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405:. On the upper-side base of each seed scale are two ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization by pollen grains. The bract scales develop first, and are conspicuous at the time of pollination; the seed scales develop later to enclose and protect the seeds, with the bract scales often not growing further. The scales open temporarily to receive pollen, then close during fertilization and maturation, and then re-open again at maturity to allow the seed to escape. Maturation takes 6–8 months from pollination in most Pinaceae genera, but 12 months in cedars and 18–24 months (rarely more) in most pines. The cones open either by the seed scales flexing back when they dry out, or (in firs, cedars and
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616:, are narrow. The scales are arranged either spirally, or in decussate whorls of two (opposite pairs) or three, rarely four. The genera with spiral scale arrangement were often treated in a separate family (Taxodiaceae) in the past. In most of the genera, the cones are woody and the seeds have two narrow wings (one along each side of the seed), but in three genera (
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A further characteristic arrangement of pines is that the male cones are located at the base of the branch, while the female at the tip (of the same or a different branchlet). However, in larches and cedars, both types of cones are always at the tips of short shoots, while both sexes of fir cones are
579:
for a cypress cone) is sometimes used instead of strobilus for members of this family. The female cones have one to 20 ovules on each scale. They often have peltate scales, as opposed to the imbricate cones described above, though some have imbricate scales. The cones are usually small, 0.3–6 cm
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for legs, which can easily be attached by forcing them between the cone scales. Playing with cone cows often includes building an animal enclosure from sticks. For the most part, cone cows have been displaced by manufactured toys, at least in affluent countries, but the creation of cone cows still
752:
Members of the yew family and the closely related
Cephalotaxaceae have the most highly modified cones of any conifer. There is only one scale in the female cone, with a single poisonous ovule. The scale develops into a soft, brightly coloured sweet, juicy, berry-like aril which partly encloses the
841:
Cone crop potential can be predicted in various ways. An early indication of a potential crop can be a period of abnormally hot, dry weather at the time of bud differentiation, particularly if the current and preceding cone crops have been poor (Nienstaedt and Zasada 1990). Estimates of cone crop
424:
pine cones is associated with their moisture content—cones are open when dry and closed when wet. This assures that the small, windborne seeds will be dispersed during relatively dry weather, and thus, the distance traveled from the parent tree will be enhanced. A pine cone will go through many
480:) have the bract and seed scales fully fused, and have only one ovule on each scale. The cones are spherical or nearly so, and large to very large, 5–30 cm diameter, and mature in 18 months. For most species they disintegrate at maturity, to release the seeds although in some such as
753:
deadly seed. The seed alone is poisonous. The whole 'berry' with the seed is eaten by birds, which digest the sugar-rich scale and pass the hard seed undamaged in their droppings, so dispersing the seed far from the parent plant.
842:
potential can be made by counting female reproductive buds in fall or winter, and an experienced observer can detect the subtle morphological differences and distinguish between reproductive buds and vegetative buds (Eis 1967b).
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As a result of this, pine cones have often been used by people in temperate climates to predict dry and wet weather, usually hanging a harvested pine cone from some string outside to measure the humidity of the air.
778:
and is the only species in its genus, which is the only genus in its family, which is the only family in its Order. The male cones are on male plants, and female cones on female plants. After emergence of the two
783:, it sets only two more leaves. Those two leaves then continue to grow longer from their base, much like fingernails. This allows it great drought tolerance, which is likely why it has survived in the desert of
1544:
853:
Collection of cones in seed orchards has been facilitated by the counter-intuitive technique of "topping" and collection of cones from the severed crown tops at one-third the cost of collection from untopped
321:
which, when fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female cone structure varies more markedly between the different conifer families, and is often crucial for the identification of many species of conifers.
425:
cycles of opening and closing during its life span, even after seed dispersal is complete. This process occurs with older cones while attached to branches and even after the older cones have fallen to the
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is probably the cheapest method. The viability of seed from cached cones does not vary during current caching, but viability drops essentially to zero after being in caches for 1 or 2 years (Wagg 1964).
382:, etc.) have cones that are imbricate (that is, with scales overlapping each other like fish scales). These pine cones, especially the woody female cones, are considered the "archetypal" tree cones.
1006:
In
Finland there is a fairground with cone cow sculptures large enough for children to ride on. In Sweden, a video game was released in which the player may build virtual cone cows. Swedish artist
1334:
732:(the only member of the family) are similar to those of some Cupressaceae, but larger, 6–11 cm long; the scales are imbricate and spirally arranged, and have 5-9 ovules on each scale.
666:
938:
of cultures where conifers are common. Examples of their use includes seasonal wreaths and decorations, fire starters, bird feeders, toys, etc. An intriguing derivation of the
1715:
Nienstaedt, H. 1981. Top pruning white spruce seed orchard grafts does not reduce cone production. USDA, For. Serv., Tree Plant. Notes 32(2):9–13. (Cited in Coates et al. 1994).
682:
290:) is structurally similar across all conifers, differing only in small ways (mostly in scale arrangement) from species to species. Extending out from a central axis are
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is named after the pine cone. Pine cones were also used as symbols of fertility in ancient
Assyrian art. In Christian symbolism, they are closely related to the
571:, etc.) differ in that the bract and seed scales are fully fused, with the bract visible as no more than a small lump or spine on the scale. The botanical term
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are similar in function, though not in development, to those of the
Taxaceae (q.v. below), being berry-like with the scales highly modified, evolved to attract
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into dispersing the seeds. In most of the genera, two to ten or more scales are fused together into a usually swollen, brightly coloured, soft, edible fleshy
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of a conifer cone refers to the first year's growth of a seed scale on the cone, showing up as a protuberance at the end of the two-year-old scale.
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528:), the scales are minute and not fleshy, but the seed coat develops a fleshy layer instead, the cone having the appearance of one to three small
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1318:
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Slayton, S.H. 1969. A new technique for cone collection. USDA, For. Serv., Tree Plant. Notes 20(3):13. (Cited in
Nienstaedt and Zasada 1990).
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702:
488:, the seeds are winged and separate readily from the seed scale, but in the other two genera, the seed is wingless and fused to the scale.
1003:(cone animals). Schools and other institutions teach children how to make cone cows as part of outdoors education on nature and history.
429:. The condition of fallen pine cones is a crude indication of the forest floor's moisture content, which is an important indication of
1805:"Motives include life in the countryside, which shows both the cone cow, a doll in a traditional outfit, and a horse and carriage toy"
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several scales may be fertile. The fleshy scale complex is 0.5–3 cm long, and the seeds 4–10 mm long. In some genera (e.g.
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819:), with female usually on the higher branches towards the top of the plant. This distribution is thought to improve chances of
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display, a closed, damp cone of suitable size is inserted into a narrow-mouthed bottle and allowed to open upon drying.
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Dozens of male cones (orange and flower-like) occur in a cluster; the female cone is still immature (olive green).
516:. Usually, only one or two scales at the apex of the cone are fertile, each bearing a single wingless seed, but in
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takes advantage of the fact that pine cones open and close based on their level of dryness. In constructing
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always from side buds, never terminal. There is also some diversity in bearing in
Cupressaceae. Some,
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1905:
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Wagg, J.W.B. 1964. Viability of white spruce seed from squirrel-cut cones. For. Chron. 40(1):98–110.
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Dawson, Colin; Vincent, Julian F. V.; Rocca, Anne-Marie. 1997. How pine cones open. Nature 390: 668.
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branch with cones of different ages; two-year old cones will disperse seeds during fall and winter.
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Cones are also used as decorative elements in architecture such as on top of the posts surrounding
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on a central stem. The seeds have a hard coat evolved to resist digestion in the bird's stomach.
53:
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risk. Closed cones indicate damp conditions while open cones indicate the forest floor is dry.
335:
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Eis, S. 1967b. Cone crops of white and black spruce are predictable. For. Chron. 43(3):247–252.
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for instance, have little or no differentiation in the positions of male and female cones.
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Because of their widespread occurrence, conifer cones have been a traditional part of the
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417:(egg-shaped), and small to very large, from 2–60 cm long and 1–20 cm broad.
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trees are not conifers, their mature seed bearing structures closely resemble cones.
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For most species found in
Australia, male and female cones occur on the same plant (
803:
409:) by the cones disintegrating with the seed scales falling off. The cones are conic,
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and much less conspicuous even at full maturity. The name "cone" derives from Greek
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is unique cone-bearing plant is not considered a conifer, but belongs in the Order
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959:, made by children using material found in nature. The most common design is a
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Cone cows are a part of children's culture in
Finland where they are known as
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White spruce seed collection is expensive, and collection from cone caches of
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1096:, immature pine cones are harvested in late spring and boiled to make sweet
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1786:"a little book about cone cows, small fears, swarming helicopters and such"
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and without decreasing cone production (Slayton 1969, Nienstaedt 1981).
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484:, the cone weighing up to 10 kilograms (22 lb) is shed intact. In
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plants. It is usually woody, ovoid to globular, including scales and
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The
Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols by Udo Becker (2000) Page 234
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has created artwork with cone cows, which has been included in an
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787:, while all other representatives from its order are now extinct.
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Long slender cones and winged seeds of
California incense-cedar (
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228:
294:(modified leaves). Under each microsporophyll is one or several
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inches long, and often spherical or nearly so, like those of
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enjoys some popularity as an outdoor activity for children.
897:. These are not cones, although they closely resemble them.
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scales, and the seed scales (or ovuliferous scales), one
371:
870:
Developing pineapple pseudocone galls on Norway spruce.
325:
1036:
Pine cone statue from the Cortile della Pigna of the
735:
1728:. Familycrafts.about.com. 2013-08-23. Archived from
1656:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
401:
by each bract scale, derived from a highly modified
1848:. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2018
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1886:Gymnosperm cone images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
1081:. Cones are also occasionally used as a charge in
1892:
1817:image of the stamp from the official postal site
1647:
1575:Flight through the ÎĽCT image stack, lateral view
271:. The individual plates of a cone are known as
807:Larch cone with unusual branch growth from tip
227:arranged around a central axis, especially in
1678:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
1066:
1820:
1749:
1595:Flight through the ÎĽCT image stack, top view
790:
393:The female cone has two types of scale: the
1648:Nienstaedt, Hans; Zasada, John C. (1990).
267:(pine cone), which also gave name to the
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1624:"Ask a Scientist: Pine Cone Wet and Dry"
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893:pseudocones caused by the woolly aphid,
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1676:United States Department of Agriculture
1487:Photographs of the cone, front and back
1077:or a bronze cone in the narthex of the
14:
1893:
1511:Various sections through the 3D object
491:
440:
535:
1772:Kapsyljakt med Anki och Pytte review
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1641:
1626:. Newton.dep.anl.gov. Archived from
1170:A pine cone covered in ice after an
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
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420:After ripening, the opening of non-
326:Female cone of the conifer families
208:
24:
975:Four cones in the coat of arms of
736:Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae cones
656:Spherical cone of Nootka cypress (
632:), the seeds are wingless, and in
243:structures. The woody cone is the
219:usage) is a seed-bearing organ on
25:
1922:
1873:
1752:"Pine Cone in the Bottle Display"
1474:cone by micro computed tomography
389:Image of a young pine cone center
330:
177:Immature male or pollen cones of
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1882:Images of various conifer-cones
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1025:The bronze pine cone (left) in
52:needs additional citations for
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889:are prone to the formation of
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151:) cone, the heaviest pine cone
27:Reproductive organ on conifers
13:
1:
1600:
1065:, the central element of the
836:
799:Male cone of cedar of Lebanon
239:(conifer clade) contains the
179:Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine
1672:United States Forest Service
1499:3D visualisation of the cone
1328:cone showing seeds (arrows).
1103:
963:or pine cone with sticks or
926:Cone in the coat of arms of
688:Cones and wingless seeds of
159:Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (
30:For cones in Cycadales, see
7:
1750:zupperzipper (2008-07-13).
1554:Flight around the 3D object
1134:
947:the pine cone in the bottle
636:, the cones are fleshy and
10:
1927:
1880:Arboretum de Villardebelle
1846:"Pineal (as an adjective)"
1726:"Pine Cone Craft Projects"
1324:Cross section of maturing
1297:receptive for pollination.
1250:caused by Adelges abietis.
1156:
1119:featuring three pine cones
1018:among other classic toys.
1014:and featured on a Swedish
878:Pseudocone on Sitka spruce
658:Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
575:(plural galbuli; from the
500:Berry-like Podocarpus cone
29:
1216:Immature female pine cone
1067:
955:are traditional homemade
918:Home-made spruce cone cow
791:Location and distribution
1664:Silvics of North America
995:where they are known as
614:California incense-cedar
608:, while others, such as
1796:Posten.se press release
726:The cones and seeds of
1449:The cone structure of
1293:Young female cones of
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694:Platycladus orientalis
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451:Araucaria angustifolia
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1828:"Pine Cone Preserves"
1774:"You build cone cows"
1523:Semi-transparent view
1117:Parthon de Von family
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772:Welwitschia mirabilis
757:Welwitschiaceae cones
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722:Sciadopityaceae cones
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162:Pseudotsuga menziesii
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142:
708:Berry-like cones of
674:Calocedrus decurrens
61:improve this article
1470:Visualisation of a
1069:Fontana della Pigna
821:cross-fertilization
492:Podocarpaceae cones
482:Araucaria bidwillii
441:Araucariaceae cones
358:The members of the
169:) young female cone
1801:2010-09-13 at the
1464:Top of a pine cone
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774:is often called a
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536:Cupressaceae cones
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1407:Pinus canariensis
1228:Pollen cone of a
1201:Female cone of a
1088:In some parts of
1063:Da Ponte Fountain
1048:Da Ponte fountain
943:mechanical puzzle
940:impossible bottle
504:The cones of the
351:Young cones of a
343:female strobilus.
305:The female cone (
255:, which produces
247:, which produces
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16:(Redirected from
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1911:Heraldic charges
1906:Plant morphology
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341:Pinus sylvestris
292:microsporophylls
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143:A mature female
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1038:Vatican Museums
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269:geometric cone
235:. The cone of
149:Pinus coulteri
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1850:. Retrieved
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1730:the original
1720:
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1652:Picea glauca
1651:
1643:
1632:. Retrieved
1628:the original
1618:
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1471:
1411:Gran Canaria
1248:Sitka spruce
1141:Conifer nuts
1129:tree of life
1125:pineal gland
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1113:Coat of arms
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145:Coulter pine
123:
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71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1355:Cluster of
1279:Blue spruce
1008:Lasse Ă…berg
862:Pseudocones
763:Welwitschia
744:Berry-like
729:Sciadopitys
619:Platycladus
525:Prumnopitys
519:Saxegothaea
411:cylindrical
360:pine family
353:blue spruce
339:Anatomy of
317:) contains
288:pollen cone
245:female cone
1895:Categories
1852:27 October
1784:Ă…bergs ABC
1758:2013-08-30
1736:2013-08-30
1634:2013-08-30
1601:References
1535:Midsection
1425:Pine cones
1376:Arborvitae
1281:with cones
1146:Parastichy
989:Käpylehmät
837:Cone crops
781:cotyledons
623:Microbiota
561:arborvitae
422:serotinous
261:herbaceous
221:gymnosperm
215:in formal
187:scopulorum
87:newspapers
18:Pine cones
1472:Cupressus
1359:cones in
1172:ice storm
1151:Strobilus
1104:Symbolism
1098:preserves
987:(plural:
985:Käpylehmä
953:Cone cows
830:Cupressus
634:Juniperus
629:Juniperus
557:cypresses
465:Araucaria
403:branchlet
399:subtended
311:seed cone
253:male cone
237:Pinophyta
217:botanical
204:strobilus
117:June 2009
1901:Conifers
1799:Archived
1674:(USFS),
1659:Conifers
1361:HokkaidĹŤ
1135:See also
1083:heraldic
1001:kottdjur
573:galbulus
569:redwoods
565:junipers
477:Wollemia
431:wildfire
229:conifers
213:strobili
199:pinecone
1392:Ukraine
1157:Gallery
1115:of the
1094:Georgia
997:kottkor
977:Sulkava
965:matches
928:Sarrant
785:Namibia
642:galbuli
599:⁄
585:⁄
486:Agathis
471:Agathis
380:larches
368:spruces
302:sacs).
101:scholar
1090:Russia
993:Sweden
991:) and
961:spruce
900:While
883:Norway
376:cedars
319:ovules
300:pollen
275:. The
273:scales
257:pollen
251:. The
233:cycads
225:bracts
166:glauca
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1378:cone.
1059:Koper
1052:Koper
902:alder
856:trees
817:shrub
638:berry
577:Latin
547:cones
530:plums
510:birds
415:ovoid
395:bract
364:pines
313:, or
265:konos
249:seeds
185:var.
164:var.
108:JSTOR
94:books
32:Cycad
1854:2018
1188:pine
1123:The
1092:and
1075:Rome
957:toys
885:and
813:tree
748:cone
626:and
612:and
514:aril
372:firs
277:umbo
231:and
80:news
1246:on
1073:in
1061:'s
1050:in
999:or
815:or
746:yew
644:).
580:or
413:or
286:or
209:pl.
197:or
181:. (
63:by
1897::
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193:A
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105:·
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