8976: 8386: 5006:"Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China" 4735: 4010: 3752:

In a parallel but independent evolution, the ancient reptile

3537:

themselves in place with the first spine of their dorsal fin.

3181:(sharks and rays), as well as the males of some live-bearing 3051:

have pectoral and pelvic fins optimised for flattened bodies.

2267: 1215: 1041: 1021: 887: 378: 271: 255: 103: 7480:

Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes

6680:"Development and Evolution of the Muscles of the Pelvic Fin" 4399:(3 ed.). The University of Chicago Press. p. 210. 3025: 2933:

Fish get thrust moving vertical tail fins from side to side.

2538: 833: 826: 8949: 8536: 8089: 8080: 8008: 7876: 7689: 7508:

Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation

7029: 6549:

Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation

6104: 5942:

The Timetree of Life: Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes)

5542: 5140: 4933:- The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 2365–2374 (2002) 4867: 4614: 4295:

Buckland-Nicks, J. A.; Gillis, M.; Reimchen, T. E. (2011).

3987: 3975: 3220: 2857: 2263: 1739: 1388: 1277: 1265: 1149: 1135: 865: 667: 499: 129: 115: 84: 72: 7030:

Thewissen, JGM; Cooper, LN; George, JC; Bajpai, S (2009).

6017: 5543:

Flammang, BE; Lauder, GV; Troolin, DR; Strand, TE (2011).

3889:, designed to collect underwater intelligence undetected. 3031:

Like boats and airplanes, fish need some control over six

2411:

cartilaginous fish. By contrast, most bony fish possess a

1489: 8988: 8556: 7697: 7681: 7222: 6953:

Flynn JJ, Finarelli JA, Zehr S, Hsu J, Nedbal MA (2005).

6052:. Updated: 15 September 2012. Retrieved: 2 November 2012. 4778: 4689:"Oldest Coelacanth, from the Early Devonian of Australia" 4686: 3882: 2895: 1763: 1706: 5863:

The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology

1431:

are also living lobe-finned fish. They occur in Africa (

692:

Most fish use their anal fin to stabilize while swimming

8049: 6301:

Gegenbaur, C., F. J. Bell, and E. Ray Lankester. 1878.

5151:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4830: 4350:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4301:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2910:

is used, but some aquatic animals generate thrust from

2507:(Squatinactiformes). Some cartilaginous fishes have an 6253:

Coates, M. I. (2003). "The Evolution of Paired Fins".

5281:"Review of Fish Swimming Modes for Aquatic Locomotion" 4912: 3553:

is modified so it functions like a fishing rod with a

1709:, is ray-finned. It has three dorsal and two anal fins 1264:, who have evolved their swim bladders into primitive 148:, fins are short rays based around a muscular central 7522:

Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DE and Bowen BW (2009)

6952: 6201:"Origin and Comparative Anatomy of the Pectoral Limb" 5860:

Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DH and Bowen BW (2009)

5278: 3661: 585:, the anterior of the dorsal fin is modified into an 7631:

Homology of fin lepidotrichia in osteichthyan fishes

7096:

Eight Little Piggies: Reflections in Natural History

6870:

University of California. Updated 29 September 2005.

6743: 5938: 5843:

pp. 497–498, Springer Science & Business Media.

3753: 3533:

squeeze into coral crevices to avoid predators, and

3255: 2782: 2776: 2756: 2733: 2727: 2707: 2701: 2681: 2675: 2527: 2518: 2499: 2486: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2448: 2368: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2318: 2312: 2305: 2298: 1671: 1635: 1616: 1597: 1578: 1559: 1506: 1101: 1081: 940: 918: 909: 891: 332: 315: 7359:"A Swimming Robot Actuated by Living Muscle Tissue" 6744:King, HM; Shubin, NH; Coates, MI; Hale, ME (2011). 5973:pp. 332–333, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2000. 5003: 4831:Zylberberg, L.; Meunier, F. J.; Laurin, M. (2016). 4240: 3185:, have fins that have been modified to function as 1130:Some types of fast-swimming fish have a horizontal 7541: 7195:. Human Centred Robotics Group at Essex University 6805:"Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs" 6802: 6458:Gillis, J. A.; Dahn, R. D.; Shubin, N. H. (2009). 4464:von Zittel KA, Woodward AS and Schlosser M (1932) 3863:snakes (vertically expanded, flattened tail fin). 3808:, and that they share a common ancestor with the 2906:by moving fins back and forth in water. Often the 7524:"Functional morphology of locomotion and feeding" 7075:Kaupia - Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte 6677: 6287:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 5821:Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries 5345:Franc, Jean-Pierre and Michel, Jean-Marie (2004) 4826: 4824: 4596:. University of California Museum of Paleontology 3855:said the ichthyosaur was his favorite example of 3453:, displays a large and visually arresting purple 1210:(see below), which have skeletons made mainly of 603:The bones that support the dorsal fin are called 9192: 6457: 6406: 7164: 6750:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6464:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6022:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 138–139. 1325:Skeleton of the pectoral girdle and fin of the 1020:, ending in a more-or-less vertical edge (e.g. 677:The bones that support the anal fin are called 282:use the first spine of their dorsal fin like a 91:, fish fins have no direct connection with the 7363:Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 5726: 5279:Sfakiotakis, M; Lane, DM; Davies, JBC (1999). 5274: 5272: 5270: 4821: 4477: 4274:"Removal of trout, salmon fin touches a nerve" 3211:are found on the males of some species in the 2945:Stingrays get thrust from large pectoral fins. 2860:, shark fins are a culinary delicacy, such as 2391:portion is usually noticeably larger than the 926:). Heterocercal is the opposite of hypocercal 786:). Famous representatives of these orders are 8065: 7666: 7579: 7241: 7169:. Institute of Field Robotics. Archived from 7067: 4425: 4423: 3769:in Australia used primitive but still living 3709:Aristotle recognised the distinction between 3201:, and in cartilaginous fish, they are called 2864:. Currently, international concerns over the 2293:Unlike modern cartilaginous fish, members of 424:, the pectoral fins are used for propulsion ( 381:, in maintaining depth and also enables the " 270:have spines in their dorsal fins that inject 7290:Bionic penguins fly through water... and air 7193:"Robotic fish powered by Gumstix PC and PIC" 6358:Cole, Nicholas J.; Currie, Peter D. (2007). 5964: 5962: 5437: 5394: 5213: 4680: 4561: 4559: 4172: 4168: 4166: 3736:Comparison between A) the swimming fin of a 2485:(ratfish and their fossil relatives), or in 1134:just forward of the tail fin. Much like the 1091:fishes had a diphycercal heterocercal tail. 266:use their caudal fin to whip and stun prey; 242:. Fins can also be used for other purposes: 202:; while paired fins are used for generating 6873: 6166:Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish 5702: 5700: 5698: 5496: 5267: 4594:"Introduction to the Dipnoi - the lungfish" 3617: 3018:Specialised fins are used to control motion 206:, deceleration, and differential thrust or 8072: 8058: 7673: 7659: 7320:The AquaJelly Robotic Jellyfish from Festo 6909: 6357: 6205:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 5591: 5093: 4729: 4420: 1030:, ending with a slight inward curve (e.g. 8617:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 8029:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 7680: 7562: 7384: 7374: 7356: 7335:Lightweight robots: Festo's flying circus 7145: 7050: 6970: 6929: 6779: 6769: 6705: 6695: 6647: 6517:"Primordial Fish Had Rudimentary Fingers" 6493: 6483: 6375: 6224: 6140: 6130: 6090:Female fish flaunt fins to attract a mate 5959: 5568: 5307: 5170: 4861: 4852: 4804: 4712: 4650: 4640: 4556: 4523: 4521: 4478:Kogan , Romano (2016). "Redescription of 4468:Volume 2, Macmillan and Company. Page 13. 4369: 4320: 4225: 4163: 4137: 4088:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 3549:The first spine of the dorsal fin of the 3514:, displays her visually arresting purple 2539:Diversity of fins in cartilaginous fishes 492:or the lower limbs of bipedal tetrapods. 370:or the upper limbs of bipedal tetrapods. 6803:Shubin, N; Tabin, C; Carroll, S (1997). 6330: 5945:. Oxford University Press. p. 320. 5708:"Pisces Guide to Caribbean Reef Ecology" 5695: 5628: 5367: 5365: 5216:"Shark utilization, marketing and trade" 3876: 3826: 3747: 3731: 3063:The dorsal fin of a white shark contain 2836: 2243: 2228: 1696: 1344:called Sarcopterygii. They have fleshy, 1320: 1308: 1293: 1167: 1100:is a diphycercal fin with a short base ( 611:" (axonosts), "middle" (baseosts), and " 556: 31: 7476: 7357:Huge Herr, D. Robert G (October 2004). 6537:, 25 November 2020, Harvard University. 6061: 5882: 5768: 5766: 5545:"Volumetric imaging of fish locomotion" 4936: 4918: 4115: 2403:attachment. This allows more efficient 2218: 1490:Diversity of fins in lobe-finned fishes 1276:that function to draw water across the 810:evolved repeatedly in separate lineages 623:uses only its dorsal fin for propulsion 593:, a biological equivalent to a fishing 391:In many fish, the pectoral fins aid in 14: 9193: 7422: 6868:Vertebrate flight: The three solutions 6532:"From fins to limbs and water to land" 6252: 5992:Species Spotlight: Atlantic Sailfish ( 5684:Page 391, Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 5614:10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092201 5371: 4968: 4527: 4518: 4429: 4396:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy 4271: 4207: 3990:, to analyze and mathematically model 3796:The first mammals appeared during the 3396:uses its very elongated caudal fin to 3333:use their pectoral and pelvic fins to 3193:. In ray finned fish, they are called 3189:, reproductive appendages which allow 1764:Diversity of fins in ray-finned fishes 1738:Lepidotrichia are usually composed of 946:). It is the opposite of heterocercal. 509:position is seen in (for example) the 377:force that assists some fish, such as 8053: 7654: 7247: 6931:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025790 6629: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6198: 5814: 5787: 5362: 5339: 5071:. Columbia University. Archived from 5069:"Jaws: The Natural History of Sharks" 4591: 4392: 3695: 3630: 3576:themselves to other marine organisms. 3007: 2429:, which hunts schooling fish such as 2395:portion. This is because the shark's 1050:or shaped like a crescent moon (e.g. 262:use a modified fin to deliver sperm; 75:that interact with water to generate 7148:"What is the market for robot fish?" 5763: 4779:Takezaki, N.; Nishihara, H. (2017). 3368:Large retractable dorsal fin of the 2880: 1387:is either heterocercal (only fossil 1252:, which allow the fish to alter the 977:, and a more primitive precursor in 872:). The tail fin is supported by the 238:use pectoral and/or pelvic fins for 9173: 8444:Electroreception and electrogenesis 7207: 6903: 6018:Bertelsen E and Pietsch TW (1998). 5887:(Actinopterygii, Saurichthyidae)". 5372:Brahic, Catherine (28 March 2008). 5288:IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 5066: 4241:Reimchen, T E; Temple, N F (2004). 4126:The Journal of Experimental Biology 1272:. Bony fishes also have a pair of 607:. There are two to three of them: " 56:(4) adipose fin, (5) anal fin, (6) 24: 7499: 7215:"Robotic fish make aquarium debut" 6241: 5100:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4484:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4444:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1936.tb00912.x 3668:Evolutionary developmental biology 3662:Evolutionary developmental biology 3290: 3078:are often shaped differently from 2297:chondrichthyan lineages (e.g. the 1727:Spines have a variety of uses. In 25: 9212: 7624: 7545:; Nauen, JC; Drucker, EG (2002). 7225:. 10 October 2005. Archived from 7005:, University of California Press. 6887:. 25 January 2005. Archived from 6169:Page 250, John Wiley & Sons. 5776:Florida Museum of Natural History 4944:"A Shark's Skeleton & Organs" 4534:. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 4210:"The Mysterious Little Fatty Fin" 3303:has a prominent dorsal fin. Like 1313:Pectoral fin with fleshy lobe of 1244:Bony fish have fin spines called 9172: 9161: 9160: 9143: 9142: 8168: 7769: 7580:Lauder, GV; Drucker, EG (2004). 7528:The Diversity of Fishes: Biology 7526:Chapter 8, pp. 101–116. In: 7416: 7401: 7350: 7328: 7313: 7298: 5594:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 5374:"Dolphins swim so fast it hurts" 3947: 3931: 3915: 3899: 3581: 3562: 3542: 3523: 3493: 3469: 3405: 3385: 3361: 3342: 3323: 3152: 3134: 3056: 3040: 3024: 2956: 2938: 2926: 2875: 2832: 2812: 2795: 2768: 2745: 2719: 2693: 2667: 2650: 2633: 2616: 2599: 2582: 2565: 2548: 2198: 2181: 2164: 2147: 2130: 2113: 2096: 2079: 2062: 2045: 2028: 2011: 1994: 1977: 1960: 1943: 1926: 1909: 1892: 1875: 1858: 1841: 1824: 1807: 1790: 1773: 1664: 1647: 1628: 1609: 1590: 1571: 1552: 1535: 1518: 1499: 1123: 860:is the tail fin (from the Latin 844: 832: 825: 730: 698:use their anal fins for thrust ( 681:. There are up to two series, a 651: 544: 488:to the hindlimbs of quadrupedal 457: 366:to the forelimbs of quadrupedal 351: 297: 46:(1) pectoral fins (paired), (2) 8128:Environmental impact of fishing 7469: 7283: 7275:For Festo, Nature Shows the Way 7268: 7185: 7158: 7139: 7109: 7084: 7023: 7018:University of California Museum 7008: 7003:Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises 6987: 6946: 6917:Molecular Biology and Evolution 6861: 6796: 6737: 6722: 6671: 6656: 6623: 6595: 6563: 6540: 6525: 6510: 6451: 6400: 6351: 6308: 6295: 6180: 6157: 6098: 6083: 6055: 6036: 6011: 5984: 5932: 5907: 5876: 5854: 5831: 5808: 5781: 5720: 5672: 5653: 5585: 5536: 5510:Journal of Experimental Biology 5490: 5438:Nauen, JC; Lauder, GV (2001b). 5431: 5405:Journal of Experimental Biology 5395:Nauen, JC; Lauder, GV (2001a). 5388: 5242: 5207: 5204:. Humane Society International. 5195: 5134: 5087: 5060: 4997: 4972:Acanthodii, Stem Chondrichthyes 4962: 4924: 4772: 4667: 4608: 4585: 4471: 4458: 4272:Temple, Nicola (18 July 2011). 4214:Journal of Experimental Biology 3885:built a robotic catfish called 3866: 3125: 2686:Lebachacanthus senckenbergianus 435:and their relatives are called 190:and the more laterally located 114:), fins are mainly composed of 7642:Can robot fish find pollution? 7589:Journal of Oceanic Engineering 5837:Kapoor BG and Khanna B (2004) 5497:Nauen, JC; Lauder, GV (2000). 4975:. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. 4386: 4337: 4288: 4265: 4234: 4201: 4154: 4109: 4073:Polydactyly in early tetrapods 3263:, the oldest known example of 2920:Moving fins can provide thrust 2107:Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus 1198:group called Osteichthyes (or 1163: 13: 1: 7511:University of Chicago Press. 7413:/ Retrieved 22 November 2012. 7248:Walsh, Dominic (3 May 2008). 7123:. 4 June 2013. Archived from 7117:"Charlie: CIA's Robotic Fish" 7020:. Retrieved 27 November 2012. 6552:University of Chicago Press. 6277:(inactive 18 September 2024). 5778:. Retrieved 22 November 2012. 5220:FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 4841:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4504:10.1080/02724634.2016.1151886 4098: 3480:has large pectoral fins with 2973:develops around the tail fin. 1654:West Indian Ocean coelacanth 1229:Bony fishes are divided into 1040:, ending in two prongs (e.g. 472:are the belly fins (from 125:covered by a thin stretch of 8213:intramembranous ossification 7477:Hamlett, William C. (1999). 6697:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001168 6612:, Indiana University Press. 6305:London,: Macmillan and Co.,. 4785:Genome Biology and Evolution 4480:Saurichthys madagascariensis 4175:Zoosystematics and Evolution 4103: 3740:and B) the walking leg of a 3606: 2847:Humane Society International 2002:Tropical two-wing flyingfish 1400:West Indian Ocean coelacanth 1283: 71:protruding from the body of 7: 7647:. Accessed 30 January 2012. 7121:Central Intelligence Agency 5669:Retrieved 22 November 2012. 4592:Speer, B.R. (29 May 2000). 4247:Canadian Journal of Zoology 4051: 4040:robotic fish with a living 3988:Institute of Field Robotics 3352:achieve sufficient lift to 2822:Callorhinchus callorhynchus 1686: 839:Heterocercal caudal fin (A) 10: 9217: 8592:Fin and flipper locomotion 8562:Sequential hermaphroditism 8449:Jamming avoidance response 8166: 7885:Flying and gliding animals 7721:Fin and flipper locomotion 6605:Chapter 6, pages 187–260, 6001:December 17, 2010, at the 5665:November 25, 2011, at the 5348:Fundamentals of Cavitation 5120:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.970 5030:10.1038/s41586-022-05233-8 4567:"Osteichthyes - Bony Fish" 4528:Nelson, Joseph S. (1994). 4063:Fin and flipper locomotion 3870: 3665: 3610: 3275:are found on the males of 3169: 2964:Drawing by Dr Tony Ayling 2884: 2660:Chlamydoselachus anguineus 2222: 2090:Tetrapturus angustirostris 1868:Hoplostethus mediterraneus 1690: 1414:), are found in the genus 1287: 1129: 870:body-caudal fin locomotion 855: 741: 657: 555: 463: 357: 95:and are supported only by 9156: 9080: 9013: 8920: 8882: 8873: 8812: 8743: 8630: 8582: 8492: 8417: 8177: 8087: 7996: 7935: 7875: 7778: 7767: 7696: 7530:, John Wiley & Sons. 7452:10.1007/s00348-009-0765-8 7408:How Biomechatronics Works 7340:19 September 2015 at the 7090:Gould,Stephen Jay (1993) 7052:10.1007/s12052-009-0135-2 6972:10.1080/10635150590923326 6910:Gatesy, J. (1 May 1997). 6601:Clack, Jennifer A (2012) 6217:10.1007/s11999-007-0102-6 6199:Brand, Richard A (2008). 6008:. Retrieved 1 April 2012. 5970:Aquatic Life of the World 5796:. Smithsonian Institution 4573:. New Hampshire PBS. 2023 4466:Text-book of Paleontology 3946: 3930: 3914: 3898: 3893: 3644:St. George Jackson Mivart 2141:Blenniella periophthalmus 1583:Osteolepis macrolepidotus 1256:of its body and thus the 851:Homocercal caudal fin (C) 230:above water surface, and 8079: 6132:10.1186/1471-2148-10-301 6111:BMC Evolutionary Biology 6079:. November 2012 version. 6065:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 5866:p. 35, Wiley-Blackwell. 5710:Gulf Publishing Company 5143:"The early elasmobranch 3996:Sea Life London Aquarium 3780:, the pectoral limbs of 3776:In a classic example of 3765:In 2011, researchers at 3618:Evolution of paired fins 3511:Pelvicachromis taeniatus 3450:Pelvicachromis taeniatus 2969:may influence the way a 2387:caudal fin in which the 1800:Halieutichthys aculeatus 906:sturgeons and paddlefish 685:series (axonosts) and a 9108:Glossary of ichthyology 8670:Diel vertical migration 7609:10.1109/joe.2004.833219 7015:The evolution of whales 6771:10.1073/pnas.1118669109 6485:10.1073/pnas.0810959106 6316:Journal of Cell Science 6275:10.1078/1431-7613-00087 6069:Dactyloptena orientalis 6045:Dactyloptena orientalis 6043:Purple Flying Gurnard, 5660:Ship's movements at sea 5522:10.1242/jeb.203.15.2247 5448:The Biological Bulletin 5417:10.1242/jeb.204.13.2251 4969:Burrow, Carole (2021). 4571:Wildlife Journal Junior 4017:. Festo also developed 3640:transformative homology 3478:Oriental flying gurnard 3434:oriental flying gurnard 3337:along the ocean bottom. 2712:Stethacanthus productus 2555:Small-spotted catshark 2407:among these negatively 2172:Coastal cutthroat trout 2138:Blue-dashed rockskipper 1848:Diaphanous hatchetfish 1564:Dipterus valenciennesi 1333:(Citron / CC-BY-SA-3.0) 1317:(Citron / CC-BY-SA-3.0) 993:). Most modern fishes ( 198:, as well as providing 8474:Surface wave detection 8439:Hydrodynamic reception 8113:Diseases and parasites 8024:Terrestrial locomotion 7968:Evolution of cetaceans 7963:Origin of avian flight 7948:Evolution of tetrapods 7423:Lauder, G. V. (2011). 6630:Moore, John A (1988). 6364:Developmental Dynamics 6020:Encyclopedia of Fishes 5815:Kuntz, Albert (1913). 5561:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0282 5254:www.washingtonpost.com 5163:10.1098/rspb.2019.1336 5096:Thrinacoselache gracia 4854:10.4202/app.00161.2015 4835:Cheirolepis canadensis 4705:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0470 4393:Hyman, Libbie (1992). 4362:10.1098/rspb.2013.3120 4313:10.1098/rspb.2011.1009 4187:10.1002/zoos.201300007 3963: 3849: 3832: 3762: 3758:Ichthyosaurus communis 3745: 3719: 3652:James Kingsley Thacher 3267:in a ray-finned fish. 3191:internal fertilization 2842: 2819:American elephantfish 2575:Carcharodon carcharias 2323:Fanjingshania renovata 2252: 2241: 2189:African butter catfish 2055:Bathypterois grallator 2022:Benthocometes robustus 1710: 1443:), and South America ( 1334: 1318: 1306: 1202:, which includes also 1180: 1098:Abbreviate diphycercal 737:Adipose fin of a trout 568: 561:Dorsal fin of a chub ( 226:use pectoral fins for 196:oscillating propulsion 61: 8612:Undulatory locomotion 8429:Ampullae of Lorenzini 8039:Undulatory locomotion 7988:Homologous structures 7564:10.1093/icb/42.5.1009 7505:Hall, Brian K (2007) 7432:Experiments in Fluids 7376:10.1186/1743-0003-1-6 7165:Witoon Juwarahawong. 6857:on 16 September 2012. 6546:Hall, Brian K (2007) 6345:10.1089/zeb.2009.0593 6255:Theory in Biosciences 5729:Journal of Morphology 5678:Rana and Joag (2001) 5214:Vannuccini S (1999). 4120:(Oncorhynchus mykiss) 4093:Undulatory locomotion 3880: 3840: 3830: 3751: 3735: 3715:homologous structures 3707: 3689:University of Chicago 3484:which it displays to 3370:Indo-Pacific sailfish 3301:Indo-Pacific sailfish 2856:In some countries of 2840: 2787:Sibyrhynchus denisoni 2623:Marbled electric ray 2558:Scyliorhinus canicula 2266:. The class includes 2247: 2240:in hair and feathers. 2232: 1742:, but those of early 1700: 1691:Further information: 1640:Allenypterus montanus 1602:Eusthenopteron foordi 1545:Neoceratodus forsteri 1412:Latimeria menadoensis 1408:Indonesian coelacanth 1324: 1312: 1297: 1171: 937:reversed heterocercal 560: 551:Dorsal fin of a shark 449:Pelvic / Ventral fins 276:anti-predator defense 204:paddling acceleration 200:directional stability 35: 8840:Genetically modified 7983:Analogous structures 7978:Convergent evolution 6649:10.1093/icb/28.2.449 6535:The Harvard Gazzette 6522:, 23 September 2008. 6318:s2-50 (198): 333–76. 6163:Schultz, Ken (2011) 5994:Istiophorus albicans 5840:Ichthyology Handbook 5335:on 24 December 2013. 4677:. Indiana University 4673:Clack, J. A. (2002) 4116:Standen, EM (2009). 4036:at MIT prototyped a 3966:The use of fins for 3857:convergent evolution 3778:convergent evolution 3725:De incessu animalium 3625:Gegenbaur hypothesis 3372:, possibly used for 3277:cartilaginous fishes 3179:cartilaginous fishes 2643:Hemitrygon bennettii 2256:Cartilaginous fishes 2234:Cartilaginous fishes 2219:Cartilaginous fishes 2209:Leptocephalus conger 2175:Oncorhynchus clarkii 2039:Trachonurus sulcatus 1970:Ceratias uranoscopus 1967:Stargazing seadevil 1950:Stellate pufferfish 1936:Polyprion americanus 1542:Queensland lungfish 1208:cartilaginous fishes 172:), fins are fleshy " 43:Hector's lanternfish 8645:Aquatic respiration 8532:Life history theory 8034:Rotating locomotion 7973:Comparative anatomy 7601:2004IJOE...29..556L 7444:2011ExFl...51...23L 7305:Festo AquaRay Robot 7278:Control Engineering 7229:on 26 November 2020 7092:"Bent Out of Shape" 6824:1997Natur.388..639S 6762:2011PNAS..10821146K 6756:(52): 21146–21151. 6734:, 13 December 2011. 6603:"From fins to feet" 6476:2009PNAS..106.5720G 6429:10.1038/nature04984 6421:2006Natur.442.1033F 6267:2003ThBio.122..266C 6123:2010BMCEE..10..301B 6006:littoralsociety.org 5901:10.5061/dryad.vc8h5 5706:Alevizon WS (1994) 5681:Classical Mechanics 5634:Magnuson JJ (1978) 5606:2006AnRFM..38..193F 5442:(Scomber japonicus) 5300:1999IJOE...24..237S 5112:2008JVPal..28..970G 5075:on 24 December 2011 5022:2022Natur.609..969A 4890:10.1038/nature09137 4882:2010Natur.466..234Z 4750:1987Natur.329..331F 4633:2016NatSR...621571B 4531:Fishes of the World 4496:2016JVPal..36E1886K 4284:on 12 January 2014. 4208:Tytell, E. (2005). 4000:University of Essex 3806:even-toed ungulates 3425:on the ocean floor. 3227:Xiphophorus helleri 3187:intromittent organs 2640:Bennett's stingray 2606:Largetooth sawfish 2509:eel-like locomotion 2481:), which belong to 2421:have a large upper 2087:Shortbill spearfish 1988:Poromitra unicornis 1933:Atlantic wreckfish 1903:Equetus lanceolatus 1851:Sternoptyx diaphana 1835:Pteraclis carolinus 1783:Caulophryne jordani 1657:Latimeria chalumnae 1460:that show aberrant 1404:Latimeria chalumnae 1331:Latimeria chalumnae 1315:Latimeria chalumnae 666:surface behind the 302:Fins can either be 216:surfacing or diving 8484:Weberian apparatus 7953:Evolution of birds 7706:Aquatic locomotion 7551:Integr. Comp. Biol 7173:on 4 November 2007 7098:. Norton, 179–94. 6959:Systematic Biology 6885:Science News Daily 6636:American Zoologist 6377:10.1002/dvdy.21268 5741:10.1002/jmor.10207 5516:(Pt 15): 2247–59. 5411:(Pt 13): 2251–63. 4797:10.1093/gbe/evw288 4621:Scientific Reports 4432:Biological Reviews 4356:(1781): 20133120. 4139:10.1242/jeb.033084 3964: 3881:In the 1990s, the 3833: 3763: 3746: 3696:From fins to limbs 3631:Classical theories 3463:Other uses of fins 3317:Other uses of fins 3033:degrees of freedom 3008:Controlling motion 3001:volumetric imaging 2843: 2572:Great white shark 2253: 2242: 2124:Remora brachyptera 1953:Arothron stellatus 1886:Lophonectes gallus 1711: 1528:Protopterus dolloi 1391:) or diphycercal. 1364:land vertebrates ( 1338:Lobe-finned fishes 1335: 1319: 1307: 1299:Lobe-finned fishes 1214:(except for their 1181: 662:is located on the 569: 286:to lure prey; and 158:cartilaginous fish 79:and help the fish 62: 9188: 9187: 9098:Fish common names 9009: 9008: 8640:Aquatic predation 8464:Capacity for pain 8193:Age determination 8047: 8046: 8004:Animal locomotion 7943:Evolution of fish 7823:facultative biped 7490:978-0-8018-6048-5 7256:. Times of London 7127:on 16 August 2013 6818:(6643): 639–648. 6668:, 7 October 2011. 6415:(7106): 1033–37. 6095:. 8 October 2010. 6050:Australian Museum 6029:978-0-12-547665-2 5915:"System glossary" 5872:978-1-4051-2494-2 5501:Scomber japonicus 5399:Scomber japonicus 5318:10.1109/48.757275 5067:Michael, Bright. 5016:(7929): 969–974. 4982:978-3-89937-271-7 4876:(7303): 234–237. 4663:. Art. No. 21571. 4642:10.1038/srep21571 4541:978-0-471-54713-6 4307:(1728): 553–563. 4227:10.1242/jeb.01391 3992:thunniform motion 3962: 3961: 3853:Stephen Jay Gould 3767:Monash University 3613:Evolution of fish 3183:ray finned fishes 3080:open water fishes 2881:Generating thrust 2845:According to the 2780:Iniopterygiformes 2738:Wodnika striatula 2626:Torpedo marmorata 2609:Pristis perotteti 2452:Petalodontiformes 2358:Ctenacanthiformes 2158:Polypterus bichir 2005:Exocoetus evolans 1916:Atlantic pomfret 1714:Ray-finned fishes 1525:Spotted lungfish 1358:evolved into legs 1161: 1160: 1105:Saurichthyiformes 852: 840: 822: 738: 689:series (baseosts) 648:Anal/cloacal fin 564:Squalius cephalus 552: 541: 454: 348: 236:amphibious fishes 176:" supported by a 83:. Apart from the 58:caudal (tail) fin 16:(Redirected from 9208: 9176: 9175: 9164: 9163: 9146: 9145: 8880: 8879: 8172: 8103:Ethnoichthyology 8074: 8067: 8060: 8051: 8050: 8014:Robot locomotion 7788:Limb development 7773: 7746:Lobe-finned fish 7675: 7668: 7661: 7652: 7651: 7620: 7586: 7576: 7566: 7557:(5): 1009–1017. 7494: 7464: 7463: 7429: 7420: 7414: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7378: 7354: 7348: 7332: 7326: 7317: 7311: 7310:, 20 April 2009. 7302: 7296: 7295:, 27 April 2009. 7287: 7281: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7150:. Archived from 7143: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7113: 7107: 7088: 7082: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7054: 7039:Evo Edu Outreach 7036: 7027: 7021: 7012: 7006: 7001:Norris KS (ed.) 6991: 6985: 6984: 6974: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6933: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6850:. Archived from 6809: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6783: 6773: 6741: 6735: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6709: 6699: 6690:(10): e1001168. 6675: 6669: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6627: 6621: 6599: 6593: 6567: 6561: 6544: 6538: 6529: 6523: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6487: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6379: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6328: 6319: 6312: 6306: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6286: 6278: 6250: 6239: 6238: 6228: 6196: 6187: 6184: 6178: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6144: 6134: 6102: 6096: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6059: 6053: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6015: 6009: 5988: 5982: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5880: 5874: 5858: 5852: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5792:Gambusia affinis 5785: 5779: 5770: 5761: 5760: 5724: 5718: 5704: 5693: 5676: 5670: 5657: 5651: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5572: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5507: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5369: 5360: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5328:. Archived from 5311: 5285: 5276: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5230:on 2 August 2017 5226:. Archived from 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5174: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4950:on 5 August 2010 4946:. Archived from 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4808: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4758:10.1038/329331a0 4744:(6137): 331–33. 4733: 4727: 4726: 4716: 4684: 4678: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4644: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4475: 4469: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4324: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4280:. Archived from 4269: 4263: 4262: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4170: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4141: 4113: 3951: 3950: 3935: 3934: 3919: 3918: 3903: 3902: 3891: 3890: 3755: 3738:lobe-finned fish 3728: 3585: 3566: 3557:to attract prey. 3546: 3527: 3497: 3473: 3409: 3389: 3378:thermoregulation 3365: 3346: 3327: 3257: 3159:This young male 3156: 3138: 3060: 3044: 3028: 2960: 2942: 2930: 2816: 2799: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2758: 2749: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2654: 2637: 2620: 2603: 2592:Alopias vulpinus 2589:Common thresher 2586: 2569: 2552: 2529: 2520: 2514:Chlamydoselachus 2501: 2488: 2475: 2466: 2457: 2450: 2397:vertebral column 2370: 2363: 2356: 2349: 2320: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2248:Caudal fin of a 2202: 2185: 2168: 2151: 2134: 2117: 2100: 2083: 2073:Regalecus glesne 2066: 2049: 2032: 2015: 1998: 1981: 1964: 1947: 1930: 1913: 1896: 1883:Crested flounder 1879: 1862: 1845: 1828: 1814:Slender sunfish 1811: 1797:Pancake batfish 1794: 1777: 1716:form a class of 1673: 1668: 1651: 1637: 1632: 1618: 1613: 1599: 1594: 1580: 1575: 1561: 1556: 1539: 1522: 1511:Tiktaalik roseae 1508: 1503: 1451:land vertebrates 1340:form a class of 1254:relative density 1235:lobe-finned fish 1204:land vertebrates 1127: 1103: 1083: 991:blue flying fish 971:the first fishes 950:Hemiheterocercal 942: 935:, also known as 920: 911: 893: 850: 848: 838: 836: 829: 820: 736: 734: 660:anal/cloacal fin 655: 550: 548: 539: 461: 452: 355: 346: 341: 340: 334: 323:, caudal fin in 317: 134:lobe-finned fish 21: 9216: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9205: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9152: 9076: 9005: 8916: 8869: 8808: 8739: 8632: 8626: 8578: 8522:Ichthyoplankton 8488: 8420: 8413: 8409:Digital Library 8404:Teleost leptins 8343:Shark cartilage 8267:pharyngeal slit 8262:pharyngeal arch 8198:Anguilliformity 8183: 8181: 8173: 8164: 8083: 8078: 8048: 8043: 7992: 7958:Origin of birds 7931: 7871: 7793:Limb morphology 7774: 7765: 7751:Ray-finned fish 7716:Fish locomotion 7692: 7679: 7627: 7584: 7502: 7500:Further reading 7497: 7491: 7472: 7467: 7427: 7421: 7417: 7406: 7402: 7355: 7351: 7347:, 18 July 2011. 7342:Wayback Machine 7333: 7329: 7325:, 12 July 2012. 7318: 7314: 7303: 7299: 7288: 7284: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7257: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7176: 7174: 7163: 7159: 7154:on 4 July 2009. 7146:Richard Mason. 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7089: 7085: 7072: 7068: 7034: 7028: 7024: 7013: 7009: 6992: 6988: 6951: 6947: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6891:on 4 March 2007 6879: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6742: 6738: 6727: 6723: 6676: 6672: 6661: 6657: 6628: 6624: 6600: 6596: 6578:Vintage Books. 6568: 6564: 6545: 6541: 6530: 6526: 6515: 6511: 6470:(14): 5720–24. 6456: 6452: 6405: 6401: 6356: 6352: 6329: 6322: 6313: 6309: 6300: 6296: 6280: 6279: 6261:(2–3): 266–87. 6251: 6242: 6197: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6162: 6158: 6103: 6099: 6088: 6084: 6060: 6056: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6016: 6012: 6003:Wayback Machine 5989: 5985: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5881: 5877: 5859: 5855: 5836: 5832: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5797: 5786: 5782: 5771: 5764: 5725: 5721: 5705: 5696: 5677: 5673: 5667:Wayback Machine 5658: 5654: 5640:Fish Physiology 5633: 5629: 5590: 5586: 5549:Biology Letters 5541: 5537: 5505: 5495: 5491: 5460:10.2307/1543081 5436: 5432: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5376:. New Scientist 5370: 5363: 5344: 5340: 5332: 5309:10.1.1.459.8614 5283: 5277: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5139: 5135: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5065: 5061: 5002: 4998: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4866: 4862: 4829: 4822: 4777: 4773: 4734: 4730: 4693:Biology Letters 4685: 4681: 4672: 4668: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4565: 4564: 4557: 4542: 4526: 4519: 4490:(4): e1151886. 4476: 4472: 4463: 4459: 4428: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4391: 4387: 4342: 4338: 4293: 4289: 4270: 4266: 4259:10.1139/Z04-069 4239: 4235: 4206: 4202: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4068:Fish locomotion 4054: 4009:, developed by 3994:. In 2005, the 3948: 3932: 3916: 3900: 3894:External videos 3875: 3869: 3730: 3721: 3698: 3670: 3664: 3648:Francis Balfour 3633: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3586: 3578: 3577: 3567: 3559: 3558: 3547: 3539: 3538: 3528: 3520: 3519: 3498: 3490: 3489: 3486:scare predators 3474: 3465: 3464: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3410: 3402: 3401: 3390: 3382: 3381: 3366: 3358: 3357: 3347: 3339: 3338: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3293: 3291:Other functions 3253:Middle Triassic 3175: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3139: 3128: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3010: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2965: 2961: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2889: 2887:Fish locomotion 2883: 2878: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2817: 2808: 2805:Chimaera cubana 2802:Cuban chimaera 2800: 2791: 2773: 2764: 2750: 2741: 2724: 2715: 2698: 2689: 2672: 2663: 2655: 2646: 2638: 2629: 2621: 2612: 2604: 2595: 2587: 2578: 2570: 2561: 2553: 2541: 2523:Thrinacoselache 2427:porbeagle shark 2351:Hybodontiformes 2326:from the lower 2250:grey reef shark 2227: 2221: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2203: 2194: 2186: 2177: 2169: 2160: 2152: 2143: 2135: 2126: 2118: 2109: 2104:Ghost knifefish 2101: 2092: 2084: 2075: 2067: 2058: 2050: 2041: 2033: 2024: 2016: 2007: 1999: 1990: 1982: 1973: 1965: 1956: 1948: 1939: 1931: 1922: 1914: 1905: 1897: 1888: 1880: 1871: 1863: 1854: 1846: 1837: 1829: 1820: 1817:Ranzania laevis 1812: 1803: 1795: 1786: 1778: 1766: 1695: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1669: 1660: 1652: 1643: 1633: 1624: 1614: 1605: 1595: 1586: 1576: 1567: 1557: 1548: 1540: 1531: 1523: 1514: 1504: 1492: 1484:tetrapodomorphs 1377:ray-finned fish 1292: 1286: 1178:ray-finned fish 1166: 1119: 1118: 1117: 853: 843: 842: 841: 831: 830: 819: 784:Argentiniformes 739: 718:tetraodontiform 639:tetraodontiform 553: 538: 451: 431:The "horns" of 412:flying gurnards 375:dynamic lifting 345: 300: 264:thresher sharks 108:ray-finned fish 60: 55: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9214: 9204: 9203: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9182: 9170: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9140: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9035: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9017: 9015: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8926: 8924: 8922:Wild fisheries 8918: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8888: 8886: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8845:Hallucinogenic 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8720:Schooling fish 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8680:Filter feeders 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8655:Bottom feeders 8652: 8647: 8642: 8636: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8588: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8498: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8425: 8423: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8301:Leydig's organ 8298: 8297: 8296: 8294:pharyngeal jaw 8291: 8281: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8247:branchial arch 8239: 8238: 8237: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8200: 8195: 8189: 8187: 8175: 8174: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8094: 8092: 8085: 8084: 8077: 8076: 8069: 8062: 8054: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7922:Pterosaur wing 7919: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7892: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7790: 7784: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7711:Cephalopod fin 7708: 7702: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7678: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7639: 7636:The Fish's Fin 7633: 7626: 7625:External links 7623: 7622: 7621: 7595:(3): 556–571. 7577: 7539: 7520: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7489: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7415: 7400: 7349: 7327: 7323:Engineering TV 7312: 7297: 7282: 7280:, 18 May 2009. 7267: 7254:thetimes.co.uk 7240: 7206: 7184: 7157: 7138: 7108: 7083: 7081: : 77-97. 7066: 7045:(2): 272–288. 7022: 7007: 6997:Pages 255–275 6986: 6965:(2): 317–337. 6945: 6924:(5): 537–543. 6902: 6872: 6860: 6795: 6736: 6721: 6670: 6655: 6642:(2): 449–584. 6622: 6594: 6562: 6539: 6524: 6509: 6450: 6399: 6370:(9): 2421–31. 6350: 6320: 6307: 6294: 6240: 6188: 6179: 6156: 6097: 6082: 6063:Froese, Rainer 6054: 6047:(Cuvier, 1829) 6035: 6028: 6010: 5983: 5958: 5952:978-0191560156 5951: 5931: 5906: 5875: 5853: 5830: 5807: 5788:Masterson, J. 5780: 5762: 5719: 5694: 5671: 5652: 5627: 5600:(1): 193–224. 5584: 5555:(5): 695–698. 5535: 5489: 5430: 5387: 5361: 5338: 5294:(2): 237–252. 5266: 5241: 5206: 5194: 5133: 5106:(4): 970–988. 5086: 5059: 4996: 4981: 4961: 4935: 4923: 4921:, p. 528. 4911: 4860: 4847:(2): 363–376. 4820: 4771: 4728: 4679: 4675:Gaining Ground 4666: 4607: 4584: 4555: 4540: 4517: 4470: 4457: 4438:(3): 385–405. 4419: 4406:978-0226870137 4405: 4385: 4336: 4287: 4264: 4253:(6): 910–916. 4233: 4200: 4181:(2): 209–214. 4162: 4153: 4132:(5): 831–841. 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4083:Shark fin soup 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4058:Cephalopod fin 4053: 4050: 4038:biomechatronic 3968:the propulsion 3960: 3959: 3957:Festo, YouTube 3944: 3943: 3941:Festo, YouTube 3928: 3927: 3925:Festo, YouTube 3912: 3911: 3909:Festo, YouTube 3896: 3895: 3868: 3865: 3851:The biologist 3706: 3697: 3694: 3663: 3660: 3636:Carl Gegenbaur 3632: 3629: 3619: 3616: 3608: 3605: 3587: 3580: 3579: 3568: 3561: 3560: 3548: 3541: 3540: 3529: 3522: 3521: 3499: 3492: 3491: 3475: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3411: 3404: 3403: 3394:thresher shark 3391: 3384: 3383: 3367: 3360: 3359: 3348: 3341: 3340: 3329: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3292: 3289: 3240:Hemirhamphodon 3158: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3140: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3074:The bodies of 3062: 3055: 3054: 3046: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3006: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2866:sustainability 2862:shark fin soup 2834: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2801: 2794: 2792: 2774: 2767: 2765: 2761:Bandringa rayi 2751: 2744: 2742: 2725: 2718: 2716: 2699: 2692: 2690: 2673: 2666: 2664: 2657:Frilled shark 2656: 2649: 2647: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2622: 2615: 2613: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2581: 2579: 2571: 2564: 2562: 2554: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2439:thresher shark 2225:Chondrichthyes 2223:Main article: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2192:Schilbe mystus 2187: 2180: 2178: 2170: 2163: 2161: 2153: 2146: 2144: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2119: 2112: 2110: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2085: 2078: 2076: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2034: 2027: 2025: 2017: 2010: 2008: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1966: 1959: 1957: 1949: 1942: 1940: 1932: 1925: 1923: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1900:Jack-knifefish 1898: 1891: 1889: 1881: 1874: 1872: 1865:Silver roughy 1864: 1857: 1855: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1830: 1823: 1821: 1813: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1780:Fanfin angler 1779: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1693:Actinopterygii 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1676:Mawsonia gigas 1670: 1663: 1661: 1653: 1646: 1644: 1634: 1627: 1625: 1615: 1608: 1606: 1596: 1589: 1587: 1577: 1570: 1568: 1558: 1551: 1549: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1524: 1517: 1515: 1505: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1437:), Australia ( 1288:Main article: 1285: 1282: 1188:Actinopterygii 1172:Skeleton of a 1165: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1128: 1121: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1085:Tarrasiiformes 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1035: 1025: 1015: 963: 962: 961: 960: 947: 902:Actinopterygii 878:axial skeleton 854: 849: 837: 823: 815: 814: 756:Myctophiformes 752:Percopsiformes 740: 735: 728: 724: 723: 722: 721: 703: 693: 690: 679:pterygiophores 656: 649: 645: 644: 643: 642: 624: 616: 605:pterygiophores 601: 554: 549: 542: 532: 531: 530: 529: 503: 462: 455: 445: 444: 443: 442: 441: 440: 414: 404: 389: 356: 349: 299: 296: 268:reef stonefish 228:gliding flight 162:Chondrichthyes 112:Actinopterygii 50:(paired), (3) 37:Ray fins on a 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9213: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9181: 9180: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9159: 9158: 9155: 9149: 9148:more lists... 9141: 9139: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9103:Fish families 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9088:Aquarium life 9086: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9071: 9070:fleshy-finned 9068: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9038:Cartilaginous 9036: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9012: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8742: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8675:Electric fish 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8416: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8306:Mauthner cell 8304: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8225:Chromatophore 8223: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8086: 8082: 8075: 8070: 8068: 8063: 8061: 8056: 8055: 8052: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7756:Pectoral fins 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7671: 7669: 7664: 7662: 7657: 7656: 7653: 7646: 7645:HowStuffWorks 7643: 7640: 7638:Earthlife Web 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7536:9781444311907 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7517:9780226313375 7514: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7503: 7492: 7486: 7482: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7411:HowStuffWorks 7409: 7404: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7331: 7324: 7321: 7316: 7309: 7306: 7301: 7294: 7291: 7286: 7279: 7276: 7271: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7194: 7188: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7105: 7104:9780393311396 7101: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7016: 7011: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6832:10.1038/41710 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6730: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6664: 6659: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6618:9780253356758 6615: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6590: 6585: 6584:9780307277459 6581: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6558:9780226313375 6555: 6551: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6533: 6528: 6521: 6518: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6325: 6317: 6311: 6304: 6298: 6290: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6236: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6211:(3): 531–42. 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6193: 6183: 6176: 6175:9781118039885 6172: 6168: 6167: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6091: 6086: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6039: 6031: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5987: 5980: 5979:9780761471707 5976: 5972: 5971: 5965: 5963: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5935: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5889:Palaeontology 5886: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5849:9783540428541 5846: 5842: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5795: 5793: 5784: 5777: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5717: 5716:1-55992-077-7 5713: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5691: 5690:9780074603154 5687: 5683: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5648:9780123504074 5645: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5502: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5443: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5400: 5391: 5375: 5368: 5366: 5358: 5357:9781402022326 5354: 5350: 5349: 5342: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5202:Shark Finning 5198: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5146: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4827: 4825: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4791:(1): 93–101. 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4699:(3): 443–46. 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4595: 4588: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4424: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4167: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4121: 4112: 4108: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3864: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3759: 3750: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3722:– Aristotle, 3718: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3678:chondricthyes 3675: 3669: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3628: 3626: 3614: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3504:, the female 3503: 3496: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3438:demersal fish 3435: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3162: 3161:spinner shark 3155: 3144: 3137: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100:butterflyfish 3097: 3093: 3089: 3088:butterflyfish 3085: 3081: 3077: 3066: 3059: 3050: 3043: 3034: 3027: 3013: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2941: 2929: 2915: 2913: 2912:pectoral fins 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2876:Fin functions 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2851:shark finning 2848: 2839: 2833:Shark finning 2824: 2823: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2798: 2793: 2790:(Holocephali) 2789: 2788: 2781: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2706: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2680: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2551: 2546: 2545: 2536: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2497: 2496:Selachimorpha 2493: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2461: 2453: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2373:Stethacanthus 2366: 2359: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2317: 2310: 2309:diplacanthids 2303: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2246: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2070:Giant oarfish 2065: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1744:osteichthyans 1741: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1678: 1677: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1574: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1458:fossil record 1454: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1379:(except some 1378: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1360:of the first 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1316: 1311: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1290:Sarcopterygii 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250:swim bladders 1247: 1246:lepidotrichia 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192:Sarcopterygii 1189: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1133: 1126: 1122: 1115: 1114: 1106: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1032:Eurasian carp 1029: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 996: 992: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 958: 955: 951: 948: 945: 938: 934: 931: 930: 929: 928: 927: 925: 924: 916: 915: 907: 903: 900: 896: 889: 885: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 847: 835: 828: 824: 817: 816: 813: 811: 806: 802: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 776:Characiformes 773: 769: 768:Salmoniformes 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 733: 729: 726: 725: 719: 715: 714:ocean sunfish 711: 707: 704: 701: 697: 694: 691: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 654: 650: 647: 646: 640: 636: 635:ocean sunfish 632: 628: 625: 622: 621: 617: 614: 610: 606: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 579: 578: 576: 575: 566: 565: 559: 547: 543: 540:(Spinal fins) 537: 534: 533: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 501: 497: 496: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 460: 456: 450: 447: 446: 438: 437:cephalic fins 434: 430: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 413: 409: 405: 402: 398: 394: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 371: 369: 365: 361: 360:pectoral fins 354: 350: 344:Pectoral fins 343: 342: 339: 337: 330: 326: 325:ocean sunfish 322: 321: 313: 309: 305: 298:Types of fins 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 250:have evolved 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 188:unpaired fins 186: 181: 179: 178:cartilaginous 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154:jointed bones 152:supported by 151: 147: 143: 139: 138:Sarcopterygii 135: 131: 128: 124: 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 59: 53: 49: 44: 40: 34: 30: 19: 9201:Fish anatomy 9177: 9165: 9065:spiny-finned 9014:Major groups 8735:Intelligence 8715:Scale eaters 8660:Cleaner fish 8542:Mouthbrooder 8494:Reproduction 8469:Schreckstoff 8454:Lateral line 8370:Swim bladder 8360:Spiral valve 8289:hyomandibula 8272:pseudobranch 8229: 8155:Hypoxia in - 7735: 7644: 7592: 7588: 7554: 7550: 7527: 7507: 7479: 7470:Bibliography 7438:(1): 23–35. 7435: 7431: 7418: 7410: 7403: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7345:The Engineer 7344: 7330: 7322: 7315: 7307: 7300: 7292: 7285: 7277: 7270: 7258:. Retrieved 7253: 7243: 7231:. Retrieved 7227:the original 7218: 7209: 7197:. Retrieved 7187: 7175:. Retrieved 7171:the original 7167:"Fish Robot" 7160: 7152:the original 7141: 7129:. Retrieved 7125:the original 7120: 7111: 7095: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7069: 7042: 7038: 7025: 7017: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6989: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6921: 6915: 6905: 6893:. Retrieved 6889:the original 6884: 6875: 6863: 6852:the original 6815: 6811: 6798: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6732:ScienceDaily 6731: 6724: 6687: 6684:PLOS Biology 6683: 6673: 6666:ScienceDaily 6665: 6658: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6609: 6606: 6597: 6588: 6574: 6570:Shubin, Neil 6565: 6548: 6542: 6534: 6527: 6520:ScienceDaily 6519: 6512: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6339:(3): 303–4. 6336: 6332: 6315: 6310: 6302: 6297: 6283:cite journal 6258: 6254: 6208: 6204: 6182: 6165: 6159: 6114: 6110: 6100: 6093:ScienceDaily 6092: 6085: 6074: 6068: 6057: 6049: 6044: 6038: 6019: 6013: 6005: 5993: 5986: 5969: 5941: 5934: 5922:. Retrieved 5918: 5909: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5862: 5856: 5839: 5833: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5798:. Retrieved 5791: 5783: 5775: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5680: 5674: 5655: 5639: 5630: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5513: 5509: 5500: 5492: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5433: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5390: 5378:. Retrieved 5347: 5341: 5330:the original 5291: 5287: 5257:. Retrieved 5253: 5244: 5232:. Retrieved 5228:the original 5223: 5219: 5209: 5197: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5136: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5077:. Retrieved 5073:the original 5062: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4971: 4964: 4952:. Retrieved 4948:the original 4938: 4926: 4919:Hamlett 1999 4914: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4674: 4669: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4598:. Retrieved 4587: 4575:. Retrieved 4570: 4530: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4465: 4460: 4435: 4431: 4410:. 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