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processing. Rigorous experimentation revealed that recoating a print with a secondary emulsion and making a second or third exposure of the same image on a single sheet of paper yielded prints of greater depth and subtlety. Penn solved the problem of aligning and re-aligning the negative and the print surface over multiple exposures by borrowing a technique from the graphic arts: he mounted his paper on a sheet of aluminum with a series of registration guides along the top edge. Penn was guarded about the preparation of his emulsions and his precise formulations varied considerably. He frequently introduced palladium and iron salts into his coatings to achieve desired effects.
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it is a platinum compound (sodium chloroplatinATE), it does not work with platinum prints (potassium chloroplatinITE). It does, however, shorten the scale of a pure palladium print. When minute quantities of sodium chloroplatinate are added to the palladium salt/ferric oxalate emulsion it produces the high-contrast prints needed for thin negatives, but does not exhibit the granularity found when using traditional chlorates. A palladium print made with potassium chlorate will take on a warm, sepia tone. The same print using sodium chloroplatinate will have cooler tones similar to those of a platinum/palladium print.
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platinum with the much cheaper palladium which gave similar effects. The cost of this metal, however, also started to rise and eventually around 1930 the process was abandoned in favor of more economical alternatives. In recent years, a handful of photographers have taken up the art of mixing platinum and palladium and printing fine art prints with those chemicals, despite its cost.
767:. Penn set himself the challenge of producing photographic prints that would surpass the technical limitations of reprographic media and deliver a deeper visual experience. He was drawn to the antiquated platinum process for its long grayscale â its ability to display a seemingly infinite array of gradations between pure white and absolute black.
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The platinum process requires direct contact with the negative, without enlargement, so Penn first needed to create flawless negatives the same size as the desired print. He then hand-coated paper with platinum emulsion. When dry, the paper was sandwiched with the negative and exposed to light before
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Due to the unavailability of pre-coated sensitized paper, all platinum/palladium printing is done on paper coated by the printer. The light sensitive chemicals are mixed from powdered basic chemicals, or some commercially available solutions, then hand applied with a brush or a cylindrical "pusher".
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Willis quickly countered this advance by obtaining two more patents in 1888 for cold-bath processes. By adding more platinum to the developing process, he produced prints that had dense brown-black shadows rather than the lighter browns that were the best that previous processes could produce. While
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In 2002, working from research done by Howard Efner and
Richard Sullivan, Dick Arentz formulated the methodology for using sodium chloroplatinate as a contrast control agent. Richard Sullivan coined the term Na2 and began to sell a 20% solution through Bostick and Sullivan. Arentz found that, since
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is a less-common variant of the platinotype. The process came into greater use after World War I because the platinum used in the more-common platinotype quickly became too expensive. Due to the rising cost and the consequent shortage of commercial platinum paper, photographers tried to replace the
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Four years later, Willis began manufacturing a platinum paper that was designed for the cold-bath process, and this became the standard for the rest of the decade. The business he started in 1880, called the
Platinotype Company, rapidly expanded, and soon he was selling his paper throughout Europe
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printing, had been developed and were beginning to be widely used. Those scientists who had previously conducted research on platinum lost interest in the process as other methods became more commercially viable. The only major advances in platinum research reported during that decade were made
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describing a straightforward process for preparing the paper. They continued their research for several years, and in 1887, Pizzighelli patented a new process that made the commercial production of platinum paper viable for the first time. The new process was briefly known as a
738:, tried to develop its own line of paper starting in 1901, but they could not duplicate the quality of Willis's product. Kodak then tried to buy Willis's company but was not able to come to an agreement. Kodak instead bought the relatively new company of
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was the first to patent the platinotype process in 1873 (British Patent No. 2011, June 8, 1873), and again in 1878 and 1880, which he leveraged to gain commercial success in the manufacture of platinum papers sold through his
Platinotype Company for
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began experimenting with platinum printing. Penn had spent his career up to that point making photographs that were seen almost exclusively in reproduction within the glossy pages of magazines and in his pivotal 1960 book
659:. His modification of the platinum printing process resulted in prints that were permanent enough that he could exhibit them in public. That same year, Clark also exhibited prints made using a slightly different process.
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who had recently developed his own brand of platinum paper comparable to Willis's, which he sold under the name of "Angelo". Kodak continued to sell this paper for several years before it was eventually discontinued.
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When Willis began marketing his paper, platinum was relatively cheap. By 1907, platinum had become 52 times more expensive than silver. Eastman Kodak and most other producers stopped fabrication of the paper in 1916.
597:, determined that the action of light on platinum was quite weak, but that perhaps something could be combined with platinum to increase its sensitivity. Through experimentation, he eventually found that
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produced by the gelatin coating on Resin Coated and fiber-based papers. However, platinotypes that have been waxed or varnished will produce images that appear to have greater maximum density than silver
622:. However, although he tried several different combinations of chemicals with platinum, none of them succeeded in producing any permanency in the image. All of his prints faded after several months.
581:. This somewhat misleading abbreviation was coined by Richard Sullivan of Bostick & Sullivan, one of the principal suppliers of chemistry and printing supplies, who popularized the process.
690:" method where a mixture of ferric oxalate and potassium chloroplatinate are coated onto paper which is then exposed through a negative and developed in a warm solution of potassium oxalate.
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While Willis had greatly advanced the chemistry of the platinum process, there was still no reliable method for the individual preparation of platinum paper by 1880. Two years, later two
851:, the contrast and "color" of the final image can be modified. Because of the non-uniformity of the coating and mixing phases of the process, no two prints are exactly the same.
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A decreased susceptibility to deterioration compared to silver-based prints due to the inherent stability of the process and also because they are commonly printed on 100%
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Over the next decade, Hunt noted that platinum prints he had left in the dark faded very slowly but gradually resumed their original density, and had also shifted from a
873:, 100% cotton rag, silk, and rice, among others. On the collecting market, platinum prints often sell for many times what a similar silver-gelatin print would bring.
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and all available platinum was used in the war effort. Nevertheless, platinum paper has continued in use until the present, interrupted only by the world wars.
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520:. It is estimated that a platinum image, properly made, can last thousands of years. Some of the desirable characteristics of a platinum print include:
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only, thus specialized light sources must be used and exposure times are many times greater than those used in silver-based photographic processes.
836:. The ferrous oxalate then reacts with platinum(II) or palladium(II) reducing it to elemental platinum (or palladium), which builds up the image.
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and in the United States. By 1906, his company had sales totaling US $ 273,715 ($ 6,535,706 in 2009 dollars), a significant amount at that time.
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was a highly-effective enhancer. The combination of these two metals remains the basis of the platinotype process in use today.
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Platinum tones range from warm black, to reddish brown, to expanded mid-tone grays that are unobtainable in silver prints.
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The darkest possible tones in the prints are lighter than silver-based prints. Recent studies have attributed this to an
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Many artists achieve varying effects by choosing different papers for different surface characteristics, including
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The reflective quality of the print is much more diffuse in nature compared to glossy prints that typically have
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that coats the paper. As a result, since no gelatin emulsion is used, the final platinum image is absolutely
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use. He also developed the palladium process requiring palladiotype paper and a silver-platinum paper,
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much more aesthetically pleasing, prints developed by this process were difficult to produce reliably.
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Many practitioners have abandoned platinum and only use palladium. The process using palladium alone (
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conducted their own experiments, further refining the chemistry of the process. In 1844, in his book
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metals are very stable against chemical reactions that might degrade the printâeven more stable than
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By varying the amount of platinum versus palladium and the addition of oxidizing chemicals such as
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The inherent low sensitivity of the process occurs because the ferric oxalate is sensitive to
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is used instead. Sodium chloroplatinate, in contrast to potassium chlorate, does not cause
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Large tonal range, up to D= 2.1, thus requiring a contrast-rich negative for printing
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The first person to have recorded observing the action of light rays on platinum was
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Dick Arentz. Platinum & Palladium
Printing, Second Edition. Focal Press. 2004
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By the early 1850s, however, other more reliable photographic processes, such as
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and Lyonel Clark of Great
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Not being coated with gelatin, the prints do not exhibit the tendency to curl.
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as the restrainer (which is ineffective for palladium), a weak solution of
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Platinum prints are the most durable of all photographic processes. The
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719:" and was marketed under the name "Dr. Jacoby's Printing Out Paper."
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Characteristics of a palladium print, compared to a platinum print:
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1271:"Book Review of : Photography in Platinum and Palladium"
1177:. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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The
Platinum Print & The History of the Platinum Process
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1235:"Irving Penn - Photographs New York Tuesday, April 4, 2023"
517:
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Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century photography: A-I, index
561:) is similar to standard processes, but rather than using
1078:"Photographer now calls former Fombell post office home"
593:
of
Germany in 1830. The following year, his countryman,
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Seeing the skyrocketing demand for platinum paper, the
1254:"An Investigation of. Platinum and Palladium Printing"
196:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
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Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
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655:describing his use of sodium chloroplatinate as a
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751:controlled 90% of the world platinum supply in
577:. This formula is generally referred to as the
1175:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography
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1223:. NY: Columbia University Press. p. 545.
1122:"The Collector's Guide: Platinum Photography"
424:
808:Deeper blacks, with a higher maximum density
486:, platinum lies on the paper surface, while
2883:Conservation and restoration of photographs
1157:
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2620:Comparison of digital and film photography
1338:
1324:
431:
417:
138:. Please do not remove this message until
2840:Photographs considered the most important
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1268:
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877:Notable photographers using the technique
292:Learn how and when to remove this message
274:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
158:Learn how and when to remove this message
811:A softer image, with delicate highlights
442:
192:Relevant discussion may be found on the
134:Relevant discussion may be found on the
76:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
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465:, are photographic prints made by a
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2835:Museums devoted to one photographer
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505:with a deposit of platinum (and/or
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2966:Alternative photographic processes
2382:Timeline of photography technology
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1191:
1164:Hannavy, John, ed. (2008). "A-I".
1135:
820:Platinum printing is based on the
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1124:. Collectorsguide.com. 2007-09-24
633:, eventually becoming permanent.
31:This article has multiple issues.
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61:
20:
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1345:
1258:Journal of Photographic Science
1199:"History of the Platinum Print"
828:. Ferric oxalate is reduced to
39:or discuss these issues on the
1227:
1150:John Hafey & Tom Shillea.
1069:
652:British Journal of Photography
1:
2432:Painted photography backdrops
2364:Golden triangle (composition)
1639:35 mm equivalent focal length
1062:
1009:J. Shimon & J. Lindemann
815:
798:Easier to solarize (see the
774:
448:Coming Home from the Marshes
7:
2142:Intentional camera movement
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559:sodium tetrachloropalladate
140:conditions to do so are met
10:
2982:
2830:Most expensive photographs
2187:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1221:The History of Photography
1076:Poole, Eric (2013-01-21).
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595:Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
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88:Such statements should be
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1219:Josef Maria Eder (1945).
2764:Digital image processing
889:George Charles Beresford
246:may need to be rewritten
2437:Photography and the law
1288:10.1595/147106705X70291
686:Willis introduced the "
531:A very delicate, large
2784:Gelatin silver process
1808:Science of photography
1793:Photographic processes
1771:Perspective distortion
1275:Platinum Metals Review
1057:Photographic processes
571:sodium chloroplatinate
455:
395:Through the Viewfinder
321:
2242:Schlieren photography
1781:Photographic printing
1704:Exposure compensation
1313:at Wikimedia Commons
1084:. Ellwood City Ledger
1082:ellwoodcityledger.com
959:David Michael Kennedy
446:
320:
2026:Straight photography
1664:Chromatic aberration
899:Alvin Langdon Coburn
894:Manuel Ălvarez Bravo
845:potassium dichromate
708:Arthur Baron V. Hubl
704:Giuseppe Pizzighelli
604:In 1832, Englishmen
526:specular reflections
484:silver print process
450:, platinum print by
185:factual accuracy is
90:clarified or removed
2893:photographic plates
2578:Digital photography
1756:Hyperfocal distance
1669:Circle of confusion
969:Robert Mapplethorpe
758:Beginning in 1964,
736:Rochester, New York
615:Researches on Light
452:Peter Henry Emerson
127:of this article is
2397:Autochrome LumiĂšre
2392:Analog photography
2217:Pigeon photography
2006:Social documentary
1485:discontinued films
1269:Mike Ware (2005).
1252:Mike Ware (1986).
934:Frederick H. Evans
849:potassium chlorate
620:photographic print
567:potassium chlorate
472:process involving
456:
322:
70:This lead section
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2947:
2749:Collodion process
2685:Chromogenic print
2672:Color photography
2182:Multiple exposure
2157:Lo-fi photography
1684:Color temperature
1309:Media related to
1044:Clarence H. White
999:Sebastiao Salgado
954:Gertrude Kasebier
949:Frederick Hollyer
909:Imogen Cunningham
860:ultraviolet light
841:hydrogen peroxide
822:light sensitivity
765:Moments Preserved
694:Commercialization
645:independently by
606:Sir John Herschel
441:
440:
365:Oil print process
302:
301:
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284:
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256:lead layout guide
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107:
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54:
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2804:Print permanence
2754:Cross processing
2712:CMYK color model
2697:Color management
2650:Foveon X3 sensor
2645:Three-CCD camera
2289:Miniature faking
2247:Sabattier effect
1859:Astrophotography
1714:Zebra patterning
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1201:. Danesphoto.com
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1019:Alfred Stieglitz
914:Edward S. Curtis
740:Joseph Di Nunzio
591:Ferdinand Gehlen
543:optical illusion
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375:Platinum process
340:Cross processing
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2717:RGB color model
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2334:Diagonal method
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1964:Photojournalism
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1659:Black-and-white
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1606:Slide projector
1601:Movie projector
1480:available films
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1311:Platinum prints
1302:
1264:(5â6): 165â177.
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1246:Further reading
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1014:Edward Steichen
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830:ferrous oxalate
818:
800:Sabatier Effect
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459:Platinum prints
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350:Double exposure
335:Bromoil process
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2905:Polaroid art
2799:K-14 process
2794:Instant film
2789:Gum printing
2744:C-41 process
2729:Photographic
2630:Image sensor
2625:Film scanner
2279:Sun printing
2212:Print toning
1999:space selfie
1969:Pictorialism
1899:Ethnographic
1879:Conservation
1751:Guide number
1746:Focal length
1303:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1257:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1203:. Retrieved
1193:
1174:
1166:
1159:
1154:. kimeia.com
1126:. Retrieved
1086:. Retrieved
1081:
1071:
1004:Tom Sandberg
984:Isabel Muñoz
979:Tina Modotti
944:Naohisa Hara
939:Laura Gilpin
868:
864:
857:
853:
838:
819:
790:
785:palladiotype
784:
778:
769:
764:
757:
745:
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725:
721:
712:dissertation
697:
685:
673:professional
666:
657:fixing agent
650:
647:C.J. Burnett
635:
624:
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481:
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463:platinotypes
462:
458:
457:
447:
380:Polaroid art
374:
288:
270:
264:October 2016
261:
250:Please help
245:
243:lead section
212:
206:October 2016
203:
184:
154:
148:October 2016
145:
123:
95:
82:unverifiable
74:weasel words
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
2910:Stereoscopy
2774:E-6 process
2769:Dye coupler
2702:color space
2615:Digiscoping
2608:camera back
2523:Philippines
2452:Visual arts
2442:Glass plate
2427:Heliography
2326:Composition
2301:Ultraviolet
2257:Stereoscopy
2252:Slow motion
2237:Scanography
2152:Kite aerial
2092:Contre-jour
1984:Post-mortem
1974:Pornography
1954:Neues Sehen
1889:Documentary
1823:Zone System
1798:Reciprocity
1724:Film format
1654:Backscatter
1632:Terminology
1502:beauty dish
1401:rangefinder
1366:light-field
1347:Photography
1034:Robert Vano
1024:Paul Strand
989:Irving Penn
904:Lois Conner
884:Dick Arentz
781:photography
760:Irving Penn
753:World War I
734:Company in
610:Robert Hunt
533:tonal range
482:Unlike the
405:Ultraviolet
310:photography
308:Alternative
84:information
2955:Categories
2900:Lomography
2731:processing
2680:Print film
2596:comparison
2563:Uzbekistan
2513:Luxembourg
2473:Bangladesh
2422:Dufaycolor
2402:Box camera
2359:Simplicity
2316:Zoom burst
2311:Xerography
2306:Vignetting
2296:Time-lapse
2284:Tiltâshift
2177:Mordançage
2167:Luminogram
2132:Holography
2127:High-speed
2107:Fill flash
2087:Burst mode
2065:Techniques
2046:Vernacular
2041:Underwater
2036:Toy camera
2016:Still life
1944:Monochrome
1934:High-speed
1884:Cloudscape
1874:Conceptual
1776:Photograph
1761:Lens flare
1741:Film speed
1623:Zone plate
1569:wide-angle
1554:long-focus
1205:2013-07-28
1128:2013-07-28
1088:2013-07-27
1063:References
994:Ted Preuss
929:Olive Edis
702:officers,
579:Na2 method
551:rag papers
490:lies in a
467:monochrome
125:neutrality
98:April 2014
36:improve it
2850:Norwegian
2814:Stop bath
2759:Developer
2387:Ambrotype
2349:Lead room
2272:Slit-scan
2207:Photogram
2202:Panoramic
2112:Fireworks
2097:Cyanotype
1939:Landscape
1584:telephoto
1532:reflector
1527:monolight
1522:lens hood
1507:cucoloris
1443:safelight
1354:Equipment
964:Sal Lopes
816:Chemistry
775:Palladium
717:Pizzitype
507:palladium
345:Cyanotype
194:talk page
136:talk page
72:contains
42:talk page
2929:Category
2635:CMOS APS
2533:Slovenia
2461:Regional
2407:Calotype
2344:Headroom
2222:Redscale
2137:Infrared
2082:Brenizer
2056:Wildlife
1979:Portrait
1924:Forensic
1914:Fine-art
1849:Aircraft
1839:Abstract
1719:F-number
1699:Exposure
1674:Clipping
1649:Aperture
1517:hot shoe
1438:enlarger
1433:Darkroom
1051:See also
834:UV-light
688:hot bath
627:negative
499:emulsion
474:platinum
470:printing
385:Redscale
360:Infrared
187:disputed
129:disputed
2940:Outline
2876:Related
2568:Vietnam
2553:Ukraine
2488:Denmark
2468:Albania
2447:Tintype
2374:History
2339:Framing
2232:Rollout
2197:Panning
2147:Kirlian
2051:Wedding
1929:Glamour
1909:Fashion
1894:Eclipse
1864:Banquet
1786:Albumen
1596:Monopod
1574:fisheye
1542:softbox
1391:pinhole
1381:instant
1371:digital
924:Dazeley
681:Satista
677:amateur
663:Patents
642:albumen
585:History
546:prints.
496:albumen
492:gelatin
370:Pinhole
2938:
2927:
2860:street
2855:Polish
2548:Turkey
2543:Taiwan
2528:Serbia
2518:Norway
2493:Greece
2478:Canada
2072:Afocal
2031:Street
2011:Sports
1994:Selfie
1949:Nature
1904:Erotic
1869:Candid
1844:Aerial
1832:Genres
1734:medium
1611:Tripod
1579:swivel
1492:Filter
1470:holder
1465:format
1361:Camera
1181:
871:vellum
783:, the
749:Russia
488:silver
454:, 1886
400:Toning
78:biased
2865:women
2823:Lists
2779:Fixer
2662:Pixel
2591:D-SLR
2538:Sudan
2508:Korea
2503:Japan
2498:India
2483:China
2267:Strip
2192:Night
2172:Macro
2077:Bokeh
2021:Stock
1989:Ruins
1729:large
1559:prime
1537:snoot
1497:Flash
1475:stock
1450:Drone
1411:still
1396:press
1386:phone
1376:field
1171:(PDF)
629:to a
575:grain
565:plus
503:matte
2888:film
2603:MILC
2102:ETTR
1959:Nude
1919:Fire
1818:Sync
1616:head
1564:zoom
1549:Lens
1512:gobo
1460:base
1455:Film
1426:view
1179:ISBN
843:and
706:and
675:and
640:and
638:salt
608:and
518:gold
122:The
2640:CCD
1421:toy
1416:TLR
1406:SLR
1283:doi
847:or
832:by
824:of
779:In
494:or
80:or
2957::
1279:49
1277:.
1273:.
1262:34
1260:.
1256:.
1173:.
1137:^
1097:^
1080:.
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476:.
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1339:e
1332:t
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1291:.
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432:e
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