20:
381:
347:. The new membranes are the site of the formation of carotenoid crystals. These newly synthesized membranes do not come from the thylakoids, but rather from vesicles generated from the inner membrane of the plastid. The most obvious biochemical change would be the downregulation of photosynthetic gene expression which results in the loss of
371:
are a cultivated orange grown extensively in the state of
Florida. In the winter, Valencia oranges reach their optimum orange-rind color while reverting to a green color in the spring and summer. While it was originally thought that chromoplasts were the final stage of plastid development, in 1966 it
326:
in tomato plants. They are less desirable in cultivated crops because they have a lower pollination rate. In one study, it was found that chromoplasts are still present in white flowers. The lack of yellow pigment in their petals and anthers is due to a mutation in the CrtR-b2 gene which disrupts the
236:
The presence, frequency and identification of substructures using an electron microscope has led to further classification, dividing chromoplasts into five main categories: Globular chromoplasts, crystalline chromoplasts, fibrillar chromoplasts, tubular chromoplasts and membranous chromoplasts. It
122:
They are generally found in mature tissues and are derived from preexisting mature plastids. Fruits and flowers are the most common structures for the biosynthesis of carotenoids, although other reactions occur there as well including the synthesis of sugars, starches, lipids, aromatic compounds,
330:
The entire process of chromoplast formation is not yet completely understood on the molecular level. However, electron microscopy has revealed part of the transformation from chloroplast to chromoplast. The transformation starts with remodeling of the internal membrane system with the
315:. In the chromoplasts of tomato flowers, carotenoid synthesis is regulated by the genes Psyl, Pds, Lcy-b, and Cyc-b. These genes, in addition to others, are responsible for the formation of carotenoids in organs and structures. For example, the Lcy-e gene is highly expressed in
220:
pigment granules. The third type is composed of protein and pigment crystals. The fourth type is a chromoplast which only contains crystals. An electron microscope reveals even more, allowing for the identification of substructures such as globules, crystals, membranes,
362:, the synthesis of carotenoids and the disappearance of chlorophyll causes the color of the fruit to change from green to yellow. The orange color is often added artificially—light yellow-orange is the natural color created by the actual chromoplasts.
176:
There are some species of flowering plants that contain little to no carotenoids. In such cases, there are plastids present within the petals that closely resemble chromoplasts and are sometimes visually indistinguishable.
123:
vitamins, and hormones. The DNA in chloroplasts and chromoplasts is identical. One subtle difference in DNA was found after a liquid chromatography analysis of tomato chromoplasts was conducted, revealing increased
641:
Vasquez-Caicedo AL, Heller A, Neidhart S, Carle R (August 2006). "Chromoplast morphology and beta-carotene accumulation during postharvest ripening of Mango Cv. 'Tommy Atkins'".
1275:
138:, and various other red pigments. As such, their color varies depending on what pigment they contain. The main evolutionary purpose of chromoplasts is probably to attract
252:
accumulate carotenoids, mainly lycopene crystalloids in membrane-shaped structures, which could place them in either the crystalline or membranous category.
344:
1268:
283:
Chromoplasts are not widely studied and are rarely the main focus of scientific research. They often play a role in research on the tomato plant (
237:
has also been found that different types of chromoplasts can coexist in the same organ. Some examples of plants in the various categories include
846:
1261:
248:
Although some chromoplasts are easily categorized, others have characteristics from multiple categories that make them hard to place.
200:
are a specific type of chromoplast. Still, "chromoplast" is more often used to denote plastids with pigments other than chlorophyll.
676:
Waser NM, Chittka L, Price MV, Williams NM, Ollerton J (June 1996). "Generalization in
Pollination Systems, and Why it Matters".
107:, and are responsible for their distinctive colors. This is always associated with a massive increase in the accumulation of
263:
lining which pollinators visit a flower, as specific colors attract specific pollinators. White flowers tend to attract
839:
547:
154:. They allow the accumulation of large quantities of water-insoluble compounds in otherwise watery parts of plants.
212:
chromoplasts can be differentiated and are classified into four main types. The first type is composed of proteic
165:, which unmasks preexisting carotenoids. In this case, relatively little new carotenoid is produced—the change in
908:
718:"A chromoplast-specific carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is revealed by cloning of the tomato white-flower locus"
1929:
1524:
2065:
1010:
1713:
1394:
832:
1399:
1633:
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was proved that chromoplasts can revert to chloroplasts, which causes the oranges to turn back to green.
1934:
577:
1781:
1682:
1599:
1005:
192:
plastid that has pigment, mostly to emphasize the difference between them and the various types of
1808:
1584:
173:
is somewhat different from the active conversion to chromoplasts observed in fruit and flowers.
2036:
1352:
970:
945:
814:
600:
Egea I, Barsan C, Bian W, Purgatto E, Latché A, Chervin C, Bouzayen M, Pech JC (October 2010).
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768:
Thomson WW (1966). "Ultrastructural
Development of Chromoplasts in Valencia Oranges".
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located in the cell vacuoles are responsible for other colors of pigment.
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73:
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229:. The substructures found in chromoplasts are not found in the mature
1968:
1953:
1940:
1692:
1480:
1311:
1237:
1199:
1172:
1144:
1037:
1020:
955:
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534:. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 163. pp. 175–247.
397:
340:
217:
77:
61:
689:
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1999:
1945:
1847:
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1786:
1677:
1638:
1594:
1496:
1301:
1182:
938:
923:
918:
781:
405:
343:. New membrane systems form in organized membrane complexes called
293:
is responsible for the red color of a ripe fruit in the cultivated
290:
260:
131:
116:
716:
Galpaz N, Ronen G, Khalfa Z, Zamir D, Hirschberg J (August 2006).
640:
1981:
1859:
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1104:
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1316:
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323:
316:
294:
275:
are often attracted to warmer colors like yellows and oranges.
249:
158:
104:
92:
602:"Chromoplast differentiation: current status and perspectives"
216:
with granules. The second is composed of protein crystals and
1554:
1546:
1364:
1326:
532:
Biochemistry and molecular biology of chromoplast development
332:
28:
24:
815:
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/chromoplast.html
530:
Camara B, Hugueney P, Bouvier F, Kuntz M, Monéger R (1995).
319:, which results in the production of the carotenoid lutein.
2060:
1752:
1293:
268:
161:
change color in the autumn, it is due to the loss of green
100:
529:
130:
Chromoplasts synthesize and store pigments such as orange
1177:
675:
271:
are most often attracted to violet and blue flowers, and
311:
Carotenoid biosynthesis occurs in both chromoplasts and
1283:
854:
188:
The term "chromoplast" is occasionally used to include
715:
599:
297:, while the yellow color of the flowers is due to
196:, plastids that have no pigments. In this sense,
2085:
146:. However, they are also found in roots such as
203:
763:
761:
481:
477:
475:
1269:
840:
820:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/chromoplasts
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709:
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523:
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519:
758:
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833:
704:
643:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
634:
516:
741:
669:
617:
499:
68:) that like all other plastids including
584:
432:: purple, red, blue, or black coloration
322:White flowers are caused by a recessive
241:, which have globular chromoplasts, and
142:or eaters of colored fruits, which help
18:
16:Pigment-bearing organelle in plant cells
767:
2086:
1257:
828:
245:which have crystalline chromoplasts.
375:
13:
501:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00167.x
379:
57:synthesis and storage in specific
14:
2105:
808:
327:carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.
482:Whatley JM, Whatley FR (1987).
1930:Last universal common ancestor
1525:Defective interfering particle
169:pigments associated with leaf
64:. It is thought (according to
35:is controlled by chromoplasts.
1:
2066:Clonally transmissible cancer
1502:Satellite-like nucleic acids
1011:Microtubule organizing center
540:10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62211-1
465:
255:
204:Structure and classification
111:pigments. The conversion of
7:
606:Plant & Cell Physiology
278:
86:
10:
2110:
1622:Class II or DNA transposon
1617:Class I or retrotransposon
91:Chromoplasts are found in
1992:
1935:Earliest known life forms
1920:
1833:
1809:Repeated sequences in DNA
1701:
1583:
1572:
1545:
1517:
1467:
1456:
1429:
1418:
1363:
1292:
1230:
1165:
1090:
981:
867:
103:, and stressed and aging
1782:Endogenous viral element
1600:Horizontal gene transfer
1006:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
76:they are descended from
1479:dsDNA satellite virus (
484:"When is a Chromoplast"
2037:Helper dependent virus
1353:Biological dark matter
734:10.1105/tpc.105.039966
414:: red color of peppers
384:
233:that it divided from.
119:is a classic example.
36:
23:The coloration of the
1797:Endogenous retrovirus
1770:Origin of replication
1486:ssDNA satellite virus
1476:ssRNA satellite virus
996:Intermediate filament
889:Endoplasmic reticulum
420:: red color of carrot
408:: red color of tomato
383:
22:
1741:Secondary chromosome
1736:Extrachromosomal DNA
1612:Transposable element
1243:Extracellular matrix
286:Solanum lycopersicum
125:cytosine methylation
1977:Model lipid bilayer
1819:Interspersed repeat
946:Cytoplasmic granule
426:: yellow coloration
335:of the intergranal
115:to chromoplasts in
1287:organic structures
971:Weibel–Palade body
855:Structures of the
619:10.1093/pcp/pcq136
385:
37:
2081:
2080:
2022:Non-cellular life
1829:
1828:
1568:
1567:
1541:
1540:
1495:ssRNA satellite (
1251:
1250:
1031:Spindle pole body
770:Botanical Gazette
655:10.1021/jf060747u
368:Citris sinensis L
365:Valencia oranges
2101:
1758:Gene duplication
1581:
1580:
1577:self-replication
1465:
1464:
1427:
1426:
1285:Self-replicating
1278:
1271:
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376:Compare plastids
345:thylakoid plexus
210:light microscope
53:responsible for
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2084:
2083:
2082:
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2027:Synthetic virus
2015:Artificial cell
1988:
1916:
1825:
1714:RNA replication
1709:DNA replication
1697:
1688:Group II intron
1586:
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1555:Mammalian prion
1537:
1513:
1492:dsRNA satellite
1489:ssDNA satellite
1459:
1452:
1421:
1414:
1359:
1288:
1282:
1252:
1247:
1226:
1161:
1086:
977:
894:Golgi apparatus
870:
863:
853:
811:
806:
805:
766:
759:
714:
705:
690:10.2307/2265575
674:
670:
649:(16): 5769–76.
639:
635:
612:(10): 1601–11.
598:
585:
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488:New Phytologist
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1892:Kappa organism
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1763:Non-coding DNA
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1683:Group I intron
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1605:Genomic island
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1585:Mobile genetic
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1410:dsDNA-RT virus
1407:
1405:ssRNA-RT virus
1402:
1400:(−)ssRNA virus
1397:
1395:(+)ssRNA virus
1392:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1367:
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809:External links
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782:10.1086/336354
776:(2–3): 133–9.
757:
728:(8): 1947–60.
722:The Plant Cell
703:
684:(4): 1043–60.
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633:
583:
574:|journal=
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494:(4): 667–678.
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353:photosynthetic
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152:sweet potatoes
144:disperse seeds
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59:photosynthetic
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2010:Cell division
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1835:Endosymbiosis
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1814:Tandem repeat
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1447:Avsunviroidae
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1440:Pospiviroidae
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1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1294:Cellular life
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:Proteinoplast
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Mitochondrion
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1092:Endosymbionts
1089:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:Lamellipodium
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:Microfilament
989:
988:
986:
984:
980:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
907:
905:
904:Autophagosome
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Cell membrane
877:
876:
874:
872:
869:Endomembrane
866:
862:
858:
850:
845:
843:
838:
836:
831:
830:
827:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
762:
753:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
710:
708:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
629:
625:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
579:
567:
559:
555:
551:
549:9780123645678
545:
541:
537:
533:
526:
524:
522:
520:
511:
507:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
478:
476:
471:
459:(aleuroplast)
458:
457:Proteinoplast
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
440:
439:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
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401:
399:
395:
392:
391:
390:
387:
386:
382:
373:
370:
369:
363:
361:
356:
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350:
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342:
338:
334:
328:
325:
320:
318:
314:
309:
307:
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296:
292:
288:
287:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
253:
251:
246:
244:
240:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
84:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:symbiogenesis
63:
60:
56:
52:
49:
48:heterogeneous
45:
41:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2032:Viral vector
1875:Gerontoplast
1869:
1802:Transpoviron
1574:Nucleic acid
1560:Fungal prion
1458:Helper-virus
1445:
1438:
1345:
1338:
1120:Gerontoplast
1114:
1070:Pseudopodium
1063:Radial spoke
1043:Undulipodium
983:Cytoskeleton
899:Parenthesome
773:
769:
725:
721:
681:
677:
671:
646:
642:
636:
609:
605:
531:
491:
487:
402:Chromoplast
366:
364:
357:
329:
321:
313:chloroplasts
310:
302:violaxanthin
299:xanthophylls
284:
282:
259:
247:
235:
207:
198:chloroplasts
189:
187:
179:Anthocyanins
175:
156:
136:xanthophylls
129:
121:
113:chloroplasts
90:
70:chloroplasts
40:Chromoplasts
39:
38:
2056:Cancer cell
1922:Abiogenesis
1870:Chromoplast
1865:Chloroplast
1648:Degradative
1390:dsRNA virus
1385:ssDNA virus
1378:Giant virus
1373:dsDNA virus
1222:Magnetosome
1188:Spliceosome
1115:Chromoplast
1110:Chloroplast
1001:Microtubule
430:Anthocyanin
424:Xanthophyll
412:Capasanthin
394:Chloroplast
349:chlorophyll
273:butterflies
194:leucoplasts
163:chlorophyll
140:pollinators
81:prokaryotes
74:leucoplasts
1964:Proteinoid
1959:Coacervate
1912:Nitroplast
1905:Trophosome
1900:Bacteriome
1885:Apicoplast
1880:Leucoplast
1721:Chromosome
1639:Resistance
1347:Parakaryon
1217:Proteasome
1210:Inclusions
1157:Nitroplast
1150:Apicoplast
1135:Elaioplast
1130:Amyloplast
1125:Leucoplast
1080:Filopodium
1026:Basal body
1016:Centrosome
966:Peroxisome
961:Glyoxysome
951:Melanosome
861:organelles
466:References
452:Elaioplast
447:Amyloplast
442:Leucoplast
418:β-Carotene
355:activity.
351:and stops
337:thylakoids
306:neoxanthin
183:flavonoids
171:senescence
109:carotenoid
62:eukaryotes
51:organelles
33:bee orchid
1973:Research
1954:Protocell
1693:Retrozyme
1652:Virulence
1634:Fertility
1481:Virophage
1469:Satellite
1460:dependent
1312:Eukaryota
1238:Cell wall
1200:Cytoplasm
1173:Nucleolus
1145:Tannosome
1053:Flagellum
1038:Myofibril
1021:Centriole
956:Microbody
929:Phagosome
576:ignored (
566:cite book
398:etioplast
256:Evolution
218:amorphous
134:, yellow
78:symbiotic
2094:Plastids
2088:Category
2000:Organism
1993:See also
1969:Sulphobe
1946:Ribozyme
1941:RNA life
1848:Mitosome
1792:Prophage
1787:Provirus
1775:Replicon
1731:Circular
1678:Phagemid
1595:Mobilome
1587:elements
1497:Virusoid
1420:Subviral
1332:Protista
1317:Animalia
1302:Bacteria
1231:External
1183:Ribosome
939:Acrosome
924:Endosome
919:Lysosome
798:83565950
752:16816137
663:16881676
628:20801922
510:33874084
406:Lycopene
339:and the
291:Lycopene
279:Research
261:Plastids
250:Tomatoes
208:Using a
132:carotene
117:ripening
87:Function
44:plastids
1982:Jeewanu
1896:Organs
1860:Plastid
1660:Cryptic
1629:Plasmid
1327:Plantae
1307:Archaea
1205:Cytosol
1105:Plastid
1058:Axoneme
934:Vacuole
914:Exosome
909:Vesicle
884:Nucleus
790:2472950
743:1533990
698:2265575
678:Ecology
558:8522420
389:Plastid
360:oranges
265:beetles
243:carrots
239:mangoes
231:plastid
227:tubules
223:fibrils
167:plastid
148:carrots
97:flowers
55:pigment
31:on the
2073:Virome
2051:Nanobe
1748:Genome
1726:Linear
1671:Fosmid
1666:Cosmid
1431:Viroid
1422:agents
1048:Cilium
871:system
796:
788:
750:
740:
696:
661:
626:
556:
546:
508:
324:allele
317:leaves
295:tomato
214:stroma
159:leaves
105:leaves
93:fruits
29:sepals
25:petals
1547:Prion
1518:Other
1365:Virus
1322:Fungi
1193:Vault
794:S2CID
786:JSTOR
694:JSTOR
341:grana
333:lysis
157:When
101:roots
2061:HeLa
2005:Cell
1753:Gene
857:cell
748:PMID
659:PMID
624:PMID
578:help
554:PMID
544:ISBN
506:PMID
396:and
304:and
289:).
269:bees
225:and
181:and
150:and
72:and
42:are
27:and
1644:Col
1532:DNA
1529:RNA
1508:DNA
1505:RNA
1178:RNA
778:doi
774:127
738:PMC
730:doi
686:doi
651:doi
614:doi
536:doi
496:doi
492:106
358:In
190:any
2090::
1656:Ti
859:/
792:.
784:.
772:.
760:^
746:.
736:.
726:18
724:.
720:.
706:^
692:.
682:77
680:.
657:.
647:54
645:.
622:.
610:51
608:.
604:.
586:^
570::
568:}}
564:{{
552:.
542:.
518:^
504:.
490:.
486:.
474:^
308:.
267:,
127:.
99:,
95:,
83:.
46:,
2049:?
2043:?
1952:†
1939:?
1654:/
1499:)
1483:)
1277:e
1270:t
1263:v
848:e
841:t
834:v
800:.
780::
754:.
732::
700:.
688::
665:.
653::
630:.
616::
580:)
560:.
538::
512:.
498::
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