109:
354:. All extant turtles studied so far have eight vertebrae in the neck. In the Pleurodira, these vertebrae are narrow in cross-section and spool-shaped with biconvex centra on one or more of the cervicals. These centra act as a double joint, allowing a large degree of sideways movement and providing a means of folding the neck onto itself in the lateral plane. Conversely, in the Cryptodira, the neck bones are wide and flat. The biconvex centra in some of the cryptodiran cervicals allow the neck to fold onto itself in the vertical plane.
319:
133:
340:
285:. The division between these two suborders represents a very deep evolutionary divide between two very different types of turtles. The physical differences between them, although anatomical and largely internal, are nonetheless significant, and the zoogeographic implications of them are substantial. The Pleurodira are known more commonly as the
289:
and the name
Pleurodira quite literally translates to side neck, whereas the Cryptodira are known as hidden-necked turtles. The Pleurodira turtles are currently restricted to freshwater habitats in the Southern Hemisphere, largely to Australia, South America, and Africa. Within the Pleurodira, three
331:
The
Pleurodira are identified by the method with which they withdraw their heads into their shells. In these turtles, the neck is bent in the horizontal plane, drawing the head into a space in front of one of the front legs. A larger overhang of the carapace helps to protect the neck, which remains
397:
genus. This special strategy is referred to as a gape-suck mechanism. The turtle first opens its mouth little by little. Then, when the turtle is within striking range of the prey, it will open its mouth completely, sucking in water at such a rate that the current into its mouth is too strong for
361:
Another difference is in the arrangement of the bones of the shell and the scutes overlaying them. Pleurodiran turtles have 13 scutes on the plastron of the shell, whereas cryptodiran turtles have only 12. The extra scute is called the intergular and is at the front of the plastron between the
713:"Nomenclator reptilium et amphibiorum musei zoologici Berolinensis : Namenverzeichnis der in der zoologischen Sammlung der Koeniglichen Universität zu Berlin aufgestellten Arten von Reptilien und Amphibien nach ihren Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen / (Mit Vorrede von H. Lichtenstein)"
398:
prey to escape and it engulfs the prey within 0.004 seconds. This strategy also circumvents issues to quick capture of underwater prey, such as resistance to rapid movement in water, pressure waves due to a rapid strike, and rapid water intake when feeding.
357:
Pleurodirans also differ from cryptodirans in the emarginations of their skulls. Skull emargination provides room and anchorage for the jaw muscles. The connection points and the position of the emarginations relate to different bones of the skull.
1048:
Joyce, Walter G.; Anquetin, Jérémy; Cadena, Edwin-Alberto; Claude, Julien; Danilov, Igor G.; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Gentry, Andrew D.; Georgalis, Georgios L.; Lyson, Tyler R.; Pérez-García, Adán (2021-02-09).
631:
Van Dijk, Peter Paul; Iverson, John; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Bour, Roger; Rhodin, Anders (2012). "Turtles of the World, 2012 Update: Annotated
Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status".
1110:"A new pelomedusoid turtle, Sahonachelys mailakavava, from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar provides evidence for convergent evolution of specialized suction feeding among pleurodires"
898:
Pérez-García, Adán (2016). "A new turtle confirms the presence of
Bothremydidae (Pleurodira) in the Cenozoic of Europe and expands the biostratigraphic range of Foxemydina".
3747:
3769:
3719:
3672:
1013:
834:
385:, which have a specially adapted strategy for catching prey. While the majority of the family Chelidae are omnivores, 17 species are carnivorous:
502:
367:
5096:
2148:
2059:
2067:
1821:
526:
535:
5168:
5083:
973:
5088:
4982:
Turtles of the World 2021 Update: Annotated
Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
3401:
Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated
Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
974:
Lemell, P., Lemell, C., Snelderwaard, P., Gumpenberger, M., Wocheslander, R., and
Weisgram, J. (2002). "Feeding patterns of
3443:
1241:
3761:
4030:
3399:
1108:
Joyce, Walter G.; Rollot, Yann; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Lyson, Tyler R.; Rahantarisoa, Lydia J.; Krause, David W. (2021).
649:
4939:
3617:
796:
233:
5135:
4145:
4037:
3603:
4980:
5101:
4439:
4385:
4109:
4008:
4918:
4885:
4868:
4023:
3274:
2357:
4781:
4547:
4540:
4453:
3624:
868:
4852:
4835:
4116:
3904:
3887:
3705:
3251:
667:"Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles / Par A.M.C. Duméril et par G. Bibron"
5173:
4946:
4432:
3410:
1933:
1317:
4953:
4725:
4277:
4001:
3776:
1666:
302:, also known as the American side-neck river turtles. However, they were cosmopolitan clade during the
132:
116:
108:
5140:
1169:"Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification patterns of side-necked turtles (Testudines: Pleurodira)"
4760:
4718:
4704:
850:"Evolution of the Side-Necked Turtles: The Families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae"
1299:
743:
697:
4774:
4753:
4102:
3610:
3436:
2312:
1234:
4795:
4711:
4683:
4650:
4633:
4074:
4044:
3754:
3168:
5127:
5000:
4932:
4732:
4123:
3937:
3920:
3140:
1940:
1898:
1538:
5122:
4739:
4196:
1884:
1386:
1007:
730:
684:
665:
Duméril, C.; Baird, Spencer
Fullerton; Bibron, Gabriel; Duméril, Auguste Henri André (1834).
5114:
5070:
5038:
4593:
4576:
4566:
4232:
4189:
3824:
3809:
3740:
3733:
3126:
1792:
1416:
1180:
1121:
1062:
907:
8:
5163:
4767:
4690:
4095:
4088:
3871:
3854:
3429:
3111:
1470:
1227:
1051:"A nomenclature for fossil and living turtles using phylogenetically defined clade names"
212:
1184:
1125:
1066:
911:
641:
347:
The different methods of bending the neck require completely different anatomies of the
4697:
4446:
4392:
4067:
3994:
3838:
3831:
3726:
3664:
2518:
2483:
2350:
2089:
1201:
1168:
1144:
1109:
931:
880:
828:
766:
613:
348:
323:
274:
221:
127:
849:
5109:
5057:
4788:
4399:
4378:
4364:
4331:
4314:
4240:
4225:
4081:
4016:
3712:
3061:
2044:
1996:
1987:
1870:
1447:
1206:
1149:
1090:
995:
923:
872:
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645:
387:
935:
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3816:
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2216:
2177:
2125:
1856:
1401:
1196:
1188:
1139:
1129:
1080:
1070:
987:
915:
864:
716:
670:
637:
373:
The jaw closure mechanism has articulation on trochlear surfaces of the pterygoid.
3956:
666:
327:
showing typical pleurodiran neck retraction, under the shell and towards the side.
4746:
4284:
4270:
4248:
4218:
3987:
3301:
2949:
2678:
2646:
2283:
2192:
1968:
1554:
604:
Cope, E. D. (1865). "Third
Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America".
556:
543:
4818:
4291:
4182:
3196:
3186:
3083:
2933:
2773:
2475:
2420:
2162:
2097:
1637:
1628:
1597:
1505:
1394:
1308:
1167:
Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Bronzati, Mario; Langer, Max C.; Sterli, Juliana (2018).
1075:
1050:
562:
495:
431:
332:
partially exposed after retraction. This differs from the method employed by a
318:
299:
237:
919:
5157:
5023:
4616:
3586:
3421:
3376:
3259:
3159:
3148:
3119:
3033:
2917:
2901:
2861:
2795:
2705:
2670:
2614:
2598:
2582:
2556:
2544:
2528:
2506:
2498:
2305:
2016:
1849:
1710:
1657:
1605:
1094:
876:
550:
511:
413:
295:
66:
28:
991:
721:
712:
675:
4925:
3311:
3236:
3212:
2729:
2606:
2590:
2566:
2467:
2412:
2336:
2252:
2226:
2140:
2051:
2030:
1954:
1919:
1729:
1695:
1562:
1478:
1424:
1210:
1153:
999:
927:
5049:
5032:
4523:
3688:
3289:
3244:
3090:
3075:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2957:
2837:
2821:
2805:
2721:
2713:
2662:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2490:
2442:
2365:
2290:
2155:
2111:
2037:
2023:
1975:
1832:
1750:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1589:
1531:
1523:
1440:
1432:
1379:
1369:
363:
339:
41:
1192:
1134:
1085:
336:, which tucks its head and neck between its forelegs, within the shell.
4901:
3368:
3281:
3267:
3228:
3005:
2925:
2893:
2877:
2845:
2783:
2737:
2654:
2459:
2379:
2372:
2320:
2297:
2207:
2074:
1806:
1613:
1546:
1463:
1455:
1358:
1349:
1027:
770:
617:
424:
420:
333:
303:
282:
278:
86:
51:
4486:
4469:
4415:
4135:
4056:
3977:
3966:
3657:
3515:
3360:
3220:
3204:
3133:
3097:
3047:
3040:
2965:
2941:
2885:
2829:
2536:
2328:
2276:
2234:
1947:
1905:
1813:
1799:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1736:
1581:
1409:
757:
Cope, E. D. (1864). "On the Limits and
Relations of the Raniformes".
393:
351:
343:
Differences in neck retraction between cryptodirans and pleurodirans.
144:
91:
35:
4994:
5017:
4666:
4513:
3792:
3576:
3567:
3533:
3472:
3175:
3104:
3024:
3013:
2909:
2574:
2451:
2343:
2185:
2170:
2132:
2081:
2007:
1912:
1891:
1877:
1863:
1719:
1646:
1515:
1494:
1486:
1268:
442:
382:
307:
294:, also known as the Austro-South American side-necked turtles, the
291:
164:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
4347:
3543:
3484:
3478:
3319:
3068:
2973:
2869:
2813:
2393:
2386:
2268:
2118:
2104:
1961:
1926:
1841:
1743:
1283:
1274:
791:. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. p. 403.
174:
96:
71:
5075:
381:
One of the three extant families in this suborder is the family
4260:
4208:
4172:
4161:
3640:
3490:
3466:
3453:
3054:
2697:
1289:
1262:
1250:
821:
Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles
184:
154:
759:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
606:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
3524:
2261:
1328:
1219:
310:, and even occurred in marine environments around the world.
1166:
1757:
848:
Gaffney, Eugene S.; Tong, Haiyan; Meylan, Peter A. (2006).
630:
1047:
818:
664:
869:
10.1206/0003-0090(2006)300[1:EOTSTT]2.0.CO;2
787:
Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard; Trebbau, Pedro (1984).
634:
Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises
1107:
958:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 772.
298:, also known as the African mud terrapins, and the
857:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
847:
5155:
786:
3451:
658:
4979:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
3437:
3398:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
1636:
1235:
313:
1012:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
897:
833:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
710:
4574:
4521:
3444:
3430:
2441:
1368:
1307:
1242:
1228:
949:
947:
945:
599:
597:
434:(extinct) (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous)
107:
1200:
1143:
1133:
1084:
1074:
720:
674:
3514:
782:
780:
338:
317:
3532:
942:
750:
704:
594:
5156:
370:, further differentiating this group.
4999:
4998:
3425:
1316:
1223:
969:
967:
965:
953:
777:
3523:
814:
812:
810:
808:
756:
603:
553:(extinct) (Early Cretaceous-Miocene)
980:The Journal of Experimental Biology
823:. Academic Press. pp. 523–543.
642:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v5.2012
624:
366:. Pelomedusid turtles also possess
13:
962:
819:Vitt, L. and Caldwell, J. (2014).
376:
14:
5185:
5169:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
805:
290:living families are represented:
711:Lichtenstein, Heinrich. (1856).
131:
39:
4844:
4826:
4642:
4624:
4585:
4532:
3595:
3344:
2764:
1160:
1101:
1041:
1020:
1249:
1055:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
891:
841:
427:) (Early Cretaceous-Paleocene)
1:
4853:Erymnochelys madagascariensis
3611:Acanthochelys pallidipectoris
588:
408:After Ferreria, et al. 2018.
539:(extinct) (Early Cretaceous)
530:(extinct) (Early Cretaceous)
498:(extinct) (Early Cretaceous)
7:
3748:Mesoclemmys sabiniparaensis
3542:
3411:List of Testudines families
1028:"The Paleobiology Database"
546:(extinct) (Late Cretaceous)
401:
10:
5190:
4886:Peltocephalus dumerilianus
3604:Acanthochelys macrocephala
1173:Royal Society Open Science
1114:Royal Society Open Science
1076:10.1186/s13358-020-00211-x
314:Definition and description
273:are one of the two living
117:Eastern long-necked turtle
5007:
4975:
4940:Podocnemis sextuberculata
4919:Podocnemis erythrocephala
4910:
4899:
4877:
4866:
4833:
4817:
4675:
4664:
4631:
4615:
4565:
4512:
4478:
4467:
4424:
4413:
4356:
4345:
4323:
4312:
4258:
4206:
4170:
4159:
4133:
4054:
3975:
3964:
3955:
3929:
3918:
3896:
3885:
3863:
3852:
3801:
3790:
3697:
3686:
3649:
3638:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3541:
3505:
3461:
3394:
3351:
3337:
3299:
3185:
3158:
3023:
2793:
2771:
2755:
2688:
2554:
2516:
2434:
2403:
2251:
2215:
2206:
2006:
1985:
1831:
1718:
1709:
1656:
1627:
1572:
1504:
1357:
1348:
1326:
1325:
1298:
1257:
956:Osteology of the Reptiles
920:10.1007/s00114-016-1375-y
227:
220:
128:Scientific classification
126:
115:
106:
23:
4103:Chelodina kurrichalpongo
3762:Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei
978:(Pleurodira: Childae)".
789:The Turtles of Venezuela
4541:Hydromedusa maximiliani
4075:Chelodina burrungandjii
4045:Chelodina steindachneri
3770:Mesoclemmys vanegasorum
3755:Mesoclemmys tuberculata
3720:Mesoclemmys jurutiensis
3618:Acanthochelys radiolata
992:10.1242/jeb.205.10.1495
722:10.5962/bhl.title.45245
676:10.5962/bhl.title.45973
4124:Chelodina walloyarrina
4024:Chelodina novaeguineae
954:Romer, Alfred (1956).
738:Cite journal requires
692:Cite journal requires
344:
328:
281:, the other being the
5123:Paleobiology Database
4548:Hydromedusa tectifera
4447:Myuchelys latisternum
4197:Elseya flaviventralis
4002:Chelodina longicollis
3872:Platemys platycephala
900:The Science of Nature
342:
321:
246:- Lichtenstein 1856:2
121:Chelodina longicollis
4768:Pelusios rhodesianus
4719:Pelusios castanoides
4691:Pelusios bechuanicus
4594:Pseudemydura umbrina
4190:Elseya branderhorsti
4031:Chelodina pritchardi
3825:Phrynops paranaensis
3810:Phrynops geoffroanus
3741:Mesoclemmys raniceps
3734:Mesoclemmys perplexa
3625:Acanthochelys spixii
986:(Pt 10): 1495–1506.
4947:Podocnemis unifilis
4740:Pelusios gabonensis
4278:Elseya novaeguineae
4233:Elseya lavarackorum
4096:Chelodina kuchlingi
4089:Chelodina insculpta
1193:10.1098/rsos.171773
1185:2018RSOS....571773F
1135:10.1098/rsos.210098
1126:2021RSOS....810098J
1067:2021SwJP..140....5J
912:2016SciNa.103...50P
491:Pan-Pelomedusoides
391:and species of the
287:side-necked turtles
16:Suborder of turtles
5174:Tetrapod suborders
4933:Podocnemis lewyana
4926:Podocnemis expansa
4796:Pelusios williamsi
4733:Pelusios cupulatta
4712:Pelusios castaneus
4705:Pelusios carinatus
4698:Pelusios broadleyi
4684:Pelusios adansonii
4651:Pelomedusa subrufa
4440:Myuchelys georgesi
4393:Emydura tanybaraga
4386:Emydura subglobosa
4068:Chelodina alanrixi
4038:Chelodina reimanni
3995:Chelodina gunaleni
3839:Phrynops williamsi
3832:Phrynops tuberosus
3777:Mesoclemmys zuliae
3727:Mesoclemmys nasuta
3665:Chelus orinocensis
2519:Nanhsiungchelyidae
2484:Macrocephalochelys
345:
329:
324:Pelomedusa subrufa
5151:
5150:
5110:Open Tree of Life
5001:Taxon identifiers
4992:
4991:
4985:. Key: †=extinct.
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4895:
4894:
4862:
4861:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4782:Pelusios subniger
4775:Pelusios sinuatus
4660:
4659:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4487:Rheodytes leukops
4463:
4462:
4454:Myuchelys purvisi
4409:
4408:
4400:Emydura victoriae
4379:Emydura macquarii
4365:Emydura australis
4341:
4340:
4308:
4307:
4241:Elseya nadibajagu
4155:
4154:
4146:Chelodina oblonga
4110:Chelodina parkeri
4082:Chelodina expansa
4017:Chelodina murrayi
4009:Chelodina mccordi
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3914:
3913:
3905:Ranacephala hogei
3881:
3880:
3848:
3847:
3786:
3785:
3713:Mesoclemmys gibba
3706:Mesoclemmys dahli
3682:
3681:
3673:Chelus colombiana
3634:
3633:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3419:
3418:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2430:
2429:
2202:
2201:
1705:
1704:
1623:
1622:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
976:Chelus fimbriatus
388:Chelus fimbriatus
267:
266:
261:
255:
247:
241:
216:
34:163–present
5181:
5144:
5143:
5131:
5130:
5118:
5117:
5105:
5104:
5092:
5091:
5079:
5078:
5066:
5065:
5053:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5028:
5027:
5026:
4996:
4995:
4954:Podocnemis vogli
4908:
4907:
4875:
4874:
4842:
4841:
4831:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4789:Pelusios upembae
4726:Pelusios chapini
4673:
4672:
4640:
4639:
4629:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4583:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4495:Rheodytes devisi
4476:
4475:
4422:
4421:
4372:Emydura gunaleni
4354:
4353:
4321:
4320:
4299:Elseya schultzei
4168:
4167:
4117:Chelodina rugosa
3973:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3938:Rhinemys rufipes
3927:
3926:
3894:
3893:
3861:
3860:
3817:Phrynops hilarii
3799:
3798:
3695:
3694:
3658:Chelus fimbriata
3647:
3646:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3341:
2854:Chupacabrachelys
2769:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2439:
2438:
2217:Carettochelyidae
2213:
2212:
1716:
1715:
1634:
1633:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1003:
971:
960:
959:
951:
940:
939:
895:
889:
888:
854:
845:
839:
838:
832:
824:
816:
803:
802:
784:
775:
774:
754:
748:
747:
741:
736:
734:
726:
724:
708:
702:
701:
695:
690:
688:
680:
678:
662:
656:
655:
628:
622:
621:
601:
306:and most of the
259:
253:
245:
231:
211:
136:
135:
111:
101:
38:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5139:
5134:
5126:
5121:
5113:
5108:
5100:
5095:
5087:
5082:
5074:
5069:
5061:
5056:
5048:
5046:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5003:
4993:
4988:
4959:
4891:
4858:
4801:
4747:Pelusios marani
4656:
4599:
4567:Pseudemydurinae
4553:
4500:
4459:
4433:Myuchelys belli
4405:
4337:
4332:Elusor macrurus
4304:
4285:Elseya orestiad
4271:Elseya caelatus
4254:
4249:Elseya uberrima
4219:Elseya albagula
4202:
4151:
4129:
4050:
3988:Chelodina canni
3943:
3910:
3877:
3844:
3782:
3678:
3630:
3546:
3501:
3457:
3450:
3420:
3415:
3382:
3325:
3302:Sahonachelyidae
3295:
3181:
3154:
3019:
2950:Phosphatochelys
2789:
2743:
2684:
2679:Terlinguachelys
2647:Pneumatoarthrus
2550:
2512:
2426:
2399:
2247:
2198:
2002:
1981:
1969:Siebenrockiella
1827:
1701:
1652:
1619:
1568:
1555:Mesodermochelys
1500:
1361:
1332:
1294:
1253:
1248:
1218:
1165:
1161:
1106:
1102:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1005:
1004:
972:
963:
952:
943:
896:
892:
852:
846:
842:
826:
825:
817:
806:
799:
785:
778:
755:
751:
739:
737:
728:
727:
709:
705:
693:
691:
682:
681:
663:
659:
652:
629:
625:
602:
595:
591:
557:Podocnemidoidae
544:Sahonachelyidae
508:Pelomedusoides
404:
379:
377:Suction feeding
316:
260:- Cope 1865:186
254:- Cope 1864:181
210:
130:
119:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
32:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5187:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5132:
5119:
5106:
5093:
5080:
5067:
5054:
5044:
5029:
5013:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4881:
4879:
4872:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4848:
4846:
4839:
4828:
4821:
4819:Podocnemididae
4815:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4761:Pelusios niger
4757:
4754:Pelusios nanus
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4679:
4677:
4670:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4646:
4644:
4637:
4626:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4587:
4580:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4536:
4534:
4527:
4516:
4514:Hydromedusinae
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4480:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4426:
4419:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4360:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4325:
4318:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4292:Elseya rhodini
4288:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4183:Elseya dentata
4178:
4176:
4165:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4139:
4136:Macrochelodina
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3983:
3981:
3970:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3900:
3898:
3891:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3813:
3805:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3599:
3597:
3590:
3579:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3404:. † = extinct.
3395:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3355:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3197:Albertwoodemys
3191:
3189:
3187:Podocnemididae
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3084:Lomalatachelys
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2934:Labrostochelys
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2774:Araripemydidae
2766:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2476:Emarginachelys
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2421:Sinaspideretes
2416:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2098:Hesperotestudo
2093:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1988:Platysternidae
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1640:
1638:Dermatemydidae
1631:
1629:Kinosternoidea
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1598:Procolpochelys
1593:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1506:Dermochelyidae
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1395:Carolinochelys
1390:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1159:
1100:
1040:
1019:
961:
941:
890:
840:
804:
797:
776:
765:(4): 181–183.
749:
740:|journal=
703:
694:|journal=
657:
651:978-0965354097
650:
623:
612:(4): 185–198.
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
584:
583:
582:
581:
580:
579:
578:
577:
576:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:Peiropemydidae
554:
547:
540:
531:
522:
521:
520:
517:
506:
499:
496:Araripemydidae
489:
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
435:
432:Platychelyidae
428:
403:
400:
378:
375:
315:
312:
300:Podocnemididae
265:
264:
263:
262:
256:
248:
242:
225:
224:
218:
217:
205:
201:
200:
198:Pan-Pleurodira
195:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
124:
123:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5186:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5142:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4869:Peltocephalus
4865:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:Pelomedusidae
4614:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4261:Hanwarachelys
4257:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4226:Elseya irwini
4223:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3587:Acanthochelys
3583:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3379:
3378:
3377:Tacuarembemys
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3312:Sahonachelys
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3275:Peltocephalus
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3260:Lapparentemys
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3160:Pelomedusidae
3157:
3151:
3150:
3149:Yaminuechelys
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3120:Prochelidella
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3034:Acanthochelys
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:Kinkonychelys
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2902:Itapecuruemys
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2862:Eotaphrosphys
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2796:Bothremydidae
2792:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2706:Argillochelys
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:Santanachelys
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2615:Desmatochelys
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2599:Calcarichelys
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2583:Atlantochelys
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2557:Protostegidae
2553:
2547:
2546:
2545:Jiangxichelys
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:Anomalochelys
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2507:Protochelydra
2503:
2501:
2500:
2499:Planiplastron
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2306:Drazinderetes
2302:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2242:Carettochelys
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2126:Malacochersus
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2017:Aldabrachelys
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1899:Leucocephalon
1896:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1850:Banhxeochelys
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Testudinoidea
1708:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1658:Kinosternidae
1655:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1606:Protosphargis
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:(Sea turtles)
1360:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:(3): 171773.
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:(5): 210098.
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1030:. Paleodb.org
1029:
1023:
1015:
1009:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
968:
966:
957:
950:
948:
946:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
844:
836:
830:
822:
815:
813:
811:
809:
800:
798:9780916984113
794:
790:
783:
781:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
745:
732:
723:
718:
714:
707:
699:
686:
677:
672:
668:
661:
653:
647:
643:
639:
635:
627:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:
598:
593:
573:
571:Peltocephalus
570:
567:
564:
560:
559:
558:
555:
552:
551:Bothremydidae
548:
545:
541:
538:
537:
532:
529:
528:
523:
518:
515:
514:
513:
512:Pelomedusidae
510:
509:
507:
504:
503:Euraxemydidae
500:
497:
493:
492:
490:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
447:Acanthocheyls
446:
445:
444:
441:
440:
439:
436:
433:
429:
426:
422:
418:
417:
416:
415:
414:Panpleurodira
411:
410:
409:
406:
399:
396:
395:
390:
389:
384:
374:
371:
369:
365:
359:
355:
353:
350:
341:
337:
335:
326:
325:
320:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Pelomedusidae
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
257:
252:
249:
243:
239:
235:
229:
228:
226:
223:
219:
214:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
134:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
30:
29:Late Jurassic
22:
19:
5008:
4981:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4900:
4884:
4867:
4851:
4836:Erymnochelys
4834:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4665:
4649:
4632:
4592:
4577:Pseudemydura
4575:
4546:
4539:
4522:
4493:
4485:
4468:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4414:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4346:
4330:
4313:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4259:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4209:Pelocomastes
4207:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4171:
4160:
4144:
4134:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4055:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3976:
3965:
3957:Chelodininae
3936:
3919:
3903:
3886:
3870:
3853:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3808:
3791:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3687:
3671:
3663:
3656:
3639:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3585:
3496:
3452:Side-necked
3400:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3318:
3310:
3288:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3252:Erymnochelys
3250:
3243:
3237:Cerrejonemys
3235:
3227:
3219:
3213:Brontochelys
3211:
3203:
3195:
3174:
3167:
3147:
3139:
3132:
3127:Pseudemydura
3125:
3118:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2782:
2756:
2736:
2730:Prionochelys
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2607:Cratochelone
2605:
2597:
2591:Bouliachelys
2589:
2581:
2573:
2567:Alienochelys
2565:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2468:Chelydropsis
2466:
2458:
2450:
2419:
2413:Basilochelys
2411:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2337:Khunnuchelys
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2253:Trionychidae
2240:
2233:
2227:Allaeochelys
2225:
2191:
2184:
2178:Stigmochelys
2176:
2169:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2141:Megalochelys
2139:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2052:Cylindraspis
2050:
2043:
2036:
2031:Centrochelys
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:Testudinidae
1997:Platysternon
1995:
1976:Vijayachelys
1974:
1967:
1960:
1955:Rhinoclemmys
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1920:Melanochelys
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1820:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1730:Acherontemys
1728:
1696:Sternotherus
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1645:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1563:Psephophorus
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1493:
1485:
1479:Pacifichelys
1477:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1448:Lepidochelys
1446:
1439:
1431:
1425:Gigantatypus
1423:
1417:Eretmochelys
1415:
1408:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1378:
1359:Chelonioidea
1327:
1279:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1086:11336/155192
1058:
1054:
1043:
1032:. Retrieved
1022:
1008:cite journal
983:
979:
975:
955:
903:
899:
893:
860:
856:
843:
820:
788:
762:
758:
752:
731:cite journal
706:
685:cite journal
660:
633:
626:
609:
605:
568:Erymnochelys
534:
525:
477:Pseudemydura
437:
412:
407:
405:
392:
386:
380:
372:
364:gular scutes
360:
356:
346:
330:
322:
286:
270:
268:
250:
230:Pleuroderes
207:
197:
191:
120:
18:
5033:Wikispecies
4524:Hydromedusa
3888:Ranacephala
3689:Mesoclemmys
3290:Stupendemys
3245:Cordichelys
3091:Mesoclemmys
3076:Hydromedusa
2998:Taphrosphys
2990:Sankuchemys
2982:Rhothonemys
2958:Polysternon
2838:Cearachelys
2822:Azabbaremys
2806:Araiochelys
2722:Ctenochelys
2714:Bashuchelys
2663:Rhinochelys
2639:Ocepechelon
2631:Notochelone
2623:Iserosaurus
2491:Macrochelys
2443:Chelydridae
2366:Palaeoamyda
2291:Cyclanorbis
2156:Psammobates
2149:Oligopherus
2112:Indotestudo
2060:Cymatholcus
2038:Chelonoidis
2024:Astrochelys
1833:Geoemydidae
1751:Deirochelys
1689:Staurotypus
1682:Kinosternon
1675:Hoplochelys
1590:Peritresius
1539:Dermochelys
1532:Cosmochelys
1524:Corsochelys
1441:Itilochelys
1433:Glarichelys
1380:Allopleuron
1370:Cheloniidae
1309:Superfamily
906:(7–8): 50.
468:Mesoclemmys
465:Hydromedusa
368:mesoplastra
334:cryptodiran
258:Pleurodira
244:Pleurodera
31:to present
5164:Pleurodira
5158:Categories
5039:Pleurodira
5009:Pleurodira
4902:Podocnemis
4634:Pelomedusa
3497:Pleurodira
3495:Suborder:
3491:Testudines
3483:Subclass:
3369:Caririemys
3282:Podocnemis
3268:Latentemys
3229:Carbonemys
3169:Pelomedusa
3006:Ummulisani
2926:Kurmademys
2894:Inaechelys
2878:Galianemys
2846:Chedighaii
2784:Araripemys
2757:Pleurodira
2738:Toxochelys
2655:Protostega
2460:Chelydrops
2380:Pelodiscus
2373:Pelochelys
2321:Gilmoremys
2298:Cycloderma
2208:Trionychia
2075:Geochelone
2068:Floridemys
1934:Notochelys
1822:Wilburemys
1793:Malaclemys
1647:Dermatemys
1614:Puppigerus
1547:Eosphargis
1464:Miocaretta
1456:Mexichelys
1350:Cryptodira
1290:Testudines
1251:Testudines
1034:2012-09-24
589:References
574:Podocnemis
527:Atolchelys
516:Pelomedusa
486:Wollumbina
438:Pleurodira
421:Dortokidae
304:Cretaceous
283:Cryptodira
271:Pleurodira
251:Pleurodera
208:Pleurodira
204:Suborder:
185:Testudines
24:Pleurodira
4470:Rheodytes
4416:Myuchelys
4057:Chelydera
3978:Chelodina
3967:Chelodina
3516:Subfamily
3465:Kingdom:
3409:See also
3361:Caribemys
3221:Caninemys
3205:Bauruemys
3134:Rheodytes
3098:Myuchelys
3041:Chelodina
2966:Puentemys
2942:Nigeremys
2886:Ilatardia
2830:Bothremys
2537:Basilemys
2351:Nilssonia
2329:Hutchemys
2277:Axestemys
2235:Anosteira
2090:Hadrianus
1948:Pangshura
1906:Malayemys
1871:Geoclemys
1814:Trachemys
1807:Terrapene
1800:Pseudemys
1786:Graptemys
1779:Glyptemys
1772:Emydoidea
1765:Actinemys
1737:Chrysemys
1582:Euclastes
1410:Eochelone
1261:Kingdom:
1095:1664-2384
877:0003-0090
863:: 1–698.
829:cite book
565:(extinct)
536:Francemys
505:(extinct)
480:Rheodytes
450:Chelodina
394:Chelodina
352:vertebrae
275:suborders
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
5047:BioLib:
5018:Wikidata
4667:Pelusios
3921:Rhinemys
3855:Platemys
3793:Phrynops
3577:Chelinae
3568:Chelidae
3534:Subgenus
3485:Anapsida
3479:Reptilia
3473:Chordata
3471:Phylum:
3467:Animalia
3176:Pelusios
3141:Rhinemys
3112:Platemys
3105:Phrynops
3025:Chelidae
3014:Zolhafah
2910:Jainemys
2575:Archelon
2452:Chelydra
2344:Lissemys
2186:Stylemys
2171:Solitudo
2133:Manouria
2082:Gopherus
2045:Chersina
1913:Mauremys
1892:Heosemys
1885:Hardella
1878:Geoemyda
1864:Cyclemys
1720:Emydidae
1667:Claudius
1516:Arabemys
1495:Tasbacka
1487:Syllomus
1402:Chelonia
1300:Suborder
1284:Diapsida
1275:Reptilia
1269:Chordata
1267:Phylum:
1263:Animalia
1211:29657780
1154:34035950
1061:(1): 5.
1000:11976360
936:15652309
928:27262289
885:85790134
519:Pelusios
483:Rhinemys
474:Platemys
471:Phrynops
443:Chelidae
402:Taxonomy
383:Chelidae
349:cervical
308:Cenozoic
292:Chelidae
240:1834:354
222:Synonyms
175:Reptilia
165:Chordata
161:Phylum:
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
5141:1339072
5076:4522821
5024:Q621851
4348:Emydura
3544:Species
3489:Order:
3477:Class:
3456:species
3320:Sokatra
3069:Emydura
2974:Rosasia
2870:Foxemys
2814:Arenila
2394:Trionyx
2387:Rafetus
2313:Dogania
2269:Apalone
2193:Testudo
2119:Kinixys
2105:Homopus
1962:Sacalia
1941:Orlitia
1927:Morenia
1842:Batagur
1744:Clemmys
1471:Natator
1387:Caretta
1288:Order:
1273:Class:
1202:5882704
1181:Bibcode
1145:8097199
1122:Bibcode
1063:Bibcode
908:Bibcode
771:4623931
618:4624040
462:Emydura
425:extinct
279:turtles
234:Duméril
181:Order:
171:Class:
5089:948945
4911:
4878:
4845:
4827:
4676:
4643:
4625:
4586:
4533:
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4425:
4357:
4324:
4315:Elusor
4173:Elseya
4162:Elseya
3930:
3897:
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3802:
3698:
3650:
3641:Chelus
3596:
3507:Family
3454:turtle
3352:
3345:
3338:
3062:Elusor
3055:Elseya
3048:Chelus
2765:
2698:Adocus
2689:
2435:
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2284:Chitra
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1573:
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998:
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926:
883:
875:
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616:
459:Elusor
456:Elseya
453:Chelus
238:Bibron
215:, 1865
5136:WoRMS
5128:37589
5115:66459
5063:87BW9
5050:16327
3525:Genus
2358:Palea
2262:Amyda
2163:Pyxis
1857:Cuora
1329:Genus
1280:Clade
932:S2CID
881:S2CID
853:(PDF)
767:JSTOR
614:JSTOR
192:Clade
5102:8460
5097:NCBI
5084:ITIS
1758:Emys
1207:PMID
1150:PMID
1091:ISSN
1014:link
996:PMID
924:PMID
873:ISSN
835:link
793:ISBN
744:help
698:help
646:ISBN
269:The
236:and
213:Cope
42:PreꞒ
5071:EoL
5058:CoL
1197:PMC
1189:doi
1140:PMC
1130:doi
1081:hdl
1071:doi
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988:doi
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