341:
1981:
285:), often regarded as the "father of optics" and a pioneer of the scientific method, formulated "the first comprehensive and systematic alternative to Greek optical theories." He postulated in his "Book of Optics" that light was reflected upon different surfaces in different directions, thus causing different light signatures for a certain object that we see. It was a different approach than that which was previously thought by Greek scientists, such as
202:
298:
projectiles, he observed that objects that hit a target perpendicularly exert much more force than projectiles that hit at an angle. Al-Haytham applied this discovery to optics and tried to explain why direct light hurts the eye, because direct light approaches perpendicularly and not at an oblique angle. He developed a
325:
tried to disprove the widely held belief that light is emitted by the eye and not the object that is being observed. He explained that, if light came from our eyes at a constant velocity it would take much too long to illuminate the stars for us to see them while we are still looking at them, because
297:
from the eye to an object and back again. Al-Haytham, with this new theory of optics, was able to study the geometric aspects of the visual cone theories without explaining the physiology of perception. Also in his Book of Optics, Ibn al-Haytham used mechanics to try and understand optics. Using
404:
is spent. He also claimed that projectile in a vacuum would not stop unless it is acted upon. This conception of motion is consistent with Newton's first law of motion, inertia, which states that an object in motion will stay in motion unless it is acted on by an external force. This idea which
425:, he recognizes that non-uniform motion is the result of acceleration. Ibn-Sina's theory of mayl tried to relate the velocity and weight of a moving object, this idea closely resembled the concept of momentum Aristotle's theory of motion stated that a constant force produces a uniform motion,
356:
The
Islamic understanding of the astronomical model was based on the Greek Ptolemaic system. However, many early astronomers had started to question the model. It was not always accurate in its predictions and was over complicated because astronomers were trying to mathematically describe the
158:. With Aristotelian physics, physics was seen as lower than demonstrative mathematical sciences, but in terms of a larger theory of knowledge, physics was higher than astronomy; many of whose principles derive from physics and metaphysics. The primary subject of physics, according to
92:
developed it further. However the
Islamic world had a greater respect for knowledge gained from empirical observation, and believed that the universe is governed by a single set of laws. Their use of empirical observation led to the formation of crude forms of the
302:
to demonstrate that light and color from different candles can be passed through a single aperture in straight lines, without intermingling at the aperture. His theories were transmitted to the West. His work influenced
361:("Doubts on Ptolemy"), which outlined his many criticisms of the Ptolemaic paradigm. This book encouraged other astronomers to develop new models to explain celestial movement better than Ptolemy. In al-Haytham's
399:
when the object is in opposition to its natural motion. So he concluded that continuation of motion is attributed to the inclination that is transferred to the object, and that object will be in motion until the
550:
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had roughly adopted this idea, believing that a moving object has force which is dissipated by external agents like air resistance. Ibn Sina made distinction between 'force' and 'inclination' (called "
429:
contradicted this and developed his own theory of motion. In his theory he showed that velocity and acceleration are two different things and force is proportional to acceleration and not velocity.
193:. In "'The Aims of Aristotle's Metaphysics", Al-Farabi argues that metaphysics is not specific to natural beings, but at the same time, metaphysics is higher in universality than natural beings.
220:, developed rapidly in this period. By the ninth century, there were works on physiological optics as well as mirror reflections, and geometrical and physical optics. In the eleventh century,
371:
suggests that the gravity an object contains varies depending on its distance from the center of the universe. The center of the universe in this case refers to the center of the Earth.
804:
Mariam
Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, p. 614-642 Routledge, London and New York
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had rejected the
Aristotelian view of motion, and argued that an object acquires an inclination to move when it has a motive power impressed on it. In the eleventh century
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argued against the idea of the cosmos being eternal by claiming that the eternality of the world lands one in a different sort of absurdity involving the infinite;
1297:
1275:
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he argues that the celestial spheres were not made of solid matter, and that the heavens are less dense than air. Some astronomers theorized about gravity too,
1727:
1280:
1791:
825:
Espinoza, Fernando. "An
Analysis of the Historical Development of Ideas About Motion and its Implications for Teaching". Physics Education. Vol. 40(2).
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2005:
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458:
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Dallal, Ahmad (1999), "Science, Medicine and
Technology", in Esposito, John, The Oxford History of Islam, Oxford University Press, New York
1430:
1317:
816:
Sayili, Aydin. "Ibn Sina and
Buridan on the Motion the Projectile". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol. 500(1). p.477-482.
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they are so far away. Therefore, the illumination must be coming from the stars so we can see them as soon as we open our eyes.
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162:, was motion or change; there were three factors involved with this change, underlying thing, privation, and form. In his
64:. These works and the important commentaries on them were the wellspring of science during the medieval period. They were
44:). During this period, Islamic theology was encouraging of thinkers to find knowledge. Thinkers from this period included
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from the Greeks and during the
Islamic Golden Age developed it further, especially placing emphasis on observation and
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258:. He used this law to work out the shapes of lenses that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as
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499:, Translated by Jon McGinnis and David C. Reisman. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2007. pg. xix
2015:
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dissented from the
Aristotelian view was basically abandoned until it was described as "impetus" by
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asserted that the cosmos must have a temporal origin because traversing an infinite was impossible.
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David C. Lindberg, "The Theory of
Pinhole Images from Antiquity to the Thirteenth Century,"
24:(from roughly the mid 8th to the mid 13th centuries), adding a number of innovations to the
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963:
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118:
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8:
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551:"The Impact of the Qur'anic Conception of Astronomical Phenomena on Islamic Civilization"
21:
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Nasr S.H., Razavi M.A.. "The islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia" (1996). Routledge
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Taqī al-Dīn. Kitāb Nūr, Book I, Chapter 5, MS ‘O', folio 14b; MS ‘S', folio 12a-b
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R. Rashed, "A pioneer in anaclastics: Ibn Sahl on burning mirrors and lenses",
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not only rejected the Greek idea about vision, he came up with a new theory.
74:
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D. C. Lindberg, "Alhazen's Theory of Vision and its Reception in the West",
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Thiele, Rüdiger (August 2005), "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm, 1928–2005",
406:
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171:
41:
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950:
791:
Rosen, Edward. (1985). "The Dissolution of the Solid Celestial Spheres".
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230:(c. 940–1000), a mathematician and physicist connected with the court of
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61:
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Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science
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K. B. Wolf, "Geometry and dynamics in refracting systems",
315:, who built upon his work and ultimately transmitted it to
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98:
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357:
movement of the heavenly bodies. Ibn al-Haytham published
278:
812:
810:
97:. The study of physics in the Islamic world started in
170:
was responsible for the movement of the cosmos, which
807:
238:
in 984 in which he set out his understanding of how
105:. Fields of physics studied in this period include
497:
Classical Arabic Philosophy An Anthology of Sources
250:. Ibn Sahl is credited with discovering the law of
693:R. L. Verma, "Al-Hazen: father of modern optics",
1425:
869:
723:
721:
1997:
637:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. pg. 38
843:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
512:. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1999. pg. 2
718:
459:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
174:later generalized as the cosmos were eternal.
1411:
927:
510:The History and Philosophy of Islamic Science
185:One of the first commentaries of Aristotle's
648:Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History
635:Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History
616:Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History
409:, who may have been influenced by Ibn Sina.
707:
705:
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1404:
934:
920:
730:Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler
855:
762:Archive for History of the Exact Sciences
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154:reasoning, developing early forms of the
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732:. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
727:
700:
669:
650:. New Haven:Yale University Press. pg 39
618:. New Haven:Yale University Press. pg 57
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200:
841:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
626:
624:
439:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
336:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
1998:
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865:. University of St. Andrews, Scotland.
586:
521:
2006:Science in the medieval Islamic world
1399:
915:
884:
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469:Science in the medieval Islamic world
395:"), he claimed that an object gained
1870:Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era
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548:
542:
20:saw various advancements during the
941:
530:from the original on 5 January 2009
82:Islamic scholarship in the sciences
13:
14:
2027:
1980:
1979:
1110:Reception in early modern Europe
1105:Contributions to Medieval Europe
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793:Journal of the History of Ideas
776:
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412:
88:from the Greeks and during the
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515:
502:
166:, Aristotle believed that the
1:
479:
236:On Burning Mirrors and Lenses
1346:Arab Agricultural Revolution
574:10.1016/0083-6656(95)00033-X
524:"The 'first true scientist'"
454:History of scientific method
374:
329:
26:Transmission of the Classics
7:
1792:Cosmic microwave background
728:Lindberg, David C. (1976).
661:European Journal of Physics
432:
344:14th century manuscript of
10:
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474:Science in the Middle Ages
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346:al-Mulakhkhas fi al-Hay’ah
333:
136:
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1914:
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1004:Influences on Western art
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427:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
293:, who believed rays were
265:Ibn al-Haytham (known in
196:
863:"Biography of Al-Biruni"
602:10.1016/j.hm.2005.05.002
352:'s treatise on astronomy
58:al-Hassan Ibn al-Haytham
1927:Chandrasekhar–Eddington
1853:Golden age of cosmology
1785:On specific discoveries
1733:Lorentz transformations
359:Al-Shukuk ala Batiamyus
1858:Medieval Islamic world
1601:Computational physics
1543:Variational principles
1470:Electrical engineering
353:
216:One field in physics,
213:
1848:Golden age of physics
1843:Copernican Revolution
1281:Alchemy and chemistry
343:
254:, now usually called
204:
1951:Relativity priority
1806:Subatomic particles
1766:Loop quantum gravity
1755:Quantum information
1704:Quantum field theory
1504:Gravitational theory
835:Zupko, Jack (2015).
715:, 58 (1967), p. 322.
589:Historia Mathematica
560:. pp. 395–403.
549:I.A., Ahmad (1995).
419:Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī
146:Aristotelian physics
86:Aristotelian physics
1915:Scientific disputes
1901:Via Panisperna boys
1802:Gravitational waves
1749:Recent developments
1480:Maxwell's equations
1191:Early social change
1090:Early social change
684:, p. 464–491, 1990.
566:1995VA.....39..395A
558:Vistas in Astronomy
234:, wrote a treatise
142:Islamic scholarship
22:Golden Age of Islam
2016:Islamic Golden Age
2011:History of physics
1960:General relativity
1955:Special relativity
1896:Oxford Calculators
1723:Special relativity
1642:General relativity
1427:History of physics
795:. Vol 46(1):13-31.
764:, 5(1968):154-176.
464:Islamic Golden Age
449:History of physics
354:
214:
90:Islamic Golden Age
1993:
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1967:Transfermium Wars
1886:Harvard Computers
1711:Subatomic physics
1684:Quantum mechanics
1620:Superconductivity
1611:Condensed matter
1440:Classical physics
1393:
1392:
1361:elementary school
979:Geometric pattern
697:, 8 (1969): 12-13
666:, p. 14-20, 1995.
522:Al-Khalili, Jim.
444:History of optics
260:anaclastic lenses
156:scientific method
95:scientific method
2023:
1983:
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1906:Women in physics
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1582:Perpetual motion
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595:(3): 271–274,
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364:Book of Optics
334:Main article:
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300:camera obscura
267:Western Europe
240:curved mirrors
222:Ibn al-Haytham
211:Book of Optics
207:Ibn al-Haytham
198:
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144:had inherited
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84:had inherited
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1475:Field theory
1368:Sufi studies
1339:Other fields
1324:
1219:Contemporary
1142:consultation
964:Architecture
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1308:Mathematics
969:Calligraphy
323:Taqī al-Dīn
305:Roger Bacon
256:Snell's law
187:Metaphysics
164:Metaphysics
113:(including
2000:Categories
1836:By periods
1654:Geophysics
1626:Cosmology
1383:philosophy
1330:Psychology
1303:Inventions
1256:solidarity
1206:Philosophy
1186:Secularism
1100:Golden Age
1037:Capitalism
984:Literature
847:5 February
480:References
369:al-Khazini
252:refraction
123:kinematics
66:translated
62:Ibn Bajjah
1879:By groups
1863:Astronomy
1699:Molecules
1533:Mechanics
1448:Astronomy
1378:cosmology
1373:mysticism
1351:Education
1291:cosmology
1286:Astronomy
1246:Astrology
1229:dialectic
1137:consensus
1132:Democracy
1047:Socialism
1014:Economics
959:Arabesque
534:4 January
375:Mechanics
330:Astronomy
205:Cover of
191:Al-Farabi
160:Aristotle
131:astronomy
111:mechanics
46:Al-Farabi
30:Aristotle
28:(such as
1985:Category
1810:timeline
1797:Graphene
1759:timeline
1728:timeline
1716:timeline
1689:timeline
1630:timeline
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1431:timeline
1313:Medicine
1276:Timeline
1224:Theology
1181:Quietism
1149:Feminism
1124:politics
1080:Timeline
888:(1986),
695:Al-Arabi
528:Archived
433:See also
389:Ibn Sina
350:Jaghmini
228:Ibn Sahl
180:Al-Kindi
176:Al-Kindi
151:a priori
119:dynamics
54:Ibn Sina
1820:Neutron
1677:Weapons
1662:Fission
1577:Entropy
1325:Physics
1169:schools
1072:History
1062:Welfare
1042:Poverty
1032:Banking
1022:History
999:Pottery
974:Gardens
748:1676198
562:Bibcode
423:Shadows
380:Impetus
313:Vitello
295:emitted
291:Ptolemy
275:Alhazen
271:Alhacen
232:Baghdad
137:Physics
129:), and
115:statics
34:Ptolemy
1667:Fusion
1572:Energy
1550:Optics
1356:Ijazah
1236:Ethics
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287:Euclid
244:lenses
218:optics
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189:is by
127:motion
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1647:tests
1241:Logic
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1057:Usury
1052:Trust
989:Music
554:(PDF)
421:text
248:light
103:Egypt
68:into
1122:and
951:Arts
898:ISBN
849:2019
744:OCLC
734:ISBN
713:Isis
678:Isis
536:2009
402:mayl
397:mayl
393:mayl
311:and
283:1040
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