Pipe organ - Knowledge

634:, the latter documenting organists hired to by the church and the installation of larger and permanent organs. The earliest is a payment in 1332 from the clergy of Notre Dame to an organist to perform on the feasts St. Louis and St. Michael. The Notre Dame School also shows how organs could have been used within the increased use of polyphony, which would have allowed for the use of more instrumental voices within the music. According to documentation from the 9th century by Walafrid Strabo, the organ was also used for music during other parts of the church service—the prelude and postlude the main examples—and not just for the effect of polyphony with the choir. Other possible instances of this were short interludes played on the organ either in between parts of the church service or during choral songs, but they were not played at the same time as the choir was singing. This shows that by this point in time organs were fully used within church services and not just in secular settings. Organs from earlier in the medieval period are evidenced by surviving keyboards and casings, but no pipes. Until the mid-15th century, organs had no stop controls. Each manual controlled ranks at many pitches, known as the "Blockwerk." Around 1450, controls were designed that allowed the ranks of the Blockwerk to be played individually. These devices were the forerunners of modern stop actions. The higher-pitched ranks of the Blockwerk remained grouped together under a single stop control; these stops developed into 841: 705: 1137: 1150: 884: 1348: 1178: 1016: 1282:) control multiple ranks. The name of the stop reflects not only the stop's timbre and construction, but also the style of the organ in which it resides. For example, the names on an organ built in the north German Baroque style generally will be derived from the German language, while the names of similar stops on an organ in the French Romantic style will usually be French. Most countries tend to use only their own languages for stop nomenclature. English-speaking nations as well as Japan are more receptive to foreign nomenclature. Stop names are not standardized: two otherwise identical stops from different organs may have different names. 47: 1364: 548: 1166: 1834: 4037:, Fr. -The name commonly applied by the French organ builders to such foundations and organ-toned metal stops as may be mounted or displayed in the buffet or case of an organ; accordingly, the MONTRES, which are usually of burnished tin, may be of 32 ft., 16 ft., and 8 ft. speaking lengths, as in the Organ in the Royal Church at Saint Denis near Paris. Sometimes the name is applied to the PRESTANT 4 ft., when its pipes are mounted. All the MONTRES are most carefully fashioned and finished, producing, when of tin brightly burnished, a beautiful effect in combination with the dark wood-work of the case. 1758: 1666: 1808: 865: 1514: 1785: 577: 1079: 401: 649: 745:). The Italian Baroque organ was often a single-manual instrument, without pedals. It was built on a full diapason chorus of octaves and fifths. The stop-names indicated the pitch relative to the fundamental ("Principale") and typically reached extremely short nominal pipe-lengths (for example, if the Principale were 8', the "Vigesimanona" was ½'). The highest ranks "broke back", their smallest pipes replaced by pipes pitched an octave lower to produce a kind of composite treble mixture. 1136: 386: 2110: 1599: 969: 826: 1488:, which add the pipes an octave above (super-octave) or below (sub-octave) each note that is played, may operate on one division only (for example, the Swell super octave, which adds the octave above what is played on the Swell to itself), or act as a coupler to another keyboard (for example, the Swell super-octave to Great, which adds to the Great manual the ranks of the Swell division an octave above what is played). 1197: 151: 1386: 1921: 4012:: Montre (Fr.). The case pipes of the French organ, corresponding to the English Open Diapason, the German Prestant, the Italian Principale, etc. Early alternative names were ‘le principal de devant’, ‘devanture en monstre’ (Reims Cathedral, 1570). The tone of the classical French Montre was somewhat more fluty than the various English Open Diapason types or German Principals. 1110:, which uses changes of pressure within lead tubing to operate pneumatic valves throughout the instrument. This allowed a lighter touch, and more flexibility in the location of the console, within a roughly 50-foot (15-m) limit. This type of construction was used in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and has had only rare application since the 1920s. 595:

bellows." Its portability made the portative useful for the accompaniment of both sacred and secular music in a variety of settings. The positive organ was larger than the portative organ but was still small enough to be portable and used in a variety of settings like the portative organ. Toward the middle of the 13th century, the portatives represented in the

1252:. By the mid-19th-century bellows were also operated by water engines, steam engines or gasoline engines. Starting in the 1860s bellows were gradually replaced by rotating turbines which were later directly connected to electrical motors. This made it possible for organists to practice regularly on the organ. Most organs, both new and historic, have electric 2502:. Two men come in to work the bellows, and the master stands and bidding to press on the pipes, and each pipe, according to its tuning and the master's playing, sounds the parsed of the Emperor. The guests are meanwhile seated at their tables, and twenty men enter with cymbals in their hands. The miscue continues while the guests continue their meal.' " 799:

developed to make it easier for the organist to manage the great number of stops. The desire for louder, grander organs required that the stops be voiced on a higher wind pressure than before. As a result, a greater force was required to overcome the wind pressure and depress the keys. To solve this problem, Cavaillé-Coll configured the English "

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without requiring the addition or subtraction of stops. In a two-manual organ with Great and Swell divisions, the Swell will be enclosed. In larger organs, parts or all of the Choir and Solo divisions may also be enclosed. The pipes of an enclosed division are placed in a chamber generally called the

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The development of pneumatic and electro-pneumatic key actions in the late 19th century made it possible to locate the console independently of the pipes, greatly expanding the possibilities in organ design. Electric stop actions were also developed, which allowed sophisticated combination actions to

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Many organs, particularly those built in the early 20th century, are contained in one or more rooms called organ chambers. Because sound does not project from a chamber into the room as clearly as from a freestanding organ case, enchambered organs may sound muffled and distant. For this reason, some

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organ. The portative organs were small and created for secular use and made of light weight delicate materials that would have been easy for one individual to transport and play on their own. The portative organ was a "flue-piped keyboard instrument, played with one hand while the other operated the

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allows the stops of one division to be played from the keyboard of another division. For example, a coupler labelled "Swell to Great" allows the stops drawn in the Swell division to be played on the Great manual. This coupler is a unison coupler, because it causes the pipes of the Swell division to

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Computers have made it possible to connect the console and windchests using narrow data cables instead of the much larger bundles of simple electric cables. Embedded computers in the console and near the windchests communicate with each other via various complex multiplexing syntaxes, comparable to

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When electrical wiring alone is used to connect the console to the windchest, electric actions allow the console to be separated at any practical distance from the rest of the organ, and to be movable. Electric stop actions can be controlled at the console by stop knobs, by pivoted tilting tablets,

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An organ contains two actions, or systems of moving parts: the keys, and the stops. The key action causes wind to be admitted into an organ pipe while a key is depressed. The stop action causes a rank of pipes to be engaged (i.e. playable by the keys) while a stop is in its "on" position. An action

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made it possible to build larger organs with more stops, more variation in sound and timbre, and more divisions. For instance, as early as in 1808, the first 32' contre-bombarde was installed in the great organ of Nancy Cathedral, France. Enclosed divisions became common, and registration aids were

515:. A Syrian visitor describes a pipe organ powered by two servants pumping "bellows like a blacksmith's" played while guests ate at the emperor's Christmas dinner in Constantinople in 911. The first Western European pipe organ with "great leaden pipes" was sent from Constantinople to the West by the 332:

in 812, beginning the pipe organ's establishment in Western European church music. In England, "The first organ of which any detailed record exists was built in Winchester Cathedral in the 10th century. It was a huge machine with 400 pipes, which needed two men to play it and 70 men to blow it, and

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brought new organ-building ideas from continental Europe. English organs evolved from small one- or two-manual instruments into three or more divisions disposed in the French manner with grander reeds and mixtures, though still without pedal keyboards. The Echo division began to be enclosed in the

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whose sound begins to dissipate immediately after a key is depressed. The smallest portable pipe organs may have only one or two dozen pipes and one manual; the largest organs may have over 33,000 pipes and as many as seven manuals. A list of some of the most notable and largest pipe organs in the

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The pipes, action, and wind system are almost always contained in a case, the design of which also may incorporate the console. The case blends the organ's sound and aids in projecting it into the room. The case is often designed to complement the building's architectural style and it may contain

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Cross-section of one note of a mechanical-action windchest. Trackers attach to the wires hanging through the bottom board at the left. A wire pulls down on the pallet (valve) against the tension of the V-shaped spring. Wind under pressure surrounds the pallet, and when it is pulled down, the wide

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During the Romantic period, the organ became more symphonic, capable of creating a gradual crescendo. This was made possible by voicing stops in such a way that families of tone that historically had only been used separately could now be used together, creating an entirely new way of approaching

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Different national styles of organ building began to develop, often due to changing political climates. In the Netherlands, the organ became a large instrument with several divisions, doubled ranks, and mounted cornets. The organs of northern Germany also had more divisions, and independent pedal

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of Paris. In this period, organs began to be used in secular and religious settings. The introduction of organ into religious settings is ambiguous, most likely because the original position of the Church was that instrumental music was not to be allowed. By the 12th century there is evidence for

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rank may also be made available as a 4′ Octave. When both of these stops are selected and a key (for example, c′) is pressed, two pipes of the same rank will sound: the pipe normally corresponding to the key played (c′), and the pipe one octave above that (c′′). Because the 8′ rank does not have

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key layout across its three manuals and pedalboard, although the keys were wider than on modern instruments. The width of the keys was slightly over two and a half inches, wide enough to be struck down by the fist, as the early keys are reported to have invariably been manipulated. It had twenty

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It is a remarkable wooden object like an oil-press, and covered with solid leather. Sixty copper pipes are placed in it, so that they project above the leather, and where they are visible above the leather they are gilded. You can only see a small part of some of them, as they are of different

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when a key is depressed is called an 8′ (pronounced "eight-foot") pitch. This refers to the speaking length of the lowest-sounding pipe in that rank, which is approximately eight feet (2.4 m). For the same reason, a stop that sounds an octave higher is at 4′ pitch, and one that sounds two

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Tracker action has been used from antiquity to modern times. Before the pallet opens, wind pressure augments tension of the pallet spring, but once the pallet opens, only the spring tension is felt at the key. This sudden decrease of key pressure against the finger provides a "breakaway" feel.

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constructed instruments that were in themselves artistic, displaying both exquisite craftsmanship and beautiful sound. These organs featured well-balanced mechanical key actions, giving the organist precise control over the pipe speech. Schnitger's organs featured particularly distinctive reed

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Although most countries whose music falls into the Western tradition have contributed to the organ repertoire, France and Germany in particular have produced exceptionally large amounts of organ music. There is also an extensive repertoire from the Netherlands, England, and the United States.

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Regulation adjusts the action so that all pipes sound correctly. If the regulation is wrongly set, the keys may be at different heights, some pipes may sound when the keys are not pressed (a "cipher"), or pipes may not sound when a key is pressed. Tracker action, for example in the organ of

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admits air to each rank. For a given pipe to sound, the stop governing the pipe's rank must be engaged, and the key corresponding to its pitch must be depressed. Ranks of pipes are organized into groups called divisions. Each division generally is played from its own keyboard and conceptually

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couplers, which prevent the stops pulled in a particular division from sounding at their normal pitch. These can be used in combination with octave couplers to create innovative aural effects, and can also be used to rearrange the order of the manuals to make specific pieces easier to play.

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gives an idea of what organs were like prior to the 13th century, after which more records of large church organs exist. In his account, he describes the sound of the organ: "among them bells outstanding in tone and size, and an organ through bronze pipes prepared according to the musical

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have since built hybrid organs. Allen Organs first introduced the electronic organ in 1937 and in 1971 created the first digital organ using CMOS technology borrowed from NASA which created the digital pipe organ using sound recorded from actual speaking pipes and incorporating the sounds

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Organ builders began to prefer specifications with fewer mixtures and high-pitched stops, more 8′ and 16′ stops and wider pipe scales. These practices created a warmer, richer sound than was common in the 18th century. Organs began to be built in concert halls (such as the organ at the

1556:. This device is usually placed above the centre of the pedalboard and is configured to rotate away from the organist from a near-vertical position (in which the shades are closed) to a near-horizontal position (in which the shades are open). An organ may also have a similar-looking 840: 1922: 2113: 1924: 1149: 907:

In the late 20th century, organ builders began to incorporate digital components into their key, stop, and combination actions. Besides making these mechanisms simpler and more reliable, this also makes it possible to record and play back an organist's performance using the

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of the keyboards has varied widely across time and between countries. Most current specifications call for two or more manuals with sixty-one notes (five octaves, from C to c″″) and a pedalboard with thirty or thirty-two notes (two and a half octaves, from C to f′ or g′).

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The purpose of extended ranks and of their being borrowed is to save on the number of pipes. For example, without unification, three stops may use 183 pipes. With unification three stops may borrow one extended rank of 85 pipes. That's 98 fewer pipes used for those three

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The label on a stop knob or rocker tab indicates the stop's name and its pitch in feet. Stops that control multiple ranks display a Roman numeral indicating the number of ranks present, instead of pitch. Thus, a stop labelled "Open Diapason 8′ " is a single-rank

1118:. In such actions, an electromagnet attracts a small pilot valve which lets wind go to a bellows (the "pneumatic" component) which opens the pallet. When electricity operates the action directly without the assistance of pneumatics, it is commonly referred to as 1700:

The main development of organ repertoire has progressed along with that of the organ itself, leading to distinctive national styles of composition. Because organs are commonly found in churches and synagogues, the organ repertoire includes a large amount of

1464:, meaning "foot"). Every organ has at least one manual (most have two or more), and most have a pedalboard. Each keyboard is named for a particular division of the organ (a group of ranks) and generally controls only the stops from that division. The 1212:, which gives the pressure as the difference in water levels in the two legs of the manometer. The difference in water level is proportional to the difference in pressure between the wind and the atmosphere. The 0.10 psi above would register as 2.75 1925: 1482:

sound at the same pitch as the keys played on the Great manual. Coupling allows stops from different divisions to be combined to create various tonal effects. It also allows every stop of the organ to be played simultaneously from one manual.

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A more recent development is the electric action, which uses low voltage DC to control the key and/or stop mechanisms. Electricity may control the action indirectly by activating air pressure valves (pneumatics), in which case the action is

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octaves higher is at 2′ pitch. Likewise, a stop that sounds an octave lower than unison pitch is at 16′ pitch, and one that sounds two octaves lower is at 32′ pitch. Stops of different pitch levels are designed to be played simultaneously.

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may be on only 2.2 inches (56 mm), while (in the extreme) solo stops in some large 20th-century organs may require up to 50 inches (1,300 mm). In isolated, extreme cases, some stops have been voiced on 100 inches (2,500 mm).

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became remarkably consistent throughout France over the course of the Baroque era, more so than any other style of organ building in history, and standardized registrations developed. This type of instrument was elaborately described by

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The wind system consists of the parts that produce, store, and deliver wind to the pipes. Pipe organ wind pressures are on the order of 0.10 psi (0.69 kPa). Organ builders traditionally measure organ wind using a water U-tube

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may be mechanical, pneumatic, or electrical (or some combination of these, such as electro-pneumatic). The key action is independent of the stop action, allowing an organ to combine a mechanical key action with an electric stop action.

1549:; their position can be adjusted from the console. When the swell shades are open, more sound is heard than when they are closed. Sometimes the shades are exposed, but they are often concealed behind a row of facade-pipes or a grill. 1090:

In a mechanical stop action, each stop control operates a valve for a whole rank of pipes. When the organist selects a stop, the valve allows wind to reach the selected rank. The first kind of control used for this purpose was a draw

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A pipe organ contains one or more sets of pipes, a wind system, and one or more keyboards. The pipes produce sound when pressurized air produced by the wind system passes through them. An action connects the keyboards to the pipes.

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instruments modeled on Baroque organs. They returned to building mechanical key actions, voicing with lower wind pressures and thinner pipe scales, and designing specifications with more mixture stops. This became known as the

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From 800 to the 1400s, the use and construction of organs developed in significant ways, from the invention of the portative and positive organs to the installation of larger organs in major churches such as the cathedrals of

337:. By the 17th century, most of the sounds available on the modern classical organ had been developed. At that time, the pipe organ was the most complex human-made device—a distinction it retained until it was displaced by the 1560:, found alongside any expression pedals. Pressing the crescendo pedal forward cumulatively activates the stops of the organ, starting with the softest and ending with the loudest; pressing it backward reverses this process. 697:

divisions became increasingly common. Organ makers began designing their cases in such a way that the divisions of the organ were visibly discernible. Twentieth-century musicologists have retroactively labelled this the

1807: 1590:(affecting all the divisions), and are either preset by the organ builder or can be altered by the organist. Modern combination actions operate via computer memory, and can store several channels of registrations. 199: 473:

began to appear in the Eastern Roman Empire in the 6th or 7th century AD. Some 400 pieces of a hydraulis from the year 228 AD were revealed during the 1931 archaeological excavations in the former Roman town

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developed throughout the 20th century. Some pipe organs were replaced by digital organs because of their lower purchase price, smaller physical size, and minimal maintenance requirements. In the early 1970s,

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The goal of tuning a pipe organ is to adjust the pitch of each pipe so that they all sound in tune with each other. How the pitch of each pipe is adjusted depends on the type and construction of that pipe.

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enough pipes to sound the top octave of the keyboard at 4′ pitch, it is common for an extra octave of pipes used only for the borrowed 4′ stop to be added. In this case, the full rank of pipes (now an

2035:. Very little secular organ music was composed in France and Italy during the Baroque period; the written repertoire is almost exclusively intended for liturgical use. In England, composers such as 1050:

Pipes are arranged by timbre and pitch into ranks. A rank is a set of pipes of the same timbre but multiple pitches (one for each note on the keyboard), which is mounted (usually vertically) onto a

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In the 19th and 20th centuries, organ builders began to build instruments in concert halls and other large secular venues, allowing the organ to be used as part of an orchestra, as in Saint-Saëns'

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To pull out all the stops literally, then, is to pull out every knob so that air is allowed to blast through every rank as the organist plays, which creates a powerful blast of unfiltered sound.

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Pipe organs are installed in churches, synagogues, concert halls, schools, mansions, other public buildings and in private properties. They are used in the performance of classical music,

803:" to assist in operating the key action. This is, essentially, a servomechanism that uses wind pressure from the air plenum, to augment the force that is exerted by the player's fingers. 1833: 1651:

modern builders, particularly those building instruments specializing in polyphony rather than Romantic compositions, avoid this unless the architecture of the room makes it necessary.

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The organ is one of the oldest instruments still used in European classical music that has commonly been credited as having derived from Greece. Its earliest predecessors were built in

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Organ stops can be combined in many permutations, resulting in a great variety of sounds. A combination action can be used to switch instantly from one combination of stops (called a

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Sometimes, a single rank of pipes may be able to be controlled by several stops, allowing the rank to be played at multiple pitches or on multiple manuals. Such a rank is said to be

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lengths. On one side of this structure there is a hole in which they place a bellows like a blacksmith's. three crosses are placed at the two extremities and in the middle of the

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or rocker tabs. These are simple switches, like wall switches for room lights. Some may include electromagnets for automatic setting or resetting when combinations are selected.

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and volume of the sound produced by a pipe depends on the volume of air delivered to the pipe and the manner in which it is constructed and voiced, the latter adjusted by the

1177: 1165: 1095:, which the organist selects by pulling (or drawing) toward himself/herself. Pulling all of the knobs thus activates all available pipes, and is the origin of the idiom " 5039: 4876: 4339: 611:

proportions." This is one of the earliest accounts of organs in Europe and also indicates that the organ was large and more permanent than other evidence would suggest.

2537: 1784: 249:. Most organs have many ranks of pipes of differing pitch, timbre, and volume that the player can employ singly or in combination through the use of controls called 996:

Organ pipes are made from either wood or metal and produce sound ("speak") when air under pressure ("wind") is directed through them. As one pipe produces a single

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that can be pressed by the organist, generally located beneath the keys of each manual (thumb pistons) or above the pedalboard (toe pistons). The pistons may be

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its sound could be heard throughout the city." Beginning in the 12th century, the organ began to evolve into a complex instrument capable of producing different

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Organ cases occasionally feature a few ranks of pipes protruding horizontally from the case in the manner of a row of trumpets. These are referred to as pipes

1325:(a wheel of rotating bells), the nightingale (a pipe submerged in a small pool of water, creating the sound of a bird warbling when wind is admitted), and the 2511:

Willis, Henry. "The Organ, Its History and Development." Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association. Vol. 73. No. 1. Taylor & Francis Group, 1946. p. 60

1861:. Pre-Renaissance keyboard music is found in compiled manuscripts that may include compositions from a variety of regions. The oldest of these sources is the 3088:

Bowles, E. A. (1962). The Organ in the Medieval Liturgical Service. Revue Belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift Voor Muziekwetenschap, 16(1/4), 13–29.

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and psalm settings. Sweelinck in particular developed a rich collection of keyboard figuration that influenced subsequent composers. The Italian composer

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would operate a set of bellows, supplying the organ with wind. Rather than hire a calcant, an organist might practise on some other instrument such as a

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to describe the organ as "the king of instruments", a characterization still frequently applied. The Halberstadt organ was the first instrument to use a

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were popular; and in the homes of the wealthy. The beginning of the 21st century has seen a resurgence in installations in concert halls. A substantial

304:, in the 3rd century BC, in which the wind supply was created by the weight of displaced water in an airtight container. By the 6th or 7th century AD, 3141: 630:

Records of other organs permanently installed and used in worship services in the late 13th and 14th centuries are found in large cathedrals such as

2714: 825: 3600: 2570: 1354: 3024: 4318: 2690: 1099:". More modern stop selectors, utilized in electric actions, are ordinary electrical switches and/or magnetic valves operated by a rocker tab. 266:

played by the feet; each keyboard controls its own division (group of stops). The keyboard(s), pedalboard, and stops are housed in the organ's

2253:, wrote post-tonal organ music. Messiaen's music in particular redefined many of the traditional notions of organ registration and technique. 1363: 1256:, although some can still be operated manually. The wind supplied is stored in one or more regulators to maintain a constant pressure in the 627:

bellows operated by ten men, and the wind pressure was so high that the player had to use the full strength of their arm to hold down a key.

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Ahrens, Christian (2006). In Bush, Douglas & Kassel, Richard (Eds.), The Organ: an Encyclopedia, pp. 399–499. New York: Routledge.

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for the leading background score. The final recording took place in London's Temple Church on 1926 four-manual Harrison and Harrison organ.

1682:, includes adjustment nuts on the wire ends of the wooden trackers, which have the effect of changing the effective length of each tracker. 1329:("thunder effect", a device that sounds the lowest bass pipes simultaneously). Standard orchestral percussion instruments such as the drum, 3652: 2052:

Organ music was seldom written in the Classical era, as composers preferred the piano with its ability to create dynamics. In Germany, the

1933: 272:. The organ's continuous supply of wind allows it to sustain notes for as long as the corresponding keys are pressed, unlike the piano and 3940: 5372: 4005: 1615:, will most often contain pipes, which may be either sounding pipes or dummy pipes solely for decoration. The façade pipes may be plain, 3856: 3711: 2000:

fused characteristics of every national tradition and historical style in his large-scale preludes and fugues and chorale-based works.

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Before the Baroque era, keyboard music generally was not written for one instrument or another, but rather was written to be played on

1083: 3951: 3837: 3826: 1075:. When the organist depresses a key, the corresponding rod (called a tracker) pulls open its pallet, allowing wind to enter the pipe. 950:

allow the organist to control which ranks of pipes sound at a given time. The organist operates the stops and the keyboards from the

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Thistlethwaite, Nicholas (1999). "Origins and development of the organ". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

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periods, the organ's tonal colors became more varied. Organ builders fashioned stops that imitated various instruments, such as the

4913: 2737: 2493:, p. 118. "the narrative of the Syrian hostage Harun Ibn Yahya...'This is what happens at Christmas...they bring what is called an 465:, which delivered a wind supply maintained through water pressure to a set of pipes. The hydraulis was played in the arenas of the 30:

This article is about organs that produce sound by driving wind through various pipes. For an overview of related instruments, see

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keyboard instrument. For this reason, much of the organ's repertoire through the Renaissance period is the same as that of the

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Beginning in the early 20th century in Germany and in the mid-20th century in the United States, organ builders began to build

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Higginbottom, Edward (1999). "The French classical organ school". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

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Brooks, Gerard (1999). "French and Belgian organ music after 1800". In Nicholas Thistlethwaite & Geoffrey Webber (Eds.),

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showing the tracker action. The black rods, called rollers, rotate to transmit movement sideways to line up with the pipes.

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It is difficult to directly determine when larger were first installed in Europe. An early detailed eyewitness account from

3236: 2378: 469:. The pumps and water regulators of the hydraulis were replaced by an inflated leather bag in the 2nd century AD, and true 285:, i.e. 'the number of ranks and additional equipment managed from a single console'—can be found in the quarterly magazine 4881: 4859: 5771: 4994: 3161: 2162: 1143:

rectangular chamber above the pallet feeds wind to all pipes of this note and stop; note the cutaway passages at the top.

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electronically within the memory of the digital organ thus having real pipe organ sound without the actual organ pipes.

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The pipe organ in the Organ of the St Viktor Church, Dülmen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, exhibits a modern façade.

596: 4717: 1201: 486:), which was used as a music instrument by the Aquincum fire dormitory; a modern replica produces an enjoyable sound. 4812: 4693: 4684:

Webber, Geoffrey (1999). "The north German organ school". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

4679: 4665: 4651: 4633: 4619: 4605: 4591: 4577: 4563: 4549: 4521: 4507: 4493: 4479: 4465: 4450: 4436: 4030: 3535: 3263: 3054: 2939: 2794: 2756: 2611: 2490: 1865:, dating from about 1360. The Buxheimer Orgelbuch, which dates from about 1470 and was compiled in Germany, includes 896: 832: 709: 75: 4596:

McCrea, Andrew (1999). "British organ music after 1800". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

4586:. In Bush, Douglas & Kassel, Richard (Eds.), The Organ: an Encyclopedia, pp. 526–527. New York: Routledge. 4572:. In Bush, Douglas & Kassel, Richard (Eds.), The Organ: an Encyclopedia, pp. 145–146. New York: Routledge. 4512:

Dalton, James (1999). "Iberian organ music before 1700". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

2060:(published 1845) marked the beginning of a renewed interest in composing for the organ. Inspired by the newly built 4962:, photos and specifications of some of the world's most interesting organs (subscription required for some content) 504: 308:

were used to supply Byzantine organs with wind. A pipe organ with "great leaden pipes" was sent to the West by the

4628:. In Bush, Douglas & Kassel, Richard (Eds.), The Organ: an Encyclopedia, pp. 70–71. New York: Routledge. 4191:

Yearsley, David (1999). "The organ music of J. S. Bach". In Nicholas Thistlethwaite & Geoffrey Webber (Eds.),

5786: 5365: 4498:

Cox, Geoffrey (1999). "English organ music to c1700". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

3572: 2298: 4902: 4210: 3483: 3035:(subscription required, though relevant reference is viewable in concise article). Retrieved on 26 January 2008. 2141: 1821: 912:

protocol. In addition, some organ builders have incorporated digital (electronic) stops into their pipe organs.

4974: 2684: 2627: 2130: 883: 870: 2217:

In the 20th-century symphonic repertoire, both sacred and secular, continued to progress through the music of

5781: 4456:

Bicknell, Stephen (1999). "Organ building today". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

4193: 2095: 2023:. Because the French organ of the 17th and early 18th centuries was very standardized, a conventional set of 1798: 1040: 787: 765: 393: 5766: 4887: 4470:

Bicknell, Stephen (1999). "Organ construction". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

3586:(1777) (subscription required, though relevant reference is viewable in preview). Retrieved on 22 May 2007. 3138: 1679: 1285:

To facilitate a large range of timbres, organ stops exist at different pitch levels. A stop that sounds at

1156: 508: 445: 185: 1071:

A key action in which the keys are connected to the windchests by only rods and levers is a mechanical or

5076: 3864: 3811: 2786: 2723: 2711: 181: 17: 4287: 4174: 4152: 4130: 4069: 3596: 2563: 1553: 1096: 1015: 5358: 4709: 4484:

Bicknell, Stephen (1999). "The organ case". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

3021: 1012:

to produce the desired tone and volume. Hence a pipe's volume cannot be readily changed while playing.

989: 973: 46: 4933: 4064:

Caldwell, John (2007). "Sources of keyboard music to 1660, §2: Individual sources". In L. Macy (Ed.),

5008: 2674: 2118: 1881: 791: 5651: 5309: 5202: 5136: 5131: 3455: 2322: 2091: 1937: 1115: 1107: 2259:

was an organist who studied the music of German composer Johann Sebastian Bach and influenced the

2076:

led organ music into the symphonic realm. The development of symphonic organ music continued with

1513: 5691: 5419: 5241: 5171: 4377: 2133: 2126: 2122: 2106:'s symphonic works made use of the abilities of the large Romantic organs then built in Germany. 2040: 1968:. Near the end of the Baroque era, the chorale prelude and the partita became mixed, forming the 1768: 1695: 847: 753: 600: 547: 3648: 461:

is credited with inventing the organ in the 3rd century BC. He devised an instrument called the

5776: 4984: 3937: 2195: 2001: 1119: 851: 795: 607: 4993:, list of organs in Australia and New Zealand investigated by John Stiller, Research Officer, 4940:, an online pipe organ database with specifications of more than 10,000 organs in 95 countries 2809: 2521: 2198:. Because these concert hall instruments could approximate the sounds of symphony orchestras, 1813: 1669:

Tracker action showing adjusters on tracker ends which engage with the keys of the great organ

812: 734: 5587: 4544:(7th ed.). Edited by Catherine Crozier Gleason. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 3853: 2808:

Douglas Bush and Richard Kassel eds., "The Organ, an Encyclopedia." Routledge. 2006. p. 327.

2260: 2199: 1997: 1764: 1744: 901: 871:

The Cavaillé-Coll organ of the cathedral of Nancy, featured the first 32' Bombarde in France.

777:

and the independent pedal division appeared in English organs beginning in the 18th century.

685: 365: 3762: 3708: 1905: 1541:. At least one side of the box is constructed from horizontal or vertical palettes known as 5554: 5304: 5251: 5236: 5211: 5176: 5032: 4208:

Michael Haydn: Duo Concertante for viola and organ. Joseph Haydn: Organ Concerto in C major

3823: 3626: 2828:

The Organ from its invention in the Hellenistic period to the end of the thirteenth century

2028: 2027:

developed for its repertoire. The music of French composers (and Italian composers such as

2024: 1957: 1941: 1390: 977: 770: 689: 619: 614:

The first organ documented to have been permanently installed was one installed in 1361 in

561: 205:

Improvisation in E, played on the organ located in the St. George's Minster in the town of

87: 52: 4987:, an online database of medieval musical iconography (featuring images of medieval organs) 4896:, a comprehensive database of over 2500 stops with descriptions, pictures, and sound clips 2016: 8: 5761: 5559: 5549: 5439: 5385: 5299: 5256: 5226: 5059: 2535:

http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/worship-and-music/music-choir/the-cathedral-organ/

2272: 2073: 1981: 1862: 1665: 1631: 1217: 921: 749: 631: 565: 278: 60: 4910: 4398:"Church organ playing Hans Zimmer's epic 'Interstellar' theme makes our world feel tiny" 4125:

Caldwell, John (2007). "Keyboard music, §I: Keyboard music to c1750". In L. Macy (Ed.),

2931: 1035:

according to their design and timbre. Flue pipes produce sound by forcing air through a

808: 5719: 5216: 5141: 4282:

Owen, Barbara (2007). "Keyboard music, §II: Organ music from c1750". In L. Macy (Ed.),

3967: 3312: 2913: 2878: 2103: 2081: 2069: 1616: 1611:

ornamental carvings and other decorations. The visible portion of the case, called the

1569: 933: 757: 657: 586:

Several innovations occurred to organs in the Middle Ages, such as the creation of the

338: 222: 160: 2222: 570: 31: 5678: 5661: 5188: 4822: 4808: 4757: 4743: 4689: 4675: 4661: 4647: 4629: 4615: 4601: 4587: 4573: 4559: 4545: 4531: 4517: 4503: 4489: 4475: 4461: 4446: 4432: 4334:

Lozenz, James Edward (2006). "Organ Transcriptions and the Late Romantic Period". In

4026: 3766: 3531: 3259: 3050: 2935: 2790: 2752: 2680: 2607: 2486: 2404: 2256: 2183: 2057: 2045: 2020: 1989: 1929: 1660: 1644: 1626: 1221: 1044: 1020: 928:

organ, an electronic instrument that incorporates real pipes; other builders such as

665: 576: 281:. A ranking of the largest organs in the world—based on the criterion constructed by 5564: 4968:, stoplists, pictures and information about some 33,500 pipe organs around the world 3450: 3233: 2435: 1298:

stop sounding at 8′ pitch. A stop labelled "Mixture V" is a five-rank mixture.

282: 5615: 5579: 5404: 5381: 5350: 5324: 5294: 5106: 5086: 2979: 2905: 2870: 2230: 1977: 1961: 1908:

began the most prolific period of Spanish organ composition, which culminated with

1885: 1840: 1691: 1606:, Thuringia, Germany has a highly decorative case with ornate carvings and cherubs. 1533: 1508: 916: 720:

In France, as in Italy, Spain and Portugal, organs were primarily designed to play

516: 369: 237:. Because each pipe produces a single pitch, the pipes are provided in sets called 234: 4956:, featuring history and specifications of 28,000 pipe organs in the United Kingdom 3800: 2234: 2061: 5666: 5646: 5518: 5314: 5101: 4978: 4937: 4917: 4906: 4784: 4721: 4384: 4364: 4343: 4319:

Pipe organs are popping up in concert halls nationwide. Now—what to play on them?

4291: 4214: 4178: 4156: 4134: 4073: 3974: 3955: 3944: 3860: 3841: 3830: 3807: 3715: 3576: 3319: 3240: 3165: 3145: 3028: 2744: 2718: 2634: 2574: 2541: 2226: 2179: 2157: 1993: 1985: 1969: 1909: 1732: 1718: 1702: 1557: 1522: 1275: 1253: 1055: 1004:. The greater the length of the pipe, the lower its resulting pitch will be. The 635: 587: 552: 524: 451: 400: 345: 317: 246: 5261: 2218: 2174:

Other composers who have used the organ prominently in orchestral music include

2065: 1790: 1279: 769:

early 18th century, and in 1712, Abraham Jordan claimed his "swelling organ" at

748:

In England, many pipe organs were destroyed or removed from churches during the

110: 5740: 5724: 5686: 5630: 5592: 5511: 5429: 5319: 5123: 5096: 5091: 5068: 4870: 3480:"The Physics of Organ Actions, Part 1: Mechanical Actions, "Fore-touch weight"" 2306: 2191: 2086: 2032: 2012: 2005: 1953: 1889: 1870: 1794: 1740: 1451: 1446: 1432: 1427: 1072: 1009: 981: 761: 591: 580: 512: 494: 490: 417: 409: 301: 263: 258: 135: 4337:

An Organ Transcription of the Messe in C, op. 169 by Josef Gabriel Rheinberger

3139:

A brief look at the French Classical organ, its origins and German counterpart

2090:

that exploited the full possibilities of the symphonic organ, such as Widor's

1171:

Schematic animation of a mechanical-action windchest with three ranks of pipes

206: 5755: 5701: 5625: 5506: 5489: 5474: 5469: 5399: 5334: 5081: 4387:". Moore's School of Music: University of Houston. Retrieved on 19 June 2007. 2955:

Williams, Peter (1994). "Difficulties in Understanding the Earliest Organs".

2408: 2392: 2302: 2242: 2211: 2207: 2187: 2149: 2011:

In France, organ music developed during the Baroque era through the music of

1965: 1728: 1465: 1380: 1310: 1295: 1213: 1209: 1183: 1001: 997: 951: 816: 681: 669: 653: 648: 618:, Germany. The first documented permanent organ installation likely prompted 520: 425: 357: 353: 349: 313: 267: 168: 142: 4777: 4357: 4347:(PDF). Florida State University College of Music. Retrieved on 19 June 2007. 3678: 3101:

Gwynn, Dominic (2015). "The Mediaeval Tradition in English Organ Building".

3070:

Williams, Peter (1997). "Further on The Organ in Western Culture 750–1250".

2970:

Caldwell, John (1966). "The Organ in the Medieval Latin Liturgy, 800–1500".

1973: 786:

organ registration. New technologies and the work of organ builders such as

5696: 5607: 5569: 5449: 5284: 5221: 5011:

about the large & small, famous & unique pipe organs of the world.

4863: 4854:, pipe organ website with information and detailed photos of various organs 4714: 2983: 2345: 2175: 2077: 1949: 1874: 1866: 1546: 1330: 929: 855: 800: 466: 4890:, a gallery of over 2000 pipe organ pictures from many different countries 3158: 2896:

Bridges, Geoffrey (1991). "Medieval Portatives: Some Technical Comments".

5597: 5528: 5454: 5339: 5329: 5289: 5271: 4948: 2267: 2246: 2238: 2203: 1858: 1843:(1986) championed an innovative and unprecedented approach to organ music 1525:, Germany. The expression pedal is visible directly above the pedalboard. 1518: 1322: 1249: 1229: 1078: 615: 532: 385: 361: 325: 297: 273: 4959: 1321:

Special unpitched stops also appear in some organs. Among these are the

569:

permanently installed organs existing in religious settings such as the

5656: 5620: 5484: 5444: 5424: 5266: 5198: 5161: 5153: 5018: 4981:

documents organs present and past in the five boroughs of New York City

3719: 1723: 1639: 1598: 1269: 1245: 1092: 968: 963: 947: 721: 250: 230: 4884:, a repository of information on significant organs and organ builders 4207: 3569: 2917: 2882: 539:

in 812, beginning its establishment in Western European church music.

497:(d. 913), in his lexicographical discussion of instruments, cited the 5533: 5434: 5246: 5183: 5166: 5118: 5113: 5024: 4899: 2250: 2099: 2036: 1032: 1028: 774: 673: 623: 462: 458: 434: 405: 389: 309: 125: 102: 94: 80: 5012: 4971: 4943: 1413:

are accessed from the console. The console is either built into the

1122:. In this type, the electromagnet's armature carries a disc pallet. 5464: 5409: 2909: 2874: 2676:

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa

1901: 483: 479: 475: 3089: 2084:. Widor and Vierne wrote large-scale, multi-movement works called 5496: 5414: 5231: 3049:(2nd ed.). Dover Publications. pp. Volume II, page 61. 1897: 1893: 1714: 1620: 1334: 1237: 1196: 713: 470: 305: 4839: 5523: 5459: 1706: 1603: 1578:) to another. Combination actions feature small buttons called 1493: 1385: 1286: 1233: 1036: 1005: 536: 528: 334: 329: 321: 242: 70:

Organ, Church organ (used only for organs in houses of worship)

2202:

of orchestral works found a place in the organ repertoire. As

2148:). Frequently the organ is given a soloistic part, such as in 1952:. Sacred organ music was based on chorales: composers such as 150: 5501: 4819:

A New History of the Organ from the Greeks to the Present Day

4642:. In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.), 4284: 4171: 4149: 4127: 4066: 1984:. The primary type of free-form piece in this period was the 1817: 1736: 725: 440: 428: 5001: 4798:

The Organ: Its evolution, principles of construction and use

4658:

The Organ: Its Evolution, Principles of Construction and Use

599:

appear to have real keyboards with balanced keys, as in the

4930: 4688:, pp. 219–235. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4646:, pp. 148–163. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4600:, pp. 279–298. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4558:, pp. 176–189. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4516:, pp. 165–175. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4502:, pp. 109–203. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2043:

wrote multi-sectional free works for liturgical use called

1710: 1338: 909: 677: 4953: 4851: 4845: 4793:. Colfax, North Carolina: Wayne Leupold Editions. No ISBN. 3310:"The decline of mixtures," in George Laing Miller (1913), 854:

containing numerous innovations, and especially the first

5007:"TourBus to the King of Instruments" – video series with 4965: 4893: 4488:, pp. 55–81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4474:, pp. 18–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4460:, pp. 82–92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4147:

McLean, Hugh J. (2007). "Böhm, Georg". In L. Macy (Ed.),

2932:

Critical and Bibliographical Notes on Early Spanish Music

1778:) forms an important part of the instrument's repertoire. 1552:

The most common method of controlling the louvers is the

4674:, pp. 1–17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3948: 3834: 2648:"The Museums of Macedonia:Archaeological Museum of Dion" 1444:, meaning "hand"). The keyboard played by the feet is a 1186:, patron saint of music, depicted playing the pipe organ 296:

The origins of the pipe organ can be traced back to the

2305:

has four stops on 100 inches and ten stops on 50.

1457: 1274:

Each stop usually controls one rank of pipes, although

439:), a generic term for an instrument or a tool, via the 404:

4th century AD "Mosaic of the Female Musicians" from a

225:

that produces sound by driving pressurised air (called

4724:, Q. Faulkner, trans (2011). Lincoln, NE: Zea E-Books. 4169:

Ledbetter, David (2007). "Prelude". In L. Macy (Ed.),

2783:

On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments

1397:

The controls available to the organist, including the

51:

Pipe organ in the collegiate church of St. Michael in

4308:, pp. 274–275. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3977:. The Cinema Organ Society. Retrieved on 7 July 2009. 3206: 3204: 2628:

Pipe organs 101: an introduction to pipe organ basics

1059:

comprises an individual instrument within the organ.

756:

period. Some were relocated to private homes. At the

498: 392:

from the 1st century BC, oldest organ found to date,

5380: 3525: 3507:

William H. Barnes, "The Contemporary American Organ"

2477: 2475: 1406: 3410:

William H. Barnes "The Contemporary American Organ"

1880:In the Renaissance period, Dutch composers such as 1873:. The earliest Italian organ music is found in the 1438: 1260:until the action allows it to flow into the pipes. 693:timbres and large Pedal and Rückpositiv divisions. 245:, volume, and construction throughout the keyboard 4791:A Guide to the Pipe Organ for Composers and Others 3773:. Google Book search. Retrieved on 15 August 2008. 3570:Dietrich Buxtehude's organ works: A practical help 3201: 2736:Liddell, Henry George & Scott, Robert (1940). 1820:) famously included a prominent organ part in his 1502: 1389:The five-manual, 522-stop detached console at the 1000:, multiple pipes are necessary to accommodate the 831:A typical modern 20th-century console, located in 643: 4877:Organ transcriptions and the Late Romantic Period 4295:(subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 4182:(subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 4160:(subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 4138:(subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 4077:(subscription required). Retrieved on 7 May 2008. 3739: 3737: 3244:. Ferguson (Tr.) (1977). Retrieved on 7 May 2007. 2861:Bridges, Geoffrey (1992). "Medieval Portatives". 2606:. Richmond VA USA: The Organ Historical Society. 2472: 1043:, whereas reed pipes produce sound via a beating 503:(organ) as one of the typical instruments of the 5753: 4738:Bush, Douglas and Kassel, Richard (Ed.) (2006). 4358:Literature-based reed assignment in organ design 4197:, p. 236. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3430:"What Does It Mean to 'Pull Out All the Stops'?" 2391:Szostak, Michał (November 2017 – January 2018). 1948:Early Baroque organ music in Germany was highly 2154:Symphonie Concertante for Organ & Orchestra 360:to accompany the screening of films during the 256:A pipe organ has one or more keyboards (called 4873:, a scholarly description of flue pipe physics 4768:The History of the Organ in the United States. 3734: 3530:(Second ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 3–4. 3388: 3386: 3168:. GBM MARKETING ApS. Retrieved on 13 May 2008. 364:era; in municipal auditoria, where orchestral 356:. In the early 20th century, pipe organs were 5366: 5040: 5021:about large pipe organs in USA and in Europe. 5013:American Video & Audio Production Company 3503: 3501: 3185: 3183: 2995: 2993: 2564:"Strange ills afflict pipe organs of Europe". 1643:and are particularly common in organs of the 5017:"The Joy of Music" – television series with 4949:The Top 20 – The World's Largest Pipe Organs 4944:Organ Historical Society Pipe Organ Database 4848:, quarterly UK publication about pipe organs 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 3765:. Revised edition. Augsburg Fortress. p. 9. 3367: 3365: 2767: 2765: 2390: 2317: 2315: 1623:, or painted and are usually referred to as 1236:required at least one person to operate the 1232:, playing the organ before the invention of 535:requested a similar organ for his chapel in 328:requested a similar organ for his chapel in 4006:New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 3877: 3875: 3873: 3677:. Nzorgan.com. 26 July 1997. Archived from 3383: 2999:Kennedy, Michael (Ed.) (2002). "Organ". In 1892:wrote in the typical Italian genres of the 1717:elements, etc.) as well as solo in nature ( 1455: 1436: 1425:Keyboards played by the hands are known as 1341:have also been imitated in organ building. 443: 5373: 5359: 5047: 5033: 4860:"A Young Person's Guide to the Pipe Organ" 4775:De Organographia, Parts III – V with Index 4528:The Language of the Classical French Organ 3498: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3180: 3171: 3003:, p. 644. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2990: 2774: 2169: 1996:, Böhm, and Buxtehude. The organ music of 1369:M.P. Möller three-rank chapel organ (1936) 1318:) is one octave longer than the keyboard. 819:used the organ in their orchestral works. 708:Baroque pipe organ of the 18th century at 375: 5002:Resources for pipe organ video recordings 4821:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 4263: 4121: 4119: 3528:Process Instruments and Controls Handbook 3362: 3148:". Steve Thomas. Retrieved on 7 May 2007. 2848:Music and Ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris 2762: 2597: 2595: 2312: 2309:. Oddmusic.com. Retrieved on 4 July 2007. 2214:to provide accompaniment for the films. 1915: 984:, Utah, has 11,623 pipes and accompanies 4325:, Nov–Dec 2004. Retrieved on 7 May 2007. 3906: 3904: 3870: 3763:Instruction Book for Beginning Organists 3253: 3069: 2969: 2954: 2850:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2759:. Perseus. Retrieved on 9 February 2008. 2640: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2108: 1919: 1664: 1654: 1597: 1512: 1384: 1195: 1077: 1047:, like that of a clarinet or saxophone. 1014: 967: 882: 703: 647: 575: 551:9th century image of an organ, from the 546: 399: 384: 197: 4807:Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 4614:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 4367:". PIPORG-L. Retrieved on 19 June 2007. 3910:Wicks "Swell division", "Swell shades". 3625:. Bowralanglican.org.au. Archived from 3313:The Recent Revolution in Organ Building 3272: 3044: 2895: 2860: 2780: 2433: 2163:Concerto for Organ, Strings and Tympani 1869:of vocal music by the English composer 1824:, which is thus sometimes known as the 1797:, 1888) at the console of the organ at 1532:refers to a system that allows for the 1410: 573:and other locations throughout Europe. 14: 5754: 5054: 4800:(4th ed.). London: MacDonald. No ISBN. 4770:Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 4727:Bédos de Celles, Dom François (1768). 4116: 3655:from the original on 30 September 2011 3341:Bicknell "Organ building today", 82ff. 3231:Bédos de Celles, Dom François (1766). 2972:Proceedings of the Musical Association 2845: 2825: 2592: 2520:Douglas Bush and Richard Kassel eds., 2436:"The Largest Pipe Organs in the World" 2064:organs, the French organist-composers 1586:(affecting only a single division) or 27:Wind instrument controlled by keyboard 5354: 5028: 3901: 3752:Bicknell "Organ construction", 27–28. 3743:Bicknell "Organ construction", 26–27. 3731:Bicknell "Organ construction", 18–20. 3516:Bicknell "Organ construction", 23–24. 3419:Bicknell "Organ construction", 22–23. 3258:. Faber and Faber. pp. 126–130. 3234:Extraits de l'Art du facteur d'orgues 3159:Copenhagen Portal: Roskilde Cathedral 3100: 2950: 2948: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2693:from the original on 21 February 2023 2679:, vol. 4, Taylor & Francis, 2650:. Macedonian Heritage. Archived from 2601: 2458: 2434:Szostak, Michał (30 September 2018). 2166:, and Frigyes Hidas' Organ Concerto. 1563: 986:The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square 878: 597:miniatures of illuminated manuscripts 4731:. Charles Ferguson (Trans.) (1977). 4686:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4672:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4644:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4598:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4556:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4530:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4514:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4500:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4486:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4472:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4458:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4306:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4194:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 3603:from the original on 20 January 2012 2672: 2666: 2604:The Aeolian pipe organ and its music 2446:from the original on 7 November 2020 2415:from the original on 25 January 2019 2357:Organ built by Wilhelm Schwarz, 1901 1647:and large 20th-century instruments. 1545:, which operate in a similar way to 454:used in ancient Roman circus games. 4995:Organ Historical Trust of Australia 4612:The New Harvard Dictionary of Music 4356:Glück, Sebastian Matthäus (2003). " 3649:"Antwerpse Kathedraalconcerten vzw" 2585:N. Pippenger, "Complexity Theory", 2307:Atlantic City Convention Hall Organ 1705:, which is accompanimental (choral 1491:In addition, larger organs may use 1353:Stop knobs of the Baroque organ in 1240:. When signaled by the organist, a 24: 4700: 4640:Italian organ music to Frescobaldi 4610:Randel, Don Michael (Ed.) (1986). 3599:. Douglas-self.com. 10 June 2011. 3559:Bicknell "Organ construction", 18. 3526:Douglas M. Considine, ed. (1974). 3392:Bicknell "Organ construction", 20. 3380:Bicknell "Organ construction", 27. 3157:Organ by Hermean Raphaelis, 1554. 2945: 2934:(PDF). London: Quaritch, 119–127. 2834: 2814: 2403:. The Musical Opinion Ltd: 12–28. 1391:United States Naval Academy Chapel 1278:and undulating stops (such as the 780: 149: 25: 5798: 4900:An introductory site to the organ 4833: 4046:Bicknell "The organ case", 66–67. 3198:Bicknell "The organ case", 66–71. 2031:) was written for use during the 1988:, as exemplified in the works of 1602:The organ of the Severikirche in 1023:, showing the pipes of the organ. 811:in Paris), and composers such as 4991:Pipe Organ Documentation Project 4638:Stembridge, Christopher (1999). 4408:from the original on 8 June 2022 4390: 4370: 4350: 4328: 4311: 4298: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4200: 4185: 4163: 4141: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4058: 4049: 3045:Audsley, George Ashdown (1965). 2727:. Retrieved on 10 February 2008. 1936:on the Fisk-Nanney organ at the 1832: 1806: 1783: 1756: 1743:, organ symphonies, suites, and 1362: 1346: 1176: 1164: 1148: 1135: 1051: 863: 839: 824: 505:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 420:in the 3rd century BC. The word 45: 4972:The New York City Organ Project 4842:, a basic overview of the organ 4656:Sumner, William Leslie (1973). 4224:(1). Retrieved on 10 July 2007. 4040: 4015: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3961: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3885:. Crumhorn Labs. Archived from 3847: 3817: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3755: 3746: 3725: 3702: 3693: 3667: 3641: 3623:"St Jude's: History Pipe Organ" 3615: 3589: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3519: 3510: 3472: 3443: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3395: 3374: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3247: 3222: 3213: 3192: 3151: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3094: 3090:https://doi.org/10.2307/3686069 3082: 3063: 3038: 3015: 3006: 2963: 2924: 2889: 2854: 2802: 2730: 2704: 2620: 2579: 2556: 2351: 2338: 2328: 2299:Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ 2291: 1503:Enclosure and expression pedals 1202:Museu de la Música de Barcelona 940: 644:Renaissance and Baroque periods 88:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 4931:International Organ Foundation 4805:The European Organ, 1458–1850. 4445:New York: Dover Publications. 4004:PETER WILLIAMS, BARBARA OWEN, 3958:. Retrieved on 13 August 2008. 3883:"A brief tour of a pipe organ" 3844:. Retrieved on 13 August 2008. 3033:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 3001:The Oxford Dictionary of Music 2547: 2527: 2514: 2505: 2427: 2384: 2371: 2131:United States Military Academy 1972:. This genre was developed by 1848: 1398: 1191: 833:St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin 13: 1: 4773:Praetorius, Michael (1619). 4735:. Raleigh, NC: Sunbury Press. 4378:Messiaen's organ registration 2781:Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990), 2522:"The Organ, an Encyclopedia." 2381:". Retrieved on 3 March 2008. 2325:to indicate specific pitches. 2279: 2270:used pipe organ in the movie 1934:Fantasia and Fugue in G minor 1772: 1685: 1402: 1220:). An Italian organ from the 1027:Organ pipes are divided into 724:verses rather than accompany 450:, an instrument similar to a 262:) played by the hands, and a 241:, each of which has a common 32:Organ (music) § Overview 4954:National Pipe Organ Register 4924: 4376:Galuska, Andrew R. (2001). " 3867:. Retrieved on 25 June 2007. 3814:. Retrieved on 4 March 2008. 3791:Ahrens, 339; Kassel, 526–527 3451:"Organ Types and Components" 2393:"The World's Largest Organs" 2364: 1721:, hymn versets designed for 1680:Cradley Heath Baptist Church 1517:The console of the organ in 1420: 1393:crafted by R. A. Colby, Inc. 1157:Cradley Heath Baptist Church 1106:A later development was the 1082:Pipes from the organ of the 752:of the 16th century and the 435: 380: 186:Category:Pipe organ builders 7: 4894:Encyclopedia of Organ Stops 4796:Sumner, William L. (1973). 3949:American Guild of Organists 3865:American Guild of Organists 3835:American Guild of Organists 3812:United States Naval Academy 3323:. Retrieved on 7 July 2009. 2787:University of Chicago Press 2751:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2724:Online Etymology Dictionary 2229:. Other composers, such as 1472: 1414: 1200:Bellows of a pipe organ at 846:The organ of the Cathedral- 773:to be a new invention. The 542: 511:in the imperial capital of 507:. It was often used in the 499: 182:List of pipe organ builders 10: 5803: 5772:Basso continuo instruments 4789:Soderlund, Sandra (1994). 4740:The Organ: An Encyclopedia 4710:Musica mechanica organoedi 4424: 4206:Lang, Paul Henry (1971). " 3919:Wicks "Expression pedals". 3761:Johnson, David N. (1973). 3256:A New History of the Organ 3137:Phelps, Lawrence (1973). " 2898:The Galpin Society Journal 2863:The Galpin Society Journal 2637:. Retrieved on 6 May 2007. 2379:The World's Largest Organs 2049:through the 19th century. 1689: 1658: 1630:within the context of the 1567: 1506: 1378: 1374: 1267: 990:Orchestra at Temple Square 974:Salt Lake Tabernacle organ 961: 788:Eberhard Friedrich Walcker 429: 341:in the late 19th century. 289:and in the online journal 29: 5733: 5712: 5677: 5639: 5606: 5578: 5542: 5392: 5280: 5197: 5152: 5067: 5009:Carol Williams (organist) 4729:L'art du facteur d'orgues 4526:Douglass, Fenner (1995). 4342:27 September 2007 at the 4317:Barone, Michael (2004). " 3859:27 September 2007 at the 3722:Retrieved on 13 May 2008. 3350:Retrieved on 7 July 2009. 3318:17 September 2011 at the 3047:The Art of Organ Building 2540:29 September 2017 at the 1904:. In Spain, the works of 1882:Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck 1593: 1155:Interior of the organ at 1097:to pull out all the stops 1062: 850:(France), first organ of 760:, organ builders such as 743:The Art of Organ Building 739:L'art du facteur d'orgues 196: 191: 179: 174: 166: 159: 148: 141: 131: 121: 86: 74: 66: 59: 44: 4817:Williams, Peter (1980). 4803:Williams, Peter (1966). 4756:. St. Louis: Concordia. 4582:Kassel, Richard (2006). 4568:Kassel, Richard (2006). 4540:Gleason, Harold (1988). 4383:3 September 2007 at the 3928:Wicks "Crescendo pedal". 3782:Randel "Rossignol", 718. 3283:Randel "Organ", 586–587. 3254:Williams, Peter (1980). 3144:7 September 2006 at the 2771:Randel "Hydraulis", 385. 2743:21 February 2023 at the 2710:Harper, Douglas (2001). 2573:22 February 2012 at the 2553:Randel "Organ", 584–585. 2524:Routledge. 2006. p. 327. 2323:Helmholtz pitch notation 2284: 2144:(sometimes known as the 2092:Symphony for Organ No. 6 1960:wrote chorale preludes, 1938:Stanford Memorial Church 1727:use, etc.). The organ's 1263: 1108:tubular-pneumatic action 957: 5692:Piano Technicians Guild 4742:. New York: Routledge. 4720:18 January 2012 at the 4542:Method of Organ Playing 4233:Higginbottom, 177, 189. 3806:6 November 2008 at the 3714:5 December 2008 at the 3597:"Water Engines: Page 6" 3575:3 February 2019 at the 3239:11 October 2007 at the 3012:Sumner "The Organ", 39. 2749:A Greek-English Lexicon 2717:7 December 2008 at the 2633:26 October 2006 at the 2377:Willey, David (2001). " 2170:Modern and contemporary 2134:West Point Cadet Chapel 2127:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov 2123:Flight of the Bumblebee 1696:List of organ composers 848:Basilica of Saint-Denis 710:Monastery of Santa Cruz 601:Cantigas de Santa Maria 459:Ctesibius of Alexandria 376:History and development 277:world can be viewed at 5787:Orchestral instruments 4783:26 August 2014 at the 4778:(English translation) 4707:Adlung, Jacob (1768). 4242:Higginbottom, 178–181. 4055:Wicks "Organ Chamber". 3568:Koopman, Ton (1991). " 3332:Thistlethwaite, 14–15. 3164:5 January 2008 at the 2846:Wright, Craig (1989). 2602:Smith, Rollin (1998). 2321:This article uses the 2196:Ralph Vaughan Williams 2137: 2002:George Frideric Handel 1945: 1916:Common practice period 1670: 1607: 1526: 1456: 1437: 1394: 1228:With the exception of 1204: 1120:direct electric action 1087: 1024: 993: 888: 852:Aristide Cavaille-Coll 792:Aristide Cavaillé-Coll 766:"Father" Bernard Smith 730:French Classical Organ 726:congregational singing 717: 661: 608:Wulfstan of Winchester 583: 556: 444: 413: 397: 372:spans over 500 years. 324:, in 757. Pepin's son 210: 154: 4977:20 April 2018 at the 4766:Ochse, Orpha (1975). 4660:. London: Macdonald. 4624:Sefl, Alfred (2006). 4443:Art of Organ-Building 4363:12 March 2007 at the 4219:The Musical Quarterly 4213:22 April 2016 at the 4023:Art of Organ-Building 3829:1 August 2008 at the 3801:USNA Music Department 2930:Riaño, J. F. (1887). 2826:Perrot, Jean (1971). 2626:Thomas, Steve, 2003. 2533:Winchester Cathedral 2261:Organ reform movement 2117: 1998:Johann Sebastian Bach 1928: 1765:Johann Sebastian Bach 1747:of orchestral works. 1668: 1655:Tuning and regulation 1601: 1516: 1417:or detached from it. 1388: 1309:. For example, an 8′ 1199: 1081: 1018: 971: 902:Organ Reform Movement 897:historically inspired 886: 707: 686:Zacharias Hildebrandt 651: 579: 550: 531:in 757. Pepin's son 403: 388: 358:installed in theaters 204: 153: 5782:Keyboard instruments 5713:Amplifiers, speakers 5555:Generalized keyboard 5386:keyboard instruments 4936:17 July 2018 at the 4916:4 March 2016 at the 4882:Organs and Organists 4866:on 20 December 2013. 4858:Sonderlund, Sandra. 4752:Klotz, Hans (1969). 3986:Randel "Organ", 580. 3681:on 27 September 2011 3371:Randel "Organ", 579. 3359:Randel "Organ", 578. 3301:Randel "Organ", 586. 3189:Randel "Organ", 585. 2984:10.1093/jrma/93.1.11 2673:Ring, Trudy (1994), 2589:, 239:90–100 (1978). 2469:Randel "Organ", 583. 2096:Organ Symphony No. 3 2029:Girolamo Frescobaldi 1958:Heinrich Scheidemann 1942:Stanford, California 1877:, dating from 1420. 1731:repertoire includes 1554:balanced swell pedal 978:Salt Lake Tabernacle 771:St Magnus-the-Martyr 690:Gottfried Silbermann 684:, Jasper Johannsen, 620:Guillaume de Machaut 424:is derived from the 105:(beating reed pipes) 53:Neunkirchen am Brand 5767:Baroque instruments 5560:Isomorphic keyboard 5550:Enharmonic keyboard 5440:Electronic keyboard 5257:Trompette militaire 5128:Combination action 4905:20 May 2016 at the 4871:Flue Pipe Acoustics 4715:English translation 4290:16 May 2008 at the 4177:16 May 2008 at the 4155:16 May 2008 at the 4133:16 May 2008 at the 4072:16 May 2008 at the 3973:11 May 2009 at the 3954:6 July 2000 at the 3943:7 July 2010 at the 3840:6 July 2000 at the 3486:on 16 December 2019 3436:. 7 December 2018. 3210:Thistlethwaite, 12. 3027:2 July 2008 at the 3022:Keyboard instrument 2830:. University Press. 2810:Extract of page 327 2587:Scientific American 2485:. IB Tauris, 2010, 2074:Charles-Marie Widor 2004:composed the first 1982:Dieterich Buxtehude 1863:Robertsbridge Codex 1814:Camille Saint-Saëns 1763:The organ music of 1632:French organ school 1084:Comayagua Cathedral 922:Rodgers Instruments 813:Camille Saint-Saëns 809:Palais du Trocadéro 750:English Reformation 735:Dom Bédos de Celles 680:. Builders such as 457:The Greek engineer 279:List of pipe organs 161:Related instruments 61:Keyboard instrument 41: 5720:Keyboard amplifier 5640:Piano construction 5310:Historical Society 4985:Musiconis Database 4909:particularly this 4754:The Organ Handbook 4285:Grove Music Online 4172:Grove Music Online 4150:Grove Music Online 4128:Grove Music Online 4067:Grove Music Online 3629:on 13 October 2009 3128:Thistlethwaite, 5. 3072:The Organ Yearbook 2957:Festschrift Series 2483:Taste of Byzantium 2210:were installed in 2138: 2104:Sigfrid Karg-Elert 2082:Charles Tournemire 2070:Alexandre Guilmant 2054:six sonatas op. 65 1946: 1906:Antonio de Cabezón 1671: 1608: 1570:Combination action 1564:Combination action 1527: 1395: 1222:Renaissance period 1205: 1088: 1025: 994: 934:Johannus Orgelbouw 889: 879:Modern development 718: 662: 658:Roskilde Cathedral 584: 557: 414: 398: 339:telephone exchange 223:musical instrument 211: 155: 39: 5749: 5748: 5348: 5347: 5137:Tubular-pneumatic 5132:Electro-pneumatic 4827:978-0-253-15704-1 4762:978-0-570-01306-8 4748:978-0-415-94174-7 4733:The Organ-Builder 4536:978-0-300-06426-1 4323:Symphony magazine 3968:Electronic setter 3771:978-0-8066-0423-7 3675:"organ blowers 3" 3581:The Musical Times 3103:Organists' Review 2569:, 26 April 2005. 2257:Albert Schweitzer 2184:Ottorino Respighi 2115: 2058:Felix Mendelssohn 2021:Nicolas de Grigny 2017:François Couperin 1990:Matthias Weckmann 1962:chorale fantasias 1930:Robert Huw Morgan 1926: 1709:, congregational 1661:Pipe organ tuning 1645:Iberian peninsula 1534:control of volume 1411:registration aids 1407:expression pedals 1116:electro-pneumatic 1039:, like that of a 1021:Seville Cathedral 495:Ibn Khurradadhbih 215: 214: 202: 114: 113:(free reed pipes) 106: 98: 16:(Redirected from 5794: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5107:Expression pedal 5087:Eight-foot pitch 5049: 5042: 5035: 5026: 5025: 4867: 4862:. Archived from 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4394: 4388: 4374: 4368: 4354: 4348: 4332: 4326: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4296: 4280: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4204: 4198: 4189: 4183: 4167: 4161: 4145: 4139: 4123: 4114: 4113:Stembridge, 160. 4111: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4095:Stembridge, 148. 4093: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4025:, Vol. I, p.544 4019: 4013: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3978: 3965: 3959: 3938:Pipe Organ Guide 3935: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3889:on 10 April 2008 3879: 3868: 3854:Pipe Organ Guide 3851: 3845: 3824:Pipe Organ Guide 3821: 3815: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720:C. B. Fisk, Inc. 3706: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3651:. Akc-orgel.be. 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3593: 3587: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3482:. Archived from 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3292:McCrea, 279–280. 3290: 3284: 3281: 3270: 3269: 3251: 3245: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3155: 3149: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3119:Douglass, 10–12. 3117: 3111: 3110: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3042: 3036: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3004: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2943: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2843: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2760: 2734: 2728: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2654:on 18 April 2018 2644: 2638: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2599: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2531: 2525: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2479: 2470: 2467: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2388: 2382: 2375: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2310: 2295: 2231:Olivier Messiaen 2206:became popular, 2116: 2087:organ symphonies 1978:Johann Pachelbel 1927: 1841:Olivier Messiaen 1836: 1810: 1787: 1777: 1774: 1760: 1719:chorale preludes 1692:Organ repertoire 1509:Expression pedal 1462: 1442: 1366: 1350: 1180: 1168: 1152: 1139: 1019:Interior of the 917:electronic organ 867: 843: 828: 737:in his treatise 502: 489:The 9th century 449: 438: 432: 431: 370:organ repertoire 233:selected from a 203: 112: 104: 96: 49: 42: 38: 21: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5729: 5708: 5673: 5635: 5602: 5593:Manual keyboard 5574: 5538: 5519:Piano accordion 5388: 5379: 5349: 5344: 5276: 5193: 5148: 5102:Crescendo pedal 5063: 5053: 5004: 4979:Wayback Machine 4938:Wayback Machine 4927: 4918:Wayback Machine 4907:Wayback Machine 4857: 4852:ellykooiman.com 4836: 4831: 4785:Wayback Machine 4722:Wayback Machine 4703: 4701:Further reading 4698: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4385:Wayback Machine 4375: 4371: 4365:Wayback Machine 4355: 4351: 4344:Wayback Machine 4333: 4329: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4299: 4292:Wayback Machine 4281: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4215:Wayback Machine 4205: 4201: 4190: 4186: 4179:Wayback Machine 4168: 4164: 4157:Wayback Machine 4146: 4142: 4135:Wayback Machine 4124: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4074:Wayback Machine 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4020: 4016: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3975:Wayback Machine 3966: 3962: 3956:Wayback Machine 3945:Wayback Machine 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3871: 3861:Wayback Machine 3852: 3848: 3842:Wayback Machine 3831:Wayback Machine 3822: 3818: 3808:Wayback Machine 3799: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3716:Wayback Machine 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3577:Wayback Machine 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3434:Merriam-Webster 3428: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3320:Wayback Machine 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3273: 3266: 3252: 3248: 3241:Wayback Machine 3228: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3166:Wayback Machine 3156: 3152: 3146:Wayback Machine 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3043: 3039: 3029:Wayback Machine 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 2998: 2991: 2968: 2964: 2953: 2946: 2929: 2925: 2894: 2890: 2859: 2855: 2844: 2835: 2824: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2789:, p. 124, 2779: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2745:Wayback Machine 2735: 2731: 2719:Wayback Machine 2709: 2705: 2696: 2694: 2687: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2635:Wayback Machine 2625: 2621: 2614: 2600: 2593: 2584: 2580: 2575:Wayback Machine 2562:Michael Woods, 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2542:Wayback Machine 2532: 2528: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2344:Organ built by 2343: 2339: 2333: 2329: 2320: 2313: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2266:Music director 2227:Herbert Howells 2223:Maurice Duruflé 2180:Richard Strauss 2172: 2158:Francis Poulenc 2109: 2006:organ concertos 1994:Nicolaus Bruhns 1970:chorale partita 1920: 1918: 1910:Juan Cabanilles 1851: 1844: 1837: 1828: 1811: 1802: 1788: 1779: 1775: 1761: 1698: 1690:Main articles: 1688: 1663: 1657: 1596: 1572: 1566: 1558:crescendo pedal 1547:Venetian blinds 1511: 1505: 1486:Octave couplers 1475: 1423: 1383: 1377: 1370: 1367: 1358: 1351: 1272: 1266: 1214:inches of water 1194: 1187: 1181: 1172: 1169: 1160: 1153: 1144: 1140: 1065: 966: 960: 943: 881: 874: 868: 859: 844: 835: 829: 783: 781:Romantic period 646: 571:Abbey of Fécamp 553:Utrecht Psalter 545: 525:Pepin the Short 452:portative organ 383: 378: 318:Pepin the Short 198: 55: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5800: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5741:Prepared piano 5737: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5725:Leslie speaker 5722: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5631:Pedal keyboard 5628: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5565:Jankó keyboard 5562: 5557: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5512:Electric piano 5509: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5430:Clavicytherium 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5164: 5158: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5052: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4988: 4982: 4969: 4966:Organ Database 4963: 4960:Die Orgelseite 4957: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4920:of Organ Terms 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4840:The Pipe Organ 4835: 4834:External links 4832: 4830: 4829: 4815: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4771: 4764: 4750: 4736: 4725: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4682: 4668: 4654: 4636: 4622: 4608: 4594: 4580: 4566: 4552: 4538: 4524: 4510: 4496: 4482: 4468: 4454: 4441:Audsley, G.A. 4439: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4389: 4369: 4349: 4327: 4310: 4297: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4199: 4184: 4162: 4140: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4014: 3997: 3988: 3979: 3960: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3900: 3869: 3846: 3816: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3754: 3745: 3733: 3724: 3701: 3692: 3666: 3640: 3614: 3588: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3536: 3518: 3509: 3497: 3471: 3442: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3382: 3373: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3271: 3264: 3246: 3221: 3212: 3200: 3191: 3179: 3170: 3150: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3093: 3081: 3062: 3055: 3037: 3014: 3005: 2989: 2962: 2944: 2923: 2910:10.2307/842212 2888: 2875:10.2307/842265 2853: 2833: 2813: 2801: 2795: 2773: 2761: 2729: 2703: 2685: 2665: 2639: 2619: 2612: 2591: 2578: 2555: 2546: 2526: 2513: 2504: 2481:Dalby, Andrew 2471: 2457: 2426: 2383: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2337: 2327: 2311: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2208:theatre organs 2200:transcriptions 2192:Anton Bruckner 2171: 2168: 2146:Organ Symphony 2142:Symphony No. 3 2119:Carol Williams 2013:Jean Titelouze 1966:chorale motets 1954:Samuel Scheidt 1917: 1914: 1890:Claudio Merulo 1884:composed both 1871:John Dunstaple 1850: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1826:Organ Symphony 1822:Symphony No. 3 1812: 1805: 1803: 1799:Saint Clotilde 1789: 1782: 1780: 1762: 1755: 1745:transcriptions 1687: 1684: 1659:Main article: 1656: 1653: 1595: 1592: 1568:Main article: 1565: 1562: 1507:Main article: 1504: 1501: 1474: 1471: 1422: 1419: 1379:Main article: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1361: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1268:Main article: 1265: 1262: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1163: 1161: 1154: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1073:tracker action 1064: 1061: 1056:stop mechanism 982:Salt Lake City 962:Main article: 959: 956: 942: 939: 924:pioneered the 880: 877: 876: 875: 869: 862: 860: 845: 838: 836: 830: 823: 782: 779: 762:Renatus Harris 678:viola da gamba 645: 642: 581:Positive organ 544: 541: 513:Constantinople 478:, province of 418:ancient Greece 394:Museum of Dion 382: 379: 377: 374: 366:transcriptions 320:, King of the 302:Ancient Greece 283:Michał Szostak 229:) through the 213: 212: 194: 193: 189: 188: 177: 176: 172: 171: 164: 163: 157: 156: 146: 145: 139: 138: 136:3rd century BC 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 117: 116: 108: 100: 90: 84: 83: 78: 76:Classification 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 57: 56: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5799: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5777:C instruments 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734:Miscellaneous 5732: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507:Digital piano 5505: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5490:Theatre organ 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Hammond organ 5473: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5400:Bowed clavier 5398: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5038: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5020: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5005: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4814: 4813:0-253-32083-6 4810: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4695: 4694:0-521-57584-2 4691: 4687: 4683: 4681: 4680:0-521-57584-2 4677: 4673: 4669: 4667: 4666:0-356-04162-X 4663: 4659: 4655: 4653: 4652:0-521-57584-2 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4635: 4634:0-415-94174-1 4631: 4627: 4623: 4621: 4620:0-674-61525-5 4617: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4606:0-521-57584-2 4603: 4599: 4595: 4593: 4592:0-415-94174-1 4589: 4585: 4584:Sound effects 4581: 4579: 4578:0-415-94174-1 4575: 4571: 4570:Display pipes 4567: 4565: 4564:0-521-57584-2 4561: 4557: 4553: 4551: 4550:0-13-579459-5 4547: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4523: 4522:0-521-57584-2 4519: 4515: 4511: 4509: 4508:0-521-57584-2 4505: 4501: 4497: 4495: 4494:0-521-57584-2 4491: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4480:0-521-57584-2 4477: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4466:0-521-57584-2 4463: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4451:0-486-21314-5 4448: 4444: 4440: 4438: 4437:0-415-94174-1 4434: 4430: 4429: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4353: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4122: 4120: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4036: 4032: 4031:0-486-21314-5 4028: 4024: 4021:G.A. AUDSLEY 4018: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3992: 3983: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3905: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3738: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3709:About Opus 72 3705: 3696: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3539: 3537:0-07-012428-0 3533: 3529: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3502: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3401:Gleason, 3–4. 3398: 3389: 3387: 3377: 3368: 3366: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3267: 3265:0-571-11459-8 3261: 3257: 3250: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3205: 3195: 3186: 3184: 3174: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3058: 3056:0-486-21315-3 3052: 3048: 3041: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2958: 2951: 2949: 2941: 2940:0-306-70193-6 2937: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2798: 2796:0-226-42548-7 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2758: 2757:0-19-864226-1 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2669: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2615: 2613:0-913499-16-1 2609: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2550: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2508: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2491:9781848851658 2488: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2354: 2347: 2341: 2331: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2303:Atlantic City 2300: 2294: 2290: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243:Jean Langlais 2240: 2236: 2235:György Ligeti 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188:Gustav Mahler 2185: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150:Joseph Jongen 2147: 2143: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2094:and Vierne's 2093: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:Cavaillé-Coll 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025:registrations 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1932:plays Bach's 1931: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867:intabulations 1864: 1860: 1856: 1842: 1839:The composer 1835: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1781: 1770: 1766: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1675: 1667: 1662: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1605: 1600: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1524: 1520: 1519:Salem Minster 1515: 1510: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1409:, stops, and 1408: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1381:Organ console 1365: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327:effet d'orage 1324: 1319: 1317: 1316:extended rank 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1198: 1185: 1184:Saint Cecilia 1179: 1174: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1151: 1146: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1002:musical scale 999: 991: 987: 983: 979: 976:found at the 975: 970: 965: 955: 953: 949: 938: 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 913: 911: 905: 903: 898: 893: 885: 872: 866: 861: 857: 853: 849: 842: 837: 834: 827: 822: 821: 820: 818: 817:Gustav Mahler 814: 810: 804: 802: 797: 793: 789: 778: 776: 772: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 731: 727: 723: 715: 711: 706: 702: 700: 694: 691: 687: 683: 682:Arp Schnitger 679: 675: 671: 667: 659: 655: 650: 641: 639: 637: 633: 628: 625: 621: 617: 612: 609: 604: 602: 598: 593: 589: 582: 578: 574: 572: 567: 563: 554: 549: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 523:as a gift to 522: 521:Constantine V 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 496: 492: 487: 485: 482:(present day 481: 477: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 453: 448: 447: 442: 437: 427: 426:Ancient Greek 423: 419: 411: 407: 402: 395: 391: 387: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 354:popular music 351: 350:secular music 347: 342: 340: 336: 331: 327: 323: 319: 316:as a gift to 315: 314:Constantine V 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 271: 270: 265: 264:pedal clavier 261: 260: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 208: 195: 190: 187: 183: 178: 173: 170: 165: 162: 158: 152: 147: 144: 143:Playing range 140: 137: 134: 130: 127: 124: 120: 115: 109: 107: 101: 99: 93: 92: 91: 89: 85: 82: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 62: 58: 54: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 5570:Short octave 5479: 5450:Harmonichord 5262:Voix céleste 5252:Registration 5222:Tibia Clausa 5069:Construction 5055: 4997:, 1978–1986. 4888:Orgelgalerie 4864:the original 4818: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4774: 4767: 4753: 4739: 4732: 4728: 4708: 4685: 4671: 4657: 4643: 4639: 4625: 4611: 4597: 4583: 4569: 4555: 4541: 4527: 4513: 4499: 4485: 4471: 4457: 4442: 4410:. Retrieved 4401: 4392: 4372: 4352: 4335: 4330: 4322: 4313: 4305: 4300: 4283: 4260:McCrea, 279. 4256: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4221: 4218: 4202: 4192: 4187: 4170: 4165: 4148: 4143: 4126: 4109: 4104:Webber, 224. 4100: 4091: 4082: 4065: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4034: 4022: 4017: 4009: 4000: 3995:Kassel, 146. 3991: 3982: 3963: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3891:. Retrieved 3887:the original 3849: 3819: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3757: 3748: 3727: 3704: 3695: 3683:. Retrieved 3679:the original 3669: 3657:. Retrieved 3643: 3631:. Retrieved 3627:the original 3617: 3605:. Retrieved 3591: 3583: 3580: 3564: 3555: 3550:Dalton, 168. 3546: 3527: 3521: 3512: 3488:. Retrieved 3484:the original 3474: 3462:. Retrieved 3454: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3376: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3311: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3255: 3249: 3232: 3224: 3219:Douglass, 3. 3215: 3194: 3177:Webber, 222. 3173: 3153: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3046: 3040: 3032: 3017: 3008: 3000: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2956: 2926: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2847: 2827: 2804: 2782: 2776: 2748: 2732: 2722: 2706: 2695:, retrieved 2675: 2668: 2656:. Retrieved 2652:the original 2642: 2622: 2603: 2586: 2581: 2567:Post-Gazette 2566: 2558: 2549: 2529: 2516: 2507: 2499: 2494: 2482: 2448:. Retrieved 2439: 2429: 2417:. Retrieved 2400: 2396: 2386: 2373: 2353: 2346:M. P. Moller 2340: 2330: 2293: 2273:Interstellar 2271: 2265: 2255: 2219:Marcel Dupré 2216: 2204:silent films 2176:Gustav Holst 2173: 2161: 2153: 2145: 2139: 2085: 2078:Louis Vierne 2066:César Franck 2051: 2044: 2041:John Stanley 2010: 1950:contrapuntal 1947: 1879: 1875:Faenza Codex 1854: 1852: 1825: 1791:César Franck 1749: 1722: 1703:sacred music 1699: 1676: 1672: 1649: 1638: 1636: 1624: 1612: 1609: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576:registration 1575: 1573: 1551: 1543:swell shades 1542: 1538: 1529: 1528: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1454: 1445: 1435: 1426: 1424: 1396: 1326: 1320: 1315: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1292: 1287:unison pitch 1284: 1280:Voix céleste 1273: 1257: 1241: 1230:water organs 1227: 1206: 1128: 1124: 1112: 1105: 1101: 1089: 1086:in Honduras. 1070: 1066: 1049: 1026: 995: 944: 941:Construction 930:Allen Organs 925: 914: 906: 894: 892:be created. 890: 856:Barker lever 805: 801:Barker lever 796:Henry Willis 784: 754:Commonwealth 747: 742: 738: 729: 719: 698: 695: 663: 640: 629: 613: 605: 585: 558: 527:King of the 488: 467:Roman Empire 456: 421: 415: 362:silent movie 346:sacred music 343: 295: 290: 286: 268: 257: 255: 238: 226: 218: 216: 192:Sound sample 97:(flue pipes) 36: 5679:Maintenance 5652:Innovations 5598:Split sharp 5588:Frequencies 5529:Synthesizer 5455:Harpsichord 5393:Instruments 5272:Zimbelstern 5056:Pipe organs 4412:6 September 3699:Sefl, 70–71 3229:(in French) 3031:(2008). 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