385:. It is more common in sheep and deer, and goats seem to be less affected. Due to the growth required for the spores, we normally see cases occur after warm rains in fall or in summer. Symptoms of animal illness are usually apparent 10–14 days after ingestion. Animal disease caused by this fungus can be controlled in farm animals by avoiding short grazing, feeding cattle zinc or by using benzimidazole fungicides on pastures. The effects on human health are not well understood but it is thought that
315:
the densely septate for that is stimulated by temperatures of 26 °C (79 °F). The spores that are germinating produce hyaline superficial hyphae which can easily penetrate plant cell walls. The conidiophores bear simple conidia, they are short, thin walled and usually nonseptate. The conidia are considered
314:
has three vegetative hyphal types: sparsely septate, densely septate, and densely septate with surface spines. The colonies are fast growing and their morphology depends on temperature. When the temperature is below 20 °C (68 °F), the sparsely septate morphology predominates in contrast to
348:
is more likely to be found in tropical locations but its range might be expanding. It can be found in pastures growing on debris and on damaged potato leaves, on dead leaves and stem of plants and occasionally in indoor environments on paper, ceiling tiles and may be present in carpet and mattress
328:
The production of conidia and vegetative hyphae are good at 24 °C (75 °F). Conidia require free water to germinate and do not germinate at water potentials below −140 bars. The production of conidia is stimulated in vitro by exposure to near UV-light. Warm ground temperatures and high
353:
foliar infections can be clearly observed because they result in the formation of necrotic spots; however, recent studies have suggested that plant infections may be asymptomatic under certain circumstances. Growth of the fungus is inhibited
319:
because they arise singly at the apex of each conidiophore. Conidia may also form in clusters on a network of conidiogenous branches. Mature conidia typically have three transverse septa and up to two longitudinal septa.
310:
produces spores that are multicellular and darkly pigmented, although they are produced sparsely. The spores can be barrel-shaped, ellipsoidal or club-shaped.
211:
is a fungus predominantly found in subtropical countries and other localities with warmer climates. However, it occurs throughout the world including the
1055:
903:
929:
279:
examined specimens of both taxa in 1958 and concluded that they represented the same taxon which he contemplated assigning them to the genus
1003:
815:
115:
513:
1042:
877:
239:
in sheep, and is especially problematic in areas such as New
Zealand where sheep are intensively raised. Other health effect of
716:
633:
579:
934:
766:
741:
658:
595:
682:
334:
1083:
1034:
944:
869:
329:
humidity cause rapid growth but lower temperatures result in higher sporidesmin content of conidia.
1111:
1060:
908:
783:
1106:
967:
283:. Several years later, the British mycologist Martin Ellis described the fungus in the genus
252:
155:
138:
957:
533:
8:
529:
256:
159:
568:
228:
168:
31:
488:
467:
1016:
1008:
952:
838:
820:
762:
737:
712:
654:
629:
575:
1021:
843:
483:
443:
439:
994:
806:
78:
1029:
864:
316:
276:
212:
66:
1100:
374:
236:
102:
90:
830:
890:
378:
296:
220:
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when it grows on plants, particularly grasses. Presence of the toxin in
1047:
882:
272:
268:
54:
895:
1073:
921:
851:
382:
777:
1068:
988:
916:
856:
800:
349:
dust. It is thought to be especially frequent on fodder grasses.
232:
216:
707:
Flannigan, Brian; Samson, Robert A.; Miller, J. David (2011).
42:
566:
Domsch, K.H.; Gams, Walter; Andersen, Traute-Heidi (1980).
389:
could also be involved in glue blotch disease of rice.
333:
produces sporidesmin but also has been seen to produce
706:
709:
Microorganisms in home and indoor work environments
567:
565:
648:
1098:
642:
588:
574:(2nd ed.). London, UK: Academic Press.
432:New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
430:, its occurrence, morphology and taxonomy".
756:
628:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press.
507:
505:
503:
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619:
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555:
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549:
547:
545:
543:
496:
302:
711:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
649:Kwon-Chung, K.J; Bennett, J.E. (1992).
614:
425:
246:
1099:
676:
674:
672:
670:
626:Pictorial Atlas of Soil and Seed Fungi
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
398:
340:
782:
781:
750:
731:
725:
540:
511:
465:
251:This species was first discovered by
1084:3ad5c54b-8814-4356-92e7-0af065e61d50
945:f1473d01-a7e6-4ab6-8cb9-ab589861d62a
263:in 1874. It was independently named
667:
653:. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
450:
13:
377:in sheep and cattle, prevalent in
14:
1123:
761:. Minnesota: Univ of Minnesota.
759:Molds, Mushrooms, and Mycotoxins
757:Christensen, Clyde M. (1975).
444:10.1080/00288233.1962.10419976
181:Berk. & M.A. Curtis (1874)
1:
489:10.1016/s1468-1641(10)60497-5
392:
323:
291:. It has been suggested that
275:in 1914. Canadian mycologist
602:. The University of Adelaide
227:produces a mycotoxin called
7:
10:
1128:
681:Osweiler, Gary D. (2016).
522:The Environmental Reporter
426:Dingley, Joan M. (1962). "
365:
978:
790:
736:. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
734:Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes
624:Watanabe, Tsuneo (2010).
243:are not well understood.
197:Syd. & P. Syd. (1914)
174:
167:
144:
137:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
570:Compendium of soil fungi
980:Sporidesmium chartarum
687:Merk Veterinary Manual
512:Putty, Murali (2011).
267:by German mycologists
261:Sporidesmium chartarum
179:Sporidesmium chartarum
472:–a fungus on the up?"
466:Wearn, James (2009).
303:Growth and morphology
295:may be indigenous to
792:Pithomyces chartarum
598:Pithomyces chartarum
470:Pithomyces chartarum
428:Pithomyces chartarum
381:and occasionally in
371:Pithomyces chartarum
351:Pithomyces chartarum
346:Pithomyces chartarum
337:and sporidemolides.
331:Pithomyces chartarum
312:Pithomyces chartarum
308:Pithomyces chartarum
247:History and taxonomy
225:Pithomyces chartarum
208:Pithomyces chartarum
148:Pithomyces chartarum
25:Pithomyces chartarum
530:Eurofins Scientific
341:Habitat and ecology
265:Sporidesmium bakeri
257:Moses Ashley Curtis
195:Sporidesmium bakeri
162:) M.B. Ellis (1960)
732:Ellis, MB (1971).
373:is known to cause
362:and cochliodinol.
335:cyclodepsipeptides
187:Piricauda chartarm
1094:
1093:
953:Open Tree of Life
784:Taxon identifiers
718:978-1-4200-9334-6
360:Bacillus subtilis
204:
203:
198:
190:
189:R.T. Moore (1959)
182:
130:P. chartarum
16:Species of fungus
1119:
1087:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1063:
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1038:
1037:
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748:
747:
729:
723:
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651:Medical mycology
646:
640:
639:
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612:
611:
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592:
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537:
532:. Archived from
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447:
423:
193:
185:
177:
150:
21:
20:
1127:
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951:
943:
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876:
868:
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837:
829:
827:
819:
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799:
786:
776:
769:
755:
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730:
726:
719:
705:
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691:
689:
683:"Facial Eczema"
679:
668:
661:
647:
643:
636:
622:
615:
605:
603:
594:
593:
589:
582:
564:
541:
536:on 16 May 2013.
510:
497:
464:
451:
424:
399:
395:
368:
343:
326:
305:
249:
235:grasses causes
163:
152:
146:
133:
119:
105:
93:
81:
79:Dothideomycetes
69:
57:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1112:Fungus species
1109:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
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1039:
1026:
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1000:
984:
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976:
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949:
939:
926:
913:
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861:
848:
835:
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796:
794:
788:
787:
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742:
724:
717:
699:
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659:
641:
635:978-1439804193
634:
613:
587:
580:
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476:Field Mycology
449:
438:(1–2): 49–61.
396:
394:
391:
367:
364:
342:
339:
325:
322:
317:aleurioconidia
304:
301:
281:Scheleobrachea
277:Stanley Hughes
253:Miles Berkeley
248:
245:
213:United Kingdom
202:
201:
200:
199:
191:
183:
172:
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107:
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67:Pezizomycotina
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59:
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53:
51:
47:
46:
41:
39:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
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1005:
1001:
996:
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986:
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946:
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936:
931:
927:
923:
918:
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688:
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631:
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583:
581:9780122204029
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375:facial eczema
372:
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237:facial eczema
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139:Binomial name
136:
132:
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126:
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118:
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104:
103:Pleosporaceae
100:
97:
96:
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72:
68:
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62:Subdivision:
61:
60:
56:
52:
49:
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44:
40:
37:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1107:Pleosporales
979:
791:
758:
752:
733:
727:
708:
702:
690:. Retrieved
686:
650:
644:
625:
604:. Retrieved
597:
590:
569:
534:the original
525:
521:
515:
482:(1): 36–37.
479:
475:
469:
435:
431:
427:
387:P. chartarum
386:
370:
369:
359:
355:
350:
345:
344:
330:
327:
311:
307:
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293:P. chartarum
292:
289:P. chartarum
288:
284:
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264:
260:
250:
241:P. chartarum
240:
224:
207:
206:
205:
194:
186:
178:
147:
145:
129:
128:
114:
91:Pleosporales
24:
18:
891:iNaturalist
379:New Zealand
297:New Zealand
229:sporidesmin
221:Netherlands
160:M.A. Curtis
1101:Categories
768:0816657297
743:0851980279
692:13 October
660:0812114639
606:13 October
516:Pithomyces
393:References
324:Physiology
285:Pithomyces
273:Paul Sydow
116:Pithomyces
55:Ascomycota
50:Division:
995:Q59565393
807:Q41793778
383:Australia
124:Species:
38:Kingdom:
1069:MycoBank
1061:10789178
1030:Fungorum
1009:60017869
1004:AusFungi
989:Wikidata
917:MycoBank
909:10727230
865:Fungorum
828:BioLib:
821:60017868
816:AusFungi
801:Wikidata
356:in vitro
169:Synonyms
98:Family:
1048:2616924
968:1338999
935:1547544
883:2616922
366:Disease
110:Genus:
86:Order:
74:Class:
1081:NZOR:
1074:184207
1035:184207
965:uBio:
958:335002
942:NZOR:
922:337066
896:351857
870:337066
857:PITHCH
831:357873
765:
740:
715:
657:
632:
578:
233:forage
217:Europe
158:&
1056:IRMNG
1022:4ZBMN
904:IRMNG
844:4JBTQ
528:(3).
156:Berk.
43:Fungi
1043:GBIF
930:NCBI
878:GBIF
852:EPPO
763:ISBN
738:ISBN
713:ISBN
694:2017
655:ISBN
630:ISBN
608:2017
576:ISBN
271:and
269:Hans
255:and
219:and
1017:CoL
839:CoL
484:doi
440:doi
358:by
287:as
259:as
1103::
1071::
1058::
1045::
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1019::
1006::
991::
955::
932::
919::
906::
893::
880::
867::
854::
841::
818::
803::
685:.
669:^
616:^
542:^
524:.
520:.
498:^
480:10
478:.
474:.
452:^
434:.
400:^
299:.
223:.
215:,
771:.
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721:.
696:.
663:.
638:.
610:.
600:"
596:"
584:.
526:9
518:"
514:"
492:.
486::
468:"
446:.
442::
436:5
154:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.