42:
63:
1089:
290:
4260:
282:
947:
species is often referred to as the 'cyanelle' or chromatophore, and had a much more recent endosymbiotic event about 90–140 million years ago; it is the only known primary endosymbiosis event of cyanobacteria outside of the
Archaeplastida. The plastid belongs to the "PS-clade" (of the cyanobacteria
971:
engulfs a red or a green alga and retains the algal plastid, that plastid is typically surrounded by more than two membranes. In some cases these plastids may be reduced in their metabolic and/or photosynthetic capacity. Algae with complex plastids derived by secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga
818:
In normal intraspecific crossings—resulting in normal hybrids of one species—the inheriting of plastid DNA appears to be strictly uniparental; i.e., from the female. In interspecific hybridisations, however, the inheriting is apparently more erratic. Although plastids are inherited mainly from the
601:
has many nucleoids localized at the periphery of the plastid and bound to the inner envelope membrane. During the development/ differentiation of proplastids to chloroplasts—and when plastids are differentiating from one type to another—nucleoids change in morphology, size, and location within the
617:
while interconnecting several plastids. Proteins and smaller molecules can move around and through the stromules. Comparatively, in the laboratory, most cultured cells—which are large compared to normal plant cells—produce very long and abundant stromules that extend to the cell periphery.
1096:
In 1977 J.M Whatley proposed a plastid development cycle which said that plastid development is not always unidirectional but is instead a complicated cyclic process. Proplastids are the precursor of the more differentiated forms of plastids, as shown in the diagram to the right.
768:
species is often referred to as the 'cyanelle' or chromatophore, and is used in photosynthesis. It had a much more recent endosymbiotic event, in the range of 140–90 million years ago, which is the only other known primary endosymbiosis event of cyanobacteria.
646:
yielded no results, but concluding that their plastomes are entirely missing is still disputed. Some scientists argue that plastid genome loss is unlikely since even these non-photosynthetic plastids contain genes necessary to complete various
720:, which allows them to photosynthesize down to marine depths of 268 m. The chloroplasts of plants differ from rhodoplasts in their ability to synthesize starch, which is stored in the form of granules within the plastids. In red algae,
522:, (from 'plastid genome')—which for a chlorophyll plastid (or chloroplast) is equivalent to a 'chloroplast genome', or a 'chloroplast DNA'. The number of genome copies produced per plastid is variable, ranging from 1000 or more in
938:. The glaucocystophycean plastid—in contrast to chloroplasts and rhodoplasts—is still surrounded by the remains of the cyanobacterial cell wall. All these primary plastids are surrounded by two membranes.
5126:
567:
genes (in the cell nucleus of a plant) encode the vast majority of plastid proteins; and the expression of nuclear and plastid genes is co-regulated to coordinate the development and
5119:
1142:
is credited to coin the term plastid, but his "plastid" includes nucleated cells and anucleated "cytodes" and thus totally different concept from the plastid in modern literature.
4090:
574:
Many plastids, particularly those responsible for photosynthesis, possess numerous internal membrane layers. Plastid DNA exists as protein-DNA complexes associated as localized
4296:
1066:, take up algae as food and keep the plastid of the digested alga to profit from the photosynthesis; after a while, the plastids are also digested. This process is known as
819:
female in interspecific hybridisations, there are many reports of hybrids of flowering plants producing plastids from the male. Approximately 20% of angiosperms, including
5112:
4095:
922:
in the glaucophytes. The plastids differ both in their pigmentation and in their ultrastructure. For example, chloroplasts in plants and green algae have lost all
269:
or which determine a cell's color. Plastids in organisms that have lost their photosynthetic properties are highly useful for manufacturing molecules like the
902:. The primary endosymbiotic event of the Archaeplastida is hypothesized to have occurred around 1.5 billion years ago and enabled eukaryotes to carry out
4228:
225:
events have also occurred in a wide variety of organisms; and some organisms developed the capacity to sequester ingested plastids—a process known as
4289:
602:
organelle. The remodelling of plastid nucleoids is believed to occur by modifications to the abundance of and the composition of nucleoid proteins.
394:
into several forms, depending upon which function they perform in the cell, (see top graphic). They may develop into any of the following variants:
1300:"The ancestor of the Paulinella chromatophore obtained a carboxysomal operon by horizontal gene transfer from a Nitrococcus-like γ-proteobacterium"
2379:"Continuous expression in tobacco leaves of a Brassica napus PEND homologue blocks differentiation of plastids and development of palisade cells"
563:. But these proteins represent only a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain any particular type of plastid.
510:
Depending on their morphology and target function, plastids have the ability to differentiate or redifferentiate between these and other forms.
1027:), and many other human or animal diseases also harbor a complex plastid (although this organelle has been lost in some apicomplexans, such as
963:
In contrast to primary plastids derived from primary endosymbiosis of a prokaryoctyic cyanobacteria, complex plastids originated by secondary
2618:
1162:
Sato N (2007). "Origin and
Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids". In Wise RR, Hoober JK (eds.).
4282:
4146:
5682:
1461:
Kolattukudy, P.E. (1996) "Biosynthetic pathways of cutin and waxes, and their sensitivity to environmental stresses", pp. 83–108 in:
1665:
1606:
906:. Three evolutionary lineages in the Archaeplastida have since emerged in which the plastids are named differently: chloroplasts in
3962:
2361:
843:
seedlings is subjected to increasing damage as the seedlings develop. The DNA damage is due to oxidative environments created by
5249:
2488:
1495:
1179:
2585:
2045:"Changes in DNA damage, molecular integrity, and copy number for plastid DNA and mitochondrial DNA during maize development"
1076:
2145:"MSH1 maintains organelle genome stability and genetically interacts with RECA and RECG in the moss Physcomitrella patens"
200:. Another primary endosymbiosis event occurred later, between 140 to 90 million years ago, in the photosynthetic plastids
5615:
254:). Plastids are sites for manufacturing and storing pigments and other important chemical compounds used by the cells of
2413:
1450:
5672:
4152:
2611:
1630:
Barbrook AC, Howe CJ, Purton S (February 2006). "Why are plastid genomes retained in non-photosynthetic organisms?".
1587:
321:
while capturing carbon from Earth's atmosphere and furnishing the atmosphere with life-giving oxygen. These are the
5677:
3047:
1733:"Evolutionary dynamics of the chromatophore genome in three photosynthetic Paulinella species - Scientific Reports"
590:
surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The region of each nucleoid may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.
3486:
2680:
815:. Algae also inherit plastids from just one parent. Thus the plastid DNA of the other parent is completely lost.
5600:
4950:
4545:
3967:
883:, a protein employed in DNA mismatch repair (Msh1) interacts with proteins employed in recombinational repair (
240:
232:
1731:
Lhee, Duckhyun; Ha, Ji-San; Kim, Sunju; Park, Myung Gil; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Yoon, Hwan Su (2019-02-22).
727:
222:
5757:
5588:
5086:
3417:
2782:
967:
in which a eukaryotic organism engulfed another eukaryotic organism that contained a primary plastid. When a
340:, which may be used to produce energy or as raw material to synthesize other molecules. For example, plastid
4734:
4415:
4136:
3723:
3238:
2604:
2463:
2285:
4420:
1943:
526:, encompassing only a few plastids, down to 100 or less in mature cells, encompassing numerous plastids.
4654:
4410:
4218:
3972:
903:
844:
3952:
748:, the term is used for all unpigmented plastids. Their function differs from the leucoplasts of plants.
1563:
466:
5747:
5104:
4955:
4102:
251:
196:
62:
5659:
5605:
4802:
4703:
4620:
4240:
4085:
3135:
2777:
1166:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 23. Springer Netherlands. pp. 75–102.
927:
852:
556:
391:
156:
110:
17:
5752:
5694:
4829:
4605:
1513:"The evolution of the plastid chromosome in land plants: gene content, gene order, gene function"
5057:
4373:
4070:
3994:
2742:
2717:
1029:
579:
3799:
4817:
4790:
4405:
4235:
2981:
2767:
2660:
2511:
879:
560:
235:
was the first to name, describe, and provide a clear definition of plastids, which possess a
4393:
1856:
Sánchez-Baracaldo, Patricia; Raven, John A.; Pisani, Davide; Knoll, Andrew H. (2017-09-12).
5704:
4761:
4756:
4632:
3957:
3854:
3809:
3481:
3040:
3014:
2432:
2197:
2001:
1869:
1804:
1744:
1373:
1311:
568:
3457:
2588:— Co-extra research project on coexistence and traceability of GM and non-GM supply chains
1791:
Gabr, Arwa; Grossman, Arthur R.; Bhattacharya, Debashish (2020-05-05). Palenik, B. (ed.).
1360:
Ochoa de Alda, Jesús A. G.; Esteban, Rocío; Diago, María Luz; Houmard, Jean (2014-01-29).
658:, the plastids still occur there as "shells" without DNA content, which is reminiscent of
8:
5742:
5279:
4997:
4839:
4795:
4751:
4489:
4127:
3672:
2640:
2414:"The inheritance of genes in mitochondria and chloroplasts: laws, mechanisms, and models"
2235:"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life"
1041:' is no longer capable of photosynthesis, but is an essential organelle, and a promising
262:
2541:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
2201:
2005:
1992:
Zhang Q (March 2010). "Why does biparental plastid inheritance revive in angiosperms?".
1873:
1808:
1748:
1377:
1315:
1197:"An Expanded Ribosomal Phylogeny of Cyanobacteria Supports a Deep Placement of Plastids"
513:
5573:
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3708:
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3186:
3082:
2561:
2536:
2523:
2369:
2338:
2325:
2308:
2120:
2093:
2069:
2044:
2025:
1961:
1924:
1900:
1857:
1833:
1792:
1765:
1732:
1705:
1680:
1539:
1512:
1334:
1299:
1223:
1196:
1062:
1046:
993:
57:
4274:
2596:
2261:
2234:
1922:
960:), which is a different sister clade to the plastids belonging to the Archaeplastida.
5551:
5467:
5369:
5139:
5042:
4746:
4223:
3072:
3067:
2964:
2802:
2685:
2566:
2515:
2484:
2436:
2400:
2395:
2378:
2330:
2266:
2215:
2166:
2125:
2074:
2017:
1966:
1948:
1905:
1887:
1838:
1820:
1770:
1710:
1647:
1583:
1544:
1491:
1482:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 23. Springer. pp. 3–26.
1399:
1391:
1339:
1277:
1269:
1247:
1228:
1175:
1034:
1023:
1001:
799:
In reproducing, most plants inherit their plastids from only one parent. In general,
244:
2527:
2377:
Wycliffe P, Sitbon F, Wernersson J, Ezcurra I, Ellerström M, Rask L (October 2005).
1434:
1417:
448:
170:
A permanent primary endosymbiosis event occurred about 1.5 billion years ago in the
4778:
4672:
4305:
4009:
3915:
3910:
3864:
3757:
3742:
3703:
3628:
3469:
3393:
3290:
3232:
2556:
2548:
2507:
2428:
2390:
2320:
2256:
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2205:
2156:
2115:
2105:
2064:
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2009:
1974:
1956:
1938:
1895:
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1692:
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1575:
1534:
1524:
1483:
1381:
1329:
1319:
1259:
1218:
1208:
1167:
859:
but DNA with unrepaired damage is apparently degraded to non-functional fragments.
721:
692:
597:) contains a single nucleoid region located near the centre of the proplastid, the
548:
537:
426:
357:
349:
41:
3804:
1643:
1298:
Marin, Birger; Nowack, Eva CM; Glöckner, Gernot; Melkonian, Michael (2007-06-05).
1115: – Network of filamentous proteins that forms the internal framework of cells
713:
5411:
5035:
4729:
4708:
4637:
4440:
4263:
4245:
4107:
3936:
3886:
3874:
3836:
3772:
3599:
3567:
3528:
3501:
3330:
3325:
3216:
3152:
3033:
2665:
1053:
950:
341:
211:
2824:
2186:"The plastid ancestor originated among one of the major cyanobacterial lineages"
1487:
1362:"The plastid ancestor originated among one of the major cyanobacterial lineages"
1171:
5460:
5425:
5418:
5397:
5376:
5353:
5233:
5025:
4912:
4783:
4642:
4625:
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4157:
4122:
4075:
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4021:
3777:
3604:
3582:
3548:
3523:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3373:
3191:
3176:
3130:
3125:
2628:
2586:
Transplastomic plants for biocontainment (biological confinement of transgenes)
1756:
1579:
1118:
985:
931:
923:
866:
848:
425:: plastids that control the dismantling of the photosynthetic apparatus during
402:
380:
314:
266:
171:
144:
114:
2013:
1529:
239:
molecule that long has been thought of as circular in shape, like that of the
5736:
5699:
5627:
5520:
5488:
5474:
5453:
5439:
5390:
5383:
5302:
5175:
5065:
5030:
4873:
4863:
4834:
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4460:
4193:
3941:
3859:
3831:
3794:
3762:
3698:
3667:
3618:
3518:
3320:
3303:
3226:
3206:
3147:
3142:
3090:
2911:
2871:
2846:
2762:
2675:
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1952:
1929:
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1824:
1395:
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1106:
1088:
1018:
964:
956:
899:
896:
700:
659:
655:
523:
482:
379:
regions of the plant. Proplastids and young chloroplasts typically divide by
353:
345:
217:
133:
130:
84:
2110:
1923:
Luis Delaye; Cecilio
Valadez-Cano; Bernardo Pérez-Zamorano (15 March 2016).
1882:
5716:
5649:
5513:
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5446:
5432:
5404:
5330:
5309:
5052:
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4855:
4822:
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3265:
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2570:
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1548:
1403:
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1281:
1232:
1112:
1067:
981:
648:
564:
422:
326:
318:
289:
226:
50:
2251:
1978:
1511:
Wicke, S; Schneeweiss, GM; dePamphilis, CW; Müller, KF; Quandt, D (2011).
5578:
5323:
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4885:
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4004:
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3920:
3782:
3562:
3533:
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3427:
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3115:
3110:
3095:
2993:
2959:
2886:
2881:
2772:
2060:
1786:
1784:
1293:
1291:
1042:
997:
907:
874:
808:
800:
780:
755:
731:
696:
689:(plants) and other organisms that derived their genomes from green algae.
686:
682:
639:
634:
555:). It also contains proteins involved in photosynthesis and plastid gene
503:
416:
398:
333:
310:
306:
187:
183:
175:
164:
148:
140:
1195:
Moore KR, Magnabosco C, Momper L, Gold DA, Bosak T, Fournier GP (2019).
930:
found in cyanobacteria, red algae and glaucophytes, but instead contain
443:
Leucoplasts differentiate into even more specialized plastids, such as:
5709:
5656:
5243:
5156:
4984:
4979:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4905:
4900:
4741:
4676:
4425:
4367:
4033:
4026:
4016:
3999:
3682:
3677:
3613:
3405:
3252:
3211:
3105:
2988:
2928:
2921:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2851:
2797:
2787:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2342:
2210:
2185:
1386:
1361:
1264:
1038:
1013:
1004:
977:
973:
943:
911:
862:
856:
776:
764:
751:
741:
629:
606:
472:
454:
432:
293:
202:
191:
160:
152:
126:
5134:
2161:
2144:
1816:
1793:"Paulinella , a model for understanding plastid primary endosymbiosis"
1781:
1564:"Molecular evolution of plastid genomes in parasitic flowering plants"
1478:
Wise, Robert R. (2006). "The
Diversity of Plastid Form and Function".
1288:
873:
stability/ integrity by repairing the plastid's DNA. For example, in
621:
In 2014, evidence was found of the possible loss of plastid genome in
236:
5316:
5295:
5197:
4989:
4974:
4961:
4713:
4501:
4332:
4141:
4038:
3767:
3572:
3553:
3464:
3388:
3308:
3260:
3201:
3181:
3120:
3009:
2971:
2944:
2916:
2809:
2792:
2727:
2700:
2632:
1435:
Morphologische
Individuen erster Ordnung: Plastiden oder Plasmastücke
968:
935:
919:
915:
772:
735:
717:
703:
623:
514:
Plastomes and
Chloroplast DNA/ RNA; plastid DNA and plastid nucleoids
495:
408:
270:
258:
255:
179:
783:
are plant-specific and do not occur in algae. Plastids in algae and
375:
All plastids are derived from proplastids, which are present in the
281:
5689:
5634:
5221:
5205:
5170:
5020:
4966:
4868:
4812:
4807:
4698:
4659:
4615:
4517:
4322:
4183:
4173:
4117:
4112:
3879:
3752:
3728:
3645:
3315:
3100:
2954:
2710:
2695:
2690:
2184:
Ochoa de Alda JA, Esteban R, Diago ML, Houmard J (September 2014).
1057:
989:
988:(= rhodoplasts). Those that endosymbiosed a green alga include the
788:
784:
707:
610:
583:
519:
376:
337:
206:
74:
586:'. Unlike the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a plastid nucleoid is
518:
Each plastid creates multiple copies of its own unique genome, or
27:
Plant cell organelles that perform photosynthesis and store starch
5721:
5639:
5620:
5165:
5002:
4664:
4649:
4352:
4327:
3368:
3363:
3280:
2976:
2829:
2705:
2591:
1858:"Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats"
1855:
1510:
1109: – Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
1008:
820:
675:
614:
486:
462:
436:
369:
300:
2537:"The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids"
2183:
1359:
5667:
5610:
5595:
5545:
5275:
5093:
5071:
4768:
4691:
4686:
4451:
4342:
4337:
3821:
3713:
3633:
3587:
3577:
3538:
3476:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3056:
2819:
2376:
2309:"A Suggested Cycle of Plastid Developmental Interrelationships"
870:
812:
804:
699:
algae are similar to plant chloroplasts, excepting they have a
530:
499:
458:
361:
118:
2498:
Gould SB, Waller RF, McFadden GI (2008). "Plastid evolution".
1451:
Picozoans Are Algae After All: Study | The
Scientist Magazine®
724:
is synthesized and stored outside the plastids in the cytosol.
5644:
5271:
5215:
5210:
4575:
4567:
4385:
4347:
4045:
3979:
3901:
3869:
3826:
3718:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3638:
3623:
3592:
3513:
3171:
3162:
1465:. G. Kerstiens (ed.), BIOS Scientific publishers Ltd., Oxford
1092:
An illustration of the stages of inter-conversion in plastids
840:
745:
671:
643:
613:
sometimes form—extending from the plastid body into the cell
122:
1666:"DNA of Giant 'Corpse Flower' Parasite Surprises Biologists"
1297:
360:. Plastids function to store different components including
5583:
5187:
5135:
5081:
4773:
4314:
3896:
3891:
3543:
3383:
3358:
3353:
3337:
3196:
1248:"The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution"
884:
552:
541:
695:: also known as cyanoplasts or cyanelles, the plastids of
317:, thereby creating internal chemical energy from external
3816:
3378:
3025:
2949:
2233:
Hedges SB, Blair JE, Venturi ML, Shoe JL (January 2004).
1194:
836:
787:
may also differ from plant plastids in that they contain
476:
365:
344:
manufacture the components of the tissue system known as
2094:"DNA maintenance in plastids and mitochondria of plants"
1790:
383:, but more mature chloroplasts also have this capacity.
356:—which itself is synthesized in the chloroplasts of the
4304:
2626:
1681:"The unique features of starch metabolism in red algae"
419:: coloured plastids that synthesize and store pigments.
129:
organisms. Plastids are considered to be intracellular
2232:
869:
and then translocated to plastids where they maintain
2042:
1944:
10.1371/CURRENTS.TOL.E68A099364BB1A1E129A17B4E06B0C6B
2142:
2043:
Kumar RA, Oldenburg DJ, Bendich AJ (December 2014).
1418:
Ueber die
Gestalten der Stärkebildner und Farbkörper
1355:
1353:
827:), normally show biparental inheriting of plastids.
2497:
1678:
1629:
1925:"How Really Ancient Is Paulinella Chromatophora?"
1350:
194:, a symbiotic cyanobacteria related to the genus
5734:
2461:
2091:
1601:
1599:
887:and RecG) to maintain plastid genome stability.
2283:
1862:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
642:. Extensive searches for plastid genes in both
2143:Odahara M, Kishita Y, Sekine Y (August 2017).
1726:
1724:
301:Chloroplasts, proplastids, and differentiation
151:(used for synthesis and storage of pigments);
5120:
4290:
3041:
2612:
1730:
1596:
4147:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
2478:
2136:
2085:
2036:
1561:
1246:Vries, Jan de; Gould, Sven B. (2018-01-15).
1083:
5683:Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene
1721:
1679:Viola R, Nyvall P, Pedersén M (July 2001).
1455:
5127:
5113:
4297:
4283:
3048:
3034:
2619:
2605:
1245:
895:Plastids are thought to be descended from
582:; and these complexes are called 'plastid
155:(non-pigmented plastids some of which can
40:
2560:
2394:
2324:
2260:
2250:
2209:
2160:
2119:
2109:
2068:
1960:
1942:
1899:
1881:
1832:
1764:
1704:
1538:
1528:
1385:
1333:
1323:
1263:
1222:
1212:
4091:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
2512:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092915
2359:
1087:
830:
665:
654:Even with any loss of plastid genome in
401:: typically green plastids that perform
288:
280:
5664:Retroelements not elsewhere classified
2534:
2362:"A Novel View of Chloroplast Structure"
2306:
1473:
1471:
599:developing (or differentiating) plastid
167:derived from secondary endosymbiosis).
14:
5735:
2433:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090231
1480:The Structure and Function of Plastids
1164:The Structure and Function of Plastids
1121: – Type of symbiotic relationship
435:: colourless plastids that synthesize
5108:
4278:
3029:
2600:
2411:
1991:
1672:
1658:
758:derived from secondary endosymbiosis.
754:: the non-photosynthetic plastids of
1477:
1468:
1439:Generelle Morphologie der Organismen
1161:
578:within the plastid's inner envelope
223:Secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis
5616:Integrative and conjugative element
2481:Origins of Algae and their Plastids
865:proteins are encoded by the cell's
24:
2483:. New York: Springer-Verlag/Wein.
2352:
2326:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1978.tb01581.x
1007:including the causative agents of
25:
5769:
5673:Diversity-generating retroelement
4096:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
2579:
2092:Oldenburg DJ, Bendich AJ (2015).
803:inherit plastids from the female
276:
5678:Telomerase reverse transcriptase
5250:Microbes with highly unusual DNA
4259:
4258:
2462:Chan CX, Bhattacharya D (2010).
2396:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02482.x
1685:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
1607:"Plants Without Plastid Genomes"
638:, a genus of non-photosynthetic
529:A plastome typically contains a
390:(undifferentiated plastids) may
163:(non-photosynthetic plastids of
61:
2300:
2284:Chan CX, Bhattachary D (2010).
2277:
2226:
2177:
1985:
1916:
1849:
1623:
1555:
1504:
811:inherit plastids from the male
728:Secondary and tertiary plastids
609:long thin protuberances called
5601:Defective interfering particle
4951:Last universal common ancestor
4546:Defective interfering particle
2500:Annual Review of Plant Biology
2049:Journal of Experimental Botany
1568:Advances in Botanical Research
1444:
1427:
1410:
1239:
1188:
1155:
1132:
941:The plastid of photosynthetic
794:
762:The plastid of photosynthetic
332:Other plastids can synthesize
13:
1:
5589:Clonally transmissible cancer
5087:Clonally transmissible cancer
4523:Satellite-like nucleic acids
2783:Microtubule organizing center
1644:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.12.004
1562:Wicke, S; Naumann, J (2018).
1149:
1060:, in particular of the genus
853:respiratory electron transfer
651:including heme biosynthesis.
498:: synthesizing and producing
411:: precursors of chloroplasts.
139:Examples of plastids include
4137:History of plant systematics
3724:Thorns, spines, and prickles
2479:Bhattacharya D, ed. (1997).
716:: the red plastids found in
309:, the plastids that contain
250:—but now, perhaps not; (see
209:of the cyanobacteria genera
7:
5142:, and comparable structures
1488:10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_1
1172:10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_4
1100:
706:that is similar to that of
10:
5774:
4643:Class II or DNA transposon
4638:Class I or retrotransposon
3953:Alternation of generations
3055:
2098:Frontiers in Plant Science
1757:10.1038/s41598-019-38621-8
1580:10.1016/bs.abr.2017.11.014
1075:
928:light harvesting complexes
855:. Some DNA molecules are
524:rapidly dividing new cells
5564:
5538:
5505:
5361:
5347:
5340:
5287:
5270:
5263:
5231:
5196:
5154:
5147:
5013:
4956:Earliest known life forms
4941:
4854:
4830:Repeated sequences in DNA
4722:
4604:
4593:
4566:
4538:
4488:
4477:
4450:
4439:
4384:
4313:
4254:
4202:
4166:
4103:Cultivated plant taxonomy
4066:Biological classification
4056:
3929:
3845:
3741:
3691:
3416:
3346:
3289:
3251:
3225:
3161:
3081:
3063:
3002:
2937:
2862:
2753:
2639:
2535:Keeling PJ (March 2010).
2464:"The origins of plastids"
2421:Annual Review of Genetics
2307:Whatley, Jean M. (1978).
2014:10.1007/s10265-009-0291-z
1994:Journal of Plant Research
1530:10.1007/s11103-011-9762-4
1416:Schimper, A.F.W. (1882) "
1201:Frontiers in Microbiology
1084:Plastid development cycle
890:
845:photo-oxidative reactions
58:Scientific classification
56:
49:Plant cells with visible
48:
39:
34:
5606:Endogenous viral element
4803:Endogenous viral element
4621:Horizontal gene transfer
3963:Evolutionary development
2778:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
2286:"The Origin of Plastids"
2239:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1422:Botanisches Centralblatt
1304:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1214:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01612
1125:
730:: from endosymbiosis of
632:flowering plant, and in
595:undifferentiated plastid
485:: storing and modifying
111:membrane-bound organelle
4500:dsDNA satellite virus (
3614:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
2592:Tree of Life Eukaryotes
2366:Plant Physiology Online
2111:10.3389/fpls.2015.00883
1883:10.1073/pnas.1620089114
1632:Trends in Plant Science
1517:Plant Molecular Biology
1252:Journal of Cell Science
904:oxygenic photosynthesis
628:, a non-photosynthetic
5058:Helper dependent virus
4374:Biological dark matter
4229:by author abbreviation
4153:Plant taxonomy systems
4071:Botanical nomenclature
2553:10.1098/rstb.2009.0103
2360:Hanson MR, Köhler RH.
1697:10.1098/rspb.2001.1644
1325:10.1186/1471-2148-7-85
1093:
1030:Cryptosporidium parvum
996:(= chloroplasts). The
662:in various organisms.
593:Where the proplastid (
329:; (see top graphic).
297:
286:
4818:Endogenous retrovirus
4791:Origin of replication
4507:ssDNA satellite virus
4497:ssRNA satellite virus
4236:Botanical expeditions
2768:Intermediate filament
2661:Endoplasmic reticulum
2252:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2
2190:Nature Communications
1803:(4). Wiley: 837–843.
1366:Nature Communications
1091:
880:Physcomitrella patens
831:DNA damage and repair
666:In algae and protists
649:biosynthetic pathways
292:
284:
221:, or the "PS-clade".
5758:Endosymbiotic events
5705:Transposable element
5695:Spiegelman's Monster
4762:Secondary chromosome
4757:Extrachromosomal DNA
4633:Transposable element
3968:Evolutionary history
3958:Double fertilization
3810:Cellular respiration
3015:Extracellular matrix
1797:Journal of Phycology
1433:Haeckel, E. (1866) "
325:—and they are named
323:chlorophyll-plastids
4998:Model lipid bilayer
4840:Interspersed repeat
3187:Non-vascular plants
2718:Cytoplasmic granule
2313:The New Phytologist
2202:2014NatCo...5.4937O
2006:2010JPlR..123..201Z
1874:2017PNAS..114E7737S
1868:(37): E7737–E7745.
1809:2020JPcgy..56..837G
1749:2019NatSR...9.2560L
1378:2014NatCo...5.4937O
1316:2007BMCEE...7...85M
994:chlorarachniophytes
263:biological pigments
241:circular chromosome
237:double-stranded DNA
5574:Bio-like structure
5496:Tolecusatellitidae
4308:organic structures
3692:Surface structures
3487:Flower development
2743:Weibel–Palade body
2627:Structures of the
2211:10.1038/ncomms5937
2061:10.1093/jxb/eru359
1737:Scientific Reports
1441:Bd. 1, pp. 269-289
1387:10.1038/ncomms5937
1265:10.1242/jcs.203414
1094:
1070:, from the Greek,
1047:antiparasitic drug
1002:obligate parasitic
298:
287:
252:"..a linear shape"
5730:
5729:
5560:
5559:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5468:Portogloboviridae
5370:Alphasatellitidae
5264:Non-cellular life
5259:
5258:
5140:non-cellular life
5102:
5101:
5043:Non-cellular life
4850:
4849:
4589:
4588:
4562:
4561:
4516:ssRNA satellite (
4272:
4271:
3911:Herbaceous plants
3737:
3736:
3023:
3022:
2803:Spindle pole body
2490:978-3-211-83036-9
2412:Birky CW (2001).
2383:The Plant Journal
2162:10.1111/tpj.13573
2149:The Plant Journal
1817:10.1111/jpy.13003
1691:(1474): 1417–22.
1497:978-1-4020-4060-3
1181:978-1-4020-4060-3
1035:cryptosporidiosis
1024:Toxoplasma gondii
670:Plastid types in
549:ribonucleic acids
538:ribonucleic acids
465:—for maintaining
233:A. F. W. Schimper
190:—probably with a
125:, and some other
103:
102:
16:(Redirected from
5765:
5748:Plant physiology
5345:
5344:
5285:
5284:
5268:
5267:
5152:
5151:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5106:
5105:
4779:Gene duplication
4602:
4601:
4598:self-replication
4486:
4485:
4448:
4447:
4306:Self-replicating
4299:
4292:
4285:
4276:
4275:
4262:
4261:
4241:Individual trees
3916:Secondary growth
3887:Succulent plants
3875:Prostrate shrubs
3758:Apical dominance
3743:Plant physiology
3704:Epicuticular wax
3249:
3248:
3242:
3233:Plant morphology
3050:
3043:
3036:
3027:
3026:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2574:
2564:
2547:(1541): 729–48.
2531:
2494:
2475:
2468:Nature Education
2458:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2443:. Archived from
2418:
2408:
2398:
2373:
2368:. Archived from
2347:
2346:
2328:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2290:Nature Education
2281:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2254:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2040:
2034:
2033:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1964:
1946:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1885:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1708:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1523:(3–5): 273–297.
1508:
1502:
1501:
1475:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1389:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1267:
1258:(2): jcs203414.
1243:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1159:
1143:
1136:
1079:
722:floridean starch
427:plant senescence
358:mesophyll tissue
350:epicuticular wax
348:, including its
265:such as used in
66:
65:
44:
32:
31:
21:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5566:
5556:
5526:
5501:
5412:Finnlakeviridae
5357:
5336:
5278:
5274:
5255:
5227:
5192:
5143:
5133:
5103:
5098:
5048:Synthetic virus
5036:Artificial cell
5009:
4937:
4846:
4735:RNA replication
4730:DNA replication
4718:
4709:Group II intron
4607:
4597:
4585:
4576:Mammalian prion
4558:
4534:
4513:dsRNA satellite
4510:ssDNA satellite
4480:
4473:
4442:
4435:
4380:
4309:
4303:
4273:
4268:
4250:
4219:Botanical terms
4212:
4198:
4162:
4108:Citrus taxonomy
4086:Author citation
4052:
3946:
3925:
3847:
3841:
3837:Turgor pressure
3745:
3733:
3687:
3502:Floral symmetry
3420:
3412:
3342:
3331:Vascular bundle
3326:Vascular tissue
3285:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3221:
3192:Vascular plants
3157:
3153:Plant pathology
3077:
3059:
3054:
3024:
3019:
2998:
2933:
2858:
2749:
2666:Golgi apparatus
2642:
2635:
2625:
2582:
2577:
2491:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2416:
2355:
2353:Further reading
2350:
2305:
2301:
2282:
2278:
2231:
2227:
2182:
2178:
2141:
2137:
2090:
2086:
2055:(22): 6425–39.
2041:
2037:
1990:
1986:
1921:
1917:
1854:
1850:
1789:
1782:
1729:
1722:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1560:
1556:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1476:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1432:
1428:
1424:12(5): 175–178.
1415:
1411:
1358:
1351:
1296:
1289:
1244:
1240:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1103:
1086:
1054:dinoflagellates
1033:, which causes
986:dinoflagellates
951:Prochlorococcus
910:and/or plants,
893:
833:
825:Medicago sativa
797:
668:
516:
342:epidermal cells
319:sunlight energy
303:
296:in plant cells.
279:
261:. Some contain
212:Prochlorococcus
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5771:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5753:Photosynthesis
5750:
5745:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5662:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5517:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5461:Polydnaviridae
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5426:Globuloviridae
5422:
5419:Fuselloviridae
5415:
5408:
5401:
5398:Bicaudaviridae
5394:
5387:
5380:
5377:Ampullaviridae
5373:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5354:Naldaviricetes
5351:
5349:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5291:
5289:
5282:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5247:
5239:
5237:
5234:Incertae sedis
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5132:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5023:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4915:
4913:Kappa organism
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4860:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4784:Non-coding DNA
4781:
4776:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4704:Group I intron
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4626:Genomic island
4623:
4612:
4610:
4606:Mobile genetic
4599:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4521:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4483:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4464:
4456:
4454:
4445:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4431:dsDNA-RT virus
4428:
4426:ssRNA-RT virus
4423:
4421:(−)ssRNA virus
4418:
4416:(+)ssRNA virus
4413:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4361:Incertae sedis
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4209:Related topics
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4158:Taxonomic rank
4155:
4150:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4110:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4076:Botanical name
4068:
4062:
4060:
4058:Plant taxonomy
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4034:Megasporangium
4031:
4030:
4029:
4022:Microsporangia
4014:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3867:
3862:
3860:Cushion plants
3851:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3797:
3795:Plant hormones
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3778:Photosynthesis
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3497:Floral formula
3494:
3492:Floral diagram
3489:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3421:(incl. Flower)
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3321:Storage organs
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:Spermatophytes
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3177:Archaeplastida
3174:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3131:Phytogeography
3128:
3126:Phytochemistry
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3083:Subdisciplines
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2938:Other internal
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2580:External links
2578:
2576:
2575:
2532:
2495:
2489:
2476:
2459:
2409:
2374:
2372:on 2005-06-14.
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2319:(3): 489–502.
2299:
2276:
2225:
2176:
2155:(3): 455–465.
2135:
2084:
2035:
1984:
1915:
1848:
1780:
1720:
1671:
1657:
1622:
1595:
1588:
1554:
1503:
1496:
1467:
1463:Plant Cuticles
1454:
1443:
1426:
1409:
1349:
1287:
1238:
1187:
1180:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:Photosymbiosis
1116:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1085:
1082:
1000:, a phylum of
924:phycobilisomes
892:
889:
867:nuclear genome
849:photosynthetic
832:
829:
796:
793:
760:
759:
749:
739:
725:
711:
690:
667:
664:
660:hydrogenosomes
515:
512:
508:
507:
492:
491:
490:
483:Proteinoplasts
480:
470:
461:and detecting
441:
440:
430:
420:
414:
413:
412:
403:photosynthesis
381:binary fission
315:photosynthesis
302:
299:
278:
277:In land plants
275:
267:photosynthesis
248:karyotic cells
197:Gloeomargarita
172:Archaeplastida
145:photosynthesis
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5770:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5700:Tandem repeat
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5628:Nanobacterium
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5563:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5523:
5522:
5521:Rhizidiovirus
5518:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5489:Thaspiviridae
5486:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5475:Pospiviroidae
5472:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5454:Plasmaviridae
5451:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5440:Halspiviridae
5437:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5391:Avsunviroidae
5388:
5386:
5385:
5384:Anelloviridae
5381:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5303:Duplodnaviria
5300:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:Mitochondrion
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5153:
5150:
5148:Cellular life
5146:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5066:Nanobacterium
5063:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:Cell division
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4874:Hydrogenosome
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4864:Mitochondrion
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4856:Endosymbiosis
4853:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:Tandem repeat
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:Other aspects
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4468:Avsunviroidae
4465:
4463:
4462:
4461:Pospiviroidae
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4315:Cellular life
4312:
4307:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4195:
4194:Phytochemical
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:Transpiration
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3619:Inflorescence
3617:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:Ground tissue
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:Plant anatomy
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Plant ecology
3146:
3144:
3143:Plant anatomy
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Archaeobotany
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Proteinoplast
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Mitochondrion
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2864:Endosymbionts
2861:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Lamellipodium
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Microfilament
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Autophagosome
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Cell membrane
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2641:Endomembrane
2638:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2450:on 2010-06-22
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
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2380:
2375:
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2363:
2358:
2357:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1930:PLOS Currents
1926:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1668:. April 2021.
1667:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1612:
1611:The Scientist
1608:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1589:9780128134573
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1141:
1140:Ernst Haeckel
1135:
1131:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:Mitochondrion
1105:
1104:
1098:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1049:development.
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:toxoplasmosis
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
966:
965:endosymbiosis
961:
959:
958:
957:Synechococcus
953:
952:
946:
945:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:cyanobacteria
898:
897:endosymbiotic
888:
886:
882:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
828:
826:
822:
816:
814:
810:
807:, where many
806:
802:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:
766:
757:
753:
750:
747:
743:
740:
737:
733:
729:
726:
723:
719:
715:
712:
709:
705:
702:
701:peptidoglycan
698:
694:
691:
688:
684:
681:
680:
679:
677:
673:
663:
661:
657:
656:Rafflesiaceae
652:
650:
645:
641:
637:
636:
631:
627:
625:
619:
616:
612:
608:
603:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
571:of plastids.
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:transcription
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
536:
533:that encodes
532:
527:
525:
521:
511:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
484:
481:
478:
474:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
452:
450:
446:
445:
444:
438:
434:
431:
428:
424:
423:Gerontoplasts
421:
418:
415:
410:
407:
406:
404:
400:
397:
396:
395:
393:
392:differentiate
389:
384:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:palmitic acid
351:
347:
346:plant cuticle
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
295:
291:
285:Plastid types
283:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
219:
218:Synechococcus
214:
213:
208:
205:
204:
199:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
157:differentiate
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
134:cyanobacteria
132:
131:endosymbiotic
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:found in the
112:
108:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:Cyanobacteria
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5717:Transpoviron
5650:Fungal prion
5626:
5519:
5514:Dinodnavirus
5512:
5494:
5487:
5482:Spiraviridae
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5447:Ovaliviridae
5445:
5438:
5433:Guttaviridae
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5405:Clavaviridae
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5352:
5331:Varidnaviria
5329:
5322:
5315:
5310:Monodnaviria
5308:
5301:
5294:
5242:
5232:
5180:
5053:Viral vector
4896:Gerontoplast
4880:
4823:Transpoviron
4595:Nucleic acid
4581:Fungal prion
4479:Helper-virus
4466:
4459:
4366:
4359:
4189:Horticulture
4179:Floriculture
4081:Correct name
3931:Reproduction
3921:Woody plants
3846:Plant growth
3805:Gas Exchange
3790:Phytomelanin
3668:Plant embryo
3418:Reproductive
3270:
3266:Phragmoplast
2892:Gerontoplast
2876:
2842:Pseudopodium
2835:Radial spoke
2815:Undulipodium
2755:Cytoskeleton
2671:Parenthesome
2544:
2540:
2503:
2499:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2452:. Retrieved
2445:the original
2424:
2420:
2386:
2382:
2370:the original
2365:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2000:(2): 201–6.
1997:
1993:
1987:
1934:
1928:
1918:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1800:
1796:
1740:
1736:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1660:
1638:(2): 101–8.
1635:
1631:
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1479:
1462:
1457:
1446:
1438:
1429:
1421:
1412:
1369:
1365:
1307:
1303:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1163:
1157:
1134:
1113:Cytoskeleton
1095:
1071:
1068:kleptoplasty
1061:
1051:
1028:
1022:
1012:
982:cryptomonads
972:include the
962:
955:
949:
942:
940:
894:
878:
877:of the moss
875:chloroplasts
861:
835:The plastid
834:
824:
817:
798:
781:chromoplasts
771:
763:
761:
683:Chloroplasts
669:
653:
633:
622:
620:
604:
598:
594:
592:
587:
575:
573:
569:differention
545:
534:
528:
517:
509:
449:aleuroplasts
442:
437:monoterpenes
417:Chromoplasts
399:Chloroplasts
387:
385:
377:meristematic
374:
331:
327:chloroplasts
322:
313:can perform
304:
245:
231:
227:kleptoplasty
216:
210:
201:
195:
188:glaucophytes
169:
149:chromoplasts
141:chloroplasts
138:
106:
104:
97:
91:
51:chloroplasts
29:
5660:microsphere
5579:Cancer cell
5324:Ribozyviria
5077:Cancer cell
4943:Abiogenesis
4891:Chromoplast
4886:Chloroplast
4669:Degradative
4411:dsRNA virus
4406:ssDNA virus
4399:Giant virus
4394:dsDNA virus
4005:Pollen tube
4000:Pollinators
3990:Pollination
3985:Germination
3800:Respiration
3783:Chlorophyll
3629:Pedicellate
3563:Gametophyte
3482:Aestivation
3433:Antheridium
3428:Archegonium
3276:Plasmodesma
3253:Plant cells
3116:Paleobotany
3111:Ethnobotany
3096:Astrobotany
2994:Magnetosome
2960:Spliceosome
2887:Chromoplast
2882:Chloroplast
2773:Microtubule
2506:: 491–517.
2389:(1): 1–15.
1743:(1): 2560.
1574:: 315–347.
1372:(1): 4937.
998:Apicomplexa
984:, and most
978:haptophytes
974:heterokonts
912:rhodoplasts
908:green algae
809:gymnosperms
801:angiosperms
795:Inheritance
777:amyloplasts
756:Apicomplexa
732:green algae
714:Rhodoplasts
697:glaucophyte
687:green algae
685:: found in
640:green algae
635:Polytomella
607:plant cells
561:translation
504:polyphenols
473:Elaioplasts
455:Amyloplasts
433:Leucoplasts
388:proplastids
334:fatty acids
311:chlorophyll
307:land plants
294:Leucoplasts
271:isoprenoids
256:autotrophic
184:green algae
176:land plants
165:apicomplexa
161:apicoplasts
153:leucoplasts
5743:Organelles
5737:Categories
5710:Retroposon
5657:Proteinoid
5567:structures
5565:Comparable
5341:Unassigned
5244:Parakaryon
5157:Prokaryota
4985:Proteinoid
4980:Coacervate
4933:Nitroplast
4926:Trophosome
4921:Bacteriome
4906:Apicoplast
4901:Leucoplast
4742:Chromosome
4660:Resistance
4368:Parakaryon
4027:Microspore
4017:Sporangium
3995:Artificial
3683:Sporophyte
3678:Sporophyll
3673:Receptacle
3568:Gynandrium
3438:Androecium
3347:Vegetative
3217:Angiosperm
3212:Gymnosperm
3106:Dendrology
2989:Proteasome
2982:Inclusions
2929:Nitroplast
2922:Apicoplast
2907:Elaioplast
2902:Amyloplast
2897:Leucoplast
2852:Filopodium
2798:Basal body
2788:Centrosome
2738:Peroxisome
2733:Glyoxysome
2723:Melanosome
2633:organelles
2454:2009-03-01
2427:: 125–48.
1616:2015-09-26
1150:References
1138:Sometimes
1080:), thief.
1039:apicoplast
1014:Plasmodium
1005:alveolates
944:Paulinella
936:thylakoids
934:and grana
920:muroplasts
863:DNA repair
773:Etioplasts
765:Paulinella
752:Apicoplast
742:Leucoplast
693:Muroplasts
605:In normal
496:Tannosomes
475:: storing
467:geotropism
457:: storing
409:Etioplasts
259:eukaryotes
203:Paulinella
192:cyanobiont
143:(used for
127:eukaryotic
5317:Riboviria
5296:Adnaviria
5280:Satellite
5198:Eukaryota
4994:Research
4975:Protocell
4714:Retrozyme
4673:Virulence
4655:Fertility
4502:Virophage
4490:Satellite
4481:dependent
4333:Eukaryota
4224:Botanists
4142:Herbarium
4039:Megaspore
3937:Evolution
3880:Subshrubs
3848:and habit
3773:Nutrition
3768:Cellulose
3763:Bulk flow
3746:Materials
3709:Epidermis
3573:Gynoecium
3554:Endosperm
3549:Dispersal
3465:Staminode
3401:Sessility
3389:Cataphyll
3309:Mesophyll
3261:Cell wall
3202:Lycophyte
3182:Bryophyte
3136:Geobotany
3121:Phycology
3010:Cell wall
2972:Cytoplasm
2945:Nucleolus
2917:Tannosome
2825:Flagellum
2810:Myofibril
2793:Centriole
2728:Microbody
2701:Phagosome
2335:0028-646X
1979:Q36374426
1953:2157-3999
1892:0027-8424
1825:0022-3646
1437:" in his
1396:2041-1723
1310:(1): 85.
1274:0021-9533
1058:sea slugs
1037:). The '
990:euglenids
969:eukaryote
916:red algae
789:pyrenoids
785:hornworts
736:red algae
718:red algae
704:cell wall
678:include:
630:parasitic
624:Rafflesia
611:stromules
584:nucleoids
546:ribosomal
207:amoeboids
180:red algae
5690:Ribozyme
5635:Phagemid
5362:Families
5222:Protista
5206:Animalia
5171:Bacteria
5021:Organism
5014:See also
4990:Sulphobe
4967:Ribozyme
4962:RNA life
4869:Mitosome
4813:Prophage
4808:Provirus
4796:Replicon
4752:Circular
4699:Phagemid
4616:Mobilome
4608:elements
4518:Virusoid
4441:Subviral
4353:Protista
4338:Animalia
4323:Bacteria
4264:Category
4184:Forestry
4174:Agronomy
4167:Practice
4118:Cultivar
4113:Cultigen
3973:timeline
3865:Rosettes
3753:Aleurone
3729:Trichome
3646:Perianth
3458:Filament
3316:Meristem
3239:glossary
3101:Bryology
3003:External
2955:Ribosome
2711:Acrosome
2696:Endosome
2691:Lysosome
2571:20124341
2528:30458113
2520:18315522
2474:(9): 84.
2441:11700280
2405:16167891
2296:(9): 84.
2271:15005799
2220:25222494
2196:: 4937.
2171:28407383
2130:26579143
2079:25261192
2022:20052516
1975:Wikidata
1971:28515968
1910:28808007
1843:32289879
1775:30796245
1715:11429143
1652:16406301
1549:21424877
1404:25222494
1344:17550603
1282:28893840
1233:31354692
1207:: 1612.
1101:See also
857:repaired
708:bacteria
676:protists
626:lagascae
580:membrane
535:transfer
520:plastome
370:proteins
362:starches
338:terpenes
81:Phylum:
75:Bacteria
71:Domain:
35:Plastid
18:Plastids
5722:Xenobot
5640:Plasmid
5621:Jeewanu
5552:Obelisk
5348:Classes
5216:Plantae
5181:Plastid
5166:Archaea
5003:Jeewanu
4917:Organs
4881:Plastid
4681:Cryptic
4650:Plasmid
4348:Plantae
4328:Archaea
3942:Ecology
3699:Cuticle
3529:Capsule
3519:Anatomy
3470:Tapetum
3394:Petiole
3369:Rhizome
3364:Rhizoid
3291:Tissues
3281:Vacuole
3271:Plastid
3073:Outline
3068:History
2977:Cytosol
2877:Plastid
2830:Axoneme
2706:Vacuole
2686:Exosome
2681:Vesicle
2656:Nucleus
2562:2817223
2343:2431207
2198:Bibcode
2121:4624840
2104:: 883.
2070:4246179
2030:5108244
2002:Bibcode
1962:4866557
1901:5603991
1870:Bibcode
1834:7734844
1805:Bibcode
1766:6384880
1745:Bibcode
1706:1088757
1540:3104136
1374:Bibcode
1335:1904183
1312:Bibcode
1224:6640209
1077:κλέπτης
1072:kleptes
1017:spp.),
1009:malaria
948:genera
821:alfalfa
615:cytosol
576:regions
565:Nuclear
544:)s and
500:tannins
487:protein
463:gravity
352:, from
159:); and
107:plastid
98:Plastid
5668:Retron
5611:Fosmid
5596:Cosmid
5546:Nanobe
5506:Genera
5288:Realms
5276:Viroid
5094:Virome
5072:Nanobe
4769:Genome
4747:Linear
4692:Fosmid
4687:Cosmid
4452:Viroid
4443:agents
4246:Plants
4149:(IAPT)
3902:Lianas
3870:Shrubs
3822:Starch
3714:Nectar
3634:Raceme
3600:Stigma
3588:Locule
3578:Carpel
3539:Pyrena
3477:Flower
3453:Anther
3448:Stamen
3443:Pollen
3165:groups
3057:Botany
2820:Cilium
2643:system
2569:
2559:
2526:
2518:
2487:
2439:
2403:
2341:
2333:
2269:
2262:341452
2259:
2218:
2169:
2128:
2118:
2077:
2067:
2028:
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3892:Trees
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3827:Sugar
3719:Stoma
3661:Sepal
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3651:Tepal
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3605:Style
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3583:Ovary
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