453:
228:-driven air displacement. A vacuum is generated by the vertical travel of a metal or ceramic piston within an airtight sleeve. As the piston moves upward, driven by the depression of the plunger, a vacuum is created in the space left vacant by the piston. The liquid around the tip moves into this vacuum (along with the air in the tip) and can then be transported and released as necessary. These pipettes are capable of being very precise and accurate. However, since they rely on air displacement, they are subject to inaccuracies caused by the changing environment, particularly temperature and user technique. For these reasons, this equipment must be carefully maintained and calibrated, and users must be trained to exercise correct and consistent technique.
303:
829:
315:
356:
501:
344:
861:
489:
465:
210:
719:
558:
477:
952:
186:
699:
593:
372:
446:, to indicate different calibrated volumes. They also require a source of vacuum; in the early days of chemistry and biology, the mouth was used. The safety regulations included the statement: "Never pipette by mouth KCN, NH3, strong acids, bases and mercury salts". Some pipettes were manufactured with two bubbles between the mouth piece and the solution level line, to protect the chemist from accidental swallowing of the solution.
45:
517:
202:
194:
394:
876:
Technique: elevated, “winged elbow”. The average human arm weighs approximately 6% of the total body weight. Holding a pipette with the elbow extended (winged elbow) in a static position places the weight of the arm onto the neck and shoulder muscles and reduces blood flow, thereby causing stress and
868:
Proper pipetting posture is the most important element in establishing good ergonomic work practices. During repetitive tasks such as pipetting, maintaining body positions that provide a maximum of strength with the least amount of muscular stress is important to minimize the risk of injury. A number
272:
Irrespective of brand or expense of pipette, every micropipette manufacturer recommends checking the calibration at least every six months, if used regularly. Companies in the drug or food industries are required to calibrate their pipettes quarterly (every three months). Schools which are conducting
851:
traceable reference standards. Pipette calibration is essential to ensure that the instrument is working according to expectations and as per the defined regimes or work protocols. Pipette calibration is considered to be a complex affair because it includes many elements of calibration procedure and
819:
A variety of devices have been developed for safer, easier, and more efficient pipetting. For example, a motorized pipette controller can aid liquid aspiration or dispensing using volumetric pipettes or graduated pipettes; a tablet can interact in real-time with the pipette and guide a user through
657:
seal which slides within the pipette in a positive displacement operation. Such a device can be used on a wide variety of fluids (aqueous, viscous, and volatile fluids; hydrocarbons; essential oils; and mixtures) in volumes between 0.5 mL and 25 mL. This arrangement provides improvements
889:
Technique: Over-rotated forearm and wrist. Rotation of the forearm in a supinated position (palm up) and/or wrist flexion increases the fluid pressure in the carpal tunnel. This increased pressure can result in compression of soft tissues like nerves, tendons and blood vessels, causing numbness in
944:
Unlike traditional axial pipettes, ergonomic pipetting can affect posture and prevent common pipetting injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis and other musculoskeletal disorders. To be "ergonomically correct" significant changes to traditional pipetting postures are essential, like:
722:
Carlsberg pipettes, glass micropipettes, named for the place for their invention and first use, The
Carlsberg Laboratory, Physiology Department, Copenhagen, Denmark. Used with a mouthpiece for precision biochemical and physiological labwork. From the top: double constriction pipettes for 1 and 10
728:
880:
Corrective action: Position elbows as close to the body as possible, with arms and wrists extended in straight, neutral positions (handshake posture). Keep work items within easy reach to limit extension and elevation of arm. Arm/hand elevation should not exceed 12” from the
243:, Dr. Heinrich Netheler, inherited the rights and initiated the global and general use of micropipettes in labs. In 1972, the adjustable micropipette was invented at the University of Wisconsin-Madison by several people, primarily Warren Gilson and Henry Lardy.
913:
Technique: Concentrated area of force (contact stress between a hard object and sensitive tissues). Some devices have plungers and buttons with limited surface areas, requiring a great deal of force to be expended by the thumb or other finger in a concentrated
452:
412:
allow the user to measure a volume of solution extremely precisely (precision of four significant figures). These pipettes have a large bulb with a long narrow portion above with a single graduation mark as it is calibrated for a single volume (like a
869:
of common pipetting techniques have been identified as potentially hazardous due to biomechanical stress factors. Recommendations for corrective pipetting actions, made by various US governmental agencies and ergonomics experts, are presented below.
901:
Technique: Tight grip (clenched fist). Hand fatigue results from continuous contact between a hard object and sensitive tissues. This occurs when a firm grip is needed to hold a pipette, such as when jamming on a tip, and results in diminished hand
917:
Corrective action: Use pipettes with large contoured or rounded plungers and buttons. This will disperse the pressure used to operate the pipette across the entire surface of the thumb or finger, reducing contact pressure to acceptable
964:
Typically the pipettes are vertically stored on holder called pipette stands. In case of electronic pipettes, such stands can recharge their batteries. The most advanced pipette stands can directly control electronic pipettes.
780:
into a freely positionable pipette platform. At the tip of the device a localized flow zone is created, allowing for constant control of the nanolitre environment, directly in front of the pipette. The pipettes are made from
529:
are plastic or glass pipettes used to transfer small amounts of liquids, but are not graduated or calibrated for any particular volume. The bulb is separate from the pipette body. Pasteur pipettes are also called
785:(PDMS) which is formed using reactive injection molding. Interfacing of these pipettes using pneumatics enables multiple solutions to be loaded and switched on demand, with solution exchange times of 100ms.
905:
Corrective action: Use pipettes with hooks or other attributes that allow a relaxed grip and/or alleviate need to constantly grip the pipette. This will reduce tension in the arm, wrist and hand.
147:
The adjustable micropipette is a
Wisconsin invention developed through interactions among several people, primarily inventor Warren Gilson and Henry Lardy, a professor of biochemistry at the
333:
These are similar to air displacement pipettes, but are less commonly used and are used to avoid contamination and for volatile or viscous substances at small volumes, such as
337:. The major difference is that the disposable tip is a microsyringe (plastic), composed of a capillary and a piston (movable inner part) which directly displaces the liquid.
847:
Pipette recalibration is an important consideration in laboratories using these devices. It is the act of determining the accuracy of a measuring device by comparison with
117:
above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw up and dispense liquid. Measurement accuracy varies greatly depending on the instrument.
217:
Air displacement micropipettes are a type of adjustable micropipette that deliver a measured volume of liquid; depending on size, it could be between about 0.1
929:
Corrective action: Keep work items within easy reach to limit extension and elevation of arm. Arm/hand elevation should also not exceed 12” from the worksurface.
417:). Typical volumes are 20, 50, and 100 mL. Volumetric pipettes are commonly used to make laboratory solutions from a base stock as well as prepare solutions for
277:
classes can have this process annually. Those studying forensics and research where a great deal of testing is commonplace will perform monthly calibrations.
893:
Corrective action: Forearm rotation angle near 45° pronation (palm down) should be maintained to minimize carpal tunnel pressure during repetitive activity.
159:
Although specific names exist for each type of pipette, in practice, any type can be referred to as a "pipette". Pipettes that dispense less than 1000
488:
500:
49:
Clockwise from top left: various sizes of micropipettes; a graduated serological pipette attached to an electronic manual pipetter; two
Pasteur pipettes.
761:
with many types and sizes of glass tubing being available. Each of these compositions has unique properties which will determine suitable applications.
1263:
Ainla, Alar; Jansson, Erik T.; Stepanyants, Natalia; Orwar, Owe; Jesorka, Aldo (June 2010). "A Microfluidic
Pipette for Single-Cell Pharmacology".
658:
in precision, handling safety, reliability, economy, and versatility. No disposable tips or pipetting aids are needed with the pipetting syringe.
710:
and refined by Louis Munroe Dennis, is an apparatus for the controlled reaction of liquids under a mild electric current and a supply of oxygen.
1517:
650:
476:
464:
940:
Corrective action: Keep forearm and hand elevation within 12” of the worksurface, which will allow the elbow to remain near a 90° position.
129:. Large pipettes continue to be made in glass; others are made in squeezable plastic for situations where an exact volume is not required.
2746:
2725:
197:
A 5,000 ÎĽL (5 mL) pipette, with the volume to be transferred indicated. 500 means that the amount transferred is 5,000 ÎĽL.
355:
1190:
574:, are similar to Pasteur pipettes but are made from a single piece of plastic and their bulb can serve as the liquid-holding chamber.
2835:
1390:
2361:
807:. The pipette is made of a carbon shell, within which is an alloy of gold-germanium. The pipette was used to learn about how
113:, from single piece glass pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes. Many pipette types work by creating a
645:
Pipetting syringes are hand-held devices that combine the functions of volumetric (bulb) pipettes, graduated pipettes, and
1089:
148:
1510:
1416:
343:
2422:
1174:
1064:
948:
minimizing forearm and wrist rotations, keeping a low arm and elbow height and relaxing the shoulders and upper arms.
788:
632:
2399:
302:
2869:
2864:
937:
Technique: Elbow flexion or abduction. Arm strength diminishes as elbow posture is deviated from a 90° position.
804:
614:
1354:"Pipette Confidently with PipetteRite – Control the Immersion Depth, Steady Your Hand, and Improve Ergonomics"
820:
a protocol; and a pipette station can help to control the pipette tip immersion depth and improve ergonomics.
166:
The terms "pipette" and "pipet" are used interchangeably despite minor historical differences in their usage.
144:, Dr. Heinrich Netheler, inherited the rights and started the commercial production of micropipettes in 1961.
2859:
2854:
2690:
2579:
1920:
1503:
328:
2394:
221:
to 1,000 ÎĽL (1 mL). These pipettes require disposable tips that come in contact with the fluid.
2470:
2439:
2351:
653:
volumetric A grade standards. A glass or plastic pipette tube is used with a thumb-operated piston and
2594:
1925:
974:
973:
An alternative technology, especially for transferring small volumes (micro and nano litre range) is
683:
292:
1996:
828:
610:
180:
17:
2429:
2346:
1810:
1599:
667:
603:
926:
Technique: elevated arm. Muscle strength is substantially reduced when arm flexion is increased.
2032:
1780:
1749:
690:, is a type of volumetric pipette used to measure viscous fluids such as whole blood or serum.
189:
Single-Channel
Pipettes designed to handle 1–5 ml and 100–1000 μL with locking system
110:
2022:
1900:
1612:
836:
741:
These are used to physically interact with microscopic samples, such as in the procedures of
1526:
2318:
1978:
1820:
1228:
782:
438:
are a type of macropipette consisting of a long tube with a series of graduations, as on a
1489:
852:
several calibration protocol options as well as makes and models of pipettes to consider.
8:
2006:
1815:
1730:
1667:
1335:
1198:
1114:
994:
402:
388:
371:
362:
307:
296:
286:
240:
141:
1299:
764:
Glass micropipettes are fabricated in a micropipette puller and are typically used in a
2533:
2516:
2455:
2356:
2280:
2216:
2211:
2129:
1950:
1041:
1016:
923:
Incorrect posture can have a strong impact on available strength arm strength pipetting
671:
439:
232:
133:
1463:
1394:
1222:
2801:
2791:
2599:
2589:
2366:
2170:
2001:
1915:
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1046:
435:
430:
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2155:
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2061:
2045:
1955:
1862:
1765:
1657:
1272:
1145:
1036:
1028:
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fatigue. Muscle strength is also substantially reduced as arm flexion is increased.
765:
566:
414:
2094:
2816:
2543:
2409:
2191:
2165:
1940:
1835:
1164:
1163:
Rani, Seema; Khan, Tasneem K. H.; Mote, Sanjay P.; Gehlot, Praveen Singh (2023).
808:
754:
707:
525:
205:
A 1,000 ÎĽL (1 mL) pipette, with the volume to be transferred indicated.
126:
109:. Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with differing levels of
106:
1442:
860:
787:
Invented by Alar Ainla, currently situated in the
Biophysical Technology Lab at
776:
A recent introduction into the micropipette field integrates the versatility of
494:
An automatic propipetter adjusted by pressing the button and toggling the switch
2811:
2761:
2651:
2625:
2569:
2526:
2521:
2460:
2119:
2109:
1770:
1652:
1617:
1579:
1564:
1317:
742:
1318:"Motorized Pipette Controllers | Motorized Controller | Pipette.com"
723:
microlitre; single constriction pipettes for 200; 2,000; and 10,000 microlitre
2848:
2756:
2635:
2465:
2134:
2071:
1735:
1569:
1032:
777:
314:
1420:
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2099:
1885:
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1050:
750:
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209:
31:
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2417:
2290:
2259:
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2239:
2201:
2076:
2040:
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832:
An example of mechanical pipettes manipulated by an anthropomorphic robot
746:
1149:
2715:
2705:
2656:
2574:
2386:
2231:
2206:
2066:
1945:
1905:
1875:
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1825:
1805:
1775:
1672:
1574:
1495:
800:
687:
617: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
506:
An automatic propipetter adjusted by pulling and releasing the triggers
218:
160:
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951:
185:
2806:
2604:
2254:
1867:
1682:
1642:
1584:
698:
418:
274:
98:
592:
482:
A manual propipetter adjusted by squeezing the valves marked E and S
2751:
2630:
2620:
2376:
2285:
2249:
1930:
1880:
239:, Germany. Afterwards, the co-founder of the biotechnology company
44:
2771:
2766:
2564:
2196:
2186:
2114:
1935:
1895:
727:
646:
516:
470:
A manual propipetter adjusted by turning the wheel with the thumb
443:
236:
137:
102:
1367:
1136:
Shohl, Alfred T. (February 1928). "A Pipet for Micro-Analyses".
318:
VIAFLO electronic multichannel pipettes from INTEGRA Biosciences
201:
193:
2124:
758:
393:
225:
114:
458:
A person pipetting by mouth, now considered an unsafe practice
2741:
2720:
1417:"Ovation Ergonomic Pipettes generate ideal pipetting posture"
1242:
1090:"Pipets, Pipettes, Syringes, and Needles | Fisher Scientific"
839:
are capable of manipulating the pipettes as humans would do.
30:
This article is about the laboratory tool. For the band, see
1262:
1065:"Pipet vs Pipette vs Micropipette: Is there any difference?"
2295:
1594:
848:
654:
532:
955:
A smart pipette stand that can control electronic pipettes
231:
The micropipette was invented and patented in 1960 by Dr.
1353:
334:
1227:. Translated by Dennis, Louis Munroe. Internet Archive.
706:
The
Winkler–Dennis gas combustion pipette, developed by
693:
1300:"A New Low: Lilliputian pipette releases tiniest drops"
125:
The first simple pipettes were made in glass, such as
105:
to transport a measured volume of liquid, often as a
737:
pulled with a
Flaming/Brown micropipette puller P-97
1465:electronic pipette made smart through connectivity
1162:
132:The first micropipette was patented in 1957 by Dr
674:with serologic pipettes for volumetric analysis.
174:
97:) is a type of laboratory tool commonly used in
2846:
1297:
794:
322:
1169:. Academic Guru Publishing House. p. 158.
1017:"When a common problem meets an ingenious mind"
1490:Helpful Hints on the Use of a Volumetric Pipet
163:are sometimes distinguished as micropipettes.
1511:
520:Pasteur pipettes with rubber bulbs attached.
246:Types of air displacement pipettes include:
2471:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument
1014:
1518:
1504:
670:, is a graduated pipette commonly used in
1391:"Micro Pipette Calibration – Accumaximum"
1040:
633:Learn how and when to remove this message
299:commonly replace the mechanical version.
256:Single-channel, multi-channel or repeater
2836:Instruments used in medical laboratories
2317:
1525:
1138:Journal of the American Chemical Society
950:
859:
827:
726:
717:
697:
682:The Ostwald–Folin pipette, developed by
677:
556:
515:
392:
313:
301:
291:To minimize the possible development of
208:
200:
192:
184:
2352:Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device
1166:An Introduction To Analytical Chemistry
855:
771:
577:
140:, Germany). The founder of the company
14:
2847:
2400:Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
1220:
1112:
382:
365:which will be used to move the plunger
2677:
2496:
2316:
1976:
1537:
1499:
1135:
713:
694:Winkler–Dennis gas combustion pipette
424:
280:
661:
615:adding citations to reliable sources
586:
582:
552:
397:Several sizes of volumetric pipette.
1243:"Biophysical Technology Laboratory"
666:The Van Slyke pipette, invented by
66:Volume measurement, liquid transfer
27:Liquid-transferring laboratory tool
24:
2395:Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
1306:. Vol. 171. pp. 244–245.
511:
169:
25:
2881:
1483:
789:Chalmers University of Technology
749:. Most micropipettes are made of
2440:Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)
2250:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
959:
591:
499:
487:
475:
463:
451:
370:
354:
342:
259:conical tips or cylindrical tips
43:
2497:
1456:
1435:
1409:
1383:
1360:
1346:
1328:
1310:
1298:Aimee Cunningham (2007-04-18).
1291:
1256:
1235:
968:
814:
602:needs additional citations for
154:
149:University of Wisconsin–Madison
1214:
1183:
1156:
1129:
1106:
1082:
1057:
1008:
987:
842:
805:Brookhaven National Laboratory
803:pipette has been developed at
175:Air displacement micropipettes
13:
1:
1977:
980:
795:Extremely low volume pipettes
349:Positive displacement pipette
329:Positive displacement pipette
323:Positive displacement pipette
295:due to repetitive pipetting,
7:
1538:
1443:"Common pipetting injuries"
310:designed to handle 0.5–10ml
10:
2886:
2678:
1369:hands-free use of pipettes
886:Over rotated arm pipetting
428:
386:
326:
284:
224:These pipettes operate by
178:
120:
29:
2833:
2784:
2734:
2701:
2688:
2684:
2673:
2644:
2613:
2595:Time-domain reflectometer
2557:
2509:
2505:
2492:
2448:
2408:
2385:
2362:Liquid chromatograph (LC)
2329:
2325:
2312:
2273:
2230:
2179:
2148:
2085:
2054:
2031:
2015:
1989:
1985:
1972:
1855:
1789:
1701:
1626:
1548:
1544:
1533:
1113:Zinnen, Tom (June 2004),
975:acoustic droplet ejection
823:
649:. They are calibrated to
293:musculoskeletal disorders
213:A variety of pipette tips
70:
62:
54:
42:
1221:Hempel, Walther (1902).
1033:10.1038/sj.embor.7400520
995:"Biotechnology Outreach"
934:Elbow strength pipetting
181:Air displacement pipette
2430:Melting-point apparatus
1811:Cryogenic storage dewar
1224:Methods of Gas Analysis
1015:Klingenberg, M (2005).
910:Thumb plunger pipetting
898:Clenched fist pipetting
668:Donald Dexter Van Slyke
77:Plastic disposable tips
2870:Volumetric instruments
2865:Microbiology equipment
2367:Mass spectrometer (MS)
2357:Gas chromatograph (GC)
1116:The Micropipette Story
956:
890:the thumb and fingers.
873:Winged elbow pipetting
865:
864:A biochemist pipetting
833:
738:
724:
703:
562:
521:
398:
319:
311:
214:
206:
198:
190:
111:accuracy and precision
93:(sometimes spelled as
2742:Acid-resistant gloves
2423:differential scanning
954:
863:
831:
730:
721:
701:
678:Ostwald–Folin pipette
560:
519:
396:
317:
305:
212:
204:
196:
188:
2860:Laboratory equipment
2855:Laboratory glassware
2319:Analytical chemistry
1821:Laminar flow cabinet
1527:Laboratory equipment
1336:"TRACKMAN Connected"
1265:Analytical Chemistry
1191:"Serological pipets"
856:Posture and injuries
783:polydimethylsiloxane
772:Microfluidic pipette
611:improve this article
578:Specialized pipettes
265:manual or electronic
2691:Personal protective
1600:Meker–Fisher burner
1231:. pp. 138–140.
1150:10.1021/ja01389a502
403:Volumetric pipettes
389:Volumetric pipettes
383:Volumetric pipettes
308:Electronic Pipettes
297:electronic pipettes
287:Electronic pipettes
262:standard or locking
250:adjustable or fixed
39:
2534:Function generator
2517:Bench power supply
2456:Analytical balance
2217:Ostwald viscometer
2212:Graduated cylinder
1951:Inoculation needle
957:
866:
834:
739:
735:glass micropipette
725:
714:Glass micropipette
704:
702:Combustion pipette
672:medical technology
563:
561:A transfer pipette
522:
440:graduated cylinder
436:Graduated pipettes
425:Graduated pipettes
399:
320:
312:
281:Electronic pipette
233:Heinrich Schnitger
215:
207:
199:
191:
134:Heinrich Schnitger
37:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2802:Fire extinguisher
2792:Biosafety cabinet
2780:
2779:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2600:Transistor tester
2590:Spectrum analyzer
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2180:Measuring devices
2002:Soxhlet extractor
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1916:Spectrophotometer
1911:Pipeclay triangle
1663:Mortar and pestle
1277:10.1021/ac100480f
1271:(11): 4529–4536.
1094:www.fishersci.com
662:Van Slyke pipette
643:
642:
635:
583:Pipetting syringe
567:Transfer pipettes
553:Transfer pipettes
547:chemical droppers
431:Graduated pipette
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
2877:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2674:
2580:Network analyzer
2507:
2506:
2494:
2493:
2327:
2326:
2314:
2313:
1987:
1986:
1974:
1973:
1956:Inoculation loop
1826:Microtiter plate
1766:Test tube holder
1658:Magnetic stirrer
1546:
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1535:
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1520:
1513:
1506:
1497:
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1439:
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1419:. Archived from
1413:
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1402:
1393:. Archived from
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766:micromanipulator
638:
631:
627:
624:
618:
595:
587:
570:, also known as
526:Pasteur pipettes
503:
491:
479:
467:
455:
415:volumetric flask
377:An early pipette
374:
358:
346:
127:Pasteur pipettes
47:
40:
36:
21:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2821:
2817:Solvent cabinet
2776:
2747:Eyewash station
2730:
2695:
2693:equipment (PPE)
2692:
2680:
2661:
2640:
2609:
2553:
2544:Pulse generator
2510:Control devices
2501:
2480:
2444:
2410:Thermochemistry
2404:
2381:
2321:
2300:
2269:
2226:
2192:Conical measure
2175:
2144:
2081:
2050:
2027:
2011:
1981:
1960:
1941:Test tube brush
1851:
1836:Picotiter plate
1799:
1785:
1781:Lab drying rack
1740:Extension clamp
1716:
1697:
1636:
1622:
1558:
1540:
1529:
1524:
1492:by Oliver Seely
1486:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1423:on 3 March 2016
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1397:on 30 June 2013
1389:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1322:www.pipette.com
1316:
1315:
1311:
1296:
1292:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1161:
1157:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
992:
988:
983:
971:
962:
858:
845:
826:
817:
809:crystallization
797:
786:
774:
755:aluminosilicate
716:
708:Clemens Winkler
696:
686:and refined by
684:Wilhelm Ostwald
680:
664:
639:
628:
622:
619:
608:
596:
585:
580:
555:
514:
512:Pasteur pipette
507:
504:
495:
492:
483:
480:
471:
468:
459:
456:
433:
427:
391:
385:
378:
375:
366:
359:
350:
347:
331:
325:
306:Single-Channel
289:
283:
183:
177:
172:
170:Common pipettes
157:
123:
107:media dispenser
83:
58:Media dispenser
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2812:Safety cabinet
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2772:Safety goggles
2769:
2767:Safety glasses
2764:
2762:Nitrile gloves
2759:
2757:Medical gloves
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2652:Alligator clip
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2626:Soldering iron
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Logic analyzer
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2527:Voltage source
2524:
2522:Current source
2513:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2461:Colony counter
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:Vacuum (Dewar)
2097:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Test tube rack
1768:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1746:Funnel support
1744:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Liquid whistle
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1618:Vacuum dry box
1615:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1580:Heating mantle
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:Alcohol burner
1561:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1484:External links
1482:
1479:
1478:
1455:
1434:
1408:
1382:
1359:
1345:
1340:www.gilson.com
1327:
1309:
1290:
1255:
1234:
1213:
1182:
1175:
1155:
1128:
1105:
1081:
1056:
1027:(9): 797–800.
1007:
985:
984:
982:
979:
970:
967:
961:
958:
942:
941:
938:
935:
931:
930:
927:
924:
920:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:
903:
899:
895:
894:
891:
887:
883:
882:
878:
874:
857:
854:
844:
841:
837:Pipette robots
825:
822:
816:
813:
796:
793:
773:
770:
747:patch clamping
743:microinjection
715:
712:
695:
692:
679:
676:
663:
660:
641:
640:
599:
597:
590:
584:
581:
579:
576:
572:Beral pipettes
554:
551:
513:
510:
509:
508:
505:
498:
496:
493:
486:
484:
481:
474:
472:
469:
462:
460:
457:
450:
429:Main article:
426:
423:
387:Main article:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
369:
367:
360:
353:
351:
348:
341:
327:Main article:
324:
321:
285:Main article:
282:
279:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
253:volume handled
251:
179:Main article:
176:
173:
171:
168:
156:
153:
122:
119:
115:partial vacuum
85:
84:
82:
81:
78:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
56:
55:Classification
52:
51:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2882:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2837:
2832:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2726:Safety shower
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2672:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2636:Wire stripper
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Spiral plater
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:Compositional
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:Balance brush
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:Weighing dish
1847:
1845:Weighing boat
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Burette clamp
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:Bunsen burner
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1444:
1438:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1372:, August 2012
1371:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1176:9788119338009
1172:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
996:
990:
986:
978:
976:
966:
960:Pipette stand
953:
949:
946:
939:
936:
933:
932:
928:
925:
922:
921:
916:
912:
909:
908:
904:
900:
897:
896:
892:
888:
885:
884:
879:
875:
872:
871:
870:
862:
853:
850:
840:
838:
830:
821:
812:
811:takes place.
810:
806:
802:
792:
790:
784:
779:
778:microfluidics
769:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
736:
733:
729:
720:
711:
709:
700:
691:
689:
685:
675:
673:
669:
659:
656:
652:
648:
637:
634:
626:
616:
612:
606:
605:
600:This section
598:
594:
589:
588:
575:
573:
569:
568:
559:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
534:
528:
527:
518:
502:
497:
490:
485:
478:
473:
466:
461:
454:
449:
448:
447:
445:
441:
437:
432:
422:
420:
416:
411:
410:
405:
404:
395:
390:
373:
368:
364:
357:
352:
345:
340:
339:
338:
336:
330:
316:
309:
304:
300:
298:
294:
288:
278:
276:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
222:
220:
211:
203:
195:
187:
182:
167:
164:
162:
152:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
79:
76:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
33:
19:
2797:Fire blanket
2735:Eye and hand
2721:Rubber apron
2585:Oscilloscope
2549:Potentiostat
2476:Plate reader
2372:pH indicator
2342:CHN analyzer
2337:AutoAnalyzer
2221:
2130:Round-bottom
2023:Boston round
1886:Filter paper
1841:Refrigerator
1758:Retort stand
1726:Clamp holder
1722:Beaker clamp
1688:Vortex mixer
1683:Stirring rod
1678:Static mixer
1608:Teclu burner
1470:, retrieved
1468:, April 2019
1464:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:the original
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:the original
1385:
1374:, retrieved
1368:
1362:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1304:Science News
1303:
1293:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1237:
1223:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1197:
1185:
1165:
1158:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1122:November 12,
1120:, retrieved
1115:
1108:
1097:. Retrieved
1093:
1084:
1073:. Retrieved
1071:. 2022-04-21
1068:
1059:
1024:
1020:
1010:
998:. Retrieved
989:
972:
969:Alternatives
963:
947:
943:
881:worksurface.
867:
846:
835:
818:
815:Pipette aids
798:
775:
763:
751:borosilicate
740:
734:
732:Borosilicate
705:
681:
665:
644:
629:
620:
609:Please help
604:verification
601:
571:
565:
564:
546:
543:eye droppers
542:
538:
531:
524:
523:
434:
409:bulb pipette
407:
401:
400:
332:
290:
271:
268:manufacturer
245:
230:
223:
216:
165:
158:
155:Nomenclature
146:
131:
124:
94:
90:
88:
32:The Pipettes
2785:Other items
2711:Face shield
2558:Measurement
2539:Galvanostat
2499:Electronics
2449:Other items
2435:Thermometer
2418:Calorimeter
2347:Colorimeter
2291:Gas syringe
2274:Other items
2202:Eye dropper
2077:Watch glass
2062:Evaporating
2041:Cold finger
1856:Other items
1762:Screw clamp
1754:Pinch clamp
1743:Flask clamp
1693:Wash bottle
1648:Homogenizer
1206:29 November
843:Calibration
791:in Sweden.
2849:Categories
2716:Respirator
2657:Test probe
2575:Multimeter
2387:Microscopy
2207:Eudiometer
2171:Separatory
2140:Volumetric
2105:Erlenmeyer
2033:Condensers
1997:Dean–Stark
1946:Wire brush
1906:Microscope
1901:Centrifuge
1876:Cork borer
1831:Petri dish
1806:Agar plate
1793:Containers
1776:Wire gauze
1613:Water bath
1575:Desiccator
1376:August 29,
1144:(2): 417.
1099:2023-05-23
1075:2023-05-23
981:References
801:zeptolitre
688:Otto Folin
2807:Fume hood
2752:Glove box
2605:Voltmeter
1990:Apparatus
1979:Glassware
1868:Autoclave
1863:Aspirator
1816:Incubator
1750:Iron ring
1673:Sonicator
1643:Chemostat
1585:Hot plate
1472:April 11,
1229:Macmillan
1199:Eppendorf
902:strength.
623:July 2012
419:titration
275:chemistry
241:Eppendorf
142:Eppendorf
99:chemistry
80:Dispenser
71:Used with
2706:Lab coat
2631:Tweezers
2621:Heat gun
2377:pH meter
2286:Bell jar
2166:Dropping
2120:Florence
2110:Fernbach
2072:Syracuse
1931:Scoopula
1881:Crucible
1590:Lab oven
1285:20443547
1069:Microlit
1051:16138087
1021:EMBO Rep
647:burettes
539:droppers
535:pipettes
18:Pipettes
2645:General
2565:Ammeter
2265:Thistle
2222:Pipette
2197:Cuvette
2187:Burette
2156:BĂĽchner
2149:Funnels
2135:Schlenk
2115:Fleaker
2095:BĂĽchner
2016:Bottles
1936:Spatula
1926:Stopper
1896:Forceps
1796:Storage
1713:Holders
1633:Shakers
1604:Striker
1552:Heaters
1539:General
1448:3 March
1427:3 March
1401:3 March
1248:3 March
1042:1369176
1000:3 March
918:levels.
444:burette
237:Marburg
138:Marburg
121:History
103:biology
91:pipette
38:Pipette
2679:Safety
2281:Beaker
2260:Thiele
2245:Cragie
2240:Drying
2161:Hirsch
2125:Retort
2087:Flasks
2055:Dishes
2046:Liebig
2007:Kipp's
1921:Splint
1731:Tripod
1709:Clamps
1705:Stands
1668:Shaker
1630:Mixers
1555:Dryers
1283:
1202:. 2017
1173:
1049:
1039:
824:Robots
759:quartz
226:piston
2614:Tools
2232:Tubes
2067:Petri
1194:(PDF)
914:area.
363:chuck
95:pipet
2296:Vial
2255:Test
1891:File
1595:Kiln
1474:2019
1450:2016
1429:2016
1403:2016
1378:2012
1281:PMID
1250:2016
1208:2023
1171:ISBN
1124:2011
1047:PMID
1002:2016
849:NIST
745:and
655:PTFE
545:and
533:teat
361:The
101:and
63:Uses
1273:doi
1146:doi
1037:PMC
1029:doi
757:or
651:ISO
613:by
442:or
406:or
335:DNA
235:in
2851::
1338:.
1320:.
1302:.
1279:.
1269:82
1267:.
1196:.
1142:50
1140:.
1092:.
1067:.
1045:.
1035:.
1023:.
1019:.
977:.
799:A
768:.
753:,
549:.
541:,
537:,
421:.
219:ÎĽL
161:ÎĽL
151:.
89:A
1519:e
1512:t
1505:v
1452:.
1431:.
1405:.
1356:.
1342:.
1324:.
1287:.
1275::
1252:.
1210:.
1179:.
1152:.
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1031::
1025:6
1004:.
636:)
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625:)
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607:.
136:(
34:.
20:)
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