1734:, whose members were elected by the three chambers of the Parliament. The state president and cabinet had sole jurisdiction over "general affairs". Disputes between the three chambers regarding "general affairs" were resolved by the President's Council, composed of members from the three chambers and members directly appointed by the state president. In practice, the composition of the President's Council and the electoral college made it impossible for the Coloured and Indian chambers to outvote the white chamber on any substantive matter, even if they voted as a bloc. Thus, the real power remained in white hands — and in practice, in the hands of Botha's National Party, which commanded a large majority in the white chamber due to the
2983:
2989:
1797:, which barred non-whites from living in certain areas. In 1988, a new law created "Open Group Areas" or racially mixed neighbourhoods but these neighbourhoods had to receive a Government permit, had to have the support of the local whites immediately concerned, and had to be an upper-class neighbourhood in a major city in order to be awarded a permit. In 1983, the aforementioned constitutional reforms granted limited political rights to "Coloureds" and "Indians". Botha also became the first South African government leader to authorise contacts with
2104:
1954:", Botha declared on nationwide television. He said he had asked the cabinet what reason he should give the public for abruptly leaving office. "They replied I could use my health as an excuse. To this, I replied that I am not prepared to leave on a lie. It is evident to me that after all these years of my best efforts for the National Party and for the government of this country, as well as the security of our country, I am being ignored by ministers serving in my cabinet."
1168:
553:
1582:
586:
1931:, who moved quickly to consolidate his position within the party as a reformist, while hardliners supported Botha. In March 1989, the NP elected De Klerk as state president but Botha refused to resign, saying in a television address that the constitution entitled him to remain in office until March 1990 and that he was even considering running for another five-year term. Following a series of acrimonious meetings in
61:
1859:"unlawful activity which included killing." Botha declined to apologise for apartheid. In a 2006 interview to mark his 90th birthday, he suggested that he had no regrets about the way he had run the country. Botha denied that he had ever considered black South Africans to be in any way inferior to whites, but conceded that "some" whites did hold that view. He also claimed that the
1674:
had sole jurisdiction over matters relating to their respective communities. Legislation affecting "general affairs," such as foreign policy and race relations, had to pass all three chambers after consideration by joint standing committees. At the time, White South
Africans outnumbered Coloureds and
1745:
Though the new constitution was criticised by the black majority for failing to grant them any formal role in government, many international commentators praised it as a "first step" in what was assumed to be a series of reforms. On 14 September 1984, Botha was elected as the first state president
1703: and nationhood, which were only recognised by each other and by South Africa . These new countries, set up within the borders of South Africa, never gained international recognition, and economically all remained heavily dependent on South Africa. Over half of the Bantustans, most notably
1858:
In spite of the concessions made by Botha, his rule was still very repressive. Thousands were detained without trial during Botha's tenure, while others were tortured and killed. The TRC found Botha responsible for gross violations of human rights. He was also found to have directly authorised
1842:
spread amongst the black population, supported by the ANC and neighbouring black-majority governments. On 16 May 1986, Botha publicly warned neighbouring states against engaging in "unsolicited interference" in South Africa's affairs. Four days later, Botha ordered air strikes against selected
1474:, his successor. From his ascension to the cabinet, Botha pursued an ambitious military policy designed to increase South Africa's military capability. He sought to improve relations with the West – especially the United States – but with mixed results. He argued that the preservation of the
1816:. However, they did not even begin to meet the demands of the opposition. In the face of rising discontent and violence, Botha refused to cede political power to blacks and imposed greater security measures against anti-apartheid activists. Botha also refused to negotiate with the ANC.
1958:
De Klerk was sworn in as acting state president on 14 August 1989 and the following month was nominated by the electoral college to succeed Botha in a five-year term as state president. De Klerk soon announced the removal of legislation against anti-apartheid groups – including the
1823:, a policy address in which he refused to give in to demands by the black population, including the release of Mandela. Botha's defiance of international opinion further isolated South Africa, leading to economic sanctions and a rapid decline in the value of the
1982:
system into virtually every facet of government. After I became leader of the
National Party in February 1989, I did my best to ensure that P. W. Botha would be able to end his term as president with full dignity and decorum. Unfortunately, this was not to
1678:
The plan included no chamber or system of representation for the black majority. Each Black ethno-linguistic group was allocated a 'homeland' which would initially be a semi-autonomous area. However, blacks were legally considered citizens of the
1935:, and five days after UNSCR 435 was implemented in Namibia on 1 April 1989, Botha and De Klerk reached a compromise: Botha would retire after the parliamentary elections in September, allowing de Klerk to take over as state president.
1867:’s time" and the National Party merely inherited them; however, Botha conceded that the Afrikaner population had been "happy to perpetuate ", as many of them "were, and some of them still are... 'racists at heart'".
1255:. However, his administration did make concessions towards political reform, whereas internal unrest saw widespread human rights abuses at the hands of his government. Botha resigned as leader of the ruling
1753:
through parliament, and thus suppressed criticism of government decisions. States of emergencies became frequent, including extrajudicial killings either during riots or through special forces, such as the
1914:
On 18 January 1989, Botha (then aged 73) suffered a mild stroke which prevented him from attending a meeting with
Namibian political leaders on 20 January 1989. Botha's place was taken by acting president
1730:, which became an executive post with sweeping powers. In a departure from general presidential systems, however, the president was to be elected not by universal suffrage (or white suffrage) but by an
1895:, was destabilising the region and "seriously complicating" the major issue which South Africa itself would shortly have to face. Soviet military aid would cease and Cuban troops be withdrawn from
1855:, including the offices of exiled ANC activists. Botha charged that these raids were just a "first installment" and showed that "South Africa has the capacity and the will to break the ."
1270:, Botha campaigned for a No vote and denounced De Klerk's administration as irresponsible for opening the door to black majority rule. In early 1998, when Botha refused to testify at the
2783:
3453:
1749:
Implementing the presidential system was seen as a key step in consolidating Botha's personal power. In previous years, he had succeeded in getting a number of strict laws that limited
2374:
1938:
However, Botha abruptly resigned from the state presidency on 14 August 1989, complaining that he had not been consulted by De Klerk over his scheduled visit to see
President
2777:
1683:, not of South Africa, and were expected to exercise their political rights there. Bantustans were expected to gradually move towards a greater state of independence with
2149:
3483:
3216:
3062:
2015:
Botha remained largely out of sight of the media and it was widely believed that he remained opposed to many of F. W. de Klerk's reforms. He resigned from the
1459:(South Africans of mixed ancestry) and Asians in order to widen support for the government. Upon enacting the reforms, he remarked in the House of Assembly; "
3053:
1978:"Personally, my relationship with P. W. Botha was often strained. I did not like his overbearing leadership style and was opposed to the intrusion of the
300:
2771:
3458:
2023:
1275:
3443:
696:
653:
1408:, and in 1961 was appointed to the new Department of Coloured Affairs and became Minister of Community Development. In 1966, Botha was appointed
2762:"Fighter and Reformer: Extracts from the Speeches of P. W. Botha", Compiled by J.J.J. Scholtz, Published: Bureau for Information, Pretoria, 1989
2756:
2542:
3448:
1900:
1793:, both completely banned since the late 1940s. The constitutional prohibition on multiracial political parties was lifted. He also relaxed the
2626:
1967:. De Klerk's term saw the dismantling of the apartheid system and negotiations that eventually led to South Africa's first racially inclusive
663:
3498:
3209:
1525:
1475:
1428:
in 1978, Botha was elected as his successor by the
National Party caucus, besting the electorate's favourite, 45-year-old Foreign Minister
648:
2625:
Statement by F W de Klerk on the death of former president P W Botha (Issued by the F W de Klerk
Foundation, Cape Town, 1 November 2006)]
1540:
police counter-insurgency unit. He was also instrumental in building the SADF's strength, adding momentum to establishing units such as
3478:
2461:
1400:
in the general election which saw the beginning of the
National Party's 46-year tenure in power. His opponent in the 1948 election was
2479:
1536:, particularly while there was a presence of Cuban troops in Angola to the north. Botha was responsible for introducing the notorious
3463:
3046:
1409:
598:
232:
2077:, we also remember him for the steps he took to pave the way towards the eventual peacefully negotiated settlement in our country".
3473:
1663:
753:
2789:
3202:
1785:
Botha undertook some changes to apartheid practices, but these were rejected by many as superficial and inadequate. He legalised
1267:
1138:
3488:
3468:
3225:
2429:
2393:
1478:
government, though unpopular, was crucial to stemming the tide of
African Communism, which had made in-roads into neighbouring
1054:
803:
788:
2140:
1773:
in order to weaken Botha and undermine the white regime. By the late 1980s – as foreign investment in South Africa declined –
3039:
2904:
2641:
828:
608:
1420:(SADF) reached a zenith, at times consuming 20% of the national budget, compared to 1.3% in 1968, and was involved in the
2119:
2053:(with Judge Foxcroft concurring) found that the notice served on Botha to appear before the TRC was technically invalid.
1968:
1323:
1244:
1215:
1197:
708:
613:
51:
17:
2765:
2686:
2558:
1950:"The ANC is enjoying the protection of president Kaunda and is planning insurgency activities against South Africa from
2813:
1864:
1667:
1643:
1171:
738:
2576:
2012:. Elize died in 1997, and he later married Barbara Robertson, a legal secretary 25 years his junior, on 22 June 1998.
1532:, destroyed only in the early 1990s. He remained steadfast in South Africa's administration of neighbouring territory
2726:
2031:
1813:
1659:
1629:
1514:
1389:
1330:
1279:
813:
783:
353:
1611:
1341:
to study law, but left early at the age of twenty in order to pursue a career in politics. He began working for the
3503:
2355:
1828:
1128:
758:
3508:
3271:
2864:
1727:
1494:
1237:
1118:
743:
638:
76:
43:
2913:
2840:
2497:
1607:
1467:
1233:
808:
160:
2285:
1388:
At age 30, Botha was elected head of the
National Party Youth in 1946, and two years later was elected to the
1259:(NP) in February 1989 after suffering a stroke and six months later was also coerced to leave the presidency.
3493:
2084:
announced that flags would be flown at half mast to mark the death of a former head of state. The offer of a
1920:
1904:
1342:
1256:
961:
838:
823:
798:
454:
3366:
2026:(TRC), set up to expose apartheid-era crimes and chaired by his cultural and political nemesis, Archbishop
1603:
1334:
1103:
718:
533:
1541:
1417:
976:
818:
763:
673:
668:
1455:), while still retaining the supremacy of a white central government, and foremost expand the rights of
552:
2329:
2113:
2046:
1557:
1518:
1303:
1283:
678:
1808:
Even these meagre reforms went too far for a group of NP hardliners, led by former
Education Minister
1675:
Indians together, hence preserving white dominance within the framework of a "power-sharing" system.
1228:; 12 January 1916 – 31 October 2006) was a South African politician. He was the head of government of
1006:
3376:
3351:
2539:
1960:
1802:
1506:
926:
773:
768:
748:
723:
703:
1835:. He is famously quoted during this time as saying, "This uprising will bring out the beast in us".
3398:
3237:
2897:
2601:
2062:
2038:
jail sentence for his refusal to testify on human rights violations and violence sanctioned by the
1997:
1592:
1421:
1113:
733:
439:
2410:
1927:– would succeed him. Instead, the NP's parliamentary caucus selected as leader education minister
1742:
the reforms due to the fears of apartheid breaking up, was the Botha's position put in question.
936:
3183:
2982:
1766:
1762:
1596:
1252:
1190:
1143:
911:
1470:, Botha retained the defence portfolio until October 1980, when he appointed SADF Chief General
2718:
2303:
2266:
2196:
2039:
1979:
1875:
State President Botha's loss of influence can be directly attributed to decisions taken at the
1658:. The new constitution created two new houses of parliament alongside the existing, white-only
1377:
843:
2172:
3382:
2925:
2016:
1671:
1655:
1370:
1358:
1307:
1248:
1108:
1098:
793:
713:
658:
423:
2088:
was declined by Botha's family, and a private funeral was held on 8 November in the town of
1711:, rejected independence due to their leaders' commitment to opposing apartheid from within.
1416:, upon Verwoerd's murder later that year. Under his 14 years in charge of the ministry, the
3438:
3433:
2089:
2001:
1786:
1726:. The prime minister's post was abolished, and its functions were merged with those of the
1719:
1708:
1565:
1393:
1366:
1075:
876:
833:
683:
623:
472:
357:
1404:
from the United Party. In 1958 Botha was appointed Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs by
8:
2890:
2239:
2214:
1735:
1723:
1153:
2704:
2035:
1860:
1832:
1824:
1809:
1770:
1510:
1425:
1287:
1224:
1183:
618:
569:
2674:
1646:, which was then put to a vote of the white population. Though it did not implement a
861:
3388:
3090:
2722:
2455:
2050:
1924:
1911:
in New York on 22 December 1988 by representatives of Angola, Cuba and South Africa.
1880:
1750:
1731:
1553:
1533:
1487:
1064:
778:
419:
3031:
2436:
1903:
by relinquishing control of Namibia and allowing UN-supervised elections there. The
1761:
In many western countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom (where the
3010:
2988:
2972:
2952:
2732:
1715:
1405:
1016:
966:
896:
323:
258:
1738:
voting system. Only with the challenge posed by the Conservative Party, which was
1439:
Botha was keen to promote constitutional reform, and hoped to implement a form of
3404:
3314:
3194:
3173:
3163:
2882:
2630:
2546:
2412:
1794:
1684:
1319:
1133:
1123:
633:
2662:
2515:
1887:
in Moscow (29 May – 1 June 1988) that paved the way to resolving the problem of
3362:
3341:
3331:
3320:
3178:
3168:
2967:
2874:
2857:
2070:
1964:
1939:
1928:
1908:
1820:
1798:
1369:, Botha condemned the Ossewabrandwag and changed his ideological allegiance to
1354:
1271:
1263:
996:
986:
956:
941:
921:
916:
906:
881:
149:
121:
3291:
3427:
3147:
3117:
3085:
2833:
2085:
1876:
1790:
1774:
1692:
1549:
1498:
1433:
1397:
1346:
1315:
1148:
1021:
971:
643:
628:
3303:
3122:
2806:
1907:, which gave effect to the Reagan/Gorbachev summit decisions, was signed at
281:
3326:
3308:
3261:
3229:
3132:
3095:
3066:
3015:
2997:
2917:
2823:
2710:
2027:
2009:
2005:
1916:
1884:
1839:
1561:
1529:
1502:
1471:
1413:
1401:
1350:
1338:
1229:
1049:
1011:
1001:
991:
891:
443:
293:
263:
215:
143:
3297:
2737:
October 1980: Taiwan: Order of Propitious Clouds with Special Grand Cordon
3372:
3286:
3251:
3137:
2962:
2942:
2714:
2081:
2066:
1700:
951:
946:
931:
2073:
was reported as saying "while to many Mr. Botha will remain a symbol of
1424:. When Vorster resigned following allegations of his involvement in the
3394:
2034:
headquarters in Johannesburg. In August 1998, he was fined and given a
1647:
1483:
1440:
1362:
1322:. His mother, Hendrina Christina Botha (née de Wet), was interned in a
1059:
1026:
901:
886:
871:
728:
528:
3277:
3256:
3142:
3100:
3080:
2957:
2947:
2932:
2074:
1932:
1892:
1680:
1650:, it implemented what was ostensibly a power-sharing agreement with
1456:
1452:
1444:
1429:
1311:
1299:
1290:
jail sentence, which was overturned on appeal due to a technicality.
1080:
1044:
981:
577:
415:
31:
1581:
1329:
Botha initially attended the Paul Roux School and matriculated from
3246:
1852:
1838:
As economic and diplomatic actions against South Africa increased,
1651:
1448:
2328:
Times, Alan Cowell and Special To the New York (17 August 1985).
2049:
against his conviction and sentence. The Court's ruling by Judge
1888:
1755:
1704:
1537:
585:
60:
2109:
1951:
1943:
1896:
1848:
1844:
1722:
that had been in place in one form or another since 1910, to a
1688:
1479:
1070:
2751:
2092:, where Botha's body was buried. Mbeki attended the funeral.
1974:
In a statement on the death of Botha in 2006, De Klerk said:
1696:
1545:
2470:, Vol. 6, Section 3, pp. 252–3, para. 326 (e), 327, and 328.
2466:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. (2003)
2065:
on Tuesday 31 October 2006, aged 90. His death was met with
2030:. The TRC found that he had ordered the 1988 bombing of the
1827:. The following year, when the United States introduced the
1560:. To maintain the nation's military strength, a very strict
1687:
nation status being the final goal. During Botha's tenure,
1564:
was implemented to enforce compulsory military service for
1333:. In 1934, he entered the Grey University College (now the
3454:
Members of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)
2468:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
1314:
parents. His father, Pieter Willem Botha Sr., fought as a
2304:"South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Program – Building Bombs"
2540:
New York Accords signed by Angola, Cuba and South Africa
1777:
began to have a serious effect on the nation's economy.
1544:. South African intervention, with support of the rebel
2042:(SSC) which he, as president until 1989, had directed.
1919:. On 2 February 1989, Botha resigned as leader of the
1380:(Elize). The couple had two sons and three daughters.
301:
Minister of Community Development and Coloured Affairs
3061:
1556:
continued until the late 1980s, terminating with the
1443:
system in South Africa that would allow for greater "
2375:"Moves by Botha Telegraph Pullback From Compromise"
2286:"P. W. Botha, Defender of Apartheid, Is Dead at 90"
2267:"P. W. Botha, Defender of Apartheid, Is Dead at 90"
3224:
2912:
2356:"Margaret Thatcher: no fond farewells from Africa"
2139:
2069:by many of his former opponents. Former President
1923:(NP), anticipating his nominee – finance minister
2197:P. W. Botha, Defender of Apartheid, Is Dead at 90
2045:In June 1999, Botha successfully appealed to the
2022:Botha refused to testify at the new government's
3425:
2394:"South African President Warns of Further Raids"
1992:Botha and his wife Elize retired to their home,
1497:, Botha's greatest parliamentary opponents were
3484:Members of the House of Assembly (South Africa)
2702:
2000:, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the city of
1769:, there was much debate over the imposition of
1524:In 1977, as Minister of Defence, Botha began a
1412:by Verwoerd and served under the government of
523:Rossouw, Pieter Willem, Elanza, Amelia, Rozanne
2498:"PW Botha on the 'so-called apartheid policy'"
2141:"Afrikaners champion Botha's cause of silence"
1509:until 1987, when his former cabinet colleague
1298:Pieter Willem Botha was born on a farm in the
1282:, which had earlier contested his rule as the
3210:
3047:
2898:
1528:, which culminated in the manufacture of six
1345:as a political organiser in the neighbouring
1251:, was an opponent of black majority rule and
1191:
2061:Botha died of a heart attack at his home in
1812:. In 1982, the group broke away to form the
1286:. For his refusal, he was fined and given a
1670:for Indians. The three chambers of the new
1610:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1436:, the scandal's namesake, in a 78–72 vote.
1293:
3217:
3203:
3054:
3040:
2905:
2891:
2353:
2137:
1361:group which was sympathetic to the German
1236:from 1978 to 1984 and the first executive
1198:
1184:
59:
3459:National Party (South Africa) politicians
2577:"Washingtonpost.com: South Africa Report"
2559:"Botha Is Expected to Be Discharged Soon"
2495:
1630:Learn how and when to remove this message
1521:on a strictly anti-concessionist agenda.
3444:People from Dihlabeng Local Municipality
2784:Zuma on PW: 'He saw the need for change'
2778:'He was my bread and botha' (By artists)
2212:
1883:summit of the leaders of the US and the
1432:. In the final internal ballot, he beat
27:Leader of South Africa from 1978 to 1989
2283:
2264:
2170:
1780:
1746:under the newly approved constitution.
1383:
1232:from 1978 to 1989, serving as the last
1139:Music in the movement against apartheid
487: 1943; died 1997)
313:8 October 1961 – 30 March 1966
181: – 14 September 1984
14:
3426:
2460:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2391:
2372:
2284:Gregory, Joseph R. (1 November 2006).
2265:Gregory, Joseph R. (1 November 2006).
1899:as soon as South Africa complied with
1714:The new constitution also changed the
245:30 March 1966 – 28 April 1981
3449:South African people of Dutch descent
3198:
3035:
2886:
2752:Botha's last interview before he died
2327:
1891:which, according to foreign minister
1223:
1608:adding citations to reliable sources
1575:
508:
97: – 14 August 1989
3499:University of the Free State alumni
2706:Who's Who In South African Politics
2373:Sparks, Allister (17 August 1986).
2120:Decoration for Meritorious Services
2024:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1276:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
614:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
24:
2759:, dated prior to Mandela's release
2745:
1901:UN Security Council Resolution 435
1870:
1571:
25:
3520:
3479:Defence ministers of South Africa
3416:†Died in office *Acting President
2032:South African Council of Churches
1331:Bethlehem Voortrekker High School
3464:State Presidents of South Africa
2987:
2981:
2496:MacLennan, Ben (19 March 2006).
2354:Moshenberg, Dan (9 April 2013).
2152:from the original on 24 May 2022
2116:with Special Grand Cordon (1980)
2102:
1829:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
1580:
1167:
1166:
1129:Internal resistance to apartheid
584:
551:
3474:Prime ministers of South Africa
2865:State President of South Africa
2696:
2680:
2668:
2663:Former South Africa leader dies
2656:
2647:
2635:
2619:
2594:
2569:
2551:
2533:
2508:
2489:
2473:
2422:
2404:
2385:
2366:
2347:
2173:"Botha's Conviction Overturned"
1801:, the imprisoned leader of the
1278:(TRC), he was supported by the
1238:state president of South Africa
639:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
504:
484:
354:South African House of Assembly
77:State President of South Africa
2841:Prime Minister of South Africa
2766:The life and times of PW Botha
2602:"South Africa Limited Reforms"
2321:
2296:
2277:
2258:
2232:
2206:
2190:
2171:McGreal, Chris (2 June 1999).
2164:
2131:
1863:laws of apartheid "started in
1831:, Botha declared a nationwide
1642:In 1983, Botha proposed a new
1526:secret nuclear weapons program
1234:prime minister of South Africa
161:Prime Minister of South Africa
107:Acting until 14 September 1984
13:
1:
3489:Afrikaner Broederbond members
3469:South African anti-communists
3157:Post-apartheid (1994–present)
2772:PW, Tambo 'partners in peace'
2213:sahoboss (17 February 2011).
2138:Mary Braid (8 January 1998).
2125:
1987:
1819:In 1985, Botha delivered the
1552:, a personal friend), in the
2675:PW Botha: Reaction in quotes
2392:Cowell, Alan (22 May 1986).
2244:South African History Online
2219:South African History Online
1493:As Prime Minister and later
1335:University of the Free State
1225:[ˈpitərˈvələmˈbuəta]
1104:Apartheid in popular culture
227:Himself (as State President)
124:(ceremonial State President)
7:
2677:, BBC News, 1 November 2006
2665:, BBC News, 1 November 2006
2644:, BBC News, 29 October 1998
1418:South African Defence Force
1318:against the British in the
674:Saint James Church massacre
669:Assassination of Chris Hani
127:Himself (as Prime Minister)
10:
3525:
2653:"The Citizen", 2 June 1999
2419:Obituary. 2 November 2006.
2114:Order of Propitious Clouds
1324:British concentration camp
1304:Orange Free State Province
679:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
89:3 September 1984
29:
3414:
3350:
3270:
3236:
3156:
3110:
3073:
2996:
2979:
2924:
2871:
2862:
2854:
2838:
2830:
2820:
2811:
2803:
2798:
2480:The Groot Krokodil speaks
2330:"BOTHA SPEECH: 2 SIGNALS"
2095:
1961:African National Congress
1803:African National Congress
1507:Progressive Federal Party
1367:German attack on the USSR
1268:1992 apartheid referendum
927:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
559:
547:
539:
527:
519:
461:
450:
429:
398:
393:
389:
363:
351:
341:
329:
317:
306:
299:
287:
275:
249:
238:
231:
221:
209:
192:
166:
158:
134:
112:
82:
74:
70:
58:
41:
2998:Republic of South Africa
2703:Shelagh Gastrow (1986).
2691:Independent Online (IOL)
2308:nuclearweaponarchive.org
2056:
1664:House of Representatives
1422:South African Border War
1294:Early life and education
1221:Afrikaans pronunciation:
1114:Cape Qualified Franchise
173:9 October 1978
150:Frederik Willem de Klerk
30:Not to be confused with
3504:Burials in South Africa
3111:Apartheid era (1948–94)
3074:Pre-apartheid (1910–48)
2642:TRC findings: P W Botha
2545:14 January 2009 at the
1763:Anti-Apartheid Movement
1490:obtained independence.
1486:after these two former
1376:In 1943, Botha married
1365:; but months after the
1253:international communism
1144:Nostalgia for apartheid
534:Grey University College
3509:Ossewabrandwag members
3287:Charles Robberts Swart
2040:State Security Council
1980:State Security Council
1666:for Coloureds and the
1378:Anna Elizabeth Rossouw
1119:Disinvestment campaign
844:State Security Council
473:Anna Elizabeth Rossouw
3383:Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri
2926:Union of South Africa
2629:14 April 2008 at the
2240:"Pieter Willem Botha"
2215:"Pieter Willem Botha"
2017:Afrikaner Broederbond
1963:– and the release of
1699:all achieved nominal
1672:Tricameral Parliament
1548:movement (led by Dr.
1392:as representative of
1371:Christian nationalism
1359:Afrikaner nationalist
1249:Afrikaner nationalist
1245:elected to Parliament
1109:Apartheid legislation
1099:Afrikaner nationalism
659:Cape Town peace march
649:Trojan Horse Incident
609:1948 general election
3494:Apartheid government
2757:The Mandela Document
1969:democratic elections
1917:J. Christiaan Heunis
1905:Tripartite Agreement
1787:interracial marriage
1781:Apartheid government
1720:parliamentary system
1709:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
1604:improve this section
1461:We must adapt or die
1384:Parliamentary career
1240:from 1984 to 1989.
1007:Eugène Terre'Blanche
877:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
684:Shell House massacre
654:Khotso House bombing
624:Sharpeville massacre
347:Willem Adriaan Maree
3103:(as Prime Minister)
2849:Position abolished
2814:Minister of Defence
2786:– Mail&Guardian
2780:– Mail&Guardian
2606:country-studies.com
2581:The Washington Post
2502:Mail & Guardian
2379:The Washington Post
2004:and located on the
1765:was based) and the
1736:first past the post
1724:presidential system
1566:white South African
1519:official opposition
1488:Portuguese colonies
1410:Minister of Defence
1353:, Botha joined the
1349:. In the run-up to
1308:Free State Province
1284:official opposition
1247:in 1948, Botha, an
1211:Pieter Willem Botha
1154:Sullivan Principles
403:Pieter Willem Botha
233:Minister of Defence
18:Pieter Willem Botha
2799:Political offices
2565:. 22 January 1989.
2563:The New York Times
2398:The New York Times
2334:The New York Times
2290:The New York Times
2271:The New York Times
2246:. 3 September 2019
2201:The New York Times
1971:on 27 April 1994.
1861:racial segregation
1833:state of emergency
1814:Conservative Party
1810:Andries Treurnicht
1771:economic sanctions
1668:House of Delegates
1515:Conservative Party
1511:Andries Treurnicht
1426:Muldergate Scandal
1280:Conservative Party
739:Conservative Party
619:1956 Treason Trial
336:Office established
3421:
3420:
3389:Kgalema Motlanthe
3192:
3191:
3063:Defence ministers
3029:
3028:
3003:(under Apartheid)
2881:
2880:
2872:Succeeded by
2821:Succeeded by
2790:Thabo Mbeki on PW
2693:, 8 November 2006
2486:, 2 November 2006
2203:, 1 November 2006
1996:, in the town of
1925:Barend du Plessis
1881:Mikhail Gorbachev
1751:freedom of speech
1732:electoral college
1660:House of Assembly
1640:
1639:
1632:
1558:Tripartite Accord
1554:Angolan Civil War
1534:South-West Africa
1390:House of Assembly
1208:
1207:
1065:South-West Africa
563:
562:
497:Barbara Robertson
420:Orange Free State
144:Christiaan Heunis
16:(Redirected from
3516:
3356:(post-Apartheid)
3219:
3212:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3011:Hendrik Verwoerd
3004:
2991:
2985:
2973:Hendrik Verwoerd
2936:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2855:Preceded by
2831:Preceded by
2804:Preceded by
2796:
2795:
2740:
2739:
2733:Internet Archive
2700:
2694:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2493:
2487:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2435:. Archived from
2434:
2426:
2420:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2210:
2204:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2143:
2135:
2108:
2106:
2105:
1716:executive branch
1635:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1584:
1576:
1406:Hendrik Verwoerd
1396:in the southern
1326:during the war.
1302:district of the
1227:
1222:
1218:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1170:
1169:
967:Albertina Sisulu
962:Benjamin Moloise
897:Arthur Goldreich
588:
565:
564:
555:
512:
510:
506:
488:
486:
436:
412:
410:
394:Personal details
385:
383:
377:
375:
368:
344:
332:
324:Hendrik Verwoerd
320:
311:
290:
278:
264:Johannes Vorster
259:Hendrik Verwoerd
252:
243:
224:
216:Johannes Vorster
212:
199:Johannes Vorster
188:
186:
180:
178:
171:
137:
115:
108:
104:
102:
96:
94:
87:
63:
39:
38:
21:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3405:Cyril Ramaphosa
3355:
3346:
3315:Nico Diederichs
3275:
3272:State President
3266:
3232:
3223:
3193:
3188:
3152:
3106:
3069:
3060:
3030:
3025:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2986:
2977:
2930:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2877:
2868:
2860:
2844:
2836:
2826:
2817:
2809:
2748:
2746:Further reading
2743:
2729:
2701:
2697:
2687:PW laid to rest
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2631:Wayback Machine
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2547:Wayback Machine
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2520:klausdierks.com
2514:
2513:
2509:
2494:
2490:
2478:
2474:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2430:"Archived copy"
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:Dan van der Vat
2409:
2405:
2390:
2386:
2371:
2367:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2282:
2278:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2211:
2207:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2146:The Independent
2136:
2132:
2128:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2059:
1990:
1909:UN headquarters
1873:
1871:Fall from power
1795:Group Areas Act
1783:
1728:state president
1636:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1601:
1585:
1574:
1572:State President
1495:State President
1386:
1320:Second Boer War
1296:
1220:
1214:
1204:
1159:
1158:
1134:Kairos Document
1124:Freedom Charter
1094:
1086:
1085:
1069:
1040:
1032:
1031:
862:Vernon Berrangé
857:
849:
848:
809:Security Branch
699:
689:
688:
634:Soweto uprising
604:
603:
515:
514:
502:
498:
490:
482:
478:
475:
451:Political party
438:
434:
433:31 October 2006
414:
413:12 January 1916
408:
406:
405:
404:
381:
379:
373:
371:
369:
364:
342:
330:
318:
312:
307:
288:
276:
271:
250:
244:
239:
222:
210:
205:
184:
182:
176:
174:
172:
167:
154:
135:
130:
113:
106:
105:
100:
98:
92:
90:
88:
83:
66:
54:
49:
46:
44:Staatspresident
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3522:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:(2018-present)
3402:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3370:
3363:Nelson Mandela
3359:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3342:F. W. de Klerk
3339:
3334:
3332:Marais Viljoen
3329:
3324:
3321:Marais Viljoen
3318:
3312:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3234:
3233:
3226:Heads of State
3222:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3184:Mapisa-Nqakula
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2994:
2993:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2922:
2921:
2914:Prime Minister
2910:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2875:F. W. de Klerk
2873:
2870:
2861:
2858:Marais Viljoen
2856:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2727:
2695:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2646:
2634:
2618:
2593:
2568:
2550:
2532:
2507:
2488:
2472:
2442:on 13 May 2012
2421:
2403:
2384:
2365:
2346:
2320:
2295:
2276:
2257:
2231:
2205:
2189:
2163:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2097:
2094:
2071:Nelson Mandela
2058:
2055:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1965:Nelson Mandela
1956:
1955:
1940:Kenneth Kaunda
1929:F. W. de Klerk
1921:National Party
1872:
1869:
1821:Rubicon speech
1799:Nelson Mandela
1782:
1779:
1648:federal system
1638:
1637:
1588:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1468:Prime Minister
1466:Upon becoming
1385:
1382:
1355:Ossewabrandwag
1343:National Party
1310:), the son of
1295:
1292:
1264:F. W. de Klerk
1257:National Party
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1093:Related topics
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:H. F. Verwoerd
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:Adelaide Tambo
994:
989:
987:Robert Sobukwe
984:
979:
977:J. G. Strijdom
974:
969:
964:
959:
957:Raymond Mhlaba
954:
949:
944:
942:Nelson Mandela
939:
934:
929:
924:
922:Albert Luthuli
919:
917:Ahmed Kathrada
914:
909:
907:Bantu Holomisa
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
882:F. W. de Klerk
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
799:National Party
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
700:
695:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
605:
602:
601:
595:
594:
593:
590:
589:
581:
580:
574:
573:
561:
560:
557:
556:
549:
545:
544:
541:
537:
536:
531:
525:
524:
521:
517:
516:
500:
496:
495:
494:
493:
480:
476:
471:
470:
469:
468:
465:
463:
459:
458:
455:National Party
452:
448:
447:
446:, South Africa
437:(aged 90)
431:
427:
426:
402:
400:
396:
395:
391:
390:
387:
386:
361:
360:
352:Member of the
349:
348:
345:
339:
338:
333:
327:
326:
321:
319:Prime Minister
315:
314:
304:
303:
297:
296:
291:
285:
284:
282:Jacobus Fouché
279:
273:
272:
270:
269:
266:
261:
255:
253:
251:Prime Minister
247:
246:
236:
235:
229:
228:
225:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
204:
203:
202:Marais Viljoen
200:
196:
194:
190:
189:
164:
163:
156:
155:
153:
152:
147:
140:
138:
132:
131:
129:
128:
125:
122:Marais Viljoen
118:
116:
110:
109:
80:
79:
72:
71:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
50:
47:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3521:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3413:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Hans Strijdom
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Barry Hertzog
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2876:
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2842:
2835:
2834:B. J. Vorster
2829:
2825:
2816:
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2728:9780869752807
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2100:
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2087:
2086:state funeral
2083:
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2064:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2008:coast of the
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1906:
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1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:Ronald Reagan
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
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1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
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1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:miscegenation
1788:
1778:
1776:
1775:disinvestment
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:Bophutatswana
1690:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1634:
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1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1589:This section
1587:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:Jonas Savimbi
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:nuclear bombs
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:Harry Schwarz
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1434:Connie Mulder
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:Cape Province
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:Cape Province
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:government's
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1217:
1212:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:Project Coast
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
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1105:
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1100:
1097:
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1090:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:Robben Island
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:B. J. Vorster
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:Walter Sisulu
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
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928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
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910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
853:
852:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:Organisations
693:
692:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
644:Vaal uprising
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:Rivonia Trial
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
600:
597:
596:
592:
591:
587:
583:
582:
579:
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575:
571:
567:
566:
558:
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550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
492:
491:
474:
467:
466:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
401:
397:
392:
388:
367:
362:
359:
355:
350:
346:
340:
337:
334:
328:
325:
322:
316:
310:
305:
302:
298:
295:
292:
286:
283:
280:
274:
267:
265:
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257:
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254:
248:
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220:
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201:
198:
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195:
191:
170:
165:
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151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
139:
133:
126:
123:
120:
119:
117:
111:
86:
81:
78:
73:
69:
65:Botha in 1962
62:
57:
53:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3336:
3327:John Vorster
3309:Jan de Klerk
3262:Elizabeth II
3230:South Africa
3127:
3067:South Africa
3020:
3016:John Vorster
2918:South Africa
2863:
2848:
2839:
2824:Magnus Malan
2812:
2736:
2731:– via
2711:Johannesburg
2705:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2649:
2637:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2519:
2510:
2501:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2444:. Retrieved
2437:the original
2424:
2417:The Guardian
2416:
2406:
2397:
2387:
2378:
2368:
2360:The Guardian
2359:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2307:
2298:
2289:
2279:
2270:
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2243:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2177:The Guardian
2176:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2145:
2133:
2079:
2060:
2044:
2028:Desmond Tutu
2021:
2014:
2010:Western Cape
2006:Indian Ocean
1993:
1991:
1973:
1957:
1937:
1913:
1885:Soviet Union
1874:
1857:
1840:civil unrest
1837:
1818:
1807:
1784:
1767:Commonwealth
1760:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1713:
1677:
1644:constitution
1641:
1626:
1617:
1602:Please help
1590:
1542:32 Battalion
1523:
1503:Helen Suzman
1492:
1472:Magnus Malan
1465:
1460:
1447:" for black
1438:
1414:John Vorster
1387:
1375:
1351:World War II
1339:Bloemfontein
1328:
1297:
1261:
1242:
1230:South Africa
1210:
1209:
1050:District Six
1012:Desmond Tutu
1002:Oliver Tambo
992:Helen Suzman
892:Bram Fischer
866:
444:Western Cape
435:(2006-10-31)
424:South Africa
365:
343:Succeeded by
335:
308:
294:Magnus Malan
289:Succeeded by
240:
223:Succeeded by
168:
136:Succeeded by
84:
36:
3439:2006 deaths
3434:1916 births
3391:(2008-2009)
3373:Thabo Mbeki
3354:(from 1994)
3337:P. W. Botha
3292:Eben Dönges
3274:(1961–1994)
3252:Edward VIII
3240:(1910–1961)
3021:P. W. Botha
3000:(1961–1984)
2963:D. F. Malan
2943:Louis Botha
2928:(1910–1961)
2715:Ravan Press
2082:Thabo Mbeki
2067:magnanimity
1865:Lord Milner
1843:targets in
1701:sovereignty
1517:became the
952:Thabo Mbeki
947:Govan Mbeki
937:D. F. Malan
932:Mac Maharaj
867:P. W. Botha
794:Broederbond
457:(1946–1990)
331:Preceded by
277:Preceded by
211:Preceded by
114:Preceded by
48:P. W. Botha
3428:Categories
3395:Jacob Zuma
3304:Jim Fouché
2935:from 1948)
2869:1984–1989
2845:1978–1984
2818:1966–1980
2807:Jim Fouché
2792:– Moneyweb
2717:. p.
2516:"130-1988"
2250:3 February
2126:References
2080:President
2063:Wilderness
2051:Selikowitz
2047:High Court
1998:Wilderness
1988:Retirement
1681:Bantustans
1620:April 2016
1484:Mozambique
1453:Bantustans
1363:Nazi Party
1060:Sophiatown
1027:Jacob Zuma
912:Joel Joffe
902:Chris Hani
887:Ruth First
872:Steve Biko
729:Black Sash
543:Politician
540:Profession
529:Alma mater
440:Wilderness
409:1916-01-12
185:1984-09-14
177:1978-10-09
101:1989-08-14
93:1984-09-03
3399:2009-2018
3377:1999-2008
3367:1994-1999
3352:President
3298:Tom Naudé
3278:Apartheid
3257:George VI
2958:Jan Smuts
2948:Jan Smuts
2933:Apartheid
2611:9 January
2586:9 January
2525:9 January
2313:9 January
2224:9 January
2182:18 August
2075:apartheid
2036:suspended
1994:Die Anker
1933:Cape Town
1893:Pik Botha
1718:from the
1685:sovereign
1652:Coloureds
1591:does not
1476:apartheid
1457:Coloureds
1449:homelands
1445:self-rule
1430:Pik Botha
1402:JP Marais
1312:Afrikaner
1300:Paul Roux
1288:suspended
1081:Vlakplaas
1045:Bantustan
982:Joe Slovo
578:Apartheid
548:Signature
416:Paul Roux
366:In office
309:In office
241:In office
193:President
169:In office
85:In office
32:Pik Botha
3247:George V
3091:Creswell
2774:– News24
2627:Archived
2543:Archived
2456:cite web
2150:Archived
1853:Gaborone
1316:commando
1172:Category
1076:Sun City
570:a series
568:Part of
520:Children
146:(acting)
3276:(under
3238:Monarch
3174:Nqakula
3148:Coetsee
3118:Erasmus
2931:(under
2446:31 July
2339:28 June
1889:Namibia
1805:(ANC).
1756:Koevoet
1740:against
1707:led by
1705:KwaZulu
1656:Indians
1612:removed
1597:sources
1538:Koevoet
1513:'s new
1505:of the
1441:federal
1272:Mandela
513:
501:
489:
481:
477:
462:Spouses
380: (
372: (
268:Himself
183: (
175: (
99: (
91: (
3179:Sisulu
3169:Lekota
3164:Modise
3123:Fouché
2725:
2156:15 May
2148:. UK.
2110:Taiwan
2107:
2096:Awards
2090:George
2002:George
1952:Lusaka
1944:Zambia
1897:Angola
1851:, and
1849:Harare
1845:Lusaka
1689:Ciskei
1480:Angola
1394:George
1243:First
1071:Soweto
1039:Places
856:People
804:COSATU
754:FOSATU
664:CODESA
599:Events
507:
358:George
3138:Meyer
3133:Malan
3128:Botha
3101:Smuts
3096:Pirow
3086:Mentz
3081:Smuts
2768:– IOL
2440:(PDF)
2433:(PDF)
2057:Death
1697:Venda
1662:—the
1568:men.
1562:draft
1546:UNITA
1357:, an
1337:) in
1306:(now
511:)
503:(
499:
483:(
479:
378:–1958
356:from
3143:Louw
2723:ISBN
2613:2018
2588:2018
2527:2018
2484:MWeb
2462:link
2448:2011
2341:2018
2315:2018
2252:2021
2226:2018
2184:2017
2158:2009
1983:be."
1825:rand
1789:and
1695:and
1654:and
1595:any
1593:cite
1501:and
1482:and
1451:(or
839:SACP
829:SAMA
824:SAIC
819:SADF
814:SACC
709:APLA
509:1998
430:Died
399:Born
382:1958
374:1948
370:1948
159:8th
75:6th
3228:of
3065:of
2916:of
1942:of
1758:.
1606:by
1463:."
1266:'s
1262:In
1216:DMS
834:SAP
789:UDF
784:PAC
774:HNP
769:PFP
749:ECC
734:CCB
724:BBB
719:AWB
714:IFP
704:ANC
52:DMS
3430::
2735:.
2721:.
2719:50
2713::
2709:.
2689:,
2604:.
2579:.
2561:.
2518:.
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2458:}}
2454:{{
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2377:.
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2332:.
2306:.
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2175:.
2144:.
2112::
2019:.
1946::
1847:,
1691:,
1373:.
1213:,
779:MK
764:RP
759:PP
744:DP
572:on
505:m.
485:m.
442:,
422:,
418:,
3401:)
3397:(
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3379:)
3375:(
3369:)
3365:(
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2362:.
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1618:(
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187:)
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20:)
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