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within these habitats by multiple mesh enclosures which also function as trapping nets during harvest (Figure 3) (4). Since fish are susceptible to the elements, site placement is essential to ensure the rapid growth of the targeted species. The drawback of these facilities is that they depend on the surrounding area for good water quality in order to reduce mortality and increase the survivorship and growth rate of the fish (19). Fish chosen for extensive aquaculture are very hardy and often do well in high densities. Seaweed, prawns, mussels, carp, tilapia, tuna and salmon are the most prominent forms of extensive aqua cultured seafood. Extensive aquaculture facilities have negative impacts on the environment as well. Natural habitats are destroyed in the development of man made ponds used for extensive aquaculture. In the
Philippines, shrimp aquaculture is responsible for the destruction of thousands of acres of mangrove fields which serve as nurseries and living habitats for many marine organisms. Benthic habitats are being depleted due to the high amount of organic waste produced by the fish which settles below their pens(4). Phytoplankton and algae break down fecal matter and residual fish meal reducing the amount of available oxygen in the water column, which chokes and kills the Benthic organisms. Another serious problem acquainted with extensive aquaculture is the introduction of invasive species into ecosystems (10). Escaped fish increase the competition between organisms for limited resources. Also, when foreign fish interbreed with wild species, they upset the genetic variability of the species, making them more prone to disease and infection. The high density of fish in these mesh tanks is very tempting for predators of the sea and air (19). To protect the harvest from predators protective netting is set up at a high cost. Often times predatorial fish and mammals like seals, sharks, and tuna get caught in these barrier nets and die. Some farmers protect their stocks from predatorial birds such as pelicans and albatross by shooting these sometimes endangered creatures.
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2424:. The concerns and critiques of cultivating this genetically engineered fish in aquaculture are that the fish will escape and interact with other fish ultimately leading to the reproduction with other fishes. However, the FDA, has determined that while net pens would not be the most appropriate to prevent escapes, raising the salmon in Panama waters would effectively prevent escape because the water conditions there would fail to support long-term survival of any escaped salmon. Another method of preventing Aqua Advantage fish from impacting the ecosystems in the case they escape suggested by the FDA was to create sterile triploid females. This way concerns on reproducing with other fishes would be out of the question. The genetically engineered fish crowded out the wild fish in spawning beds, but the offspring were less likely to survive. The colorant used to make pen-raised salmon appear rosy like the wild fish has been linked with retinal problems in humans.
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2476:, such as the incorporation of hydroponically grown plants and denitrification. Both methods reduce the amount of nitrate in the water, and can potentially eliminate the need for water exchanges, closing the aquaculture system from the environment. The amount of interaction between the aquaculture system and the environment can be measured through the cumulative feed burden (CFB kg/M3), which measures the amount of feed that goes into the RAS relative to the amount of water and waste discharged. The environmental impact of larger indoor fish farming system will be linked to the local infrastructure, and water supply. Areas which are more drought-prone, indoor fish farms might flow out wastewater for watering agricultural farms, reducing the water affliction.
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546:
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31:
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2238:), was investigated pertaining the effects of functional feeds with reduced lipid content and increased eicosapentaenoic acid levels in controlling CMS in salmon after infection with Piscine Myocarditis Virus (PMCV). Functional feeds are defined as high-quality feeds that beyond purposes of nutrition, they are formulated with health promoting features that could be beneficial in supporting disease resistance, such as CMS. Choosing a clinical nutrition approach using functional feeds could potentially move away from
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1049:, especially at high population densities. However, animal husbandry is a larger and more technologically mature area of human agriculture and has developed better solutions to pathogen problems. Intensive aquaculture has to provide adequate water quality (oxygen, ammonia, nitrite, etc.) levels to minimize stress on the fish. This requirement makes control of the pathogen problem more difficult. Intensive aquaculture requires tight monitoring and a high level of expertise of the fish farmer.
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1076:), although theoretically much more profitable due to the higher income per weight of fish produced, has been successfully carried out only in the 21st century. The increased incidences of dangerous viral diseases of koi carp, together with the high value of the fish, has led to initiatives in closed-system koi breeding and growing in a number of countries. Today, a few commercially successful intensive koi-growing facilities are operating in the UK, Germany, and Israel.
2304:, the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon in some regions is commonly over 80%. In Scotland, official figures show that more than nine million fish were lost to disease, parasites, botched treatment attempts and other problems on fish farms between 2016 and 2019. One of the treatments for parasite infestations involved bathing fish in hydrogen peroxide, which can harm or kill farmed fish if they are in a weak condition or if the chemical concentration is too strong.
2319:. There, juvenile wild salmon must "run a gauntlet" of large fish farms located off-shore near river outlets before making their way to sea. The farms allegedly cause such severe sea lice infestations that one study predicted in 2007 a 99% collapse in the wild salmon population by 2011. This claim, however, has been criticized by numerous scientists who question the correlation between increased fish farming and increases in sea lice infestation among wild salmon.
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988:, that is, kg of feed per kg of animal produced). Fish such as salmon have an FCR around 1.1 kg of feed per kg of salmon whereas chickens are in the 2.5 kg of feed per kg of chicken range. Fish do not use energy to keep warm, eliminating some carbohydrates and fats in the diet, required to provide this energy. This may be offset, though, by the lower land costs and the higher production which can be obtained due to the high level of input control.
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higher current and may lead to operator safety issues. An advantage could be that in-water stunning allows fish to be rendered unconscious without stressful handling or displacement. However, improper stunning may not induce insensibility long enough to prevent the fish from enduring exsanguination while conscious. Whether the optimal stunning parameters that researchers have determined in studies are used by the industry in practice is unknown.
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a result of these interactions is still unknown. Some of these fauna may be attracted or demonstrate repulsion. The attraction/repulsion mechanism has various direct and indirect effects on wild organisms at individual and population levels. The interactions that wild organisms have with aquaculture may have implications on the management of fisheries species and the ecosystem in relation to how the fish farms are structured and organized.
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2204:, etc.). Vegetable-derived proteins have successfully replaced fish meal in feeds for carnivorous fishes, but vegetable-derived oils have not successfully been incorporated into the diets of carnivores. Research is underway to try to change this, such that even salmon and other carnivores could be successfully fed with vegetable products. The F3 Challenge (Fish-Free Feed Challenge), as explained by a report from
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production, research animal production, specific pathogen-free animal production, and caviar and ornamental fish production. As such, research and design work by
Chowdhury and Graff remains difficult to implement. Although the use of RAS for other species is considered by many aquaculturalists to be currently impractical, some limited successful implementation of RAS has occurred with high-value product such as
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difference in the immune and inflammatory responses and pathology in heart tissue as the fish were infected with PMCV. Fish fed with functional feeds with low lipid content demonstrated milder and delayed inflammatory response and therefore, less severe heart lesions at earlier and later stages after PMCV infection.
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Tanks saturated with carbon dioxide have been used to make fish unconscious. Their gills are then cut with a knife so that the fish bleed out before they are further processed. This is no longer considered a humane method of slaughter. Methods that induce much less physiological stress are electrical
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If aquaculture farms are placed in an area with strong current, pollutants can be flushed out of the area fairly quickly. This helps manage the pollution problem and also aids in overall fish growth. Concern remains that resultant bacterial growth fertilised by fish faeces strips the water of oxygen,
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larval stages, which can persist for several days. Large numbers of highly populated, open-net salmon farms can create exceptionally large concentrations of sea lice; when exposed in river estuaries containing large numbers of open-net farms, many young wild salmon are infected, and do not survive as
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or fingerlings and then trucked to streams and released. Normally, the fry are raised in long, shallow, concrete tanks, fed with fresh stream water. The fry receive commercial fish food in pellets. While not as efficient as the New
Alchemists' method, it is also far simpler and has been used for many
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clay. In small systems, the fish are often fed commercial fish food, and their waste products can help fertilize the fields. In larger ponds, the pond grows water plants and algae as fish food. Some of the most successful ponds grow introduced strains of plants, as well as introduced strains of fish.
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Marine
Scotland has kept records of caged fish escapes since 1999. They have recorded 357 fish escape incidents with 3,795,206 fish escaping into fresh and salt water. One company, Dawnfresh Farming Limited has been responsible for 40 incident and 152,790 Rainbow Trout escaping into freshwater lochs.
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Aquaculture not only impacts the fish on the farm, but it also influences other species, which in return are attracted to or repelled by the farms. Mobile fauna, such as crustaceans, fish, birds, and marine mammals, interact with the process of aquaculture, but the long-term or ecological effects as
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Cage farming of fishes in open seas is also gaining in popularity. Given concerns of disease, poaching, poor water quality, etc., generally pond systems are considered simpler to start and easier to manage. Also, the past occurrences of cage-failures leading to escapes, have raised concern regarding
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Not only do the feeds for carnivorous fish, like certain salmon species, remain controversial due to the containment of wild caught fish like anchovies, but they are not helping the health of the fish, as is the case in Norway. Between 2003 and 2007, Aldrin et al. examined three infectious diseases
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The open net pens system is a method that takes place in natural waters, such as rivers, lakes, near the coast or offshore. The breeders rear the fish in large cages floating in the water. The fish are living in natural water but are isolated with a net. Because the only barrier separating the fish
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Electric stunning can be humane when a proper current is made to flow through the fish brain for a sufficient period of time. Electric stunning can be applied after the fish has been taken out of the water (dry stunning) or while the fish is still in the water. The latter generally requires a much
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The lice and pathogen problems of the 1990s facilitated the development of current treatment methods for sea lice and pathogens, which reduced the stress from parasite/pathogen problems. However, being in an ocean environment, the transfer of disease organisms from the wild fish to the aquaculture
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alone provides 62% of the world's farmed fish production. As of 2016, more than 50% of seafood was produced by aquaculture. In the last three decades, aquaculture has been the main driver of the increase in fisheries and aquaculture production, with an average growth of 5.3 percent per year in the
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Secondly, farmed fish are kept in concentrations never seen in the wild (e.g. 50,000 fish in a 2-acre (8,100 m) area.). However, fish tend also to be animals that aggregate into large schools at high density. Most successful aquaculture species are schooling species, which do not have social
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in the 1970s. In this system, of both local and imported fish, a combination of five or six fish species is used in a single fish pond. These species are selected so that they do not compete for food among them by having different types of food habitats. As a result, the food available in all the
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trade. The vast majority of freshwater fish in the aquarium trade originate from farms in
Eastern and Southern Asia, eastern Europe, Florida and South America that use either indoor tank systems or outdoor pond systems, while farming of fish for the marine aquarium trade happens at a much smaller
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Copper-zinc brass alloys are deployed in commercial-scale aquaculture operations in Asia, South
America, and USA (Hawaii). Extensive research, including demonstrations and trials, are being implemented on two other copper alloys: copper-nickel and copper-silicon. Each of these alloy types has an
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project is the world's first deep-sea aquaculture project, and includes 61-meter (200 ft)-high by 91-meter (300 ft)-diameter pen made from a series of mesh-wire frames and nets. It is designed to disperse wastes better than more conventional farms in sheltered coastal waters, therefore
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Very-high-intensity recycle aquaculture systems (RAS, also
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems), where all the production parameters are controlled, are being used for high-value species. By recycling water, little is used per unit of production. However, the process has high capital and operating
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Aldrin, Magne; Storvik, Bård; Frigessi, Arnoldo; Viljugrein, Hildegunn; Jansen, Peder A. (January 2010). "A stochastic model for the assessment of the transmission pathways of heart and skeleton muscle inflammation, pancreas disease and infectious salmon anaemia in marine fish farms in Norway".
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Scientific Panel on Animal Health and
Welfare explained: "Many existing commercial killing methods expose fish to substantial suffering over a prolonged period of time. For some species, existing methods, whilst capable of killing fish humanely, are not doing so because operators don't have the
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Other treatments such as ultraviolet sterilization, ozonation, and oxygen injection are also used to maintain optimal water quality. Through this system, many of the environmental drawbacks of aquaculture are minimized including escaped fish, water usage, and the introduction of pollutants. The
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Extensive aquaculture is the other form of fish farming. Extensive aquaculture is more basic than intensive aquaculture in that less effort is put into the husbandry of the fish. Extensive aquaculture is done in the ocean, natural and man-made lakes, bays, rivers, and Fiords. Fish are contained
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treatments, which could lower the costs of disease treatment and management in fish farms. In this investigation three fishmeal-based diets were served—one made of 31% lipid and the other two made of 18% lipid (one contained fishmeal and the other krill meal. Results demonstrated a significant
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balance. Current growers use a variety of proprietary tricks to keep fish healthy, reducing their expenses for salt and wastewater discharge permits. Some veterinary authorities speculate that ultraviolet ozone disinfectant systems (widely used for ornamental fish) may play a prominent part in
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Farmed fish are usually raised in overcrowded environments, making them susceptible to stress, injuries, aggression and diseases. These conditions prevent them from engaging in natural behaviors such as nesting or migration. Overcrowding often leads to poor water quality due to fish waste and
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One problem with such composite fish culture is that many of these fish breed only during monsoon. Even if fish are collected from the wild, they can be mixed with other species, as well. Thus, a major problem in fish farming is the lack of availability of good-quality stock. To overcome this
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Because of the ocean's water flow and other reasons, open net pen culture is seen as a high-risk method for the environment. The flow allows chemicals, parasites, waste and diseases to spread in the enclosed environment, and this is not beneficial for the natural environment. Another negative
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Fish cages are placed in lakes, bayous, ponds, rivers, or oceans to contain and protect fish until they can be harvested. The method is also called "off-shore cultivation" when the cages are placed in the sea. They can be constructed of a wide variety of components. Fish are stocked in cages,
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Exsanguination without stunning is a process in which fish are taken up from water, held still, and cut so as to cause bleeding. According to references in Yue, this can leave fish writhing for an average of four minutes, and some catfish still responded to noxious stimuli after more than 15
2260:(kg dry feed/kg of fish produced), which results in increased cost and risk of health problems along with a decrease in profits. Stressing the animals is not desirable, but the concept of and measurement of stress must be viewed from the perspective of the animal using the scientific method.
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led by Tahbit
Chowdhury and Gordon Graff examined vertical RAS aquaculture designs aimed at producing protein-rich fish species. However, because of its high capital and operating costs, RAS has generally been restricted to practices such as broodstock maturation, larval rearing, fingerling
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artificially fed, and harvested when they reach market size. A few advantages of fish farming with cages are that many types of waters can be used (rivers, lakes, filled quarries, etc.), many types of fish can be raised, and fish farming can co-exist with sport fishing and other water uses.
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are the most commonly cited reasons for such decreases. Some species of sea lice have been noted to target farmed coho and
Atlantic salmon. Such parasites have been shown to have an effect on nearby wild fish. One place that has garnered international media attention is British Columbia's
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The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive. Traditional netting involves regular and labor-intensive cleaning. In addition to its antifouling benefits, copper netting has strong structural and
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Ice baths or chilling of farmed fish on ice or submerged in near-freezing water is used to dampen muscle movements by the fish and to delay the onset of post-death decay. However, it does not necessarily reduce sensibility to pain; indeed, the chilling process has been shown to elevate
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Because of parasite problems, some aquaculture operators frequently use strong antibiotic drugs to keep the fish alive, but many fish still die prematurely at rates up to 30%. Additionally, other common drugs used in salmonid fish farms in North America and Europe include anesthetic,
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in February 2017, "is a race to sell 100,000 metric tons of fish food, without the fish. Earlier this month, start-ups from places like Pakistan, China, and Belgium joined their American competition at the Google headquarters in Mountain View, California, showing off feed made from
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The site of the fish farm is crucial for the farm to be a success or not. Before any fish farm is settled, it is highly recommended to be selective with the site location of the farm. The site must be examined on some essential elements. Important conditions on the location are:
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chemotherapeutic, and anthelmintic agents. In some cases, these drugs have entered the environment. Additionally, the residual presence of these drugs in human food products has become controversial. Use of antibiotics in food production is thought to increase the prevalence of
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A 2008 meta-analysis of available data shows that salmon farming reduces the survival of associated wild salmon populations. This relationship has been shown to hold for Atlantic, steelhead, pink, chum, and coho salmon. The decrease in survival or abundance often exceeds 50%.
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inherent ability to reduce biofouling, cage waste, disease, and the need for antibiotics, while simultaneously maintaining water circulation and oxygen requirements. Other types of copper alloys are also being considered for research and development in aquaculture operations.
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costs. The higher cost structures mean that RAS is economical only for high-value products, such as broodstock for egg production, fingerlings for net pen aquaculture operations, sturgeon production, research animals, and some special niche markets such as live fish.
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in human diseases. At some facilities, the use of antibiotic drugs in aquaculture has decreased considerably due to vaccinations and other techniques. However, most fish-farming operations still use antibiotics, many of which escape into the surrounding environment.
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According to T. Håstein of the National Veterinary Institute (Oslo, Norway), "Different methods for slaughter of fish are in place and it is no doubt that many of them may be considered as appalling from an animal welfare point of view." A 2004 report by the
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Morton, A.; Routledge, R.; Peet, C.; Ladwig, A. (2004). "Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infection rates on juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (Oncorhynchus keta) salmon in the nearshore marine environment of British Columbia, Canada".
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A number of large, well-capitalized ventures in this area have failed. Managing both the biology and markets is complicated. One future development is the combination of integrated recycling systems with urban farming as tried in Sweden by the
2412:, concern has been raised over their proven reproductive advantage and how it could potentially decimate local fish populations, if released into the wild. Biologist Rick Howard did a controlled laboratory study where wild fish and
4253:"Effects of functional feeds on the lipid composition, transcriptomic responses and pathology in heart of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) before and after experimental challenge with Piscine Myocarditis Virus (PMCV)"
1377:(bottom feeders). Other fish also feed on the excreta of the common carp, and this helps contribute to the efficiency of the system which in optimal conditions produces 3000–6000 kg of fish per hectare per year.
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ditches or farm ponds to raise fish. The basic requirement is to have a ditch or pond that retains water, possibly with an above-ground irrigation system (many irrigation systems use buried pipes with headers).
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Proper stunning renders the fish unconscious immediately and for a sufficient period of time such that the fish is killed in the slaughter process (e.g. through exsanguination) without regaining consciousness.
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infestations are common and can cause painful lesion, but are typically treated with harsh chemicals. Additionally, fish are genetically engineered to grow larger and faster, leading to health problems such as
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Morton, A.; Routledge, R.; Krkošek, M. (2008). "Sea louse infestation in wild juvenile salmon and Pacific herring associated with fish farms off the east-central coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia".
5853:"Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on a request from the Commission related to welfare aspects of the main systems of stunning and killing the main commercial species of animals"
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problems at high density. Aquaculturists feel that operating a rearing system above its design capacity or above the social density limit of the fish will result in decreased growth rate and increased
3133:"Towards Sustainable Aquafeeds: Complete Substitution of Fish Oil with Marine Microalga Schizochytrium sp. Improves Growth and Fatty Acid Deposition in Juvenile Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus )"
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breeding grounds, for their farms. The European eel is threatened with extinction because of the excessive catch of glass eels by Spanish fishermen and overfishing of adult eels in, e.g., the Dutch
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The issue of feeds in fish farming has been a controversial one. Many cultured fishes (tilapia, carp, catfish, many others) can be raised on a strictly herbivorous diet. Top-level carnivores (most
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reducing or killing off the local marine life. Once an area has been so contaminated, fish farms are typically moved to new, uncontaminated areas. This practice has angered nearby fishermen.
3632:"Acute Stress and an Electrolyte- Imbalanced Diet, but Not Chronic Hypoxia, Increase Oxidative Stress and Hamper Innate Immune Status in a Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Isogenic Line"
184:
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Callier, Myriam D.; Byron, Carrie J.; Bengtson, David A.; Cranford, Peter J.; Cross, Stephen F.; Focken, Ulfert; Jansen, Henrice M.; Kamermans, Pauline; Kiessling, Anders (2017-09-19).
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bed is placed near, above or between them. When tilapia are raised in the tanks, they are able to eat algae, which naturally grow in the tanks when the tanks are properly fertilized.
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This system, properly tuned, produces more edible protein per unit area than any other. A wide variety of plants can grow well in the hydroponic beds. Most growers concentrate on
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The tank water is slowly circulated to the hydroponic beds, where the tilapia waste feeds commercial plant crops. Carefully cultured microorganisms in the hydroponic bed convert
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the culture of non-native fish species in dam or open-water cages. On August 22, 2017, there was a massive failure of such cages at a commercial fishery in Washington state in
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Magnoni, Leonardo J.; Novais, Sara C.; Eding, Ep; Leguen, Isabelle; Lemos, Marco F. L.; Ozório, Rodrigo O. A.; Geurden, Inge; Prunet, Patrick; Schrama, Johan W. (2019-04-24).
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Despite these important site conditions, the open net pen method was very popular in Norway and China. This is because of the cost friendliness and efficiency of this method.
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Avnimelech, Y; Kochva, M; et al. (1994). "Development of controlled intensive aquaculture systems with a limited water exchange and adjusted carbon to nitrogen ratio".
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of the nearby areas. The high concentrations of fish produce a significant amount of condensed faeces, often contaminated with drugs, which again affects local waterways.
1092:. When compared to a control group raised on regular food, they exhibited higher weight gain and better food-to-growth conversion, plus their flesh was higher in healthy
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Though the cage-industry has made numerous technological advances in cage construction in recent years, the risk of damage and escape due to storms is always a concern.
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can breathe atmospheric air and can tolerate much higher levels of pollutants than trout or salmon, which makes aeration and water purification less necessary and makes
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Air asphyxiation amounts to suffocation in the open air. The process can take upwards of 15 minutes to induce death, although unconsciousness typically sets in sooner.
3903:"What Goes Wrong during Early Development of Artificially Reproduced European Eel Anguilla anguilla? Clues from the Larval Transcriptome and Gene Expression Patterns"
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problem, ways have now been worked out to breed these fish in ponds using hormonal stimulation. This has ensured the supply of pure fish stock in desired quantities.
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a result. Adult salmon may survive otherwise critical numbers of sea lice, but small, thin-skinned juvenile salmon migrating to sea are highly vulnerable. On the
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as "bending the rules" about organic labeling. In the European Union, fish labeling as to species, method of production and origin has been required since 2002.
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One of the drawbacks to recirculating aquaculture systems is the need for periodic water exchanges. However, the rate of water exchange can be reduced through
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One of the largest problems with freshwater pisciculture is that it can use a million gallons of water per acre (about 1 m of water per m) each year. Extended
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of the water is essential, as fish need a sufficient oxygen level for growth. This is achieved by bubbling, cascade flow, or aqueous oxygen. Catfish in genus
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Within intensive and extensive aquaculture methods, numerous specific types of fish farms are used; each has benefits and applications unique to its design.
953:, see below. The exception to this rule are cages which are placed in a river or sea, which supplements the fish crop with sufficient oxygenated water. Some
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Martins, C. I. M.; Eding, E. H.; Verdegem, M. C. J.; Heinsbroek, L. T. N.; Schneider, O.; Blancheton, J. P.; d'Orbcastel, E. R.; Verreth, J. A. J. (2010).
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consequence is the high escape rate of the cultured fish from these open net pens. These escaped fish also pose a high risk to the surrounding ecosystems.
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allowed farmed fish to be labeled as organic provided less than 25% of their feed came from wild fish. This decision was criticized by the advocacy group
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Burka, J. F.; Hammell, K. L.; Horsberg, T. E.; Johnson, G. R.; Rainnie, D. J.; Speare, D. J. (October 1997). "Drugs in salmonid aquaculture – A review".
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Martinez-Rubio, Laura; Evensen, Øystein; Krasnov, Aleksei; Jørgensen, Sven; Wadsworth, Simon; Ruohonen, Kari; Vecino, Jose LG; Tocher, Douglas R (2014).
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Some producers have adapted their intensive systems in an effort to provide consumers with fish that do not carry dormant forms of viruses and diseases.
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At all depths should be a good current condition. This is necessary because the organic particles should be able to be carried away using the current.
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1132:, leading to release of nearly 300,000 Atlantic salmon in non-native waters. This is believed to risk endangering the native Pacific salmon species.
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Cabello, Felipe C.; Godfrey, Henry P.; Tomova, Alexandra; Ivanova, Larisa; Dölz, Humberto; Millanao, Ana; Buschmann, Alejandro H. (2013-05-26).
3205:"Growing, losing or introducing? Cage aquaculture as a vector for the introduction of non-native fish in Furnas Reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil"
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Other potential problems faced by aquaculturists include the obtaining of various permits and water-use rights, profitability, concerns about
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1293:, for instance, is estimated to produce as much organic waste as equivalent to a town of people between 10,000 and 20,000 people each year.
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composition, as well. These higher protein-level requirements are a consequence of the higher feed efficiency of aquatic animals (higher
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Jéhannet, Pauline; Palstra, Arjan P.; Heinsbroek, Leon T. N.; Kruijt, Leo; Dirks, Ron P.; Swinkels, William; Komen, Hans (2021-06-08).
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A gravel and sand bottom are qualified for fish farming, although bottoms with silt and mud are not qualified. These should be avoided.
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In 2014, Martinez-Rubio et al. conducted a study in which cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS), a severe cardiac disease in Atlantic salmon (
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Concerns continue over the labeling of salmon as farmed or wild-caught, as well as about the humane treatment of farmed fish. The
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species in particular) on the other hand, depend on fish feed, of which a large portion is usually derived from wild-caught fish (
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Sarker, Pallab K.; Kapuscinski, Anne R.; Lanois, Alison J.; Livesey, Erin D.; Bernhard, Katie P.; Coley, Mariah L. (2016-06-03).
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Weaver, D E (2006). "Design and operations of fine media fluidized bed biofilters for meeting oligotrophic water requirements".
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from the surrounding environment is a net, this allows the water to flow from the ‘natural’ surrounding through the fish farms.
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Krkošek, Martin; et al. (2007). "Report: "Declining Wild Salmon Populations in Relation to Parasites from Farm Salmon".
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which feed on mucus, blood, and skin, and migrate and latch onto the skin of wild salmon during free-swimming, planktonic
1515:. Although European eel larvae can survive for several weeks, the full life cycle has not yet been achieved in captivity.
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By Dr. BiIl Krise at Bozeman Technology Center, and Dr. Gary Wedemeyer at Western Fisheries Research Center. January 2002
1507:) aquaculturalists procure a limited supply of glass eels, juvenile stages of the European eel which swim north from the
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4893:"Antimicrobial use in aquaculture re-examined: its relevance to antimicrobial resistance and to animal and human health"
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In 2005, Alaska passed legislation requiring that any genetically altered fish sold in the state be labeled. In 2006, a
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Although fish farming for food is the most widespread, another major fish farming industry provides living fish for the
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in Norwegian salmon fish farms—heart and skeletal muscle inflammation, pancreas disease, and infectious salmon anemia.
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The cost of inputs per unit of fish weight is higher than in extensive farming, especially because of the high cost of
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has established the Freedom Food label to indicate humane treatment of farmed salmon, as well as other food products.
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dos Santos, Ana Paula; Hage Seta, Jéssica Helena; Kuhnen, Vanessa Villanova; Sanches, Eduardo Gomes (2020-11-01).
1212:, which can briefly be described as the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants,
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Michael Clark; Tilman, David (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health".
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5584:"New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability"
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In these kinds of systems fish production per unit of surface can be increased at will, as long as sufficient
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Huntingford, F. A; Adams, C; Braithwaite, V. A; Kadri, S; Pottinger, T. G; Sandoe, P; Turnbull, J. F (2006).
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or percussive stunning and this has led to the phasing out of the carbon dioxide slaughter method in Europe.
2409:
915:
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Naylor, RL; Goldburg, RJ; Mooney, H; et al. (1998). "Nature's Subsidies to Shrimp and Salmon Farming".
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Coalition of environmental groups, scientists and First Nations opposed to current salmon farming practices
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4081:"Pescatarians warned they are eating 'sentient animals' who form friendships, after landmark study on fish"
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is prevented and oxygen levels stay high. Yields can be low if the fish grow ill from electrolyte stress.
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service, and easier harvesting when needed, while being separate from and thus do not usually impact the
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Upton, H. F., & Buck, E. H. (2010). Open Ocean Culture. Congressional Research Service. Published.
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This is also called a "flow through system" . Trout and other sport fish are often raised from eggs to
3017:
Torrissen, Ole; et al. (2011). "Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar): The 'Super-Chicken' Of The Sea?".
1445:.Other wastes are strained out by the hydroponic media, which double as an aerated pebble-bed filter.
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1972:. Despite the vast number of fish consumed, fish welfare has historically received little attention.
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2777:"Fishfarming, Aquaculture Consulting, Aquaculture Articles, Aquaculture Consultancy, Fisheries News"
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4475:"Effects of host migration, diversity, and aquaculture on disease threats to wild fish populations"
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5112:"Attraction and repulsion of mobile wild organisms to finfish and shellfish aquaculture: a review"
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1475:. The main environmental impact is discharge of water that must be salted to maintain the fishes'
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and even complete depletion in some regions. Fish farming allows establishment of artificial fish
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2761:"World aquaculture production of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc., by principal species in 2013"
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1460:), which command premium prices in small quantities all year long. The most common customers are
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A net should be at least 10 metres (33 ft) or more above the bottom, so depth is important.
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Tlusty, M. (2002). "The benefits and risks of aquacultural production for the aquarium trade".
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204:, however, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries, such farmed fish are usually fed
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has established an Eco label to distinguish between farmed and wild-caught salmon, while the
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Krkošek, M.; Gottesfeld, A.; Proctor, B.; Rolston, D.; Carr-Harris, C.; Lewis, M.A. (2007).
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Immersion in salt followed by gutting or other processing such as smoking is applied to eel.
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The largest-scale pure fish farms use a system derived (admittedly much refined) from the
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Using this method, water allotments can be stored in ponds or ditches, usually lined with
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3263:"Please go fishing, Washington state says after farmed Atlantic salmon escape broken net"
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Azevedo-Santos, Valter Monteiro de; Rigolin-Sá, Odila; Pelicice, Fernando Mayer (2011).
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2549:. In addition, reduced body temperature extends the time before fish lose consciousness.
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practices also increased feed-use efficiency growth by providing optimum water quality.
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3582:"Factors to Consider in Selecting a Farm Irrigation System | UGA Cooperative Extension"
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Relating to labeling and identification of genetically modified fish and fish products
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The amount of organic waste produced by fish farms is also alarming. A salmon farm in
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5776:"Dead Loss: The high cost of poor farming practices and mortalities on salmon farms"
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Percussive stunning involves rendering the fish unconscious with a blow on the head.
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5209:"AquAdvantage Salmon - Response to Public Comments on the Environmental Assessment"
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3357:"Antifouling alternatives for aquaculture in tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean"
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production (extensive) or fish that are fed with external food supply (intensive).
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knowledge to evaluate them." Following are some less humane ways of killing fish.
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system must be integrated in the fish farm. One way to achieve this is to combine
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2287:, can cause deadly infestations of both farm-grown and wild salmon. Sea lice are
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3864:
Freshwater Aquaculture: A Handbook for Small Scale Fish Culture in North America
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1426:
in the 1970s. Basically, large plastic fish tanks are placed in a greenhouse. A
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Optimal water parameters for cold- and warm-water fish in intensive aquaculture
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4670:"Mass deaths: nine million fish killed by diseases at Scottish salmon farms"
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The large number of fish kept long-term in a single location contributes to
1352:
The composite fish culture system is a technology developed in India by the
1145:
marine technology is beginning to impact fish farming. In 2018, 1.5 million
188:
World capture fisheries and aquaculture production by production mode, from
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Sea Lice and Salmon: Elevating the dialogue on the farmed-wild salmon story
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investigation revealed that farm-raised salmon is frequently sold as wild.
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1969:
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1400:
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511:
371:
338:
322:
169:
137:
6023:
5249:"Consumer Reports reveals that farm-raised salmon is often sold as "wild""
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or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a
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5881:
Proceedings of the Global Conference on Animal Welfare: an OIE Initiative
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https://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RL32694.pdf
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Krkošek, M.; Lewis, M.A.; Morton, A.; Frazer, L.N.; Volpe, J.P. (2006).
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A good interchange of water and also a high replacement of bottom water.
1149:
are in the middle of a year-long trial at Ocean Farm 1 off the coast of
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3965:"Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers"
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1461:
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712:
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606: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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90:
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4989:"Chile's Antibiotics Use on Salmon Farms Dwarfs That of a Top Rival's"
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6632:
6275:
5326:"MSC eco-label helps consumers identify certified wild Alaska salmon"
4722:"A Global Assessment of Salmon Aquaculture Impacts on Wild Salmonids"
4250:
2878:
2836:
2661:
Fish farming traditionally takes place in purpose-built tanks in the
2197:
2143:
1995:
1679:
1442:
1416:
1329:
1221:
1022:
682:
176:
of wild fish populations. While fish farming is practised worldwide,
74:
66:
6305:
5966:
5878:
Håstein, T (2004), "Animal welfare issues relating to aquaculture",
5272:"USDA Panel Approves First Rules For Labeling Farmed Fish 'Organic'"
4434:
3690:"Lecture Notes on Composite Fish Culture and its Extension in India"
1471:, it adapts to almost all temperate climates, and may also adapt to
1395:
1112:
581:
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7199:
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6315:
6285:
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5910:
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, FAO, Rome.
5184:"Purdue scientists: Genetically modified fish could damage ecology"
3532:
2826:
2666:
2546:
2489:
2268:
2201:
1982:
1977:
1786:
1754:
1340:
control of the water can increase yields substantially, as long as
1290:
1225:
1208:, the antimicrobial/algaecidal properties of copper alloys prevent
1201:
1185:
1089:
1069:
1031:
991:
888:
758:
748:
561:
419:
228:
209:
205:
161:
4967:
3606:"Fish Farming In Nigeria - Fish Species In Nigeria | Agri Farming"
3433:"Death of the (Fish) Salesmen: The Last Kelongs in Southeast Asia"
3312:"The $ 300 Million Plan to Farm Salmon in the Middle of the Ocean"
1336:
Control of water quality is crucial. Fertilizing, clarifying, and
1082:
In 2016, juvenile Nile tilapia were given a food containing dried
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8954:
8922:
8317:
8312:
8290:
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3713:. Fisheries Department Haryana, Chandigarh, India. Archived from
2803:"Basic Questions about Aquaculture :: Office of Aquaculture"
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2396:
depending on what species are involved, and interaction with the
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2212:
2095:
1946:
1866:
1834:
1647:
1453:
1438:
1434:
1404:
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species especially suited for intensive fish production. In some
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728:
703:
692:
658:
648:
181:
period 2000–2018, reaching a record 82.1 million tonnes in 2018.
157:
130:
122:
114:
94:
82:
5937:"Fish Farming News – Aquaculture production reaches new heights"
4335:
4106:"Fish are nothing like us, except that they are sentient beings"
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The risk of infections by parasites such as fish lice, fungi (
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8268:
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6001:
4463:) in British Columbia. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Victoria.
2501:
2457:
2220:
2216:
1930:
1914:
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1213:
1197:
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177:
5109:
4790:"Fish Farms Drive Wild Salmon Populations Toward Extinction"
2355:. Since their introduction in the 1930s, trout have been an
1357:
parts of the pond is used. Fish used in this system include
8884:
8672:
8241:
7828:
7381:
7372:
5468:. 4 March 2009. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016
4890:
4847:
3481:
Braaten, Bjørn; Aure, Jan; Ervik, Arne; Boge, Erik (1983).
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2015:
1818:
1711:
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216:. The 2008 global returns for fish farming recorded by the
118:
62:
58:
8280:
7848:
6310:
6265:
5823:"An HSUS Report: The Welfare of Farmed Fish at Slaughter"
5020:
Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists
4419:
2493:
1534:(water pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein
1073:
1057:
1008:
farms, about 10% of the water volume can consist of fish
248:
217:
101:
or pseudo-natural environments. A facility that releases
6013:
4557:
3629:
7341:
5666:
5039:"What Are North American Trout Doing in Lake Titicaca?"
5036:
4157:
3827:"What are the Different Types of Restaurant Suppliers?"
2629:
Transport boats moored at fish processing plant, Mỹ Tho
2613:
Houseboat rafts with cages under for rearing fish near
1998:(air pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein
1337:
1232:
corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.
5547:"MIT Outreach Database - Aquaculture in the Classroom"
4521:
2870:
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021
2828:
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020
1501:
years to stock streams with sport fish. European eel (
6946:
5645:
Salmon farming comes ashore in land-based aquaculture
4401:
Bravo, S (2003). "Sea lice in Chilean salmon farms".
3413:"Aquaculture – Copper Development Association Africa"
1480:
keeping the tilapia healthy with recirculated water.
247:
Top 15 cultured fish species by weight, according to
6474:
5061:
5037:
Magazine, Smithsonian; Bloudoff-Indelicato, Mollie.
4836:
In Too Deep – The Welfare of Intensively Farmed Fish
4479:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B
3851:
Aquaculture in Sweden towards a sustainable future?"
3480:
2706:
1441:, and the plants are fertilized by the nitrates and
5997:
Ethical concerns about the conditions on fish farms
5270:Eilperin, Juliet; Black, Jane (November 20, 2008).
4850:
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
4019:
1299:
5797:"Advancing Aquaculture: Fish Welfare at Slaughter"
5156:
4423:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
4173:
3958:
3956:
1243:, the traditional cage farming platform is called
5693:
4696:"Use of Hydrogen Peroxide in Finfish Aquaculture"
4447:Peet, C. R. 2007. Interactions between sea lice (
4182:"Inside the race to invent a fish-free fish food"
1296:Today 50% of the world's seafood is farm-raised.
9221:
5755:
5753:
5486:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3086:
6019:Nature's Subsidies to Shrimp and Salmon Farming
4564:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3953:
2398:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1384:
5294:
5292:
5207:Medicine, Center for Veterinary (2019-04-12).
5159:"Salmon Virus Indicts Chile's Fishing Methods"
4560:"Epizootics of wild fish induced by farm fish"
4525:North American Journal of Fisheries Management
4311:"Fuss over Farming Fish, Alaska Science Forum"
3729:"INTEGRATED LIVESTOCK-FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEMS"
3458:"Salmon Aquaculture • Georgia Strait Alliance"
2697:Fish farm Högtind in Norway with feeding barge
8498:
7357:
6932:
6039:
5750:
5737:"Slaughter of farmed fish – fishcount.org.uk"
5717:
5705:
5647:The Vancouver Sun, Retrieved 21 February 2013
5269:
5013:"Trends in therapy and prophylaxis 1991–2001"
4972:. University of New Hampshire. Archived from
1119:is often raised in cages in central Thailand.
4150:
4134:"The next frontier for animal welfare: Fish"
3962:
3483:Pollution problems in Norwegian fish farming
3198:
3196:
3194:
2601:Fish farming in the fjords of southern Chile
1280:
7079:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
7004:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
6096:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
6053:
5401:"Is high rise farming in Toronto's future?"
5376:"The Future of Fish Farming May Be Indoors"
5289:
4986:
4968:Atlantic Marine Aquaculture Center (2007).
3108:"Scientists take the fish out of fish food"
2977:"An introduction to ornamental aquaculture"
1308:These fish-farming ponds were created as a
1176:have become important netting materials in
964:Expressing eggs from a female rainbow trout
242:List of commercially important fish species
8505:
8491:
7364:
7350:
6939:
6925:
6046:
6032:
5729:
4661:
81:, which is the controlled cultivation and
7909:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
5868:
5346:(Timmons et al., 2002; Piedrahita, 2003).
5130:
4916:
4747:
4737:
4719:
4593:
4583:
4498:
4286:
4268:
3988:
3936:
3918:
3665:
3647:
3380:
3220:
3191:
3174:
3156:
3016:
2765:FAO Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics 2014
1347:
972:. It must contain a much higher level of
622:Learn how and when to remove this message
5427:"Sky Farm Proposed for Downtown Toronto"
5206:
4131:
4103:
4078:
3105:
2974:
2334:
2263:
1394:
1303:
1158:supporting higher fish packing density.
1111:
1051:
959:
571:
544:
540:
183:
29:
5991:Coastal Alliance for Aquaculture Reform
5920:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
5877:
5851:European Food Safety Authority (2004).
5672:
5634:The Scotsman, Retrieved 22 January 2013
5152:
5150:
4667:
4616:
4179:
3288:"Scotland's Aquaculture | Fish Escapes"
3089:Israeli Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh
2800:
1354:Indian Council of Agricultural Research
148:, resulting in significant decrease in
27:Raising fish commercially in enclosures
14:
9222:
5565:"Marine GMO Briefs-Issue One-Hotlinks"
5531:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3824:
3051:
2939:
2569:
2463:
2403:
2359:endangering the local fish population.
1491:
1250:
8486:
7345:
6920:
6473:
6063:
6027:
5913:
5632:Sea-change as farm grows fish on land
5398:
5229:(Alaskan Senate Bill 25). 19 May 2005
5202:
5200:
5105:
5103:
5101:
4987:Barrionuevo, Alexei (July 26, 2009).
4400:
4127:
4125:
3963:Nemecek, T.; Poore, J. (2018-06-01).
3853:Master's Thesis, Stockholm University
2756:
2754:
2410:genetically engineered, farmed salmon
113:. Worldwide, the most important fish
9191:
5466:"Fish Farming Recirculating systems"
5157:The New York Times (27 March 2008).
5147:
2511:
2363:
1161:
604:adding citations to reliable sources
575:
9203:
8465:
7736:Electroreception and electrogenesis
5830:Humane Society of the United States
5688:European Food Safety Authority 2004
5448:"Recirculating Aquaculture Systems"
5373:
3557:"50% of our seafood is farm raised"
3237:"Offshore fish farming legislation"
2526:
2508:is planned in Scotland and Canada.
2250:
1525:Aquaculture of salmon § Issues
1068:Raising ornamental coldwater fish (
776:< 0.0006 mg/L in soft water
140:, which has resulted in widespread
24:
9054:Environmental impact of irrigation
6064:
5887:, pp. 219–231, archived from
5794:
5768:
5699:
5567:. October 25, 2009. Archived from
5197:
5098:
4122:
3338:"ഓരുവെള്ളത്തിലെ രുചിയേറും വരുമാനം"
2751:
1968:There is a growing consensus that
1312:project in a rural village in the
156:that are provided with sufficient
25:
9241:
6520:Geothermal energy and aquaculture
6379:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
5955:
5934:
4365:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.001046.x
4104:Woodruff, Michael (3 July 2020).
2917:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture"
2819:
1021:spp.), intestinal worms (such as
779:< 0.03 mg/L in hard water
9202:
9190:
9178:
9167:
9166:
8464:
8453:
8452:
8435:
8434:
7460:
7324:
7323:
7311:
7027:
6159:
6014:Tropical Fish Farming in Florida
6002:The Pure Salmon Campaign website
5650:
5643:Shore, Randy (17 November 2012)
5637:
4862:10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00094.x
4834:Lymbery, P. CIWF Trust report, "
4338:"Current issues in fish welfare"
2975:Leingang, A. (25 October 2021).
2709:
2690:
2674:
2654:
2634:
2622:
2606:
2594:
2443:National Organic Standards Board
2416:were allowed to breed. In 1989,
1300:Irrigation ditch or pond systems
580:
235:
136:Global demand is increasing for
9122:Agriculture and the environment
8859:British Agricultural Revolution
8512:
7420:Environmental impact of fishing
7312:
5820:
5759:
5723:
5711:
5663:Oxford University Press, p. 180
5630:Merrit, Mike (13 January 2013)
5624:
5575:
5557:
5549:. June 26, 2010. Archived from
5539:
5494:
5458:
5450:. March 2, 2012. Archived from
5440:
5419:
5392:
5367:
5358:
5349:
5340:
5318:
5263:
5241:
5219:
5176:
5055:
5030:
5005:
4980:
4961:
4941:
4884:
4841:
4828:
4807:
4782:
4764:
4713:
4688:
4610:
4551:
4515:
4466:
4441:
4413:
4394:
4379:
4329:
4303:
4244:
4222:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.010
4200:
4097:
4072:
4013:
3894:
3868:
3856:
3843:
3818:
3794:
3769:
3745:
3721:
3703:
3682:
3623:
3598:
3574:
3549:
3525:
3501:
3489:
3474:
3450:
3425:
3405:
3348:
3330:
3304:
3280:
3255:
3229:
3222:10.1590/S1679-62252011000400024
3124:
3099:
3080:
3045:
3010:
2717:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
798:< 103% for salmonid eggs/fry
591:needs additional citations for
533:Aquaculture makes use of local
9066:Climate change and agriculture
8839:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
6793:Federated States of Micronesia
4772:"Sea Lice Information Bullets"
4389:Watershed Watch Salmon Society
4210:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
4132:Torrella, Kenny (2021-03-02).
3106:Coxworth, Ben (June 6, 2016).
2991:
2968:
2933:
2909:
2861:
2794:
2769:
2681:Pisciculture Complex, outside
2492:, and live tilapia in the US,
2332:fish is an ever-present risk.
1741:Greenhouse gas emissions (g CO
1107:
880:4 mg/L for warmwater fish
877:6 mg/L for coldwater fish
13:
1:
5611:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.09.002
5355:(Corpron and Armstrong, 1983)
4403:Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol
4180:Molteni, Megan (2017-02-05),
3825:Pap, Dawn; rea (2019-05-22).
3806:www.environmentalleverage.com
3074:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.07.004
2962:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00683-4
2745:
1803:Non-recirculating aquaculture
1415:systems allow for the reuse (
1099:
1041:spp.), and protozoa (such as
528:
117:produced in fish farming are
77:. It is a particular type of
8844:Arab Agricultural Revolution
7505:intramembranous ossification
5987:on fisheries and aquaculture
5476:– via www.youtube.com.
5399:Whyte, Murray (2008-07-27).
5084:10.1126/science.282.5390.883
4954:Food and Drug Administration
4739:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060033
4720:Ford, JS; Myers, RA (2008).
4079:Johnston, Ian (2017-04-10).
3533:"Facts | Seaspiracy Website"
3158:10.1371/journal.pone.0156684
3031:10.1080/10641262.2011.597890
3019:Reviews in Fisheries Science
2779:. 2014-11-08. Archived from
1467:Since the system lives in a
1385:Integrated recycling systems
1168:Copper alloys in aquaculture
795:< 100% total gas pressure
224:worth about US$ 60 billion.
192:'s Statistical Yearbook 2021
34:A fish farm on the coast of
7:
6979:Fish diseases and parasites
6593:Fish diseases and parasites
5917:Aquaculture Training Manual
5907:Introduction to Aquaculture
4668:Edwards, Rob (2019-04-14),
4159:F3 Fish-Free Feed Challenge
3849:Berggren, Alexandra (2007)
3382:10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100477
3292:aquaculture.scotland.gov.uk
2702:
2479:From 2011, a team from the
2427:
2414:genetically engineered fish
1985:and abnormal heart shapes.
1542:Eutrophying emissions (g PO
10:
9246:
8804:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
7884:Fin and flipper locomotion
7854:Sequential hermaphroditism
7741:Jamming avoidance response
7458:
6666:Microalgal bacterial flocs
4897:Environmental Microbiology
3711:"Ornamental Fish Breeding"
2587:
2515:
2454:Marine Stewardship Council
2006:Acidifying emissions (g SO
1988:
1963:
1522:
1388:
1165:
673:> 20 mg/L (as CaCO
239:
160:, protection from natural
9163:
9154:Universities and colleges
9130:
9074:
9022:
8883:
8787:
8772:Universities and colleges
8584:
8577:
8543:
8520:
8448:
8372:
8305:
8212:
8174:
8165:
8104:
8035:
7922:
7874:
7784:
7709:
7469:
7379:
7297:
7266:
7213:
7185:Gathering seafood by hand
7160:
7122:
7069:
7036:
7025:
6959:
6760:
6689:
6646:
6568:
6490:
6486:
6469:
6430:
6387:
6344:
6236:
6168:
6157:
6076:
6072:
6059:
5300:"Environmental Labelling"
3777:"Tank culture of tilapia"
2518:Fish welfare at slaughter
2379:
2341:North American lake trout
2174:
2158:
2142:
2126:
2110:
2094:
2078:
2062:
2046:
2030:
2014:
2005:
2002:
1945:
1929:
1913:
1897:
1881:
1865:
1849:
1833:
1817:
1801:
1785:
1771:Recirculating aquaculture
1769:
1753:
1740:
1737:
1733:for different food types
1710:
1694:
1678:
1662:
1646:
1630:
1614:
1598:
1582:
1566:
1550:
1541:
1538:
1518:
1399:Aerators in a fish farm (
1281:Negative external effects
957:object to this practice.
711:< 0.0005 mg/L in
9139:Agriculturist profession
8616:Agricultural engineering
8601:Agricultural cooperative
7371:
6999:Individual fishing quota
6530:Integrated multi-trophic
5967:FAO Fisheries Department
5962:NOAA Aquaculture Website
5591:Aquacultural Engineering
4270:10.1186/1471-2164-15-462
3649:10.3389/fphys.2019.00453
3054:Aquacultural Engineering
2801:Aquaculture, Office of.
2730:Aquaculture of salmonids
1731:greenhouse gas emissions
1184:, that is, they destroy
1045:) is similar to that in
801:< 102% for lake trout
717:< 0.005 mg/L in
9044:Agricultural wastewater
8767:Sustainable food system
8762:Sustainable agriculture
8653:Animal-free agriculture
8621:Agricultural technology
8400:Glossary of ichthyology
7962:Diel vertical migration
6500:Aquaculture engineering
6054:Fishing industry topics
4918:10.1111/1462-2920.12134
4639:10.1126/science.1148744
4585:10.1073/pnas.0603525103
4449:Lepeophtheirus salmonis
4345:Journal of Fish Biology
3990:10.1126/science.aaq0216
3636:Frontiers in Physiology
3462:Georgia Strait Alliance
3209:Neotropical Ichthyology
2998:"Stress and Physiology"
2418:AquaBounty Technologies
2302:Pacific coast of Canada
2273:Lepeophtheirus salmonis
1369:(a column feeder), and
1228:, and other organisms.
1153:. The semi-submersible
9144:Agricultural machinery
9102:History of agriculture
9087:Agriculture by country
9082:Agricultural machinery
9039:Agricultural pollution
9034:Agricultural expansion
8809:Austronesian expansion
8720:Mechanised agriculture
7766:Surface wave detection
7731:Hydrodynamic reception
7405:Diseases and parasites
5870:10.2903/j.efsa.2004.45
5119:Reviews in Aquaculture
4815:"Northwest Fishletter"
4491:10.1098/rspb.2007.1122
4461:Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
2725:Aquaculture of catfish
2481:University of Waterloo
2447:Food & Water Watch
2360:
2312:Diseases and parasites
1408:
1348:Composite fish culture
1317:
1120:
1061:
965:
899:Total dissolved solids
844:< 0.0002 mg/L
564:
193:
43:
9149:Government ministries
9092:Agriculture companies
8928:Convertible husbandry
8606:Agricultural supplies
8556:Agricultural Engineer
7904:Undulatory locomotion
7721:Ampullae of Lorenzini
6438:World fish production
4949:"Public Health Focus"
4455:) and juvenile chum (
3561:Carolina Coast Online
3509:"Aquaculture Methods"
2338:
2325:antibiotic resistance
2317:Broughton Archipelago
2264:Parasites and disease
2258:feed conversion ratio
2010:eq per 100g protein)
1546:eq per 100g protein)
1532:eutrophying emissions
1424:New Alchemy Institute
1398:
1307:
1115:
1055:
986:feed conversion ratio
963:
928:< 0.005 mg/L
814:< 0.003 mg/L
763:< 0.003 mg/L
687:< 0.075 mg/L
572:Intensive aquaculture
548:
541:Extensive aquaculture
251:statistics for 2013
220:totaled 33.8 million
187:
33:
8799:Neolithic Revolution
8658:Cellular agriculture
8611:Agricultural science
8132:Genetically modified
6989:Fisheries management
5657:Victoria Braithwaite
5043:Smithsonian Magazine
2500:in the Netherlands,
1996:acidifying emissions
1867:Non-trawling fishery
1486:Greenfish Initiative
1180:. Copper alloys are
980:feed and a balanced
918:over ambient levels
893:< 0.01 mg/L
834:< 0.02 mg/L
743:< 5–10 mg/L
698:< 0.02 mg/L
600:improve this article
212:extracted from wild
138:dietary fish protein
107:recreational fishing
53:involves commercial
7937:Aquatic respiration
7824:Life history theory
7147:Fishing tournaments
7009:Sustainable fishery
6291:Fish protein powder
5904:Jhingran VG (1987)
5603:2010AqEng..43...83M
5571:on 25 October 2009.
5380:Scientific American
5364:(Klas et al., 2006)
5276:The Washington Post
5076:1998Sci...282..883N
5026:(2): 117–125. 2002.
4909:2013EnvMi..15.1917C
4631:2007Sci...318.1772K
4625:(5857): 1772–1775.
4576:2006PNAS..10315506K
4570:(42): 15506–15510.
4537:2008NAJFM..28..523M
4485:(1629): 3141–3149.
4459:) and pink salmon (
4357:2006JFBio..68..332H
4042:10.1038/nature13959
4034:2014Natur.515..518T
3981:2018Sci...360..987P
3920:10.3390/ani11061710
3373:2020AqRep..1800477D
3361:Aquaculture Reports
3149:2016PLoSO..1156684S
3066:2006AqEng..34..303W
2954:2002Aquac.205..203T
2831:. Rome: FAO. 2020.
2665:region in northern
2570:More humane methods
2464:Indoor fish farming
2422:AquAdvantage salmon
2404:Genetic engineering
2394:genetic engineering
2370:habitat destruction
2279:species, including
1999:
1734:
1535:
1492:Classic fry farming
1365:(surface feeders),
1251:Open net pen system
1094:omega-3 fatty acids
1029:), bacteria (e.g.,
903:< 200 mg/L
864:< 0.1 mg/L
854:< 1.0 mg/L
824:< 0.1 mg/L
788:Gas supersaturation
753:> 4.0 mg/L
663:< 440 μg/L
636:
252:
166:competitive threats
8933:Rotational grazing
8849:Columbian exchange
7776:Weberian apparatus
7089:Commercial fishing
7061:History of fishing
6443:Fishing by country
6086:Commercial fishing
6007:2010-05-27 at the
5983:2010-06-10 at the
5972:2008-07-06 at the
5661:Do fish feel pain?
5328:. January 15, 2004
4993:The New York Times
4796:. 16 December 2007
4702:. 13 February 2009
3882:on January 6, 2012
3862:McLarney, William
3831:Restaurant Insider
3610:www.agrifarming.in
3243:on 4 February 2016
3003:2011-08-16 at the
2361:
2080:Farmed crustaceans
1993:
1970:fish can feel pain
1728:
1584:Farmed crustaceans
1529:
1419:) of local water.
1413:water purification
1409:
1318:
1206:marine environment
1121:
1062:
966:
940:water purification
634:
565:
556:) at Loch Ainort,
496:Northern snakehead
246:
194:
174:sustainable yields
105:into the wild for
44:
40:South Euboean Gulf
9217:
9216:
8777:Urban agriculture
8750:Rice-duck farming
8698:Intensive farming
8668:Extensive farming
8480:
8479:
8390:Fish common names
8301:
8300:
7932:Aquatic predation
7756:Capacity for pain
7485:Age determination
7339:
7338:
7142:Catch and release
7046:Artisanal fishing
6994:Fisheries science
6974:Diversity of fish
6914:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6707:Freshwater prawns
6465:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6188:Fish preservation
6111:Midwater trawling
5927:978-0-85238-194-6
5306:on March 25, 2010
5132:10.1111/raq.12208
5070:(5390): 883–884.
4545:10.1577/m07-042.1
4457:Oncorhynchus keta
4028:(7528): 518–522.
3975:(6392): 987–992.
3753:"SEED PRODUCTION"
3586:extension.uga.edu
3267:The Seattle Times
2888:978-92-5-134332-6
2846:978-92-5-133394-5
2807:www.nmfs.noaa.gov
2512:Slaughter methods
2364:Ecosystem impacts
2190:
2189:
1976:antibiotics use.
1961:
1960:
1748:
1744:
1726:
1725:
1504:Anguilla anguilla
1473:tropical climates
1162:Copper-alloy nets
976:(up to 60%) than
955:environmentalists
932:
931:
733:> 5 mg/L
632:
631:
624:
526:
525:
61:, most often for
16:(Redirected from
9237:
9206:
9205:
9194:
9193:
9182:
9170:
9169:
9014:Wildlife farming
8864:Green Revolution
8815:Ancient history
8755:Rice-fish system
8663:Contract farming
8648:Animal husbandry
8507:
8500:
8493:
8484:
8483:
8468:
8467:
8456:
8455:
8438:
8437:
8172:
8171:
7464:
7395:Ethnoichthyology
7366:
7359:
7352:
7343:
7342:
7327:
7326:
7315:
7314:
7284:Fishing villages
7223:Artificial flies
7190:Handline fishing
7137:Big-game fishing
7031:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6918:
6917:
6838:Papua New Guinea
6818:Marshall Islands
6488:
6487:
6480:farmed fisheries
6471:
6470:
6359:Shrimp marketing
6281:Fish hydrolysate
6163:
6078:Fishing industry
6074:
6073:
6061:
6060:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6025:
6024:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5939:. Archived from
5931:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5893:
5886:
5874:
5872:
5857:The EFSA Journal
5847:
5845:
5844:
5838:
5832:. Archived from
5827:
5821:Yue, Stephanie.
5817:
5815:
5814:
5808:
5802:. Archived from
5801:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5763:
5757:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5654:
5648:
5641:
5635:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5588:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5553:on 26 June 2010.
5543:
5537:
5536:
5530:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5513:
5507:. Archived from
5506:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5485:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5454:on 2 March 2012.
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5374:Poppick, Laura.
5371:
5365:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5347:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5302:. Archived from
5296:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5204:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5154:
5145:
5144:
5134:
5116:
5107:
5096:
5095:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5017:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4920:
4903:(7): 1917–1942.
4888:
4882:
4881:
4845:
4839:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4774:. Archived from
4768:
4762:
4761:
4751:
4741:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4587:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4502:
4470:
4464:
4453:Caligus clemensi
4445:
4439:
4438:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4398:
4392:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4342:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4313:. Archived from
4307:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4272:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4017:
4011:
4010:
3992:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3922:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3878:. Archived from
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3651:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3384:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3239:. Archived from
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3200:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3160:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3014:
3008:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2948:(3–4): 203–219.
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2879:10.4060/cb4477en
2865:
2859:
2858:
2837:10.4060/cb1329en
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2773:
2767:
2758:
2740:Rice-fish system
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2694:
2678:
2658:
2647:Ixtlán de Juárez
2638:
2626:
2610:
2598:
2527:Inhumane methods
2441:In 2008, the US
2435:Consumer Reports
2390:invasive species
2357:invasive species
2343:fishing farm on
2285:C. rogercresseyi
2251:Stocking density
2240:chemotherapeutic
2185:
2184:
2169:
2168:
2153:
2152:
2137:
2136:
2121:
2120:
2105:
2104:
2089:
2088:
2073:
2072:
2057:
2056:
2041:
2040:
2025:
2024:
2000:
1992:
1956:
1955:
1940:
1939:
1924:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1892:
1891:
1876:
1875:
1860:
1859:
1844:
1843:
1828:
1827:
1812:
1811:
1796:
1795:
1787:Trawling Fishery
1780:
1779:
1764:
1763:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1705:
1704:
1689:
1688:
1673:
1672:
1657:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1625:
1624:
1609:
1608:
1593:
1592:
1577:
1576:
1561:
1560:
1536:
1528:
1156:
1143:Semi-submersible
1047:animal husbandry
910:suspended solids
810:Hydrogen sulfide
637:
633:
627:
620:
616:
613:
607:
584:
576:
269:(US$ billions)
253:
245:
198:carnivorous fish
21:
9245:
9244:
9240:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9235:
9234:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9213:
9159:
9158:
9157:
9126:
9117:Poultry farming
9070:
9025:
9018:
8989:Poultry farming
8879:
8855:Modern history
8835:Post-classical
8783:
8782:
8781:
8725:Organic farming
8580:
8579:
8575:
8539:
8516:
8511:
8481:
8476:
8444:
8368:
8297:
8208:
8161:
8100:
8031:
7924:
7918:
7870:
7814:Ichthyoplankton
7780:
7712:
7705:
7701:Digital Library
7696:Teleost leptins
7635:Shark cartilage
7559:pharyngeal slit
7554:pharyngeal arch
7490:Anguilliformity
7475:
7473:
7465:
7456:
7375:
7370:
7340:
7335:
7293:
7289:Marine habitats
7262:
7233:Bite indicators
7209:
7156:
7118:
7065:
7032:
7023:
6955:
6945:
6915:
6902:
6848:Solomon Islands
6756:
6685:
6671:Photobioreactor
6642:
6564:
6482:
6457:
6426:
6383:
6354:Live fish trade
6340:
6232:
6170:Fish processing
6164:
6155:
6146:Fishing vessels
6116:Bottom trawling
6068:
6055:
6052:
6009:Wayback Machine
5985:Wayback Machine
5974:Wayback Machine
5958:
5946:
5944:
5928:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5825:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5785:
5783:
5782:. February 2021
5774:
5771:
5769:Further reading
5766:
5758:
5751:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5686:
5679:
5675:, pp. 224.
5671:
5667:
5655:
5651:
5642:
5638:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5586:
5580:
5576:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5524:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5504:
5502:"Archived copy"
5500:
5499:
5495:
5479:
5478:
5471:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5411:
5409:
5397:
5393:
5384:
5382:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5290:
5280:
5278:
5268:
5264:
5254:
5252:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5205:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5165:
5155:
5148:
5114:
5108:
5099:
5060:
5056:
5047:
5045:
5035:
5031:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5006:
4997:
4995:
4985:
4981:
4966:
4962:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4889:
4885:
4846:
4842:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4799:
4797:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4718:
4714:
4705:
4703:
4700:thefishsite.com
4694:
4693:
4689:
4680:
4678:
4666:
4662:
4615:
4611:
4556:
4552:
4520:
4516:
4471:
4467:
4446:
4442:
4435:10.1139/f04-016
4418:
4414:
4399:
4395:
4384:
4380:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4249:
4245:
4205:
4201:
4192:
4190:
4178:
4174:
4165:
4163:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4130:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4102:
4098:
4089:
4087:
4085:The Independent
4077:
4073:
4018:
4014:
3961:
3954:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3861:
3857:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3823:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3783:. November 2005
3781:thefishsite.com
3775:
3774:
3770:
3761:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3628:
3624:
3615:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3566:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3479:
3475:
3466:
3464:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3353:
3349:
3344:(in Malayalam).
3336:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3294:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3201:
3192:
3143:(6): e0156684.
3129:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3104:
3100:
3085:
3081:
3050:
3046:
3015:
3011:
3005:Wayback Machine
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2973:
2969:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2889:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2847:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2686:
2679:
2670:
2659:
2650:
2639:
2630:
2627:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2599:
2590:
2572:
2556:
2529:
2520:
2514:
2504:in Denmark and
2466:
2430:
2406:
2382:
2366:
2271:, particularly
2266:
2253:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:Lamb and mutton
2058:
2054:
2053:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2009:
1991:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1749:per g protein)
1722:
1718:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1616:Lamb and mutton
1610:
1606:
1605:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1527:
1521:
1494:
1393:
1387:
1350:
1302:
1283:
1253:
1170:
1164:
1155:US$ 300 million
1154:
1110:
1102:
1043:dinoflagellates
951:water treatment
883:
804:
782:
723:
676:
628:
617:
611:
608:
597:
585:
574:
543:
531:
452:
388:Atlantic salmon
268:
263:
244:
238:
87:aquatic animals
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9243:
9233:
9232:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9200:
9188:
9176:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9078:
9076:
9072:
9071:
9069:
9068:
9063:
9062:
9061:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9030:
9028:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8980:
8979:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8958:
8957:
8947:
8945:Insect farming
8942:
8937:
8936:
8935:
8930:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8889:
8887:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8853:
8852:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8833:
8832:
8831:
8826:
8824:Ancient Greece
8821:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8793:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8780:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8758:
8757:
8752:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8716:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8582:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8547:
8545:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8521:
8518:
8517:
8510:
8509:
8502:
8495:
8487:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8462:
8449:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8442:
8432:
8427:
8426:
8425:
8420:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8376:
8374:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8320:
8309:
8307:
8303:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8273:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8218:
8216:
8214:Wild fisheries
8210:
8209:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8180:
8178:
8169:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8137:Hallucinogenic
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8108:
8106:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8042:
8040:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8012:Schooling fish
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7972:Filter feeders
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7947:Bottom feeders
7944:
7939:
7934:
7928:
7926:
7920:
7919:
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7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7880:
7878:
7872:
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7869:
7868:
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7856:
7851:
7846:
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7811:
7806:
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7796:
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7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
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7728:
7723:
7717:
7715:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7686:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7648:
7647:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7593:Leydig's organ
7590:
7589:
7588:
7586:pharyngeal jaw
7583:
7573:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7539:branchial arch
7531:
7530:
7529:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7492:
7487:
7481:
7479:
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7466:
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7449:
7444:
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7397:
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7376:
7369:
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7361:
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7337:
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7333:
7321:
7309:
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7270:
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7119:
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7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7075:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7056:Fishing vessel
7053:
7048:
7042:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7019:Wild fisheries
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6944:
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6908:
6907:
6904:
6903:
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6900:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6877:United States
6875:
6873:United Kingdom
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
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6762:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6749:
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6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6574:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6540:Antimicrobials
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6510:Best practices
6507:
6502:
6496:
6494:
6484:
6483:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6434:
6432:
6431:Area fisheries
6428:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6412:English Market
6409:
6404:
6399:
6393:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6350:
6348:
6346:Fish marketing
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
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6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6213:Salmon cannery
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6091:Fish slaughter
6088:
6082:
6080:
6070:
6069:
6066:Wild fisheries
6057:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5964:
5957:
5956:External links
5954:
5953:
5952:
5932:
5926:
5914:D. R. (1993).
5911:
5902:
5875:
5848:
5818:
5795:Benson, Tess.
5792:
5780:Just Economics
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5749:
5728:
5716:
5704:
5702:, pp. 23.
5692:
5690:, pp. 22.
5677:
5665:
5649:
5636:
5623:
5574:
5556:
5538:
5493:
5457:
5439:
5418:
5391:
5366:
5357:
5348:
5339:
5317:
5288:
5262:
5251:. July 5, 2006
5240:
5218:
5196:
5175:
5146:
5125:(4): 924–949.
5097:
5054:
5029:
5004:
4979:
4976:on 2009-08-10.
4960:
4940:
4883:
4856:(5): 333–349.
4840:
4827:
4806:
4781:
4778:on 2010-05-21.
4763:
4712:
4687:
4660:
4609:
4550:
4531:(2): 523–532.
4514:
4465:
4440:
4429:(2): 147–157.
4412:
4393:
4378:
4351:(2): 332–372.
4328:
4302:
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3952:
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3855:
3842:
3817:
3793:
3768:
3744:
3720:
3717:on 2017-03-09.
3702:
3681:
3622:
3597:
3573:
3548:
3524:
3500:
3488:
3473:
3449:
3424:
3404:
3347:
3342:ManoramaOnline
3329:
3303:
3279:
3254:
3228:
3215:(4): 915–919.
3190:
3123:
3112:www.gizmag.com
3098:
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3060:(3): 303–310.
3044:
3025:(3): 257–278.
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2542:
2528:
2525:
2516:Main article:
2513:
2510:
2465:
2462:
2429:
2426:
2420:developed the
2408:In regards to
2405:
2402:
2381:
2378:
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2252:
2249:
2188:
2187:
2180:
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2036:
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2027:
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2011:
2007:
2004:
1990:
1987:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1949:
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1540:
1520:
1517:
1493:
1490:
1389:Main article:
1386:
1383:
1349:
1346:
1342:eutrophication
1301:
1298:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1252:
1249:
1241:Southeast Asia
1166:Main article:
1163:
1160:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1085:Schizochytrium
930:
929:
926:
920:
919:
912:
905:
904:
901:
895:
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891:
885:
884:
882:
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866:
865:
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802:
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781:
780:
777:
773:
771:
765:
764:
761:
755:
754:
751:
745:
744:
741:
739:Carbon dioxide
735:
734:
731:
725:
724:
722:
721:
715:
708:
706:
700:
699:
696:
689:
688:
685:
679:
678:
674:
671:
665:
664:
661:
655:
654:
651:
645:
644:
643:Optimal value
641:
630:
629:
588:
586:
579:
573:
570:
550:Salmon farming
542:
539:
535:photosynthetic
530:
527:
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:
508:
507:
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501:
498:
492:
491:
488:
485:
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400:
399:
396:
393:
390:
384:
383:
380:
377:
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368:
367:
364:
361:
358:
357:(Indian carp)
351:
350:
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341:
335:
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328:
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309:
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271:
270:
265:
260:
257:
237:
234:
146:wild fisheries
97:and so on, in
89:such as fish,
69:or artificial
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9242:
9231:
9228:
9227:
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9137:
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9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9112:Meat industry
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9097:Biotechnology
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
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9055:
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9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9024:Environmental
9021:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9004:Sheep farming
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
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8974:
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8956:
8953:
8952:
8951:
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8938:
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8931:
8929:
8926:
8925:
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8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8908:Dairy farming
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8885:Farming Types
8882:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8819:Ancient Egypt
8817:
8816:
8814:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8792:
8790:
8786:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8730:Paludiculture
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8632:
8631:Biotechnology
8629:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8589:
8587:
8583:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8551:Agriculturist
8549:
8548:
8546:
8542:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8519:
8515:
8508:
8503:
8501:
8496:
8494:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8473:
8472:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8451:
8450:
8447:
8441:
8440:more lists...
8433:
8431:
8428:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8395:Fish families
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8380:Aquarium life
8378:
8377:
8375:
8371:
8363:
8362:fleshy-finned
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8350:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8330:Cartilaginous
8328:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8304:
8292:
8289:
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8260:
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8205:
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8115:
8113:
8110:
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8103:
8097:
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8000:
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7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7967:Electric fish
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
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7943:
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7938:
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7807:
7805:
7802:
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7797:
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7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
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7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7708:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7677:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7598:Mauthner cell
7596:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7517:Chromatophore
7515:
7513:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7472:
7468:
7463:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7378:
7374:
7367:
7362:
7360:
7355:
7353:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7332:
7331:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7279:Fishing banks
7277:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7265:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7035:
7030:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6953:
6949:
6942:
6937:
6935:
6930:
6928:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6722:Marine shrimp
6720:
6718:
6717:Hirudiculture
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:Other species
6688:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6638:US hatcheries
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6613:Fish stocking
6611:
6609:
6608:Fish hatchery
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6561:
6560:Recirculating
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6525:Inland saline
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6515:Copper alloys
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:Fishing banks
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6271:Fish emulsion
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6261:Cod liver oil
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6238:Fish products
6235:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6203:Filleted fish
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6162:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6106:Pair trawling
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6049:
6044:
6042:
6037:
6035:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5943:on 2014-07-01
5942:
5938:
5935:Manci, Bill.
5933:
5929:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5894:on 2012-03-25
5890:
5883:
5882:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5839:on 2010-07-13
5835:
5831:
5824:
5819:
5809:on 2011-07-21
5805:
5798:
5793:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5762:, pp. 7.
5761:
5756:
5754:
5738:
5732:
5726:, pp. 6.
5725:
5720:
5714:, pp. 4.
5713:
5708:
5701:
5696:
5689:
5684:
5682:
5674:
5669:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5646:
5640:
5633:
5627:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5534:
5528:
5514:on 2010-10-11
5510:
5503:
5497:
5489:
5483:
5467:
5461:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5428:
5422:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5395:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5361:
5352:
5343:
5327:
5321:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5250:
5244:
5228:
5222:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5201:
5185:
5179:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5151:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5008:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4831:
4816:
4810:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4317:on 2012-04-19
4316:
4312:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4176:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3881:
3877:
3876:"Aquaculture"
3871:
3865:
3859:
3852:
3846:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3807:
3803:
3802:"Aquaculture"
3797:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3563:. 11 May 2013
3562:
3558:
3552:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3484:
3477:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3438:
3437:Modern Farmer
3434:
3428:
3414:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3317:
3316:Bloomberg.com
3313:
3307:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3095:(3): 119–131.
3094:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2979:. TheFishSite
2978:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2783:on 2014-11-08
2782:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2707:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2645:fish farm in
2644:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2524:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:Lake Titicaca
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:ectoparasites
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1899:Starchy roots
1896:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1755:Ruminant meat
1752:
1736:
1732:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1464:wholesalers.
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:antimicrobial
1179:
1175:
1174:copper alloys
1169:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1117:Giant gourami
1114:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
962:
958:
956:
952:
948:
945:
941:
937:
927:
925:
922:
921:
917:
913:
911:
907:
906:
902:
900:
897:
896:
892:
890:
887:
886:
879:
876:
875:
873:
871:
868:
867:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
851:
848:
847:
843:
841:
838:
837:
833:
831:
828:
827:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
811:
808:
807:
800:
797:
794:
793:
791:
789:
786:
785:
778:
775:
774:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
760:
757:
756:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
740:
737:
736:
732:
730:
727:
726:
720:
716:
714:
710:
709:
707:
705:
702:
701:
697:
695:(non-ionized)
694:
691:
690:
686:
684:
681:
680:
672:
670:
667:
666:
662:
660:
657:
656:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
638:
626:
623:
615:
612:February 2021
605:
601:
595:
594:
589:This section
587:
583:
578:
577:
569:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
538:
536:
521:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
505:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
489:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
467:
465:
464:Wuchang bream
462:
461:
457:
454:
448:
445:
442:
441:
439:
437:
436:Rainbow trout
434:
433:
429:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
413:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
381:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
352:
348:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
300:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
284:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
266:
261:
258:
255:
254:
250:
243:
236:Major species
233:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
191:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:fish hatchery
108:
104:
103:juvenile fish
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
9230:Fish farming
9207:
9195:
9183:
9171:
9059:Overdrafting
8918:Goat farming
8829:Ancient Rome
8735:Permaculture
8693:Horticulture
8638:Agroforestry
8596:Agribusiness
8469:
8457:
8357:spiny-finned
8306:Major groups
8175:
8027:Intelligence
8007:Scale eaters
7952:Cleaner fish
7834:Mouthbrooder
7786:Reproduction
7761:Schreckstoff
7746:Lateral line
7662:Swim bladder
7652:Spiral valve
7581:hyomandibula
7564:pseudobranch
7447:Hypoxia in -
7328:
7316:
7195:Spearfishing
6984:Fish farming
6983:
6853:South Africa
6742:Sea cucumber
6697:Brine shrimp
6676:Raceway pond
6618:Spawning bed
6598:Fish farming
6597:
6570:Fish farming
6569:
6479:
6407:Maine Avenue
6397:Billingsgate
6389:Fish markets
6364:Chasse-marée
6336:Surströmming
6326:Shrimp paste
6251:Fish as food
6183:Factory ship
6178:Fish factory
5978:SOFIA report
5945:. Retrieved
5941:the original
5916:
5906:
5896:, retrieved
5889:the original
5880:
5860:
5856:
5841:. Retrieved
5834:the original
5811:. Retrieved
5804:the original
5784:. Retrieved
5779:
5740:. Retrieved
5731:
5719:
5707:
5695:
5673:Håstein 2004
5668:
5660:
5652:
5639:
5626:
5614:. Retrieved
5597:(3): 83–93.
5594:
5590:
5577:
5569:the original
5559:
5551:the original
5541:
5516:. Retrieved
5509:the original
5496:
5470:. Retrieved
5460:
5452:the original
5442:
5431:. Retrieved
5429:. TreeHugger
5421:
5410:. Retrieved
5406:Toronto Star
5404:
5394:
5383:. Retrieved
5379:
5369:
5360:
5351:
5342:
5330:. Retrieved
5320:
5308:. Retrieved
5304:the original
5279:. Retrieved
5275:
5265:
5253:. Retrieved
5243:
5231:. Retrieved
5221:
5212:
5187:. Retrieved
5178:
5166:. Retrieved
5162:
5122:
5118:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5046:. Retrieved
5042:
5032:
5023:
5019:
5007:
4996:. Retrieved
4992:
4982:
4974:the original
4963:
4952:
4943:
4900:
4896:
4886:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4830:
4818:. Retrieved
4809:
4798:. Retrieved
4794:ScienceDaily
4793:
4784:
4776:the original
4766:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4704:. Retrieved
4699:
4690:
4679:, retrieved
4673:
4663:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4567:
4563:
4553:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4388:
4381:
4348:
4344:
4331:
4319:. Retrieved
4315:the original
4305:
4260:
4257:BMC Genomics
4256:
4246:
4216:(1): 51–61.
4213:
4209:
4202:
4191:, retrieved
4185:
4175:
4164:, retrieved
4158:
4152:
4141:. Retrieved
4137:
4113:. Retrieved
4109:
4099:
4088:. Retrieved
4084:
4074:
4025:
4021:
4015:
3972:
3968:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3884:. Retrieved
3880:the original
3870:
3863:
3858:
3845:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:
3820:
3809:. Retrieved
3805:
3796:
3785:. Retrieved
3780:
3771:
3760:. Retrieved
3756:
3747:
3736:. Retrieved
3732:
3723:
3715:the original
3705:
3693:. Retrieved
3684:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3614:. Retrieved
3612:. 2021-06-19
3609:
3600:
3589:. Retrieved
3585:
3576:
3565:. Retrieved
3560:
3551:
3540:. Retrieved
3536:
3527:
3516:. Retrieved
3512:
3503:
3491:
3476:
3465:. Retrieved
3461:
3452:
3441:. Retrieved
3439:. 2014-12-18
3436:
3427:
3416:. Retrieved
3407:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3320:. Retrieved
3318:. 2018-07-30
3315:
3306:
3295:. Retrieved
3291:
3282:
3271:. Retrieved
3269:. 2017-08-22
3266:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3241:the original
3231:
3212:
3208:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3115:. Retrieved
3111:
3101:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3022:
3018:
3012:
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2970:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2924:. Retrieved
2920:
2911:
2900:. Retrieved
2869:
2863:
2827:
2821:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:
2796:
2785:. Retrieved
2781:the original
2771:
2764:
2573:
2530:
2521:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2451:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2407:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2367:
2330:
2321:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:and various
2272:
2267:
2254:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2205:
2191:
1974:
1967:
1509:Sargasso Sea
1502:
1495:
1482:
1466:
1447:
1432:
1421:
1410:
1401:Ararat plain
1379:
1351:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1258:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1200:, and other
1171:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1103:
1088:in place of
1083:
1081:
1078:
1067:
1063:
1056:Controlling
1036:
1030:
1016:
1014:
1005:
1001:
995:
990:
967:
947:horticulture
933:
618:
609:
598:Please help
593:verification
590:
566:
558:Isle of Skye
552:in the sea (
532:
512:Amur catfish
372:Crucian carp
339:Bighead carp
323:Nile tilapia
259:Environment
226:
195:
170:veterinarian
168:, access to
135:
51:pisciculture
50:
47:Fish farming
46:
45:
18:Pisciculture
9209:Wikiproject
9049:Overgrazing
8984:Pig farming
8967:Paddy field
8940:Hydroponics
8913:Fur farming
8898:Aquaculture
8893:Agrivoltaic
8874:Monoculture
8795:Prehistory
8745:Polyculture
8566:Farm worker
8544:Occupations
8514:Agriculture
8471:WikiProject
8430:Prehistoric
8414:Threatened
8105:Other types
8002:Sardine run
7977:Forage fish
7957:Corallivory
7809:Development
7794:Bubble nest
7667:physoclisti
7657:Suckermouth
7630:Root effect
7452:Ichthyology
7180:Fishing net
7152:Fly fishing
7014:Overfishing
6969:Aquaculture
6954:topic areas
6858:South Korea
6828:New Zealand
6747:Sea sponges
6648:Algaculture
6535:Mariculture
6492:Aquaculture
6476:Aquaculture
6453:Other areas
6223:Smoked fish
6218:Salted fish
6151:Power block
6126:Gillnetting
5786:12 February
5472:29 November
4970:"Fish care"
3913:(6): 1710.
3757:www.fao.org
3733:www.fao.org
2942:Aquaculture
2921:www.fao.org
2281:C. clemensi
2236:Salmo salar
2225:bioreactors
2112:Farmed fish
2003:Food types
1738:Food types
1568:Farmed fish
1539:Food types
1477:electrolyte
1375:common carp
1363:silver carp
1310:cooperative
1178:aquaculture
1130:Puget Sound
1108:Cage system
1038:Pseudomonas
1018:Saprolegnia
554:mariculture
516:Freshwater
500:Freshwater
484:Freshwater
468:Freshwater
408:Freshwater
376:Freshwater
360:Freshwater
343:Freshwater
327:Freshwater
311:Freshwater
307:Common carp
295:Freshwater
291:Silver carp
279:Freshwater
264:(millions)
214:forage fish
150:fish stocks
142:overfishing
91:crustaceans
79:aquaculture
38:island, in
9075:Categories
8740:Plantation
8688:Free range
8683:Feed ratio
8086:Groundfish
8081:Freshwater
8076:Euryhaline
8061:Coral reef
7997:Salmon run
7987:Paedophagy
7889:Amphibious
7876:Locomotion
7684:pharyngeal
7672:physostome
7625:Photophore
7571:Glossohyal
7544:gill raker
7527:dorsal fin
7477:physiology
7274:Fish ponds
7175:Fishfinder
7162:Techniques
7124:Recreation
7104:Processing
7084:By country
6813:Madagascar
6788:East Timor
6761:By country
6661:Microalgae
6656:Giant kelp
6578:Broodstock
6505:Aquaponics
6369:Fishmonger
6296:Fish sauce
6198:Dried fish
6193:Slurry ice
6131:Longlining
5947:2013-11-07
5898:2011-06-12
5843:2011-06-12
5813:2011-06-12
5742:30 January
5616:22 January
5518:2010-09-21
5433:2009-03-14
5412:2008-08-12
5385:2019-09-24
5233:2 December
5189:30 January
5048:2023-07-24
4998:2009-08-28
4820:30 January
4800:2018-01-06
4732:(2): e33.
4706:2021-11-14
4681:2019-06-15
4675:The Ferret
4409:: 197–200.
4321:30 January
4263:(1): 462.
4193:2017-02-07
4166:2017-02-07
4143:2024-07-10
4115:2024-07-10
4090:2024-07-10
3886:30 January
3836:2022-07-11
3811:2022-07-11
3787:2022-07-11
3762:2022-07-11
3738:2022-07-11
3695:30 January
3616:2022-07-11
3591:2022-07-11
3567:2022-07-11
3542:2022-03-12
3537:SEASPIRACY
3518:2022-08-02
3467:2021-12-24
3443:2022-07-11
3418:2022-07-11
3367:: 100477.
3297:2021-12-21
3273:2022-08-02
3247:30 January
3117:2016-06-08
2926:2022-08-02
2902:2021-12-13
2812:2016-06-09
2787:2022-08-02
2746:References
2683:Rio Branco
2486:barramundi
2474:aquaponics
2349:Copacabana
2244:antibiotic
2215:extracts,
2194:salmonidae
2144:Groundnuts
1680:Groundnuts
1523:See also:
1513:IJsselmeer
1469:greenhouse
1462:restaurant
1443:phosphates
1428:hydroponic
1391:Aquaponics
1322:irrigation
1320:These use
1218:tube worms
1210:biofouling
1172:Recently,
1100:Fish farms
1027:trematodes
982:amino acid
944:hydroponic
719:hard water
713:soft water
669:Alkalinity
640:Parameter
529:Categories
480:Black carp
443:Freshwater
404:Roho labeo
275:Grass carp
240:See also:
83:harvesting
75:fish ponds
71:enclosures
67:fish tanks
9107:Livestock
8950:Livestock
8678:Farmhouse
8335:chimaeras
8222:Predatory
8199:Salmonids
8157:Whitefish
8147:Poisonous
8122:Diversity
8056:Coldwater
7992:Predatory
7982:Migratory
7942:Bait ball
7925:behaviour
7844:Pregnancy
7839:Polyandry
7613:papillare
7608:Operculum
7603:Meristics
7549:gill slit
7512:Cleithrum
7442:Fish kill
7432:Fear of -
7425:- as food
7415:Fisheries
7400:Evolution
7390:Diversity
7267:Locations
7170:Fish trap
7094:Marketing
7051:Fisherman
6961:Fisheries
6948:Fisheries
6803:Indonesia
6768:Australia
6633:Tailwater
6603:Fish feed
6276:Fish meal
5863:(7): 45.
5141:1753-5123
5092:129814837
4927:1462-2912
4870:0140-7783
4726:PLOS Biol
4279:1471-2164
4230:0167-5877
4050:1476-4687
3999:0036-8075
3929:2076-2615
3658:1664-042X
3513:SeaChoice
3485:(Report).
3399:224842700
3391:2352-5134
3167:1932-6203
2897:240163091
2855:242794287
2641:Communal
2617:, Vietnam
2297:copepodid
2223:grown in
2198:anchovies
1983:cataracts
1417:recycling
1330:bentonite
1222:barnacles
1204:. In the
1023:nematodes
970:fish feed
683:Aluminium
162:predators
9224:Category
9173:Category
8999:Orchards
8972:Pastoral
8643:Agronomy
8459:Category
8410:Smallest
8323:lampreys
8286:flatfish
8276:Demersal
8232:mackerel
8227:billfish
8167:Commerce
8096:Tropical
8071:Demersal
8066:Deep-sea
8022:Venomous
7914:RoboTuna
7864:triggers
7859:Spawning
7819:Juvenile
7804:Egg case
7437:FishBase
7330:Category
7302:Glossary
7205:Trolling
7200:Trawling
7109:Products
7071:Industry
6808:Kiribati
6737:Scallops
6545:Offshore
6374:Fishwife
6316:Lutefisk
6286:Fish oil
6266:Fish roe
6141:Dredging
6136:Trolling
6101:Trawling
6005:Archived
5981:Archived
5976:and its
5970:Archived
5659:(2010).
5527:cite web
5482:cite web
5168:27 March
4935:23711078
4838:" (2002)
4758:18271629
4655:86544687
4647:18079401
4604:17021017
4509:17939989
4373:84511123
4297:24919788
4238:19811843
4058:25383533
4007:29853680
3947:34201077
3676:31068834
3185:27258552
3137:PLOS ONE
3039:58944349
3001:Archived
2983:19 March
2873:. 2021.
2703:See also
2685:, Brazil
2667:Pakistan
2649:, Mexico
2562:minutes.
2557:narcosis
2547:cortisol
2490:sturgeon
2428:Labeling
2269:Sea lice
2202:menhaden
1978:Sea lice
1439:nitrates
1291:Scotland
1226:mollusks
1202:microbes
1186:bacteria
1090:fish oil
1070:goldfish
1060:manually
1032:Yersinia
992:Aeration
914:< 80
889:Selenium
759:Chlorine
749:Chloride
562:Scotland
446:Brackish
420:Milkfish
256:Species
229:aquarium
210:fish oil
206:fishmeal
200:such as
196:Farming
154:colonies
95:molluscs
73:such as
55:breeding
42:, Greece
9197:Commons
9009:Terrace
8955:Pasture
8923:Grazing
8869:Organic
8789:History
8703:animals
8626:Digital
8586:General
8530:History
8525:Outline
8405:Largest
8318:hagfish
8313:Jawless
8291:pollock
8264:sardine
8259:herring
8254:anchovy
8204:Tilapia
8194:Octopus
8189:Catfish
8176:Farming
8091:Pelagic
8051:Coastal
8038:habitat
7894:Walking
7799:Clasper
7751:Otolith
7713:systems
7711:Sensory
7645:ganoine
7620:Papilla
7471:Anatomy
7410:Fishing
7318:Outline
7132:Angling
7114:Seafood
7099:Markets
7038:Fishing
6952:fishing
6898:Vanuatu
6752:Turtles
6732:Oysters
6727:Octopus
6712:Geoduck
6681:Seaweed
6628:Tilapia
6583:Catfish
6555:Raceway
6550:Organic
6422:Tsukiji
6321:Rakfisk
6301:Gravlax
6246:Seafood
6228:Kippers
6208:Gibbing
6121:Seining
5599:Bibcode
5332:29 June
5310:29 June
5281:29 June
5255:29 June
5072:Bibcode
5064:Science
4905:Bibcode
4878:9350253
4749:2235905
4627:Bibcode
4619:Science
4595:1591297
4572:Bibcode
4533:Bibcode
4500:2293942
4391:, 2004.
4353:Bibcode
4288:4079957
4066:4453972
4030:Bibcode
3977:Bibcode
3969:Science
3938:8227761
3907:Animals
3667:6491711
3642:: 453.
3369:Bibcode
3322:31 July
3176:4892564
3145:Bibcode
3062:Bibcode
2950:Bibcode
2643:Zapotec
2588:Gallery
2498:catfish
2353:Bolivia
2293:nauplii
2277:Caligus
2213:seaweed
2096:Poultry
1989:Feeding
1964:Welfare
1947:Legumes
1835:Poultry
1648:Poultry
1454:parsley
1435:ammonia
1405:Armenia
1190:viruses
1010:biomass
1006:Clarias
1002:Clarias
997:Clarias
974:protein
860:Nitrite
850:Nitrate
840:Mercury
729:Calcium
704:Cadmium
693:Ammonia
659:Arsenic
653:pH 6–9
649:Acidity
424:Marine
392:Marine
262:Tonnage
232:scale.
158:feeding
131:tilapia
123:catfish
115:species
99:natural
9185:Portal
9026:impact
8977:Bocage
8903:Cattle
8571:Herder
8561:Farmer
8423:sharks
8340:sharks
8269:sprats
8249:Forage
8237:salmon
8117:Coarse
7899:Flying
7771:Vision
7726:Barbel
7640:Scales
7500:dermal
7380:About
7258:Sinker
7215:Tackle
6886:Hawaii
6881:Alaska
6868:Tuvalu
6773:Canada
6623:Salmon
6417:Scania
6402:Fulton
6331:Surimi
6306:Hákarl
6256:Caviar
5924:
5700:Benson
5139:
5090:
4933:
4925:
4876:
4868:
4756:
4746:
4653:
4645:
4602:
4592:
4507:
4497:
4371:
4295:
4285:
4277:
4236:
4228:
4162:, 2017
4064:
4056:
4048:
4022:Nature
4005:
3997:
3945:
3935:
3927:
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