105:
128:
397:
4576:
405:
791:
family are used in the traditional medicinal systems of indigenous population for a wide variety of illnesses. Many studies have been undertaken to investigate these uses, with a large number of them focusing especially on the active ingredient
1112:
Salehi, Bahare; Zakaria, Zainul
Amiruddin; Gyawali, Rabin; Ibrahim, Salam A.; Rajkovic, Jovana; Shinwari, Zabta Khan; Khan, Tariq; Sharifi-Rad, Javad; Ozleyen, Adem; Turkdonmez, Elif; Valussi, Marco (2019-04-07).
1316:
1065:
Wanke, S., Vanderschaeve, L., Mathieu, G., Neinhuis, C., Goetghebeur, P., and Samain, M.S. (2007) "From
Forgotten Taxon to a Missing Link? The Position of the Genus
704:
Leaves are simple with entire margins, and are positioned at the base of the plant or along the stem, and can be alternate, opposite, or whorled in arrangement.
317:. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in five genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two main genera:
4825:
4851:
1351:
1172:
Derosa, Giuseppe; Maffioli, Pamela; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (2016), Gupta, Subash
Chandra; Prasad, Sahdeo; Aggarwal, Bharat B. (eds.),
4773:
1399:
925:
4838:
4786:
4656:
1193:
469:. A tentative cladogram showing relationships based on Wanke et al. (2007) is shown below. This phylogeny was based on 6,000
4843:
1180:, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 928, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 173–184,
1086:
is a segregate lineage in
Piperaceae: more evidence from flower, fruit and pollen morphology, anatomy and development".
1344:
918:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
1044:
Wanke, S., Jaramillo, M. A., Borsch, T., Samain, M.-T., Quandt, D., and
Neinhuis, C. (2007) "Evolution of Piperales—
332:
Members of the
Piperaceae may be small trees, shrubs, or herbs. The distribution of this group is best described as
349:, although its relatives in the family include many other spices. The family Piperaceae is unrelated to the family
4856:
727:(in the form of spikes) are terminal, opposite the leaves, or located in the axils. Flowers are bisexual, with no
4812:
4905:
1224:"Clinical pharmacokinetics of kavalactones after oral dosing of standardized kava extract in healthy volunteers"
917:
104:
1378:
4579:
1404:
1394:
1337:
979:
4969:
4674:
4669:
4643:
4661:
1274:
1100:
4974:
4900:
4765:
4739:
1300:
1292:
1115:"Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications"
913:
127:
1308:
4866:
4791:
985:
833:
1389:
4760:
4892:
4734:
4596:
1027:
4887:
4879:
4830:
4695:
4634:
4752:
8:
4964:
974:
4726:
1329:
857:
Martínez, Camila; Carvalho, Mónica R.; Madriñán, Santiago; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2015).
4936:
4747:
4419:
3637:
3529:
3153:
1640:
1384:
1248:
1223:
1149:
1114:
366:
240:
122:
4874:
4682:
4376:
4175:
3727:
3587:
3516:
3439:
3320:
3206:
3123:
2488:
1479:
1415:
1253:
1199:
1189:
1154:
1136:
939:
892:
884:
689:
386:
4941:
4687:
4260:
4250:
4210:
4190:
3966:
3896:
3871:
3818:
3592:
3582:
3345:
3282:
3226:
3201:
2947:
2852:
2819:
2609:
2523:
2518:
2493:
2394:
2356:
2264:
1928:
1791:
1766:
1761:
1554:
1471:
1243:
1235:
1181:
1144:
1126:
970:
944:
934:
874:
709:
310:
267:
4928:
4648:
4541:
4328:
4195:
4180:
3760:
3647:
3627:
3622:
3612:
3577:
3393:
3388:
3188:
3158:
3128:
3012:
2977:
2937:
2912:
2902:
2862:
2614:
2503:
2386:
2361:
2256:
2228:
2218:
2011:
1981:
1923:
1908:
1771:
1597:
1504:
1361:
1287:
744:
314:
165:
30:
1185:
369:
mistakenly believing the spicy fruits were a variety of the black pepper plant.
4533:
4523:
4505:
4477:
4439:
4429:
4381:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4255:
4205:
4152:
4137:
4022:
3936:
3876:
3866:
3770:
3672:
3607:
3597:
3557:
3539:
3340:
3267:
3055:
3017:
2972:
2907:
2882:
2857:
2801:
2715:
2483:
2430:
2366:
2223:
2115:
2092:
2054:
2031:
2021:
1824:
1686:
1625:
1489:
418:
152:
1321:
1239:
1173:
1131:
4958:
4619:
4515:
4444:
4414:
4391:
4386:
4371:
4323:
4290:
4285:
4220:
4014:
3999:
3946:
3926:
3886:
3881:
3861:
3823:
3775:
3722:
3712:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3632:
3547:
3524:
3506:
3474:
3459:
3421:
3325:
3305:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3143:
3138:
3118:
3103:
3065:
3060:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2942:
2922:
2897:
2887:
2788:
2710:
2690:
2629:
2624:
2604:
2538:
2508:
2468:
2376:
2371:
2318:
2188:
2150:
2125:
2097:
2082:
2026:
2006:
2001:
1918:
1885:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1816:
1806:
1796:
1776:
1746:
1678:
1645:
1635:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1451:
1433:
1365:
1282:
1140:
888:
724:
596:
431:
358:
319:
62:
4918:
4454:
4449:
4434:
4424:
4363:
4245:
4230:
4200:
4157:
4147:
4101:
4078:
4068:
4040:
3941:
3921:
3891:
3833:
3780:
3702:
3657:
3617:
3572:
3562:
3552:
3444:
3413:
3378:
3363:
3277:
3272:
3178:
2932:
2927:
2892:
2872:
2847:
2834:
2824:
2796:
2753:
2748:
2705:
2672:
2657:
2619:
2596:
2533:
2528:
2513:
2478:
2460:
2412:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2213:
2173:
2107:
2087:
2077:
2069:
2036:
1996:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1875:
1870:
1834:
1751:
1630:
1587:
1484:
1461:
1425:
1257:
1203:
1158:
896:
809:
797:
673:
396:
354:
346:
341:
113:
4799:
4628:
4409:
4305:
4265:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4093:
4083:
4073:
4055:
4004:
3956:
3951:
3931:
3911:
3838:
3765:
3707:
3662:
3602:
3567:
3464:
3454:
3398:
3310:
3249:
3244:
3196:
3168:
3148:
3108:
3090:
3050:
3045:
3040:
2957:
2952:
2917:
2811:
2768:
2743:
2667:
2639:
2634:
2473:
2450:
2435:
2404:
2323:
2198:
2178:
2140:
1991:
1986:
1963:
1948:
1890:
1880:
1786:
1781:
1733:
1650:
1574:
1559:
1536:
1531:
1456:
1443:
801:
685:
474:
333:
37:
879:
858:
4492:
4482:
4459:
4343:
4280:
4215:
4142:
4119:
4045:
3991:
3901:
3755:
3742:
3717:
3697:
3449:
3431:
3403:
3373:
3368:
3300:
3259:
3236:
3173:
3163:
3113:
3098:
3027:
2982:
2967:
2877:
2778:
2758:
2720:
2700:
2422:
2328:
2208:
2193:
2183:
1913:
1862:
1801:
1756:
1607:
1523:
1514:
949:
796:
and related compounds found in many members of this family, especially
736:
501:
470:
461:
455:
426:
404:
350:
178:
82:
47:
863:(Piperaceae) from Colombia and diversification patterns for the genus"
4804:
4721:
4708:
4500:
4469:
4401:
4270:
4129:
4111:
4063:
4032:
3961:
3906:
3843:
3828:
3813:
3750:
3732:
3667:
3642:
3479:
3383:
3335:
3315:
2962:
2867:
2842:
2313:
2305:
2203:
2168:
2145:
2135:
2120:
2059:
2016:
1976:
1953:
1723:
1655:
1546:
1101:
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10692l
1013:
776:
693:
669:
617:
437:
422:
325:
188:
87:
4817:
4778:
4590:
4913:
4613:
4353:
4275:
4185:
4167:
3916:
3853:
3805:
3795:
3652:
3469:
3355:
3330:
3292:
3133:
3002:
2987:
2773:
2763:
2738:
2695:
2662:
2571:
2498:
2295:
2278:
2130:
2046:
1900:
1715:
1705:
1617:
1052:
intron sequence data reveal lineage specific resolution contrast".
793:
728:
705:
537:
443:
378:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
4713:
4315:
3981:
3080:
3035:
2730:
2682:
2649:
2563:
2287:
2233:
1741:
856:
558:
449:
92:
67:
2586:
2553:
2160:
1971:
772:
752:
748:
740:
362:
203:
297:
4700:
1099:
Boufford, D.E. (1997)). Flora of North
America - Piperaceae.
805:
764:
732:
713:
345:, yields most peppercorns that are used as spices, including
139:
421:
of 2009 recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order
1288:
Piperaceae at the DELTA Online
Families of Flowering Plants
1111:
813:
768:
291:
282:
912:
294:
1359:
276:
1171:
1178:
668:
Members of pepper family are small trees, shrubs, or
270:
288:
279:
273:
285:
481:is sister to the other four genera in the family.
16:Family of flowering plants in the order Piperales
4956:
1016:, the Netherlands: Harwood Acadiic. p. 553.
2255:
1020:
696:. The stems can be either simple or branched.
1345:
1059:
1038:
782:
1677:
1076:
908:
906:
477:DNA. Only recently has it become clear that
1174:"Piperine and Its Role in Chronic Diseases"
1028:"Capsicum annuum - Britannica Encyclopedia"
1352:
1338:
459:. The previously recognised Pacific genus
103:
1247:
1148:
1130:
1004:
948:
938:
903:
878:
755:. The ovary is 1 locular, and superior.
1221:
1093:
998:
926:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
731:, each flower is subtended by a peltate
403:
395:
377:The name Piperaceae is derived from the
3793:
1317:Piperaceae at the NCBI Taxonomy Browser
969:
4957:
2562:
963:
429:. The family consists of five genera:
4595:
4594:
2551:
1333:
1069:(Piperaceae) Revealed by Molecules".
1054:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
226:(Miquel 1840) Samain & Wanke 2008
4867:44605890-f2f1-4a62-b9f6-62da2e30da54
826:
771:per fruit. The seeds have a minute
758:
712:. The leaves are often noticeably
220:Trelease ex Samain & Wanke 2008
13:
4906:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126695-1
679:
663:
14:
4986:
1268:
4575:
4574:
940:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
266:
126:
35:
1215:
1165:
1105:
850:
751:per flower, which is 1 or 3-4
1:
819:
1283:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
1275:Plants of the World Online,
980:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
708:are usually present, as are
372:
361:, which are so named due to
7:
1186:10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_8
465:, was recently merged into
412:
10:
4991:
914:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
867:American Journal of Botany
783:Traditional medicinal uses
719:
4603:
4570:
4532:
4514:
4491:
4468:
4400:
4362:
4314:
4303:
4166:
4128:
4110:
4092:
4054:
4031:
4013:
3990:
3979:
3852:
3804:
3741:
3538:
3515:
3504:
3430:
3412:
3354:
3291:
3258:
3235:
3187:
3089:
3078:
3026:
2833:
2810:
2787:
2729:
2681:
2648:
2595:
2584:
2580:
2459:
2448:
2421:
2403:
2385:
2337:
2304:
2286:
2277:
2246:
2159:
2106:
2068:
2045:
1962:
1899:
1861:
1833:
1815:
1732:
1714:
1699:
1668:
1616:
1573:
1545:
1522:
1513:
1502:
1470:
1442:
1424:
1413:
1373:
1322:Piperaceae at the online
1309:Piperaceae at the online
1301:Piperaceae at the online
1293:Piperaceae at the online
1240:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115514
1132:10.3390/molecules24071364
1005:Ravindran, P. N. (2000).
986:Missouri Botanical Garden
699:
614:
593:
586:
555:
534:
527:
519:
498:
490:
390:
246:
239:
215:
210:
123:Scientific classification
121:
111:
102:
23:
787:Numerous members of the
743:. There are usually 3-4
735:. Stamens are 2–6, and
339:The best-known species,
4926:Watson & Dallwitz:
1324:Piperaceae in Thailand
1295:Flora of North America
1222:Kanumuri, SRR (2022).
1082:Samain et al. (2010) "
603:(about 2,000 species)
425:in the unranked clade
409:
401:
329:(over 1,000 species).
117:, from Koehler (1887)
4888:Paleobiology Database
747:attached to a single
624:(over 1,000 species)
622:Ruiz & Pavon 1794
407:
399:
305:), also known as the
408:Peperomia perciliata
323:(2,171 species) and
880:10.3732/ajb.1400427
365:taking part in the
4970:Magnoliid families
4420:Pentaphragmataceae
3638:Stegnospermataceae
3530:Berberidopsidaceae
3154:Pentadiplandraceae
1641:Atherospermataceae
859:"A Late Cretaceous
410:
402:
367:Columbian exchange
4975:Pantropical flora
4952:
4951:
4875:Open Tree of Life
4597:Taxon identifiers
4588:
4587:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4377:Cardiopteridaceae
4299:
4298:
4176:Plocospermataceae
3975:
3974:
3789:
3788:
3728:Anacampserotaceae
3588:Ancistrocladaceae
3517:Berberidopsidales
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3440:Biebersteiniaceae
3321:Sphaerosepalaceae
3207:Strasburgeriaceae
3124:Setchellanthaceae
3074:
3073:
2547:
2546:
2489:Cercidiphyllaceae
2444:
2443:
2273:
2272:
2242:
2241:
1695:
1694:
1664:
1663:
1498:
1497:
1480:Austrobaileyaceae
1311:Flora of Zimbabwe
1195:978-3-319-41334-1
971:Stevens, Peter F.
739:, with 2-locular
684:Plants are often
660:
659:
651:
650:
642:
641:
633:
632:
623:
602:
574:
573:
564:
543:
507:
353:, which includes
258:
257:
252:
233:
227:
221:
206:
4982:
4945:
4944:
4932:
4931:
4922:
4921:
4909:
4908:
4896:
4895:
4883:
4882:
4870:
4869:
4860:
4859:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4833:
4821:
4820:
4808:
4807:
4795:
4794:
4782:
4781:
4769:
4768:
4756:
4755:
4743:
4742:
4730:
4729:
4717:
4716:
4704:
4703:
4691:
4690:
4678:
4677:
4665:
4664:
4652:
4651:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4592:
4591:
4578:
4577:
4312:
4311:
4261:Thomandersiaceae
4251:Lentibulariaceae
4211:Scrophulariaceae
4191:Tetrachondraceae
3988:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3967:Mitrastemonaceae
3897:Pentaphylacaceae
3872:Tetrameristaceae
3819:Hydrostachyaceae
3802:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3593:Rhabdodendraceae
3583:Dioncophyllaceae
3513:
3512:
3346:Dipterocarpaceae
3283:Dipentodontaceae
3227:Crossosomataceae
3202:Geissolomataceae
3087:
3086:
2948:Chrysobalanaceae
2853:Ctenolophonaceae
2820:Lepidobotryaceae
2610:Anisophylleaceae
2593:
2592:
2582:
2581:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2524:Tetracarpaeaceae
2519:Aphanopetalaceae
2494:Daphniphyllaceae
2457:
2456:
2446:
2445:
2395:Trochodendraceae
2357:Circaeasteraceae
2284:
2283:
2265:Ceratophyllaceae
2253:
2252:
1929:Alstroemeriaceae
1792:Potamogetonaceae
1767:Scheuchzeriaceae
1762:Hydrocharitaceae
1712:
1711:
1675:
1674:
1555:Aristolochiaceae
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1472:Austrobaileyales
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:Basalangiosperms
1400:Acrogymnospermae
1362:flowering plants
1354:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1228:J Ethnopharmacol
1219:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1134:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1088:Annals of Botany
1080:
1074:
1073:, 99: 1231–1238.
1071:Annals of Botany
1063:
1057:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
967:
961:
960:
958:
957:
952:
942:
922:
910:
901:
900:
882:
854:
848:
847:
845:
844:
830:
767:, with a single
759:Fruits and seeds
621:
600:
589:
588:
562:
541:
530:
529:
522:
521:
508:(three species)
505:
496:Verhuellioideae
493:
492:
485:
484:
392:
315:flowering plants
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
250:
231:
225:
219:
218:Verhuellioideae
202:
131:
130:
107:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4940:
4935:
4927:
4925:
4917:
4912:
4904:
4899:
4891:
4886:
4878:
4873:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4850:
4842:
4837:
4829:
4824:
4816:
4811:
4803:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4777:
4772:
4764:
4759:
4751:
4746:
4738:
4733:
4725:
4720:
4712:
4707:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4681:
4673:
4668:
4660:
4655:
4647:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4599:
4589:
4584:
4546:
4542:Paracryphiaceae
4528:
4510:
4487:
4464:
4396:
4358:
4329:Torricelliaceae
4308:
4295:
4196:Calceolariaceae
4181:Carlemanniaceae
4162:
4124:
4106:
4088:
4050:
4027:
4009:
3984:
3971:
3848:
3798:
3785:
3761:Balanophoraceae
3737:
3648:Lophiocarpaceae
3628:Achatocarpaceae
3623:Caryophyllaceae
3613:Macarthuriaceae
3578:Drosophyllaceae
3534:
3509:
3484:
3426:
3408:
3394:Crypteroniaceae
3389:Melastomataceae
3350:
3287:
3254:
3231:
3189:Crossosomatales
3183:
3159:Gyrostemonaceae
3129:Koeberliniaceae
3083:
3070:
3022:
3013:Picrodendraceae
2978:Lacistemataceae
2938:Dichapetalaceae
2913:Centroplacaceae
2903:Lophopyxidaceae
2863:Erythroxylaceae
2829:
2806:
2783:
2725:
2677:
2644:
2615:Corynocarpaceae
2589:
2576:
2556:
2543:
2504:Grossulariaceae
2453:
2440:
2417:
2399:
2387:Trochodendrales
2381:
2362:Lardizabalaceae
2333:
2300:
2269:
2257:Ceratophyllales
2248:Ceratophyllidae
2238:
2229:Ecdeiocoleaceae
2219:Flagellariaceae
2155:
2102:
2064:
2041:
2012:Tecophilaeaceae
1982:Blandfordiaceae
1958:
1924:Petermanniaceae
1909:Campynemataceae
1895:
1857:
1829:
1811:
1772:Aponogetonaceae
1728:
1703:
1691:
1660:
1612:
1598:Himantandraceae
1569:
1541:
1507:
1505:Mesangiospermae
1494:
1466:
1438:
1414:
1409:
1390:Marchantiophyta
1369:
1358:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1196:
1170:
1166:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1081:
1077:
1064:
1060:
1043:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
968:
964:
955:
953:
920:
911:
904:
855:
851:
842:
840:
832:
831:
827:
822:
785:
761:
722:
702:
682:
680:Roots and stems
666:
664:Characteristics
661:
652:
643:
634:
575:
415:
375:
269:
265:
201:
125:
98:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
31:Late Cretaceous
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4988:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:wfo-7000000471
4933:
4923:
4910:
4897:
4884:
4871:
4861:
4848:
4835:
4822:
4809:
4796:
4783:
4770:
4757:
4744:
4731:
4718:
4705:
4692:
4679:
4666:
4653:
4640:
4625:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4534:Paracryphiales
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4524:Escalloniaceae
4520:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4506:Caprifoliaceae
4503:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4478:Columelliaceae
4474:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4440:Argophyllaceae
4437:
4432:
4430:Alseuosmiaceae
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Phyllonomaceae
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4349:Myodocarpaceae
4346:
4341:
4339:Pittosporaceae
4336:
4334:Griseliniaceae
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:Schlegeliaceae
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4206:Plantaginaceae
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4153:Sphenocleaceae
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:Convolvulaceae
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4023:Metteniusaceae
4019:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3937:Sarraceniaceae
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3877:Fouquieriaceae
3874:
3869:
3867:Marcgraviaceae
3864:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3771:Misodendraceae
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Phytolaccaceae
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3608:Asteropeiaceae
3605:
3600:
3598:Simmondsiaceae
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Plumbaginaceae
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3540:Caryophyllales
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3341:Sarcolaenaceae
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3268:Gerrardinaceae
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Elaeocarpaceae
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3018:Phyllanthaceae
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2973:Passifloraceae
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2908:Putranjivaceae
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:Calophyllaceae
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:Rhizophoraceae
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2802:Zygophyllaceae
2799:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2716:Ticodendraceae
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2552:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Hamamelidaceae
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2431:Myrothamnaceae
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2367:Menispermaceae
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2224:Joinvilleaceae
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2116:Strelitziaceae
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2093:Pontederiaceae
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:Dasypogonaceae
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2032:Amaryllidaceae
2029:
2024:
2022:Xeronemataceae
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1825:Petrosaviaceae
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1687:Chloranthaceae
1683:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:Calycanthaceae
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1490:Schisandraceae
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:Polypodiophyta
1392:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1303:Flora of China
1298:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1269:External links
1267:
1264:
1263:
1214:
1194:
1164:
1104:
1092:
1075:
1058:
1037:
1034:. 28 May 2023.
1019:
1007:Black Pepper,
997:
962:
902:
873:(2): 273–289.
849:
824:
823:
821:
818:
784:
781:
760:
757:
725:Inflorescences
721:
718:
716:when crushed.
701:
698:
681:
678:
665:
662:
658:
657:
654:
653:
649:
648:
645:
644:
640:
639:
636:
635:
631:
630:
627:
626:
613:
610:
609:
606:
605:
592:
587:
585:
581:
580:
577:
576:
572:
571:
568:
567:
565:(six species)
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
544:(one species)
533:
528:
526:
525:Zippelioideae
520:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
497:
491:
489:
483:
419:APG III system
414:
411:
374:
371:
309:, are a large
256:
255:
254:
253:
249:Peperomiaceae
244:
243:
237:
236:
235:
234:
228:
224:Zippelioideae
222:
213:
212:
208:
207:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
169:
168:
163:
156:
155:
150:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
119:
118:
109:
108:
100:
99:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4987:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4581:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4516:Escalloniales
4513:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:Menyanthaceae
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:Campanulaceae
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4392:Aquifoliaceae
4390:
4388:
4387:Helwingiaceae
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Stemonuraceae
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Pennantiaceae
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4292:
4291:Orobanchaceae
4289:
4287:
4286:Paulowniaceae
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:Linderniaceae
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4015:Metteniusales
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Oncothecaceae
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Actinidiaceae
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Diapensiaceae
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Lecythidaceae
3885:
3883:
3882:Polemoniaceae
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:Balsaminaceae
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Hydrangeaceae
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Schoepfiaceae
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3723:Portulacaceae
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Halophytaceae
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Molluginaceae
3691:
3689:
3688:Nyctaginaceae
3686:
3684:
3683:Sarcobataceae
3681:
3679:
3678:Petiveriaceae
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Amaranthaceae
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Frankeniaceae
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Aextoxicaceae
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3507:Superasterids
3503:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:Simaroubaceae
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Anacardiaceae
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3422:Picramniaceae
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Thymelaeaceae
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Muntingiaceae
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Stachyuraceae
3220:
3218:
3217:Guamatelaceae
3215:
3213:
3212:Staphyleaceae
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Emblingiaceae
3142:
3140:
3139:Salvadoraceae
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3119:Limnanthaceae
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Tropaeolaceae
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3066:Brunelliaceae
3064:
3062:
3061:Cephalotaceae
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Ixonanthaceae
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Euphorbiaceae
2996:
2994:
2993:Rafflesiaceae
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Euphroniaceae
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Malpighiaceae
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Caryocaraceae
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Podostemaceae
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2789:Zygophyllales
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:Casuarinaceae
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:Nothofagaceae
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Tetramelaceae
2628:
2626:
2625:Cucurbitaceae
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Apodanthaceae
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2539:Cynomoriaceae
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Saxifragaceae
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Peridiscaceae
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2377:Ranunculaceae
2375:
2373:
2372:Berberidaceae
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Nelumbonaceae
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Eriocaulaceae
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2151:Zingiberaceae
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Heliconiaceae
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2098:Haemodoraceae
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:Commelinaceae
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Asphodelaceae
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:Ixioliriaceae
2005:
2003:
2002:Doryanthaceae
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Melanthiaceae
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Cyclanthaceae
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1853:Dioscoreaceae
1851:
1849:
1848:Burmanniaceae
1846:
1844:
1843:Nartheciaceae
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1817:Petrosaviales
1814:
1808:
1807:Cymodoceaceae
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Posidoniaceae
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Juncaginaceae
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Tofieldiaceae
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1679:Chloranthales
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:Chloranthidae
1667:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Hernandiaceae
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Gomortegaceae
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Eupomatiaceae
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Degeneriaceae
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Myristicaceae
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:Hydatellaceae
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1434:Amborellaceae
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1001:
987:
983:
981:
976:
972:
966:
951:
946:
941:
936:
933:(2): 105–21.
932:
928:
927:
919:
915:
909:
907:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:
853:
839:
838:www.mobot.org
835:
829:
825:
817:
815:
811:
808:, as well as
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
717:
715:
711:
707:
697:
695:
691:
688:, and can be
687:
677:
675:
671:
656:
655:
647:
646:
638:
637:
629:
628:
625:
620:
619:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
601:Linnaeus 1753
599:
598:
591:
590:
583:
582:
579:
578:
570:
569:
566:
563:Trelease 1927
561:
560:
553:
552:
549:
548:
545:
540:
539:
532:
531:
524:
523:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
504:
503:
495:
494:
487:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
458:
457:
452:
451:
446:
445:
440:
439:
434:
433:
428:
424:
420:
406:
400:Piper caninum
398:
394:
388:
384:
380:
370:
368:
364:
360:
359:chili peppers
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:
337:
335:
330:
328:
327:
322:
321:
316:
312:
308:
307:pepper family
302:
263:
248:
247:
245:
242:
238:
229:
223:
217:
216:
214:
209:
205:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:Tracheophytes
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
129:
124:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
101:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
32:
22:
19:
4604:
4455:Calyceraceae
4450:Goodeniaceae
4435:Phellinaceae
4425:Stylidiaceae
4364:Aquifoliales
4246:Bignoniaceae
4231:Martyniaceae
4201:Gesneriaceae
4158:Hydroleaceae
4148:Montiniaceae
4102:Boraginaceae
4079:Gelsemiaceae
4069:Gentianaceae
4041:Eucommiaceae
3942:Roridulaceae
3922:Symplocaceae
3892:Sladeniaceae
3834:Curtisiaceae
3781:Loranthaceae
3703:Didiereaceae
3658:Barbeuiaceae
3618:Microteaceae
3573:Nepenthaceae
3563:Polygonaceae
3553:Tamaricaceae
3445:Nitrariaceae
3414:Picramniales
3379:Vochysiaceae
3364:Combretaceae
3278:Tapisciaceae
3273:Petenaeaceae
3179:Brassicaceae
2933:Trigoniaceae
2928:Balanopaceae
2893:Hypericaceae
2873:Bonnetiaceae
2848:Irvingiaceae
2835:Malpighiales
2825:Celastraceae
2797:Krameriaceae
2754:Elaeagnaceae
2749:Dirachmaceae
2706:Juglandaceae
2673:Polygalaceae
2658:Quillajaceae
2620:Coriariaceae
2597:Cucurbitales
2534:Haloragaceae
2529:Penthoraceae
2514:Crassulaceae
2479:Altingiaceae
2461:Saxifragales
2413:Dilleniaceae
2352:Papaveraceae
2347:Eupteleaceae
2339:Ranunculales
2247:
2214:Restionaceae
2174:Bromeliaceae
2108:Zingiberales
2088:Philydraceae
2078:Hanguanaceae
2070:Commelinales
2037:Asparagaceae
1997:Hypoxidaceae
1944:Ripogonaceae
1939:Philesiaceae
1934:Colchicaceae
1876:Velloziaceae
1871:Triuridaceae
1835:Dioscoreales
1752:Alismataceae
1700:
1669:
1631:Siparunaceae
1588:Magnoliaceae
1564:
1485:Trimeniaceae
1462:Nymphaeaceae
1426:Amborellales
1405:Angiospermae
1360:Families of
1323:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1276:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1207:, retrieved
1177:
1167:
1122:
1118:
1107:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:42: 477–497.
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1010:
1009:Piper nigrum
1006:
1000:
989:. Retrieved
978:
965:
954:. Retrieved
930:
924:
870:
866:
860:
852:
841:. Retrieved
837:
828:
810:kavalactones
798:Black pepper
788:
786:
775:, and mealy
762:
723:
703:
683:
667:
616:
615:
595:
594:
584:Piperoideae
557:
556:
536:
535:
500:
499:
478:
466:
460:
454:
448:
442:
436:
430:
416:
382:
376:
355:bell peppers
347:black pepper
342:Piper nigrum
340:
338:
331:
324:
318:
306:
261:
259:
230:Piperoideae
211:Subfamilies
198:
172:
159:
146:
114:Piper nigrum
112:
18:
4800:iNaturalist
4629:Wikispecies
4410:Rousseaceae
4306:Campanulids
4266:Verbenaceae
4241:Acanthaceae
4236:Pedaliaceae
4226:Byblidaceae
4094:Boraginales
4084:Apocynaceae
4074:Loganiaceae
4056:Gentianales
4005:Icacinaceae
3957:Cyrillaceae
3952:Clethraceae
3932:Styracaceae
3912:Primulaceae
3839:Grubbiaceae
3766:Santalaceae
3708:Basellaceae
3663:Gisekiaceae
3603:Physenaceae
3568:Droseraceae
3465:Sapindaceae
3455:Burseraceae
3399:Alzateaceae
3311:Neuradaceae
3250:Francoaceae
3245:Geraniaceae
3197:Aphloiaceae
3169:Capparaceae
3149:Tovariaceae
3109:Moringaceae
3091:Brassicales
3051:Cunoniaceae
3046:Oxalidaceae
3041:Connaraceae
2958:Achariaceae
2953:Humiriaceae
2918:Elatinaceae
2812:Celastrales
2769:Cannabaceae
2744:Barbeyaceae
2668:Surianaceae
2640:Begoniaceae
2635:Datiscaceae
2474:Paeoniaceae
2451:Superrosids
2436:Gunneraceae
2405:Dilleniales
2324:Platanaceae
2199:Thurniaceae
2179:Rapateaceae
2141:Marantaceae
1992:Lanariaceae
1987:Asteliaceae
1972:Orchidaceae
1964:Asparagales
1949:Smilacaceae
1891:Pandanaceae
1881:Stemonaceae
1787:Zosteraceae
1782:Maundiaceae
1734:Alismatales
1651:Monimiaceae
1575:Magnoliales
1560:Saururaceae
1537:Winteraceae
1532:Canellaceae
1515:Magnoliidae
1457:Cabombaceae
1444:Nymphaeales
1377:Supergroup
1125:(7): 1364.
982:, Version 9
950:10654/18083
834:"Piperales"
802:Long pepper
763:Fruits are
690:terrestrial
686:rhizomatous
506:Miquel 1843
488:Piperaceae
475:chloroplast
334:pantropical
232:Arnott 1832
166:Angiosperms
4965:Piperaceae
4959:Categories
4818:30000155-2
4753:Piperaceae
4662:Piperaceae
4635:Piperaceae
4605:Piperaceae
4493:Dipsacales
4483:Bruniaceae
4460:Asteraceae
4344:Araliaceae
4281:Phrymaceae
4216:Stilbaceae
4143:Solanaceae
4120:Vahliaceae
4046:Garryaceae
3992:Icacinales
3902:Sapotaceae
3756:Opiliaceae
3743:Santalales
3718:Talinaceae
3698:Montiaceae
3450:Kirkiaceae
3432:Sapindales
3404:Penaeaceae
3374:Onagraceae
3369:Lythraceae
3301:Cytinaceae
3260:Huerteales
3237:Geraniales
3174:Cleomaceae
3164:Resedaceae
3114:Caricaceae
3099:Akaniaceae
3028:Oxalidales
2983:Salicaceae
2968:Goupiaceae
2878:Clusiaceae
2779:Urticaceae
2759:Rhamnaceae
2721:Betulaceae
2701:Myricaceae
2423:Gunnerales
2329:Proteaceae
2209:Cyperaceae
2194:Mayacaceae
2184:Xyridaceae
1914:Corsiaceae
1863:Pandanales
1802:Ruppiaceae
1757:Butomaceae
1608:Annonaceae
1565:Piperaceae
1524:Canellales
1277:Piperaceae
1209:2021-06-09
1084:Verhuellia
1067:Verhuellia
1032:Britannica
991:2008-06-01
956:2013-07-06
843:2023-06-18
820:References
789:Piperaceae
753:carpellate
737:hypogynous
542:Blume 1830
502:Verhuellia
479:Verhuellia
471:base pairs
462:Macropiper
456:Verhuellia
427:magnoliids
351:Solanaceae
262:Piperaceae
251:Smith 1981
199:Piperaceae
179:Magnoliids
24:Piperaceae
4722:FloraBase
4501:Adoxaceae
4470:Bruniales
4402:Asterales
4271:Lamiaceae
4130:Solanales
4112:Vahliales
4064:Rubiaceae
4033:Garryales
3962:Ericaceae
3907:Ebenaceae
3844:Cornaceae
3829:Loasaceae
3814:Nyssaceae
3751:Olacaceae
3733:Cactaceae
3668:Aizoaceae
3643:Limeaceae
3480:Meliaceae
3384:Myrtaceae
3336:Cistaceae
3316:Malvaceae
2963:Violaceae
2868:Ochnaceae
2843:Pandaceae
2314:Sabiaceae
2306:Proteales
2204:Juncaceae
2169:Typhaceae
2146:Costaceae
2136:Cannaceae
2121:Lowiaceae
2060:Arecaceae
2017:Iridaceae
1977:Boryaceae
1954:Liliaceae
1724:Acoraceae
1656:Lauraceae
1547:Piperales
1385:Bryophyta
1141:1420-3049
1119:Molecules
1048:gene and
1014:Amsterdam
889:0002-9122
812:found in
777:perisperm
765:drupelike
694:epiphytic
670:perennial
618:Peperomia
438:Peperomia
423:Piperales
373:Etymology
363:Europeans
326:Peperomia
189:Piperales
136:Kingdom:
4929:piperace
4919:42000020
4914:Tropicos
4614:Wikidata
4580:Category
4354:Apiaceae
4276:Mazaceae
4186:Oleaceae
4168:Lamiales
3917:Theaceae
3854:Ericales
3806:Cornales
3796:Asterids
3653:Kewaceae
3470:Rutaceae
3356:Myrtales
3331:Bixaceae
3293:Malvales
3134:Bataceae
3003:Linaceae
2988:Peraceae
2774:Moraceae
2764:Ulmaceae
2739:Rosaceae
2696:Fagaceae
2663:Fabaceae
2572:Vitaceae
2499:Iteaceae
2296:Buxaceae
2279:Eudicots
2131:Musaceae
2047:Arecales
1901:Liliales
1716:Acorales
1706:Monocots
1618:Laurales
1258:35777607
1204:27671817
1159:30959974
973:(2001).
916:(2009).
897:25667080
794:Piperine
729:perianth
714:aromatic
710:petioles
706:Stipules
538:Zippelia
444:Zippelia
413:Taxonomy
387:Sanskrit
379:Sanskrit
241:Synonyms
195:Family:
33:– recent
4880:1022519
4620:Q156522
4316:Apiales
3982:Lamiids
3081:Malvids
3036:Huaceae
2731:Rosales
2683:Fagales
2650:Fabales
2564:Vitales
2288:Buxales
2234:Poaceae
1742:Araceae
1701:Lilidae
1249:9634089
1150:6479398
745:stigmas
741:anthers
720:Flowers
676:herbs.
559:Manekia
450:Manekia
391:पिप्पलि
383:pippali
185:Order:
140:Plantae
4864:NZOR:
4831:114297
4675:148603
2587:Fabids
2554:Rosids
2161:Poales
1366:APG IV
1256:
1246:
1202:
1192:
1157:
1147:
1139:
1090:, 105.
975:"Home"
895:
887:
773:embryo
749:pistil
700:Leaves
674:annual
453:, and
311:family
204:Giseke
4893:55398
4857:16739
4844:18224
4826:IRMNG
4805:71604
4766:10692
4748:FoAO2
4740:10692
4727:23248
4714:1PIPF
4688:625NL
4649:54540
1379:Plant
921:(PDF)
861:Piper
806:Betel
733:bract
597:Piper
467:Piper
432:Piper
381:term
320:Piper
173:Clade
160:Clade
147:Clade
4901:POWO
4852:NCBI
4839:ITIS
4813:IPNI
4787:GRIN
4779:6678
4774:GBIF
4709:EPPO
4701:4351
4670:BOLD
4657:ATRF
4644:APNI
1254:PMID
1200:PMID
1190:ISBN
1155:PMID
1137:ISSN
1050:trnK
1046:matK
893:PMID
885:ISSN
814:Kava
804:and
769:seed
417:The
357:and
260:The
38:PreꞒ
4937:WFO
4792:881
4761:FoC
4735:FNA
4696:EoL
4683:CoL
1244:PMC
1236:doi
1232:297
1182:doi
1145:PMC
1127:doi
945:hdl
935:doi
931:161
875:doi
871:102
692:or
672:or
473:of
313:of
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4916::
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4890::
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1230:.
1226:.
1198:,
1188:,
1176:,
1153:.
1143:.
1135:.
1123:24
1121:.
1117:.
1030:.
1012:.
984:.
977:.
943:.
929:.
923:.
905:^
891:.
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869:.
865:.
836:.
816:.
800:,
779:.
447:,
441:,
435:,
393:.
389::
385:,
336:.
298:iː
292:eɪ
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88:Pg
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1129::
994:.
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937::
899:.
877::
846:.
301:/
295:ʃ
289:r
286:ˈ
283:ə
280:p
277:ɪ
274:p
271:ˌ
268:/
264:(
93:N
83:K
78:J
73:T
68:P
63:C
58:D
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48:O
43:Ꞓ
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