145:
817:
1269:
118:
1052:
1436:
species are found in the
Americas (about 700 species), with about 300 species from Southern Asia. There are smaller groups of species from the South Pacific (about 40 species) and Africa (about 15 species). The American, Asian, and South Pacific groups each appear to be
1350:, which were first isolated from Black Pepper, and reported to have antibiotic activities. Preliminary research reports has shown that piperine has an antibacterial activity against various bacteria such as
1671:
1297:. The diversity and ecological importance of the genus makes it a strong candidate for ecological and evolutionary studies. Most research has focused on the economically important species
1234:
effect, which has led to the banning of kava in many countries. On the other hand, the traditional preparation of the root as a calming drink appears to pose little, if any, such hazard.
884:, trade routes deteriorated and the use of pepper declined somewhat, but peppercorns, storing easily and having a high mass per volume, never ceased to be a profitable trade item. In the
1230:
risk. It has also become popular elsewhere in recent decades, and is used as a medical plant. However, pills that contain parts of the whole plant have occasionally shown a strong
2417:
2010:
908:
being black pepper fruit. Today, peppercorns of the three preparations (green, white and black) are one of the most widely used spices of plant origin worldwide.
2259:"Piperine treatment suppresses Helicobacter pylori toxin entry in to gastric epithelium and minimizes β-catenin mediated oncogenesis and IL-8 secretion in vitro"
1493:
947:
suppressed trade in cubeb peppercorns at the end of the 1630s to capitalize on his share of the black pepper trade. It remains a significant spice around the
418:, many of which are dominant species in their native habitat. The diversification of this taxon is of interest to understanding the evolution of plants.
720:
549:
127:
1750:
Chester F. Gorman (1971). "The
Hoabinhian and after: subsistence patterns in Southeast Asia during the Late Pleistocene and Early Recent periods".
686:
2298:
Scott, I. M.; Jensen, H.; Nicol, R.; Lesage, L.; Bradbury, R.; Sánchez-Vindas, P.; Poveda, L.; Arnason, J. T.; Philogène, B. J. R. (August 2004).
2704:
2416:
Sen, Sandeep; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Davis, Thomson; Ganesan, Rengaian; Jagadish, M.R.; Mathew, P.J.; Ravikanth, Gudasalamani (September 2019).
2009:
Sen, Sandeep; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Davis, Thomson; Ganesan, Rengaian; Jagadish, M.R.; Mathew, P.J.; Ravikanth, Gudasalamani (September 2019).
2730:
225:
801:
Culinary use of pepper plants is attested perhaps as early as 9,000 years ago. Peppercorn remains were found among the food refuse left by
2766:
2652:
1896:
L. Sorrentino; A. Capasso; M. Schmidt (2006). "Safety of ethanolic kava extract: results of a study of chronic toxicity in rats".
2717:
2665:
1993:
1852:
2722:
900:
and elsewhere. Later, wars were fought by
European powers, between themselves and in complex alliances and enmities with
757:– the only larger region for which comprehensive data exists – more than a dozen species are known to be on the brink of
1933:
Steven T. S. Lim; Klaus
Dragull; Chung-Shih Tang; Harry C. Bittenbender; Jimmy T. Efird; Pratibha V. Nerurkar (2007).
970:
spice mix. This species, despite being traded more extensively in earlier times, is less common outside Africa today.
537:. This contrasts with previous theories assuming a younger radiation of the genus. An earlier potential record is of †
1935:"Effects of kava alkaloid, pipermethystine, and kavalactones on oxidative stress and cytochrome P450 in F-344 rats"
1870:
1294:
461:). A well-known and very close relative – being also part of the Piperaceae – are the radiator plants of the genus
2735:
2691:
2159:"Effects of the natural compounds embelin and piperine on the biofilm-producing property of Streptococcus mutans"
1697:
Chester F. Gorman (1969). "Hoabinhian: a pebble tool complex with early plant associations in
Southeast Asia".
2784:
450:
1331:
species have a strong influence on their biology, making them ideal systems for research on the evolution of
642:
plant, called a peppercorn when it is round and pea-sized, as is usual, is distributed in the wild mainly by
17:
865:, a recipe collection complied about 400 AD, mentions "pepper" as a spice for most main dishes. In the late
1408:
Studies have been done to determine the effectiveness of piper leaves to repel different types of insects.
2208:"Inhibitory effect of piperine on Helicobacter pylori growth and adhesion to gastric adenocarcinoma cells"
2566:
2561:
2548:
1679:
2644:
2618:
2838:
2779:
2375:
2369:
M. Alejandra
Jaramillo; Paul S. Manos (2001). "Phylogeny and patterns of floral diversity in the genus
2118:"Novel structural analogues of piperine as inhibitors of the NorA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus"
1183:
nut slices; its sap helps release the stimulating effect of these "cookies" which are widely known as
2843:
2745:
2670:
1831:
1648:
1817:
144:
2771:
2639:
1932:
1898:
795:
2833:
2613:
2491:
1939:
1227:
869:, black pepper was expensive, but was available readily enough to be used more frequently than
806:
2709:
813:. It is likely that these plants were collected from the wild rather than deliberately grown.
1427:
257:
2758:
2300:"Efficacy of Piper (Piperaceae) extracts for control of common home and garden insect pests"
1107:
border region, and elsewhere it is used to intoxicate fish which then can be easily caught.
2587:
1787:
1708:
1445:
1339:
1262:
958:
1222:, kava is used to produce a calming and socializing drink somewhat similar to alcohol and
8:
1324:
1040:
838:
783:
750:
631:
1712:
1560:
Martínez, Camila; Carvalho, Mónica R.; Madriñán, Santiago; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2015).
2805:
2626:
2456:
2392:
2275:
2258:
2234:
2207:
2183:
2158:
2093:
2068:
2049:
1805:
1769:
1732:
944:
724:) grow as sizeable, compact and attractive shrubs with tough and shiny leaves. Smaller
676:
265:
139:
2069:"Piperine, a Phytochemical Potentiator of Ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus"
915:, the fruit of other species are also important spices, many of them internationally.
2753:
2631:
2574:
2460:
2448:
2440:
2400:
2327:
2319:
2280:
2239:
2188:
2139:
2098:
2053:
2041:
2033:
1989:
1958:
1915:
1752:
1724:
1699:
1630:
1615:"The Upper Cretaceous floras of Alaska, with a description of the plant-bearing beds"
1595:
1587:
1258:
1247:
1021:
881:
715:
1982:: a Model Genus for Studies of Evolution, Chemical Ecology, and Trophic Interactions
1736:
2810:
2432:
2384:
2311:
2270:
2229:
2219:
2178:
2170:
2129:
2088:
2080:
2025:
1977:
1948:
1907:
1761:
1716:
1622:
1577:
1370:
1091:
982:
897:
772:
703:
626:
458:
438:
401:
2579:
2540:
2084:
1765:
943:), also known as tailed pepper, played a major role in the spice trade. Reputedly
2553:
2529:
1911:
1835:
1720:
1683:
1498:
1411:
1393:
1251:
1243:
1223:
1147:
1056:
953:
837:
Use of peppercorns as pungent spice is significant on an international scale. By
691:
668:
the ability to withstand the chemical defences of pepper plants, for example the
576:
510:
471:
182:
2436:
2174:
2029:
660:– are also important. Despite the high content of chemicals that are noxious to
457:
covered in tiny flowers. A somewhat less close relative is the pipevine family (
1290:
1157:
1000:
749:
is threatening a number of peppers. The extent of the effect of such wholesale
746:
169:
2345:
2827:
2514:
2444:
2323:
2037:
1634:
1591:
1314:
1128:
1108:
1078:
1026:
995:
932:
771:) have been widely distributed as a result of human activity and are a major
767:
730:
585:
579:, but can also occur in clearings and in higher elevation life zones such as
514:
454:
242:
132:
75:
43:
2315:
2299:
1953:
1934:
782:
is not for its looks however, but ultimately for the wide range of powerful
2797:
2452:
2404:
2331:
2284:
2243:
2224:
2192:
2143:
2102:
2045:
1962:
1919:
1728:
1599:
1438:
1219:
1116:
1030:
948:
928:
901:
866:
847:
820:
580:
2480:
2678:
2523:
2134:
2117:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1231:
1096:
1035:
962:
916:
885:
842:
707:
681:
669:
486:
446:
50:
1874:
1672:
International Union for the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
1582:
1561:
904:
states, in part about control of the supply of spices, perhaps the most
2657:
2396:
1526:
1374:
1367:
1211:
1207:
1180:
1120:
905:
852:
802:
758:
609:
575:
distribution, and are most commonly found in the understory of lowland
542:
442:
426:
422:
404:
215:
195:
95:
60:
1773:
1566:(Piperaceae) from Colombia and diversification patterns for the genus"
816:
533:
into the multiple extant clades, coinciding with the final breakup of
2683:
2600:
2477:: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
1415:
1347:
1332:
1254:
1168:
1086:
1082:
1016:
735:
661:
546:
463:
205:
100:
2485:
2388:
1309:(betel). A recent study based on DNA sequence analysis suggest that
1268:
117:
2792:
2508:
2368:
1614:
1343:
1275:
1152:
1136:
1104:
810:
656:
572:
534:
518:
478:
434:
430:
90:
85:
70:
65:
55:
2605:
1626:
977:
are used in cooking. West
African Pepper leaves, known locally as
2696:
2474:
1895:
1559:
1272:
1215:
966:
893:
861:
754:
742:
725:
665:
411:
105:
80:
734:) with its finely patterned leaves, are also suitable as indoor
449:), which in fact generally look like smaller, more delicate and
1100:
986:
856:
647:
2592:
1381:
in noticeable quantities) was in turn named after piperidine.
2418:"Origin and evolution of the genus Piper in Peninsular India"
2011:"Origin and evolution of the genus Piper in Peninsular India"
1676:
1530:
1522:
1226:
but without many of the negative side effects and less of an
1188:
1172:
1070:
1008:
936:
874:
617:
598:
594:
590:
553:
453:
pepper plants. Both families have characteristic tail-shaped
415:
397:
156:
1534:
1199:
870:
672:
643:
621:
613:
601:. Peppers are often dominant species where they are found.
1051:
2415:
2347:
Monkey Insect
Repellent | The Life of Mammals | BBC Earth
2008:
1321:
1085:
as well as, particularly in the early 20th century, as a
711:
651:
635:
2297:
1975:
597:– is subtropical and can tolerate light winter
529:, indicating extensive Cretaceous diversification of
1335:
and the effect of mutualisms on biotic communities.
710:
or warmer regions. Pepper vines can be used much as
624:. A few species, commonly called "ant pipers" (e.g.
445:, is most closely related to the lizardtail family (
2256:
2205:
1418:rubbing the piper leaves on them to repel insects.
1441:; the affinity of the African species is unclear.
1384:The significant secondary metabolites of kava are
477:and the common name "pepper" are derived from the
2163:Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine
1850:
1749:
1696:
1242:The genus contains species suitable for studying
1131:is sometimes used in herbalism, and long pepper (
2825:
396:, is an economically and ecologically important
753:on the genus is unknown, but in the forests of
1830:
1555:
1553:
718:, while other species, like lacquered pepper (
2257:Tharmalingam, N.; Park, M.; LEE, M.H (2016).
2206:Tharmalingam, N.; Kim, SH.; Park, M. (2014).
1612:
1366:toxin entry to gastric epithelial cells. The
1218:region, where it has been widely spread as a
2364:
2362:
1789:Apicius: Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome
951:region today, however. West African pepper (
1550:
1400:compound in this plant's stems and leaves.
1015:) is used to wrap meat for grilling in the
583:; one species – the Japanese Pepper (
563:
2263:American Journal of Translational Research
1988:. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1025:) is used raw or cooked as a vegetable in
116:
2359:
2274:
2233:
2223:
2182:
2133:
2092:
1952:
1837:Theatrum Botanicum: the Theater of Plants
1581:
789:
1677:2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1267:
1167:species has gained large-scale use as a
1050:
815:
2156:
981:, are used as a flavoring vegetable in
927:spice internationally; it has a rather
923:), is possibly the second-most popular
888:, international traders were nicknamed
14:
2826:
1613:Hollick, Arthur; Martin, G.C. (1930).
794:For other spices called "pepper", see
525:appears to be nested within the clade
2490:
2489:
2425:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2122:Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
2115:
2073:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2018:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2746:e889a822-477b-46af-97f6-6e3478c6f6bb
2066:
1403:
1143:and (together with black pepper) of
24:
1007:have major importance in cooking:
786:found particularly in the fruits.
778:The most significant human use of
25:
2855:
2468:
2157:Dwivedi, D.; et al. (2016).
1976:L. A. Dyer; A. N. Palmer (2004).
1873:. Earthcare. 2008. Archived from
1476:, but other sources keep them in
2785:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:326982-2
2475:The families of flowering plants
1295:ecology and evolutionary biology
1139:, where it was an ingredient of
935:is used as the fruits are tiny.
911:Due to the wide distribution of
690:. The latter can be significant
143:
48:
2338:
2291:
2250:
2199:
2150:
2116:Kumar, A.; et al. (2008).
2109:
2067:Khan, IA.; et al. (2006).
2060:
2002:
1969:
1926:
1889:
1863:
1844:
1373:is named after the former, and
1278:, extracted from black pepper (
961:, and is sometimes used in the
2304:Journal of Economic Entomology
1824:
1780:
1743:
1690:
1665:
1641:
1606:
1511:
1358:, and gastric cancer pathogen
1046:
410:It contains about 1,000–2,000
13:
1:
2085:10.1128/aac.50.2.810-812.2006
1766:10.1080/00438243.1971.9979482
1544:
1320:The obligate and facultative
1237:
1060:
829:Green (pickled unripe fruits)
765:species (e.g. spiked pepper,
702:Many pepper plants make good
2212:Infectious Agents and Cancer
1912:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.01.006
1721:10.1126/science.163.3868.671
1396:is suspected to be the main
999:) has a variety of uses. In
827:) corns, from left to right:
556:, although this affinity to
496:
421:Pepper plants belong to the
7:
2437:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.033
2175:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.025
2030:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.033
1537:were also employed by many.
1444:Some species are sometimes
1342:found in pepper plants are
1135:) is similarly employed in
1003:, leaves of two species of
931:-like "heat" and the whole
833:Black (dried unripe fruits)
761:. On the other hand, other
10:
2860:
2376:American Journal of Botany
1857:Encyclopedia of Asian Food
1851:Charmaine Solomon (1998).
1570:American Journal of Botany
1497:, a plant from the family
1425:
1421:
1179:) leaves are used to wrap
1123:properties. Black pepper (
1019:region, while wild betel (
793:
560:is not entirely reliable.
2498:
2481:Piper species in Thailand
1649:"Yukok_Koyukuk_2_Geology"
1095:is used medically by the
1033:; The stems and roots of
880:As Europe moved into the
697:
646:, but small fruit-eating
271:
264:
254:
249:
140:Scientific classification
138:
124:
115:
34:
1533:and large quantities of
1504:
845:including black pepper (
831:White (dried ripe seeds)
564:Distribution and ecology
1377:(which is not found in
1115:appears to have strong
1039:are used as a spice in
993:or Mexican pepperleaf (
957:), is commonly used in
841:, there was a vigorous
796:Pepper (disambiguation)
728:, like Celebes pepper (
501:The earliest fossil of
2225:10.1186/1750-9378-9-43
1940:Toxicological Sciences
1432:The largest number of
1414:have been recorded by
1283:
1067:
973:Not only the seeds of
834:
790:As spice and vegetable
414:of shrubs, herbs, and
2316:10.1093/jee/97.4.1390
1954:10.1093/toxsci/kfm035
1871:"Tropical root crops"
1428:List of Piper species
1340:secondary metabolites
1271:
1054:
989:-influenced cooking,
819:
1859:. Periplus Editions.
1494:Lacistema aggregatum
1489:P. fasciculatum
1483:The species called "
1356:Streptococcus mutans
1263:evolutionary biology
1194:Conversely, another
959:West African cuisine
892:("pepper-sacks") in
1840:. London: T. Cotes.
1713:1969Sci...163..671G
1583:10.3732/ajb.1400427
1360:Helicobacter pylori
1317:hot spot in India.
1303:P. methysticum
1206:), is used for its
1204:P. methysticum
1077:) has been used in
1041:Bangladeshi cuisine
1022:P. sarmentosum
839:classical antiquity
784:secondary compounds
751:habitat destruction
694:to pepper growers.
638:. The fruit of the
620:or almost as small
608:species are either
2135:10.1093/jac/dkn088
1682:2018-05-08 at the
1619:Professional Paper
1562:"A Late Cretaceous
1313:originated in the
1284:
1156:(rejuvenating and
1092:P. darienense
1068:
1057:Kava club in Tonga
945:Philip IV of Spain
835:
775:in certain areas.
721:P. magnificum
716:temperate climates
677:Homidiana subpicta
310:Trel. & Stehlé
125:Lacquered pepper (
2839:Pantropical flora
2821:
2820:
2754:Open Tree of Life
2492:Taxon identifiers
1995:978-0-306-48498-8
1753:World Archaeology
1707:(3868): 671–673.
1653:clamp.ibcas.ac.cn
1404:Repelling insects
1259:community ecology
1248:molecular biology
954:P. guineense
882:Early Middle Ages
593:and southernmost
381:
380:
375:
367:
359:
351:
347:Pleiostachyopiper
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
279:
245:
16:(Redirected from
2851:
2844:Piperales genera
2814:
2813:
2801:
2800:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2762:
2761:
2749:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2726:
2725:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2660:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2621:
2609:
2608:
2596:
2595:
2583:
2582:
2570:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2487:
2486:
2464:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2310:(4): 1390–1403.
2295:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2128:(6): 1270–1276.
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1987:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1694:
1688:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1585:
1557:
1538:
1515:
1485:Piper aggregatum
1448:into the genera
1412:Capuchin monkeys
1371:functional group
1301:(black pepper),
1293:for research in
1252:natural products
1214:effects. In the
1141:Triphala Guggulu
1065:
1062:
898:Hanseatic League
773:invasive species
627:Piper cenocladum
589:) from southern
577:tropical forests
550:Kaltag Formation
507:Piper margaritae
459:Aristolochiaceae
373:
365:
357:
355:Pleistachyopiper
349:
341:
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
275:Anderssoniopiper
241:
148:
147:
120:
110:
47:
40:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2494:
2471:
2420:
2412:
2389:10.2307/2657072
2373:(Piperaceae)".
2367:
2360:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2296:
2292:
2255:
2251:
2204:
2200:
2155:
2151:
2114:
2110:
2065:
2061:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1985:
1974:
1970:
1931:
1927:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1877:on 19 July 2008
1869:
1868:
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1849:
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1812:
1803:
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1795:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1748:
1744:
1695:
1691:
1684:Wayback Machine
1674:(IUCN) (2007):
1670:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1611:
1607:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1520:generally uses
1516:
1512:
1507:
1499:Lacistemataceae
1491:" are actually
1430:
1424:
1406:
1394:Pipermethystine
1244:natural history
1240:
1224:benzodiazepines
1111:, often called
1063:
1049:
996:P. auritum
843:trade of spices
832:
830:
828:
799:
792:
747:primary forests
731:P. ornatum
706:for gardens in
700:
616:; some grow as
571:species have a
566:
539:Piper arcuatile
511:Late Cretaceous
499:
485:, denoting the
472:scientific name
256:1000–2000; see
240:
142:
111:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
42:
41:
38:
28:
27:Genus of plants
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2857:
2847:
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2841:
2836:
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2816:
2815:
2811:wfo-4000029808
2802:
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2763:
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2714:
2701:
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2662:
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2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2469:External links
2467:
2466:
2465:
2411:
2410:
2383:(4): 706–716.
2358:
2337:
2290:
2249:
2198:
2149:
2108:
2079:(2): 810–812.
2059:
2001:
1994:
1968:
1947:(1): 214–221.
1925:
1906:(8): 542–549.
1888:
1862:
1843:
1832:John Parkinson
1823:
1814:|website=
1779:
1760:(3): 300–320.
1742:
1689:
1687:. IUCN, Gland.
1664:
1640:
1605:
1576:(2): 273–289.
1548:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1423:
1420:
1405:
1402:
1362:and decreased
1327:found in some
1239:
1236:
1133:P. longum
1125:P. nigrum
1048:
1045:
1001:Southeast Asia
941:P. cubeba
921:P. longum
848:P. nigrum
791:
788:
741:Unsustainable
699:
696:
565:
562:
498:
495:
455:inflorescences
379:
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2835:
2834:Piper (plant)
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2282:
2277:
2272:
2269:(8): 885–98.
2268:
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2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2194:
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2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
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2123:
2119:
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2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
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2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
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2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
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1941:
1936:
1929:
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1917:
1913:
1909:
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1900:
1899:Phytomedicine
1892:
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1854:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1827:
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1685:
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1673:
1668:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:10.3133/pp159
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1536:
1532:
1529:instead; raw
1528:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:Trianaeopiper
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1315:Western Ghats
1312:
1308:
1307:P. betle
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:essential oil
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:Spiked pepper
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:folk medicine
1076:
1072:
1058:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1013:P. lolot
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:inflorescence
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
896:towns of the
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:
858:
854:
850:
849:
844:
840:
826:
822:
818:
814:
812:
808:
804:
797:
787:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
695:
693:
689:
688:
684:of the genus
683:
679:
678:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
654:of the genus
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:), live in a
629:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:
582:
581:cloud forests
578:
574:
570:
561:
559:
555:
551:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:P. margaritae
520:
516:
515:Maastrichtian
512:
508:
504:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:
468:
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
408:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:pepper plants
387:
386:
372:
371:Trianaeopiper
369:
364:
361:
356:
353:
348:
345:
340:
337:
332:
329:
324:
323:Lindeniopiper
321:
316:
313:
308:
305:
300:
297:
292:
289:
284:
281:
276:
273:
272:
270:
267:
263:
260:
259:
253:
248:
244:
239:
238:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:Tracheophytes
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
146:
141:
137:
134:
133:inflorescence
130:
129:
128:P. magnificum
123:
119:
114:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
45:
44:Maastrichtian
37:
33:
30:
19:
18:Piper (genus)
2499:
2428:
2424:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2351:, retrieved
2346:
2340:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2169:(1): 57–61.
2166:
2162:
2152:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2021:
2017:
2004:
1981:
1978:
1971:
1944:
1938:
1928:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1875:the original
1865:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1794:. Retrieved
1792:. 2009-08-19
1788:
1782:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1675:
1667:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:
1643:
1618:
1608:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:Sarcorhachis
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1439:monophyletic
1433:
1431:
1410:
1407:
1390:flavokawains
1386:kavalactones
1383:
1378:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1305:(kava), and
1302:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1280:Piper nigrum
1279:
1273:Crystallized
1241:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1176:
1164:
1162:
1160:) purposes.
1151:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1117:disinfectant
1112:
1090:
1074:
1069:
1034:
1031:Thai cuisine
1020:
1012:
1004:
994:
990:
978:
974:
972:
965:
963:East African
952:
949:Indian Ocean
940:
924:
920:
912:
910:
902:Indian Ocean
890:Pfeffersäcke
889:
879:
867:Roman Empire
860:
846:
836:
825:Piper nigrum
824:
821:Black pepper
805:artisans at
800:
779:
777:
766:
762:
745:of tropical
740:
729:
719:
701:
685:
682:flea beetles
675:
664:, some have
655:
639:
625:
605:
603:
584:
568:
567:
557:
538:
530:
526:
522:
506:
502:
500:
490:
482:
474:
469:
462:
429:but neither
425:, which are
420:
409:
394:pepper vines
393:
389:
384:
383:
382:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
255:
236:
235:
189:
176:
163:
126:
35:
29:
2679:iNaturalist
2524:Wikispecies
2431:: 102–113.
2024:: 102–113.
1796:December 9,
1462:Arctottonia
1450:Pothomorphe
1398:hepatotoxic
1291:model genus
1232:hepatotoxic
1220:canoe plant
1158:detoxifying
1150:, used for
1097:Kuna people
1089:flavoring.
1064: 2005
1047:As medicine
1036:Piper chaba
917:Long pepper
886:Middle Ages
807:Spirit Cave
708:subtropical
704:ornamentals
573:pantropical
487:long pepper
447:Saururaceae
427:angiosperms
363:Pothomorphe
283:Arctottonia
226:Piperoideae
222:Subfamily:
183:Angiosperms
2828:Categories
2353:2023-09-25
1658:2023-06-19
1545:References
1527:fish sauce
1454:Macropiper
1446:segregated
1426:See also:
1375:piperazine
1368:piperidine
1338:Important
1325:mutualists
1238:In science
1212:euphoriant
1208:depressant
1181:betel palm
1121:antibiotic
991:hoja santa
985:stews. In
906:archetypal
853:South Asia
803:Hoabinhian
768:P. aduncum
759:extinction
736:pot plants
670:sematurine
662:herbivores
610:herbaceous
586:P. kadsura
543:Cenomanian
527:Schilleria
451:amphibious
443:Piperaceae
423:magnoliids
405:Piperaceae
331:Macropiper
315:Lepianthes
307:Discipiper
216:Piperaceae
196:Magnoliids
2461:167218493
2445:1055-7903
2324:0022-0493
2218:(9): 43.
2054:167218493
2038:1055-7903
1853:"Cha plu"
1816:ignored (
1806:cite book
1635:2330-7102
1592:0002-9122
1416:BBC Earth
1379:P. nigrum
1364:H. pylori
1352:S. aureus
1348:chavicine
1333:symbioses
1311:P. nigrum
1299:P. nigrum
1255:chemistry
1228:addiction
1198:species,
1169:stimulant
1087:cigarette
1083:herbalism
1075:P. cubeba
1017:Indochina
632:mutualism
547:Santonian
541:from the
509:from the
497:Evolution
491:P. longum
464:Peperomia
206:Piperales
153:Kingdom:
46:- present
2798:40009192
2793:Tropicos
2509:Wikidata
2453:31132521
2405:11302858
2332:15384353
2285:27158376
2244:25584066
2193:26870681
2144:18334493
2103:16436753
2046:31132521
1963:17329236
1920:16904878
1834:(1640).
1737:34052655
1729:17742735
1680:Archived
1600:25667080
1474:Zippelia
1344:piperine
1276:piperine
1177:P. betle
1153:rasayana
1137:Ayurveda
1105:Colombia
983:Nigerian
811:Thailand
680:or some
657:Carollia
535:Gondwana
519:Colombia
479:Sanskrit
437:. Their
435:eudicots
431:monocots
291:Artanthe
266:Synonyms
250:Species
212:Family:
2710:1298322
2697:32042-1
2658:3075433
2515:Q159536
2397:2657072
2276:4846933
2235:4290101
2184:4738039
2094:1366922
1881:15 July
1709:Bibcode
1700:Science
1518:Apicius
1487:" and "
1458:Ottonia
1422:Species
1216:Pacific
1145:Trikatu
1099:of the
987:Mexican
967:berbere
862:Apicius
851:) from
755:Ecuador
743:logging
726:species
666:evolved
650:– e.g.
648:mammals
505:is of †
483:pippali
412:species
400:in the
342:Spreng.
339:Ottonia
299:Chavica
232:Genus:
202:Order:
157:Plantae
2767:PLANTS
2759:283089
2743:NZOR:
2645:125531
2619:125531
2567:148718
2541:193742
2538:APDB:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2403:
2395:
2330:
2322:
2283:
2273:
2242:
2232:
2191:
2181:
2142:
2101:
2091:
2052:
2044:
2036:
1992:
1961:
1918:
1774:124120
1772:
1735:
1727:
1633:
1598:
1590:
1472:, and
1261:, and
1113:matico
1101:Panama
894:German
859:. The
857:Europe
698:Usages
618:shrubs
439:family
416:lianas
402:family
388:, the
2772:PIPER
2736:13215
2723:18301
2705:IRMNG
2684:83584
2632:Piper
2627:FoAO2
2606:1PIPG
2593:52541
2554:78830
2530:Piper
2500:Piper
2457:S2CID
2421:(PDF)
2393:JSTOR
2371:Piper
2050:S2CID
2014:(PDF)
1986:(PDF)
1980:Piper
1770:JSTOR
1733:S2CID
1564:Piper
1535:herbs
1531:brine
1523:garum
1505:Notes
1478:Piper
1434:Piper
1329:Piper
1289:is a
1287:Piper
1196:Piper
1189:India
1173:Betel
1165:Piper
1148:pills
1071:Cubeb
1055:At a
1027:Malay
1009:lolot
1005:Piper
979:uziza
975:Piper
937:Cubeb
929:chili
925:Piper
913:Piper
875:sugar
780:Piper
763:Piper
692:pests
687:Lanka
644:birds
640:Piper
634:with
622:trees
614:vines
606:Piper
604:Most
599:frost
595:Korea
591:Japan
569:Piper
558:Piper
554:Yukon
531:Piper
517:) of
503:Piper
481:term
475:Piper
398:genus
385:Piper
374:Trel.
358:Trel.
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